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A Proposal for a Method of Cultural Landscape Character Assessment: a Research on the Context, Method and Results for the Cappadocia Landscape, Turkey

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A Proposal for a Method of Cultural Landscape Character Assessment: a Research on the Context, Method and Results for the Cappadocia Landscape, Turkey A PROPOSAL FOR A METHOD OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT: A RESEARCH ON THE CONTEXT, METHOD AND RESULTS FOR THE CAPPADOCIA LANDSCAPE, TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ZEYNEP TUNA YÜNCÜ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN RESTORATION IN ARCHITECTURE SEPTEMBER 2015 Approval of the thesis: A PROPOSAL FOR A METHOD OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT: A RESEARCH ON THE CONTEXT, METHOD AND RESULTS FOR THE CAPPADOCIA LANDSCAPE, TURKEY submitted by ZEYNEP TUNA YÜNCÜ in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Restoration, Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof.Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences _________________ Prof.Dr. T. Elvan Altan Head of Department, Architecture _________________ Prof.Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan Supervisor, Department of Architecture, METU _________________ Examining Committee Members: Assoc.Prof.Dr. A.Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Department of Architecture, METU _________________ Prof.Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan Department of Architecture, METU _________________ Prof.Dr. Ömür Bakırer Department of Architecture, METU _________________ Prof.Dr. İclal Dinçer Dept. of City and Regional Planning, Yıldız Teknik Uni. ________________ Prof.Dr. Vedat Toprak Dept.of Geological Engineering, METU _________________ Date: 11.09.2015 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: ZEYNEP TUNA YÜNCÜ Signature : iv ABSTRACT A PROPOSAL FOR A METHOD OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT: A RESEARCH ON THE CONTEXT, METHOD AND RESULTS FOR THE CAPPADOCIA LANDSCAPE, TURKEY Tuna Yüncü, Zeynep Ph.D., Restoration, Department of Architecture Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan September 2015, 303 pages As a case-based study, the research aims to propose a method to characterise the distinctive, historic dimension of today's urban and rural environment in Cappadocia (Turkey). Its methodology is based on the current practice and the approaches to landscape assessment, protection and management. The method also draws on well- established principles of the Historic Landscape Character Assessment (HLC) methodology first developed and used in Cornwall (UK) – but the characterisation approach have been tested and further developed at different scales but within the same broad objectives of improving understanding, protection and the management of the historic environment substantially for the Turkish context. The research includes the following 5 main parts. It begins with a description of the need and context for the assessment, from the perspective of local authorities who require the assessment to inform and underpin landscape strategies at the local level, and more generally as a critique of existing SMI systems. The following Chapter 2 focuses on national approaches to identify/describe and assess cultural landscapes through seperate case studies in UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) v and US to form a baseline for the development of a method to assess cultural landscapes in Turkey in the following Chapter. Chapter 3, describes and evaluates the background, methodology and application of Cultural Landscape Character Assessment (Cul.LCA) undertaken between 2011 and 2015 in Cappadocia (Turkey). Finally, in Chapters 4 & 5, the research concludes with reflections on the use of Cul.LCA in planning, conservation and management policy on landscape (i.e. informing work on distinct character areas; including identification of areas for designation, mapping of boundaries, justifications for special application of policies, justification for special treatment by designation, and input to management plans and other management initiatives, etc.). Keywords: Landscape, Landscape Characterisation, time-depth, Cappadocia (Turkey). vi ÖZ KÜLTÜREL PEYZAJ ALANLARININ ÖZELLİKLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ İÇİN BİR YÖNTEM ÖNERİSİ: KAPADOKYA ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN BAĞLAM, YÖNTEM VE SONUÇLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Tuna Yüncü, Zeynep Doktora, Restorasyon, Mimarlık Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof.Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan Eylül 2015, 303 sayfa Bu araştırmanın amacı günümüz kentsel ve kırsal çevrenin tarihsel (ve arkeolojik) boyutunun değerlendirilmesi için bir yöntem önermektir. Örneklemeyi temel alan araştırma önerdiği yöntemi Kapadokya (Türkiye) örneği üzerinden geliştirmiştir. Önerilen yöntem, mevcut uygulamalara ve kültürel peyzaj alanlarının değerlendirilmesi, korunması ve yönetimine ilişkin yaklaşımlara dayanmaktadır. Yöntem aynı zamanda ilk olarak Cornwall, İngiltere’de geliştirilen ve uygulanan Historic Landscape Character Assessment (HLC) yönteminin ana ilkelerini de esas alır. Fakat, kültürel peyzaj alanlarının niteliklerinin değerlendirilmesi yaklaşımı farklı ölçeklerde, Türkiye’deki mevcut yasal ve yönetsel çerçeve göz önünde bulundurularak geliştirilmiş ve uygulanmıştır. Bu araştırma takip eden 5 ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Kültürel peyzaj alanlarının niteliklerinin değerlendirilmesi için önerilen yöntemin gerekliliği ve hangi yöntem ve yaklaşımlara dayandığı ile başlar. Bunu yerel ölçekteki peyzaj stratejilerini böyle bir değerlendirme ile dayanak oluşturma gereği duyan yerel otoriteler üzerinden kurgular. Daha genel olarak da 2863 sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma vii Kanunu çerçevesinde oluşturulmuş mevcut kültür envanterinin kritiği üzerinden tartışır. Bu ilk bölümü takiben, 2. Bölümde, Birleşik Krallık (İngiltere, İskoçya, Galler ve Kuzey İrlanda) ve ABD vb. ülkelerde kültürel peyzaj alanlarının sınıflandırılması, tanımlanması ve niteliklerinin değerlendirilmesi için geliştirilen yaklaşımlara odaklanır. Bu aynı zamanda bir sonraki bölümde (3. Bölüm) Türkiye’deki kültürel peyzaj alanlarının değerlendirilmesi için önerilen yöntemin de dayanağını oluşturmaktadır. 3. Bölüm, 2011-2015 yılları arasında Kapadokya (Türkiye) örneği üzerinden geliştirilen Kültürel Peyzaj Alanlarının Niteliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi (Kül.PAND) yönteminin temeli, ana ilkeleri, aşamaları ve uygulamasının tanımlanması ve değerlendirmesini içermektedir. Son olarak 4. ve 5. Bölümlerde, araştırma, önerilen Kül.PAND yönteminin planlama, koruma ve bu alanların yönetimi için üretilen politikalar (örn. Kül.PAND yönteminin oluşturduğu bilginin, tanımlanan karakter alanlarında yapılacak çalışmalar için temel oluşturması. Buna 2863 sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanunu veya benzer koruma statüsünde tescil edilecek alanların tanımlanması, sınırlarının belirlenmesi, bu statü ile beraber gelen koruma politikalarının vb. imar sınırlandırmalarının gerekçelendirilmesi, yönetim planları veya daha üst ölçekte yapılacak planlara bilgi sağlaması) vb. kullanım alanları üzerinden bir değerlendirme ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Peyzaj, Peyzaj Alanlarının Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi veya Tanımlanması, tarihsel-derinlik, Kapadokya (Türkiye). viii To Onur & Ayşe ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is submitted as a part of requirements for the PhD degree in Restoration, Department of Architecture at the Middle East Technical University. I first embarked on this subject in 2010, and since then a much more active debate has evolved in recognition of ‘cultural landscapes’ as a separate category of sites and the methods to identify/describe, assess and protect these landscapes; and even in the final draft of this research was being continuously updated as new information became available. I am fortunate to reflect these discussions with colleages and fellow professionals, many of whom have provided invaluable support. My thesis supervisor, Prof.Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan has guided my work from the beginning and I am grateful for her continuing and dedicated support, and valuable comments on the manuscript; and also to Assoc.Prof.Dr. A.Güliz Bilgin Altınöz, Prof.Dr. İclal Dinçer, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Anlı Ataöv, Prof.Dr. Ömür Bakırer, and Prof.Dr. Vedat Toprak for their assistance throughout the various stages of the research. Prof.Dr. Vedat Toprak form the Department of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University, also made their draft simplified geological classes and associated data available for the use of the research. Discussions towards clarifying the various aspects of Cappadocia’s complex geological formation that influenced the landscape also assisted greatly. Input on the GIS database was provided by Dr. Çağıl Kolat, Department of Geological Engineering, METU. Colleagues who contributed to the discussion or who have kindly provided information and data for the purposes of this reseach, in particular E.Gökhan Bozkurtlar, director of the Department of WHS within the General Directorate of Cultural Resources and Museums, MoCT, and İpek Özbek, Kıvılcım Neşe Akdoğan, Dr. Şule Kılıç Yıldız, Adem Demirci, Seda Duzcu, Uğur Işık, Evrim Ulusan, Yıldırım İnan, Gülhan Demir, and Umut Özdemir, Department of WHS, officers x within the Nevşehir and Kayseri Regional Conservation Council(s), Mevlüt Coşkun, former Director of the Nevşehir Regional Conservation Council, Mehmet Yıldız, Director of the Kayseri Conservation Council, Gülnaz Savran, Director of the Kayseri Archaeology Museum, and Mehmet Ekinci, Yeşilhisar Municipality, to all of whom I extend
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