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Ficus Carica L.(Moraceae) INDONESIA HORTICULTURAL INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE Sumber Daya Genetik Tanaman Buah Subtropika Potensial Penerbit IPB Press Jalan Taman Kencana No. 3, Kota Bogor - Indonesia C.01/01.2020 Judul Buku: INDO-HITS (Indonesian Horticultural Innovation, Technology and Science) : Sumber Daya Genetik Tanaman Buah Subtropika Potensial Penyunting Bahasa: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura Korektor: Atika Mayang Sari Editor: Kuswanto Titut Yulistyarini Dita Agisimanto Dwi M. Nastiti Desain Sampul: Zainuri Hanif Penata Isi: Makhbub Khoirul Fahmi Jumlah Halaman: 122 + 14 hal romawi Edisi/Cetakan: Cetakan 1, Desember 2019 PT Penerbit IPB Press Anggota IKAPI Jalan Taman Kencana No. 3, Bogor 16128 Telp. 0251 - 8355 158 E-mail: [email protected] www.ipbpress.com ISBN: 978-623-256-049-9 Dicetak oleh Percetakan IPB, Bogor - Indonesia Isi di Luar Tanggung Jawab Percetakan © 2019, HAK CIPTA DILINDUNGI OLEH UNDANG-UNDANG Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit KATA PENGANTAR Tanaman buah subtropika merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang telah banyak dikenal masyarakat dan dibudidayakan oleh pelaku usaha di Indonesia. Beberapa tanaman subtropika yang berhasil dikembangkan di Indonesia adalah jeruk, apel, lengkeng, stroberi dan anggur. Lebih dari sebelas provinsi di Indonesia memiliki sentra-sentra produksi jeruk dengan variasi jenis seperti jeruk keprok, manis dan siam. Komoditas jeruk juga mempunyai posisi yang strategis pada perdagangan domestik dan internasional. Tingkat konsumsi masyarakat Indonesia meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dan mencapai 3,58 kg/kapita/tahun atau setara dengan 94,8 ribu ton per tahun pada tahun 2018. Sedangkan pada komoditas apel, lengkeng, stroberi dan anggur, nilai perdagangan Indonesia masih terbilang kecil sehubungan dengan masih terbatasnya pengusahaan tanaman buah tersebut di dalam negeri. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara tropis, mempunyai potensi pengembangan agribisnis tanaman buah subtropika yang tinggi. Pengembangan komoditas tanaman buah subtropika ini tidak terbatas pada jenis-jenis asli Indonesia, tetapi juga tanaman-tanaman introduksi yang telah beradaptasi dan tumbuh baik pada kondisi tropis. Hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah dipublikasi mengenai tanaman buah subtropika sudah cukup banyak. Namun publikasi yang bersifat ilmiah dan populer serta mudah dicerna untuk para pelaku usaha tanaman buah atau masyarakat umum masih perlu ditingkatkan. Sejalan dengan kebijakan pemerintah untuk meningkatkan komunikasi dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, promosi, dan komersialisasi hasil-hasil penelitian, memberikan pelayanan yang baik kepada masyarakat, serta percepatan diseminasi dan menginformasikan hasil-hasil penelitian kepada pengguna tanaman buah subtropika perlu dilakukan untuk mendorong pengembangan agribisnis hortikultura di Indonesia secara luas. Harapannya adalah dengan membaiknya perekonomian vi INDO-HITS (Indonesian Horticultural Innovation, Technology and Science) : Sumber Daya Genetik Tanaman Buah Subtropika Potensial nasional, maka agribisnis tanaman buah subtropika dapat terus berkembang dan manjadi komoditas unggulan hortikultura pada perdagangan nasional, regional dan internasional. Buku INDO HITS (Indonesian Horticultural Innovation, Technology and Science) seri sumber daya genetik tanaman buah subtropika potensial menarik pembaca untuk lebih mengenal tentang jenis-jenis tanaman buah subtropika potensial mulai dari aspek morfologis, asal dan distribusi geografis, diversitas dan kekerabatan genetik serta kegunaan lain dari jenis-jenis tanaman buah subtropika yang masih sedikit dibudidayakan secara komersial di Indonesia. Buku ini juga dilengkapi dengan foto-foto untuk memberikan gambaran visual dan memudahkan pembaca untuk memahami isi buku. Penghargaan dan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya disampaikan kepada insitusi/lembaga seperti Balai Penelitian Tanaman Jeruk dan Buah Subtropika, Kebun Raya Purwodadi, Universitas Brawijaya dan individu kolektor tanaman buah subtropika, serta pengelola situs-situs internet terkait seperti https://pixabay.com, https://unsplash.com, https://search.creativecommons. org, https://farm66.static.flickr.com yang telah memberikan izin penulis untuk melakukan studi dan pengambilan objek visual pada tanaman koleksinya. Buku INDO HITS seri sumber daya genetik tanaman buah subtropika potensial ini diharapkan dapat menambah khasanah pengetahuan masyarakat dan mendorong pemanfaatannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Peningkatan pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik diharapkan dapat mendorong materi tersebut menjadi bernilai ekonomi tinggi, sehingga dapat menjadi salah satu upaya dalam pemanfaatan dan pelestarian sumber daya genetik serta menjadi elemen pengungkit kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kritik dan saran serta berbagai masukan dari pembaca sangat kami nantikan untuk perbaikan selanjutnya. Editor DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................................... v PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................................... 1 Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson(Actinidiaceae) .................3 Diospyros kaki Thunb.(Ebenaceae) ........................................................................ 17 Ficus carica L.(Moraceae) ...................................................................................... 35 Litchi chinensis Sonn(Sapindaceae) ....................................................................... 51 Macadamia spp.(Proteaceae) ............................................................................... 63 Morus alba L.(Moraceae) ...................................................................................... 83 Passiflora edulis Sims(Passifloraceae) ................................................................... 97 Plinia spp.(Myrtaceae) ........................................................................................ 115 Prunus armeniaca L.(Rosaceae) .......................................................................... 127 Prunus avium L.(Rosaceae) .................................................................................. 139 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch(Rosaceae) .................................................................. 153 Punica granatum L.(Lythraceae) .......................................................................... 173 Rubus idaeus L.(Rosaceae) .................................................................................. 189 Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae) ................................................................ 207 INDEX ................................................................................................................... 227 DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Tanaman kiwi yang telah berbuah (foto: pixabay.com) ......................4 Gambar 2. Bunga kiwi (foto: pixabay.com) ........................................................... 6 Gambar 3. Penampilan buah kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) (foto: lizia_zamzami) ......6 Gambar 4. (a) Pohon kesemek dan (b) morfologi daun kesemek (Foto: titistyas_gusti_aji) ................................................................. 19 Gambar 5. (a) Buah kesemek pada pohon dan (b) penampang melintang buah kesemek (Foto: titistyas_gusti_aji & kurniawan_budiarto). ....20 Gambar 6. Morfologi dan perkembangan daun tin; (a) daun muda, (b). daun tua (foto: rudy_harianto). ..................................................38 Gambar 7. Struktur buah tin masak fisiologis (foto: rudy_harianto) ..................39 Gambar 8. Morfologi buah tin pada tahap akhir perkembangan buah dan siap panen (foto: rudy_harianto) ...............................................40 Gambar 9. Pohon leci di kebun Balitjestro, Batu (foto : baiq_dina_mariana). ...52 Gambar 10. Tipe bunga (I) dan (III) bunga jantan dan (II) bunga betina (foto : D. C. Menzel, 2002)................................................................. 54 Gambar 11. Karakteristik buah leci (foto : D. C. Menzel, 2002) ............................54 Gambar 12. Penampilan buah leci (foto : baiq_dina_mariana). ..........................55 Gambar 13. Karakteristik buah Macadamia a. buah masak fisiologis, b. biji di dalam testa (nut in shell) dan c. kacang (nut) Macadamia (foto: dita_agisimanto). .................................................................... 65 Gambar 14. Posisi daun Macadamia integrifolia yang membentuk posisi melingkar pada ranting (foto : dita_agisimanto). .............................66 x INDO-HITS (Indonesian Horticultural Innovation, Technology and Science) : Sumber Daya Genetik Tanaman Buah Subtropika Potensial Gambar 15. Organ kluster bunga (raceme) Macadamia Integrifolia dan posisi keluarnya pada ujung apical tunas. a. kluster bunga (raceme) yang baru keluar, b. raceme yang sudah dipolinasi dan c. organ bunga individual yang mekar dan kuntum (foto : dita_agisimanto). ................................................................... 67 Gambar 16. Perkembangan buah Macadamia; (a) Buah kecil setelah penyerbukan, (b) perkembangan cepat buah menuju pematangan, (c) buah mulai masak dan retak, dan (d) kulit buah (husk) sudah pecah dan biji siap panen (foto : dita_agisimanto). ..............72 Gambar 17. Daun murbei (foto :anis_andrini) ..................................................... 85 Gambar 18. Bunga betina murbei (foto : anis_andrini) ........................................86 Gambar 19. Buah murbei belum masak hingga masak (kiri ke kanan) (foto:
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