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Anadolunun Tarihi Coğrafyasi

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Anadolunun Tarihi Coğrafyasi ANADOLUNUN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI KÜLTÜREL MİRAS VE TURİZM AÇIK ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMI DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ METİN ALPARSLAN İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ KÜLTÜREL MİRAS VE TURİZM AÇIK ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMI ANADOLU’NUN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ METİN ALPARSLAN 1 ÖNSÖZ Tarihin iki öğesi vardır: zaman ve mekân. Zaman kavramı kısaca kronoloji olarak da tanımlamamız mümkündür. Kronoloji sayesinde olayların sırasını ve bunun sonucunda tarih için vazgeçilmez olan neden-sonuç ilişkisini doğru bir şekilde oluşturmamız mümkün olabiliyor. Diğer bir şekilde söyleyecek olursak tarihi tam anlamıyla anlayabilmek için tarihin meydana geldiği yeri, yani coğrafyasını iyi bilmemiz ve onun olaylar üzerindeki etkisini iyi hesaplayabilmemiz gerekir. 2 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ.......................................................................................................................................2 İÇİNDEKİLER...........................................................................................................................3 KISALTMALAR........................................................................................................................8 YAZAR NOTU...........................................................................................................................9 1. Tarihi Coğrafya'ya Giriş ………………………………………………………………...10 1.1. Tarihi Coğrafya Nedir?...............................................................................................16 1.2. Tarihi Coğrafya’nın Bilim Tarihi ……………………………………………………18 1.3. Tarihi Coğrafya’nın Kaynakları …………………………………………………….19 2. Anadolu Coğrafyası’nın Anahatları…………………...…………………………….…..26 2.1. Genel Bilgiler…………………………………………………………..……………32 2.2. Anadolu’nun Topoğrafyası ve İklimi………………………………..……………….32 2.3. Yeraltı Zenginlikleri……………………………………………………..…………..36 2.4. Anadolu’da Tarım………………………………………………………...…………37 3. Tarihöncesi Anadolu'da Yerleşim ve Coğrafya………………………..……………….45 3.1. Tarihöncesi Dönemleri………………………………………………………………51 3.2. Tarihöncesi Yerleşmelerin Genel Özellikleri………………………………………..53 4. Ilk Tunç Çağ’da Yerleşim ve Coğrafya……………………………………………...….63 4.1. İlk Tunç Çağı’nın Genel Özellikleri……………………………….………….…….69 4.2. İlk Tunç Çağı’nda Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu……………….…………………70 4.3. İlk Tunç Çağı’nda Batı Anadolu……………………………………………………72 4.4. İlk Tunç Çağı Yerleşmelere Genel Bir Bakış……………………………………….77 3 5. Hitit Tarihi Coğrafyası 1…………………………………………………………………86 5.1. Hitit Tarihi Coğrafyasının Durumu………………………...…………………….92 5.2. İlk Araştırmalar……………………………………………………..……………93 5.3. Yeni Bir Başlangıç………………………………………………….……………96 5.4. Tarhuntaşşa………………………………………………………..……………..97 6. Hitit Tarihi Coğrafyası 2………………………………………………….…………….107 6.1. Nerik…………………………………………………………………………….113 6.2. Şapinuwa………………………………………………………………..………114 6.3. Şarişşa…………………………………………………………...………………115 6.4. Şamuha………………………………………………………………………….117 6.5. Tapigga……………………………………………………….…………………118 6.6. Diğer Bazı Yerleşmeler……………………………………………...………….119 6.7. Sonuç………………………………………………………………………...….120 7. Hitit Tarihi Coğrafyası 3………………………………………………………………..128 7.1. Hitit Çekirdek Ülke: Hatti………………………………………………………134 7.2. Kaşka…………………………………………………………………………....136 7.3. Pala……………………………………………………………….……………..137 7.4. Arzawa Ülkeleri: Wiluşa, Şeha Nehri Ülkesi, Hapalla ve Mira………………...137 7.5. Lukka………………………………………………………………………...….138 7.6. Tarhuntaşşa………………………………………………………………...……139 7.7. Kizzuwatna………………………………………………………………...……139 7.8. Mittani……………………………………………………………………….….140 7.9. Diğer…………………………………………………………………………….140 8. Hitit Tarihi Coğrafya Çalışmalarına Bir Örnek: Arinna Kenti………………….…..147 4 8.1. Hitit Metinlerinde Geçen Bir Kent: Arinna……………………………...……153 9. Demir Çağı'nda Anadolu'nun Tarihi Coğrafyası 1……………………………..…….166 9.1. Hitit İmparatorluğu Yıkıldıktan Sonra……………………………………….....172 9.2. Geç Hitit Krallıkları………………………………………………….…………173 9.2.1 Malatya/Melid Krallığı…………………………………………….…..174 9.2.2. Gurgum Krallığı……………………………………………………….175 9.2.3. Kummuhu Krallığı………………………………………………….…176 9.2.4. Sam’al Krallığı…………………………………………………….…..176 9.2.5. Patin (Unqi) Krallığı………………………………………...…………177 9.2.6. Tabal Krallığı………………………………………………...………..177 9.2.7. Kargamış Krallığı………………………………………………..……178 9.2.8. Que ve Hilakku Krallıkları…..……………………………………..…178 10. Demir Çağı'nda Anadolu'nun Tarihi Coğrafyası 2………………………...………..186 10.1. Urartu Krallığı……………………………………………………………...….192 10.1.1. Van Kalesi (Tuşpa)…………………………………………………..192 10.1.2-Aşağı ve Yukarı Anzaf……………………………………………….193 10.1.3. Çavuştepe (Sardurihinili)…………………………...………………..193 10.1.4. Toprakkale (Qilbani Dağı önündeki Rusahinili)…………………….194 10.1.5 Ayanis (Eiduru Dağı önündeki Rusahinili)……………………..……194 10.1.6 Karagündüz……………………………………………………….…..194 10.1.7 Altıntepe/Van……………………………………………………..….194 10.1.8 Dilkaya…………………………………………………………….…195 10.1.9 Altıntepe/Erzincan……………………………………………….…..195 5 10.2. Phrygia………………………………………………………………….……..195 10.2.1. Gordion………………………………………………………..…….196 10.2.2. Pessinus……………………………………………………………...197 10.2.3. Midas kenti…………………………………………………………..197 10.2.4. Dorylaion (Şarhöyük)…………………………………………..……198 11. Antik Çağ (Yunan-Roma) Tarihi Coğrafyası 1…………………………..………….205 11.1. Ionia ve Aiolia…………………………………………………………………211 11.2. İon Kentleri……………………………………………………………………212 11.3. Aiolia Kentleri…………………………………………………………………215 12. Antik Çağ (Yunan-Roma) Tarihi Coğrafyası 2………………………..……………..223 12.1. Troas………………………………………………………………...…………229 12.2. Mysia…………………………………………………………………………..230 12.3. Lydia…………………………………………………………….……………..231 12.4. Karia…………………………………………………………….……………..231 12.5. Lykia……………………………………………………………………….…..232 13. Antik Çağ (Yunan-Roma ) Tarihi Coğrafyası 3………………………..…………….239 13.1. Lykoania…………………………………………………………………………..245 13.2. Kappadokia………………………………………………………….…………….246 13.3. Galatia…………………………………………………………………………….247 13.4. Kilikia……………………………………………………………………………..248 13.5. Kommagene………………………………………………..……………………..249 14. Antik Çağ (Yunan-Roma) Tarihi Coğrafyası 4 ve Genel Değerlendirme……….....257 14.1. Armenia…………………………………………………………………………...263 6 14.2. Phrygia……………………………………………………………………………264 14.3. Bithynia………………………………………………………………….……..…264 14.4. Pontus……………………………………………………………………………..265 14.5. Paphlagonia……………………………………………………………….………266 14.6. Anadolu Yerleşme Tarihine Toplu Bir Bakış………………………….…………266 KAYNAKÇA……………………………………………….………………………………274 7 KISALTMALAR MÖ : Milattan Önce MS : Milattan Sonra Bkz.: Bakınız Karş.: Karşılaştırınız 8 YAZAR NOTU Ders kitabı niteliğinde, önceden belirlenen belli standartlar dahilinde hazırlanan bu çalışma özgün bilimsel bir araştırma değildir. Bilimsel kriterler ve etik kurallar da dikkate alınarak, güncel ve özgün çalışmalardan faydalanılarak hazırlanmış derleme bir eser niteliğindedir. Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında kaynak teşkil eden tüm yayınlar, kitabın sonunda yer alan Kaynakça bölümünde yer almaktadır. 9 1. TARİHİ COĞRAFYA'YA GİRİŞ 10 Bu Bölümde Neler Öğreneceğiz? - Tarihi Coğrafya Nedir? - Tarihi Coğrafya’nın Önemi -Tarihi Coğrafya’nın kaynakları 11 Bölüm Hakkında İlgi Oluşturan Sorular Coğrafya tarihi neden etkilesin? Coğrafya bilgimiz neden tarihi anlamamıza yardımcı oluyor? 12 Bölümde Hedeflenen Kazanımlar ve Kazanım Yöntemleri Konu Kazanım Kazanımın nasıl elde edileceği veya geliştirileceği Tarihi Coğrafya Coğrafyanın önemini daha iyi Ders notları ve sunumlar, Tanımı kavramak kaynak kitaplar Tarihi Coğrafyanın Bir bilim olarak Tarihi Ders notları ve sunumlar, Bilim Tarihi Coğrafyanın nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve kaynak kitaplar geliştiğini anlamak Tarihi Coğrafyanın Tarihi Coğrafya üzerinde çalışan Ders notları ve sunumlar, Kaynakları bir kişinin başvurduğu belgeler ve kaynak kitaplar diğer kaynakları hakkında bilgi edinir 13 Anahtar Kelimeler Tarihi Coğrafya, zaman, mekân 14 GİRİŞ Tarihin akışını etkileyen çok sayıda etken vardır. Ancak tüm etkenlerin arasında Coğrafya’nın ayrı bir önemi vardır. Coğrafya insanların yaşamını direkt olarak derinden etkilemiştir. Karadeniz Bölgesindeki insanları geleneksel olarak ahşap evleri varsa bunun nedeni yaşadıkları coğrafyada yatar. Anadolu’daki yerleşik hayata geçiş ilk olarak güney bölgelerde olduysa bunda bölgenin ılıman iklimi dolayısıyla yine coğrafyanın etkisi vardır. Bu bölümde geçmişin coğrafyası olarak tabir edilebilen Tarihi Coğrafya’nın ne olduğu ve nasıl çalıştığı, ayrıca bir bilim olarak ortaya çıkışı anlatılmaktadır. 15 1.1. Tarihi Coğrafya Nedir? Tarihin iki öğesi vardır: zaman ve mekân. Zaman kavramı kısaca kronoloji olarak da tanımlamamız mümkündür. Kronoloji sayesinde olayların sırasını ve bunun sonucunda tarih için vazgeçilmez olan neden-sonuç ilişkisini doğru bir şekilde oluşturmamız mümkün olabiliyor. Daha ziyade yakınçağ tarihe alışık olan bir insanın bunu anlaması biraz güç olabilir. Balkan Savaşları’nın ya da I. Dünya Savaşı’nın tarihleri gününe kadar bilindiği için, böyle tarihlerden yoksun olmanın verdiği zorlukları anlamak son derece zordur. Eskiçağ Tarihi için ise bu durum tamamen farklıdır. Bazen bir olayı ya da bir savaşı tarihlemek için, kesin bir tarih vermek mümkün değildir. Tarihçiler o zaman ya birbirinden farklı tarihler verebiliyor ya da tarihi yaklaşık olarak veriyor (yak. MÖ 1275 ya da MÖ 13. yy’ın ikinci yarısı gibi). Bu örneklerden de anlaşıldığı gibi tarihler böyle bir durumda 10, 20 hatta 50 kadar oynayabilir. Tarihte geriye gittikçe kesin tarih vermek o denli zorlaşır. Özellikle yazılı belgelerin olmadığı zamanlar için hata payları daha da büyür. İşte böyle durumlarda kronolojik bir iskelete sahip
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