DOCSLIB.ORG

An Unusual Presentation of Herpes Simplex Esophagitis: a Nonhealing “Peptic” Ulcer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Unusual Presentation of Herpes Simplex Esophagitis: a Nonhealing “Peptic” Ulcer UCTN – Unusual cases and technical notes E213 An unusual presentation of herpes simplex esophagitis: a nonhealing “peptic” ulcer A 58-year-old man presented with pro- A. G. N. Robertson, L. J. Dunn, gressive dysphagia, odynophagia, and A. Immanuel, S. M. Griffin heartburn. Past history included diabetes Northern Oesophago-Gastric Cancer Unit, mellitus and asthma. Current medica- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon tions included oral and inhaled corticos- Tyne, UK teroids. Examination was unremarkable. Blood investigations were normal. Bar- References ium swallow demonstrated reflux esoph- 1 Fass R. Symptom assessment tools for gas- agitis. Endoscopy revealed circumferen- troesophageal reflux disease (GERD) treat- ment. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 437– tial ulceration and a hiatus hernia. Biopsy 444 demonstrated an esophageal ulcer and 2 Baehr PH, McDonald GB. Esophageal infec- esophagitis with no evidence of malig- tions: risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, nancy. Despite high-dose treatment with and treatment. Gastroenterology 1994; proton pump inhibitors (PPI), ulceration 106: 509 – 532 3 Ramanathan J, Rammouni M, Baran J Jr et al. persisted. CT scan and endoscopic ultra- Fig. 1 Herpes esophageal ulceration. Herpes simplex virus esophagitis in the im- sonography showed a diffuse thick-wal- munocompetent host: an overview. Am J led proximal esophagus but no typical Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2171– 2176 appearances of carcinoma. Regular en- doscopies over 2 years consistently re- Bibliography vealed a suspicious circumferential ulcer DOI 10.1055/s-0029-1214687 from 22 to 25 cm (l" Fig. 1). Endoscopy 2009; 41: E213 Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York · Repeated biopsies suggested esophagitis ISSN 0013-726X with no evidence of malignancy, infec- tion, or Crohn’s disease. After 2 years, Corresponding author biopsies indicated herpes simplex. This S. Michael Griffin, MD, FRCS was confirmed by viral immunoglobulin Professor of Gastrointestinal Surgery levels and treated with aciclovir. Immu- Northern Oesophago-Gastric Cancer Unit nodeficiency was excluded. Follow-up re- Royal Victoria Infirmary vealed the patient to be asymptomatic. Newcastle upon Tyne Endoscopy demonstrated a completely NE1 4LP UK healed mucosa (l" Fig. 2). Fax: +44-191-2820237 Nonhealing gastroesophageal ulcers are [email protected] usually malignant. Most benign ulcers Fig. 2 Completely healed esophageal ulcer are peptic [1] and 85%–96% respond to after aciclovir therapy. high-dose PPI within 8 weeks [1]. Crohn’s disease is a rarer cause. Herpes ulcers are rare but have been docu- from viral culture or immunostaining of a mented in immunocompromised and im- biopsy from the ulcer edge. Patients re- munocompetent patients [2,3]. Herpes quire antiviral therapy [2]. simplex esophagitis is normallyself-limit- This is an unusual presentation of a This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. ing and associated with orolabial lesions herpes simplex esophageal ulcer, which [2]. Typical findings include superficial highlights the importance of repeated en- stellate ulcers in the mid esophagus [3]. doscopies and biopsies as features are not Advanced herpes simplex esophagitis always identified initially. It is important leads to plaques, “cobblestones”, and an to remember herpes simplex as a cause ulcerative appearance. Earlier stages have of a nonhealing ulcer or the chance for rounded vesicles which slough into sharp curative therapy may be missed. demarcated ulcers which may coalesce [3]. Herpes esophagitis is best diagnosed Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CCL_1AB_2AC_3AZ Robertson AGN et al. An unusual presentation of herpes simplex esophagitis: a nonhealing “peptic” ulcer… Endoscopy 2009; 41: E213.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Statistical Analysis Plan
    Title: Clinical effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab intravenous in real world clinical practice in ulcerative colitis Korean patients: a multicenter postmarketing observational study NCT Number: NCT03535649 SAP Approve Date: 03 DEC 2018 Certain information within this Statistical Analysis Plan has been redacted (ie, specific content is masked irreversibly from view with a black/blue bar) to protect either personally identifiable (PPD) information or company confidential information (CCI). This may include, but is not limited to, redaction of the following: Named persons or organizations associated with the study. Proprietary information, such as scales or coding systems, which are considered confidential information under prior agreements with license holder. Other information as needed to protect confidentiality of Takeda or partners, personal information, or to otherwise protect the integrity of the clinical study. CCI Statistical Analysis Plan Page 1 of 60 Statistical Analysis Plan STUDY ID: VEDOLIZUMAB-5045 TITLE: C LINICAL EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF VEDOLIZUMAB INTRAVENOUS IN REAL WORLD CLINICAL PRACTICE IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS KOREAN PATIENTS: A MULTICENTER POST-MARKETING OBSERVATIONAL STUDY SHORT TITLE: VEDOLIZUMAB IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS KOREAN PATIENTS Prepared for: Takeda Pharmaceuticals Korea Co., Ltd. PPD AUTHOR: VERSION NUMBER AND DATE: V2.0; 03 DEC 2018 Property of Takeda: For non-commercial use only and subject to the applicable Terms of Use Document: Takeda_SAP_Vedolizumab-5045_v2.0_20181203.docx Author: PPD Version
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Options in Short-Bowel Syndrome Upmcphysicianresources.Com/GI Instructions: Services
    In This Issue 1 Nutrition Options in Short-Bowel Syndrome SPRING 2017 Division of Gastroenterology, 3 Gastric Carcinoids with Duodenal Ulcers Hepatology, and Nutrition 4 Living Donor Liver Transplant (LDLT) 6 PancreasFest 2017 / Honors and Awards 7 Pittsburgh Gut Club 8 What Is This? Nutrition Options in Short-Bowel Syndrome By David G. Binion, MD, and Zachary Zator, MD Intestinal transplantation is an option for select patients with short-bowel syndrome- associated intestinal failure (SBS-IF) who fail or do not tolerate nutritional rehabilitation. There are a range of factors to consider in the nutritional management of patients before and after intestinal transplantation. SBS-IF can be defined as the inability to maintain proper nutritional balance — including of proteins, electrolytes, macronutrients, micronutrients, and fluids — while adhering to a conventional diet in the face of an anatomically or functionally limited gut surface. The ideal management of patients with SBS-IF involves a multidisciplinary team of gastro enterologists, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and surgeons. Pharmacotherapeutic agents aimed at minimizing fluid losses have been routinely employed to support these patients. For instance, antidiarrheal agents, such as loperamide or diphenoxylate, are used alongside proton pump inhibitors. Somatostatin analogs, like octreotide, inhibit gastrointestinal secretions from the stomach, pancreas, and intestines and have been proven beneficial in the past. However, their role can be limited, as somatostatin can actually
    [Show full text]
  • Herpetic Esophagitis: a Diagnostic Challenge in Immunocompromised Patients
    0(X)2-9270/86/8l()4-0246 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.81, No.4, 1986 Copyright © 1986 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology Primed in US.A. Herpetic Esophagitis: A Diagnostic Challenge in Immunocompromised Patients Farooq P. Agha, M.D., F.A.C.G., Horchang H. Lee, M.D., M.P.H., and Timothy T. Nostrant, M.D. Department of Radiology, and Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology. University of Michigan Hospitals and Medical Center, Ann Arbor. Michigan Viral esophageal infection is eommon in immunocom- these patients to infections were; diffuse histiocytic promised patients. Twelve patients wi(b esopbagitis lymphoma in three, chronic granulocytic leukemia in secondary to herpes viruses are described. Odyno- two, diabetes mellitus in three, prolonged steroid ther- phagia, dysphagia, and gastrointestinal bleeding were apy in two, extensive burns in one, renal transplanta- the most eommon symptoms. Multiple infections par- tion in two, diffuse carcinomatosis in one, and acquired tieularly with Candida were present in three of the 12 immunedeficiency syndrome in one patient. All pa- cases (25%). Typical "volcano ulcers" at endoseopy and tients were immunosuppressed and usually multiple discrete diffusely scattered shallow uleers seen on dou- predisposing factors were responsible. All patients with ble contrast esophagram are highly suggestive of her- hematological malignancy had received extensive petic esophagitis. Single contrast esophagram plays no chemotherapy before the onset of herpetic infection. specific role in the diagnosis of herpetie esophagitis. An The pertinent clinical data on these 12 patients are analysis of elinieal, endoscopic, radiologieal, and path- summarized in Table I. ologieal features is presented. All patients were symptomatic at the time of diag- nosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Herpes and Cytomegalovirus Esophagitis
    E242 UCTN – Unusual cases and technical notes Herpes and cytomegalovirus esophagitis Fig. 1 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a 46-year-old transplant recipient who had recently been treated with high doses of steroids showing ulcerated mucosa in: a the mid-esophagus; b,c the upper esophagus. A 46-year-old man who underwent a liver Fig. 2 Histological transplant in 2001 for fulminant hepatitis appearance of the of unknown etiology was diagnosed with esophageal ulcers a liver non-Hodgkin lymphoma (post- revealing: a herpes transplant lymphoproliferative disease) simplex virus (HSV) in 2011. Some months later, he developed inclusions within the esophageal squamous an acute hepatocellular rejection that was cells; b cytomegalovirus treated with high doses of steroids. (CMV)-infected cells by The patient was admitted because of fever immunohistochemical and severe odynophagia that was hinder- staining; c HSV-infected ing oral intake. He had multiple painful cells by immunohisto- ulcers on his tongue, palate, and oral mu- chemical staining. cosa. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed large superficial, circumferential ulcers with well-defined margins and yel- low exudate in the mid and upper esoph- agus (●" Fig.1). Biopsies taken from the ulcer base and borders confirmed herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus Esophageal ulcers due to CMV are typical- A. Albuquerque1, H. Cardoso1,2, (CMV) co-infection (●" Fig. 2). Polymerase ly large, shallow, solitary or multiple, and A. Ribeiro1, E. Rios3, R. Silva3, chain reaction (PCR) of the esophageal located in the mid or distal esophagus [3]. J. Magalhães3, G. Macedo1,2 mucosa for HSV and CMV DNA was posi- In HSV esophagitis, the morphology de- 1 Gastroenterology Department, Hospital tive.
    [Show full text]
  • Simultaneous Candida Albicans and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
    Reminder of important clinical lesson BMJ Case Rep: first published as 10.1136/bcr-2019-230410 on 15 August 2019. Downloaded from Case report Simultaneous candida albicans and herpes simplex virus type 2 esophagitis in a renal transplant recipient Imran Gani, 1 Vatsalya Kosuru,2 Muhammad Saleem,2 Rajan Kapoor1 1Nephrology, Hypertension and SUMMARY episode of biopsy-proven, borderline, acute cellular Transplant Medicine, Augusta Renal transplant recipients are prone to opportunistic rejection in the second month after transplant that University Health, Augusta, infections due to iatrogenic immunosuppression. responded well to pulse steroids with normalisation Georgia, USA Infectious esophagitis can present as an opportunistic of renal function. 2Internal Medicine, Augusta infection in the post-transplant period. Common Nine months after her kidney transplantation she University Health System, Augusta, Georgia, USA pathogens are candida, herpes simplex virus (HSV) presented with sore throat, dysphagia, odynophagia and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Having a dual infection and fever. Her physical examination was significant Correspondence to is uncommon and the diagnoses can be missed at for oropharyngeal thrush, white tonsillar exudates, Dr Imran Gani, initial presentation. Our patient, a 29-year-old African- pharyngeal erythema and enlarged palatine tonsils. igani@ augusta. edu American woman, status post deceased-donor-kidney Blood work showed leukocytosis and acute kidney transplant presented with difficulty and pain in injury (AKI). She was admitted to the hospital for Accepted 22 July 2019 swallowing with clinical features suggestive of candida intravenous fluids and intravenous fluconazole esophagitis, confirmed by fungal culture. She did not therapy for severe oropharyngeal candidiasis and get better with antifungal treatment. On further testing, high suspicion of esophageal candidiasis.
    [Show full text]
  • Herpes Simplex Virus and the Alimentary Tract
    Herpes Simplex Virus and the Alimentary Tract Eric A. Lavery, MD , and Walter J. Coyle , MD Corresponding author infections of the gastrointestinal tract in both immuno- Walter J. Coyle, MD Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Scripps Clinic compromised and immunocompetent patients. Torrey Pines, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, N203, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Background Current Gastroenterology Reports 2008, 10: 417– 423 HSV is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses, Current Medicine Group LLC ISSN 1522-8037 which also includes varicella zoster virus (VZV), cyto- Copyright © 2008 by Current Medicine Group LLC megalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus (HHV) 6, 7, and 8 [ 2• ]. Members of this family contain linear, double-stranded DNA within a Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is well known as protein capsid, which is surrounded by a tegument and an a sexually transmitted disease. However, relatively little outer glycoprotein layer [ 2• , 3•• ]. HSV-1 and HSV-2 have has been published concerning the presentations and 70% genomic homology but tend to affect different areas treatment of HSV infection within the gastrointestinal of the body. HSV-1 tends to cause most oral and esopha- tract, where HSV most commonly affects the esophagus geal herpetic lesions; it is commonly acquired during in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent childhood, though it has been associated with proctitis in patients. HSV proctitis is not uncommon and occurs a minority of cases. HSV-1 is primarily transmitted via primarily in males having sex with males. In patients oral secretions and has a higher seroprevalence in lower with normal immune systems, gastrointestinal HSV socioeconomic communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Esophagitis
    Review paper Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of infectious esophagitis Mariusz Rosołowski1, Maciej Kierzkiewicz2 1Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland 22nd Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Międzyleski Specialist Hospital, Warsaw, Poland Prz Gastroenterol 2013; 8 (6): 333–337 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2013.39914 Key words: infectious esophagitis, impaired immunity, Candida, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Address for correspondence: Mariusz Rosołowski MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 26a M. Skłodowska-Curie St, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Infectious esophagitis may be caused by fungal, viral, bacterial or even parasitic agents. Risk factors include antibiotics and steroids use, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, malignancies and immunodeficiency syndromes including acquired immu- nodeficiency syndrome. Acute onset of symptoms such as dysphagia and odynophagia is typical. It can coexist with heartburn, retrosternal discomfort, nausea and vomiting. Abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss and even cough are present sometimes. Infectious esophagitis is predominantly caused by Candida species. Other important causes include cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infection. Candida-induced esophagitis when patients try to wear their dentures. Interestingly, many patients are asymptomatic. Esophagitis is predominantly caused
    [Show full text]
  • Herpes Esophagitis: a Comprehensive Review
    REVIEW Herpes esophagitis: a comprehensive review Thievvy Ginkreau ’, Flove Roxenbey’, Olivier Bouchaud”, Claudie Mavche4 and Olivier Lovtholary” ‘Service de Mkdecine Interne, La Salpgtri&re,Paris, ’Service de Bactkriologie-Virologie-Hygi&ie, H6pital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris, 3Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Paris, 4Service d’Anatomopathologie, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat- Claude-Bernard, Paris, and 5Service de MCdecine Interne, H6pital Avicenne, Universiti. Paris Nord, Bobigny, France Key words: Herpes simplex virus, esophagitis, immunodepression INTRODU CTl ON POPULATIONS AT RISK Herpes esophagitis (HE) was first described by Pearce Several types of immunodeficiencies have been and Uagradi in 1943 [I]. For 30 years the diagnoses described as risk factors for HE (Table l), but cellular were made in post niortern studies of immuno- iniinunity is the key factor for the control of herpes compromised patients 12-41. Then, the developement simplex infection, while the role of antibodies and of endoscopy allowed an earlier diagnosis [5,6]. complement is less important [I 6,171. Thus, patients HE is a well-known complication of imniuno- with quantitative defects of T-lymphocytes are particu- depression, and the esophagus is the viscus most often larly prone to develop HSV infections. Indeed, we involved during the dissemination of herpes simplex recently reported such a complication during the late virus (HSV) infection 171. HE is observed in up to 5% stages of HIV infection [18]. Qualitative defects of T- of patients treated for malignant hematologic diseases lymphocytes also represent a risk factor; this is parti- [8], 1-6% of solid organ transplant recipients [9,10] and cularly true for liver and renal transplant patients [19].
    [Show full text]
  • An Unusual Presentation of Herpes Esophagitis in an Immunocompromised Individual
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15635 An Unusual Presentation of Herpes Esophagitis in an Immunocompromised Individual Riya Kataria 1 , Lawrence D'Cruze 2 , Tusharindra Lal 1 , N. Senthil 3 , Sandhya Sundaram 2 1. Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND 2. Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND 3. Internal Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND Corresponding author: Sandhya Sundaram, [email protected] Abstract Herpes simplex infection remains the third most common cause of esophagitis following gastric reflux disease and candida infection. This disease usually occurs in immunocompromised individuals; however, it has been frequently reported in healthy individuals. We present a case of a 39-year-old man who presented to the ER with symptoms unusual of herpes esophagitis. He was presumed to be immunocompromised due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and chronic alcohol use. Endoscopy revealed features in favor of candidiasis; however, histopathology displayed characteristic features of herpes infection. Herpes esophagitis should thus be suspected in immunocompromised patients with an independent underlying pathology and treated early with antiviral agents like acyclovir to prevent impending complications. Categories: Internal Medicine, Pathology, Infectious Disease Keywords: herpetic esophagitis, opportunistic infections, infectious esophagitis, viral infection, herpes pathology Introduction Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been recognized as an opportunistic invader of the esophagus in immunosuppressed, immunocompromised, or severely ill subjects [1]. It has been reported that the presentation of herpes simplex esophagitis (HSE) can often overlap with symptoms of cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis [2], esophageal candidiasis [3], and gastric reflux, posing a diagnostic challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • Path GI – Liver – Biliary – Exocrine Pancreas
    Path GI – Liver – Biliary – Exocrine Pancreas CONGENITAL DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS Tracheoesophageal Fistula ‐ Esophagus has both atresia (blind pouch) and fistula (connection to something else) Atresia ‐ Patients have the trachea and esophagus connected o Patients “swallow” food into their lungs = aspiration pneumonia Fistula o Coughing and Cyanosis during feeding o Amniotic fluid cannot be swallowed, causes polyhydramnios ‐ Must be surgically corrected, which is easily done. Most common presentation of o Most common = atresia of upper esophagus and fistula of lower esophagus to trachea atresia/fistula Esophageal Webs ‐ Web‐like projections of esophageal mucosa into the lumen ‐ Food gets stuck in webs, presenting with dysphagia and bad breath ‐ Associated with o Plummer‐Vinson Syndrome = webs, iron deficiency anemia, women, ↑ Risk for sqaumous cell carcinoma o Schacktzi Ring = webs down at the esophageal‐gastric junction Achalasia Esophagus o Inability to relax the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) o Presents with dysphagia or megaesophagus (can’t get food into stomach) Bird’s Beak o Diagnosed with barium swallow revealing “bird’s beak” esophagus Stomach o Caused by death of ganglion cells in the LES o Treated with stenting or surgical resection Pylorus HEMATEMESIS AND BLEEDS Mallory‐Weiss Tear Stomach Lesion Esophagus o Associated with retching or prolonged vomiting = bulimics and alcoholics o Are longitudinal tears, usually at the gastro‐esophageal junction o May cause hematemesis, but bleeding usually spontaneously heals o Lesions
    [Show full text]
  • Title: Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Vedolizumab Intravenous in Real
    Title: Clinical effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab intravenous in real world clinical practice in ulcerative colitis Korean patients: a multicenter postmarketing observational study NCT Number: NCT03535649 Protocol Approve Date: 24 September 2018 Certain information within this protocol has been redacted (ie, specific content is masked irreversibly from view with a black/blue bar) to protect either personally identifiable information (PPD) or company confidential information (CCI). This may include, but is not limited to, redaction of the following: Named persons or organizations associated with the study. Proprietary information, such as scales or coding systems, which are considered confidential information under prior agreements with license holder. Other information as needed to protect confidentiality of Takeda or partners, personal information, or to otherwise protect the integrity of the clinical study. Vedolizumab-5045 Non-Interventional Study Protocol Title: Clinical effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab intravenous in real world clinical practice in ulcerative colitis Korean patients: a multicenter post- marketing observational study Short title: Vedolizumab in ulcerative colitis Korean patients Study ID: Vedolizumab-5045 Sponsor: Takeda Pharmaceuticals Korea Co., Ltd. (Daechi-dong, 12F) 8, Teheran-ro 98-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06181, Korea Phone: +82 2 3484 0800 Fax: +82 2 3484 0808 Study phase: Medical Affairs, Post-Approval Company Sponsored (Observational) Date of final version 4.1 of protocol: 24 September 2018
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Human Herpesviruses in Clinical Practice of Inflammatory
    microorganisms Review The Impact of Human Herpesviruses in Clinical Practice of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Era of COVID-19 Shuhei Hosomi * , Yu Nishida and Yasuhiro Fujiwara Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; [email protected] (Y.N.); [email protected] (Y.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-6-6645-3811 Abstract: Human herpesviruses (HHVs): herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8, are known to be part of a family of DNA viruses that cause several diseases in humans. In clinical practice of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the complication of CMV enterocolitis, which is caused by CMV reactivation under disruption of intestinal barrier function, inflammation, or strong immunosuppressive therapy, is well known to affect the prognosis of disease. However, the relationship between other HHVs and IBD remains unclear. In the transplantation field, reactivation of other viruses, such as HHV-6, could cause colitis under immunosuppressed condition. Recent research revealed that combined infection of some HHVs could be a risk factor for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis. This suggests that it would be important to clarify HHV behavior in the treatment for patients with IBD, especially in those under immunosuppressive therapies. Looking at the relationship with recently emerged novel coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), there are reports describe that SARS-CoV-2 might induce reactivation of HSV-1, EBV, VZV (herpes zoster), and HHV-6/7.
    [Show full text]