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Morus L. (Moraceae) Cultivated in the North of Iraq

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Morus L. (Moraceae) Cultivated in the North of Iraq Journal of Education and Science (ISSN 1812-125X), Vol: 29, No: 4, 2020 (177-192) A Taxonomic Study of Macro-and Micro Morphological Features of Fruits and Seeds Cultivars of the Species Belonging to the Genus Morus L. (Moraceae) Cultivated in the North of Iraq Raad Hamad Mahmoud Al-Badrany1*, Amer Mohsen Mahmoud Al-Mathidy2 1,2Biology Department, College of Education for Pure science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq E-mail: 1*[email protected], [email protected] (Received May 31, 2020; Accepted July 26, 2020; Available online December 01, 2020) DOI: 10.33899/edusj.2020.127107.1074, © 2020, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Mosul. This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Abstract: The present research deals with the study of morphological characters of the fruits and seeds of the cultivars belonging to the species Morus alba L. Namely (ʽBeautiful Dayʼ, ʽBig Whiteʼ, ʽReaseʼ, ʽGreeceʼ, ʽPearlʼ, ʽBorder Sweetʼ, ʽPendulaʼ); Morus latifolia Poir (ʽKokuse Koreanʼ); Morus rubra L. (ʽAmarahʼ); Morus nigra L. (ʽShamiʼ); Morus macroura Miq (ʽKing Whiteʼ); ʽDwarfʼ and Morus hybrid (ʽTiceʼ, ʽWellingtonʼ) Which cultirated in North of Iraq. The study includes characters of the fruits (Shape, Color, Dimension, Size, Number of the fruitlet in the fruit) and the characters of the seeds (Shape, Color, Dimension, Number of the seeds in the fruit, and surface ornamentation). The results showed some changes in morphological characteristics of the fruits and seeds examined by light microscope (L.M), in addition to the surface ornamentation of the seeds examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). They also showed five types of the surface ornamentation (Reticulate, Muricate, Foreate undulate, Polygonal, and Ruminate) for cultivars species studied, showed that importance value in the separation between the cultivars of the species studied belonging to the genus Morus L. Keyword: Morphological, Systematic, Fruits, Seeds, Genus Morus L. دراسة تصنيفية للصفات المظهرية العامة والدقيقة لثمار وبذور اصناف انواع الجنس .Morus L )Moraceae( المزروعة في شمال العراق رعد حمد محمود البدراني1*، عامر محسن محمود المعاضيدي2 1،2قسم علوم الحياة، كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة، جامعة الموصل، الموصل، العراق الخﻻصة : تناول البحث الحالي دراسة الصفات المظهرية العامة والدقيقة لثمار وبذور ﻷصناف اﻷنواع للجنس .Morus L والتي تمثلت باﻷصناف ʽBeautiful Dayʼ وʽBig Whiteʼ وʽReaseʼ وʽGreeceʼ وʽPearlʼ و ʽBorder Sweetʼ وʽPendulaʼ للنوع .Morus alba L والصنف ʽKokuso Koreanʼ للنوع Morus latifolia Poir وʽAmarahʼ للنوع .M. rubra L وʽShamiʼ 177 Journal of Education and Science (ISSN 1812-125X), Vol: 29, No: 4, 2020 (177-192) للنوع .Morus nigra L والصنفان ʽKing Whiteʼ وʽDwarfʼ للنوع Morus macroura Miq والصنفان ʽTiceʼ وʽWellingtonʼ للنوع Morus hybrid المزروعة في شمال العراق. وتضمنت الدراسة صفات الثمار من حيث شكلها ولونها وابعادها وحجمها وعدد الثميارت في الثمرة الواحدة وصفا ت البذور من حيث الشكل واللون واﻻبعاد وعدد البذور في الثمرة الواحدة ونوع الزخرفة السطحية Seed Surface ornamentationلها. واظهرت النتائ ج هنا لك تغايارت ف ي بعض صفات الثمار والبذور التي فحصت باستخدام المجهر الضوئي )Light microscope )LM فضﻻ عن الكساء السطحي للبذور بينت اﻷصناف في زخرفته ا السطحي ة Surface ornamentation وباستخدا م المجهر اﻻلكتروني الماسح (Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM إذ وجدت بخمسة أنواع وهي ذات سطح شبكي Reticulate وحليمي ناعم Muricate ومتموج منقر Foreate undulate ومضلع Polygonal ومنسحب Ruminate في أنوع اﻷصناف قيد الدراسة والتي لها أهمية تصنيفية في عزل اﻷصناف بين اﻷنواع المدروسة والعائدة الى جنس .Morus L . الكلمات المفتاحية: المظهرية، التصنيف، الثمار، البذور، جنس .Morus L المقدمة ان جنس التو ت .Morus L والذي ينتمي إلى العائلة التوتي ة Moraceae رتب ة Rosales ينمو بشكل اشجار وشجيارت معمرة، نبات أحادي او ثنائي المسك ن ين مو في تر ب مختلف ة ويزهر بشكل جيد في الترب الحامضية ذا ت pH )6.2- 7( وبدرجة حاررة )18 - C )30°، ويعد معقد و ارثيا وله قابلية كبيرة على التغاير والتكيف واﻻنتشار على نطاق واسع في البيئات المختلفة ]1،2[. وتعد الصفات المظهرية للنباتات القاعدة اﻻساس لوصف المجاميع النباتية وتشخيصها بالرغم من ظهور الدراسات الحديثة وتطور الوسائل العلمية التي فتحت افاقا واسعة في الد ارسات التصنيفية، احتفظت هذه الصفات بمنزله الصدارة وذلك ﻻمكانية تمييزها والتعرف عليها من قبل المصنفون، والتي يستند عليها المصنفون وﻻ يمكن اﻻستغناء عنها في أية د ارسة تصنيفية متقدمة، وﻻسيما في الحقل عند التشخيص اﻻولي للعينة وعند وضع مفتاح لعزل مارتب تصنيفية معينة بعضها عن البعض ]3[. 4 وبي ّن ] [ أن اﻷدلة التصنيفية لجميع أجازء النبات خﻻل فترة نموه ومارحل تكشفه ذات أهمية تصنيفية وأن المؤشارت المظهرية لتوصيف اﻻصناف الجديدة لكل نوع تعتمد على مجموعة من الصفات التي لها القدرة في تمييز اﻻصناف بعضها عن البعض. أن ]5[ شخص 34 صنفا من التوت النامي في ت ركيا باﻻعتماد على الصفات المظهرية للثمار اذ ﻻحظ وجود اختﻻفات كبيرة ومعايير قيمة في خصائص الثمرة يمكن استخدامها في تشخيص اﻷنواع التابعة لجنس التوت . كما استخدم ]6[ الصفات المظهرية للثمار في تشخيص وتصنيف التاركيب الوارثية Genotypes للتوت اﻻبيض M. alba .L. أما ]7[ فقد وضع مفتاح تصنيفي لﻻصناف النامية في امريكا الشمالية اعتمادا على صفات اﻻو ارق والثمار. في حين شخصت ]8[ احدى وثﻻثون صنفا من التوت باستخدام الصفات المظهرية للثمار الكمية والنوعية. وان للزخرفة والعﻻمات السطحية للبذرة أهمية في تصنيف اﻻجناس واﻻنواع واﻻصناف التابعة لها خصوصا بعد استخدام المجهر اﻻلكتروني لهذا الغرض ]9[. وتمكن ]10[ من تشخيص بذور 5 اصناف من التوت اﻻبيض .M. alba L باستخدام الصفات المظهرية للبذرة مثل طول وعرض وسمك البذرة باﻻضافة إلى صفات جنين البذر ة وأشار بأن لها فائدة في الحفاظ على بنك المورثات لﻻكثار الجنسي. 178 Journal of Education and Science (ISSN 1812-125X), Vol: 29, No: 4, 2020 (177-192) وأورد]11[ إلى أن اﻻلتباس الذي يحدث في يومنا هذا في تقسيمات التوت يؤكد ضرورة انشاء ʽتوصيفʽ له للمساعدة في تحديد هوية العديد من اﻻصناف واﻷنواع عند دراستهم الصفات المظهرية لﻻوراق واﻻزهار والبذور لــ 10 اصناف من التوت التابعة للنوعين M. abla وM. Latifolia المستزرعة في ايطاليا باستخدام المجهر اﻻلكتروني الماسح )SEM(. في اﻵونة اﻻخير ة ازدا د اﻻهتمام الكبير بزارعة اشجار التوت واستهﻻك فاكهته بشكل سريع، لما لها من طعم جيد وقيمة غذائية عالية وفعالية بيولوجية، ونظ ا ر لﻷهمية الطبية واﻻقتصادية ﻷصناف اﻷنواع التابعة لهذا الجنس ولعدم وجود دراسات تخص أصناف أنواعه في العراق لذا فقد اتجهت الدراسة الحالية الى دراسة الصفات المظهرية الكمية والنوعية للثمار والبذور، وزخرفتها السطحية باستخدام المجهر الضوئي اﻻلكتروني الماسح ﻷصناف أنواع الجنس .Morus L النامية في شمال العراق. المواد واطرئق العمل Materials and Methods Morus L. إعتمدت الدراسة على العينات الطرية ﻷصناف أنواع الجنس المدروسة والتي جمعت من عّدة مناطق من شمال العراق خﻻل المسح الميداني في محافظتي نينوى ودهوك التي شملت محطة بستنة نينوى ودهوك، والمشاتل والحقول التابعة لها. والمشخصة من قبل وازرة الزارعة والمستزرعة في تلك المناطق وخﻻل فترة النمو لعامي 2019-2018. اذ تم اختيار خمس أشجار توت من كل صنف متجانسة قدر اﻹمكان في قوة النمو والعمر. جمعت العينات وصورت بشكل كامل وجلبت الى الوحدة البحثية لقسم علوم الحياة / كلية التربية / جامعة الموصل، لغرض دراسة صفاتها الكمية والنوعية والتي شملت: 1. الثمار Fruits: A. ابعاد الثمرة: تم قياس طول الثمرة وعرضها بواسطة القدمة اﻻلكترونية )Vernier( بوحدة )cm(. B. حجم الثمرة: تم قياس حجم الثمرة باتباع طريقة اﻷسطوانة المدرجة والماء المقطر المازح حيث تم وضع حجم معلوم من الماء المقطر في اﻷسطوانة المدرجة وغمرت الثمرة داخل اﻷسطوانة وتم قياس الحجم عن طريق إيجاد الفرق بين مستوى 3 الماء في الحالتين وبوحدة ) cm (. C. شكل الثمرة ولونها: تم تحديد شكل الثمرة ولونها باستخدام العين المجردة. D. عدد الثميرات/ثمرة: تم حساب عدد الثميارت يدويا وذلك بفصلها بملقط دقيق من الثمرة. 2. البذور Seeds : A. ابعاد البذور: تمت د ارسة طول البذرة وعرضها وسمكها باستخدام الورق البياني ومجهر تشريح ضوئي 15X نوع wild Switzerland /Heerbrugg المنشأ واستخدمت الة تصوير رقمية دقيقة من النوع Sony لتصوير العينات المدروس ة. B. شكل البذور ولونها: تم تحديد شكل البذرة ولونها بعد تكبيرها بالمجهر التشريحي الضوئي 15X لصغر حجمها وصورت باستخدام الة تصوير رقمية دقيقة من النوع Sony والمثبتة على المجهر. C. عدد البذور بالثمرة: تم حساب عدد البذور/ثمرة يدو يا. D. الزخرفة السطحية للبذور: استخد م المجهر التشريحي الضوئي من نو ع Switzerland /wild Heerbrugg المنش أ ذو قوة تكبير )15X( لدراسة الزخرفة السطحية للبذور. كما استخدم المجهر اﻻلكتروني الماسح SEM نوع Quanta 400 شركة FEI هولندية المنشأ اذ درست الزخرفة السطحية للبذور Sculpture seeds surface في جامعة السليمانية/ كلية العلوم/ قسم علوم اﻻرض، اذ ثبتت النماذج على قطعة معدنية من اﻻلمنيوم ثم تم تسليط حزمة الكترونية متألق ة )Kv )30-25عليها ثم تغيير مجال الفحص في المجهر اﻻلكتروني للحصول على صور واضحة بشكل دق يق. 179 Journal of Education and Science (ISSN 1812-125X), Vol: 29, No: 4, 2020 (177-192) تم اخذ القياسات لـ 25 ثمرة و25 بذرة من كل صنف ولكل صفة، وتم أخذ معدﻻت القياسات وإيجاد اﻻنح ارف المعياري لها، وتمت جدولة البيانات لمختلف الصفات المظهرية بعد تحويلها الى نتائج كمية ونوعية لغرض المقارنة بين أصناف اﻷنواع قيد الدراسة اعتماد ا على أساس التشابه واﻻختﻻف بالنسبة للصفات الكمية والنوعية المدروس ة. النتائج والمناقشة Results and Discussions 1- اﻻجزاء الثمرية: A. الحامل الثمري Fruiting stalk اظهرت الدراسة وجو د تغاي ارت في الحامل الثمري في اصناف اﻻنواع اذ كانت الثمار جالسة Sessile في الصنف ʽShamiʼ للنوع M. nigra فقط ومعنقة Necked قصيرة اطوالها بين )0.32-0.59( سم في الصنف ʽWellingtonʼ للنوع M. hybrid وجميع اصناف النوع M. alba عدا الصنف ʽBorder Sweetʼ ومتوسطة )0.83-1.05( سم في اصناف اﻻنواع M. latifolia وM. rubra والصنفين ʽTiceʼ للنوع M. hybrid وʽBorder Sweetʼ للنوع M. alba وطويلة )1.44 -1.5( في صنفي النوع M. macroura، كما موضح في الجدول )1(. B. الثمار Fruits بينت الدراسة أن ثمار اصناف اﻻنواع من الثمار المتضاعفة Multiple fruits )المركبة Compound( والتي تعرف بــ Sorosis. واتضح انها تتغاير في اشكالها والوانها وقد أعطى هذا التغاير الحاصل قيمة تصنيفية مهمة لعزل اصناف اﻻنواع عن بعضها البعض وحتى ضمن النوع الواحد اذ أمكن تقسيم الثمار استنادا لشكلها الى خمس مجاميع، كما مبين في الجدول )1( والشكل )1( وهي : المجموعة اﻷولى: شبه كروية –أهليجية Semispherical – Elliptic وضمت الصنف ʽShamiʼ للنوع .M.
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