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Was World War II a Just War?

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Was World War II a Just War? Chapter Ten vJ farbD \Yv -11 Figure 10-1 When Canadian Forces chased German troops out of Deventer, Netherlands, as the end of World War II approached, city residents turned out to celebrate their freedom. Rifleman Robert MacGregor Douglas (top), who was photographed surrounded by happy schoolgirls, was one of the Canadians involved in the action. The Canadian Forces fought a long, brutal campaign to liberate the Netherlands. As a result, the Dutch forged a lasting relationship with Canada, and people in the Netherlands continue to honour the soldiers who freed their country. On May 8, 2005, the 60th anniversary of VE Day — Victory in Europe Day — citizens of Apeldoorn, Netherlands, cheered the Canadian veterans (bottom) who had returned to help commemorate the occasion. ZEZ UNIT 3 • Did Canada grow up during World War IP • fZYTICL-721% NZ-AM How did Canada make its mark in World War II? The liberation of the Netherlands by Canadian Forces in 1945 was a significant contribution to the international effort to end World War II. Key Terms But this campaign was only one of many difficult challenges faced by blitzkrieg Canadian Forces during the war. Names such as Dieppe, Hong Kong, Resistance Ortona, and Normandy have also become important symbols of the collaborators war and are vividly remembered by those who fought there — and by U-boat those who honour the sacrifices made by Canadian Forces. atomic bomb Rifleman Robert MacGregor Douglas, pictured on the previous Geneva Convention'. page, survived the war. Douglas may look carefree in the photograph, Holocaust but he and his fellow Canadians had not yet finished the job. The international Netherlands was not fully liberated for another month. tribunals Examine the photographs on the previous page and respond to the following questions: • How old do you think Douglas was when the picture was taken? About how old would he be today? • What do you think Douglas had been doing in the days before the picture was taken? What might he have done the next day? • What does the photograph tell you about Douglas's frame of mind? • How do you think the experience of war could change a young person like Douglas? • If Douglas had been among the veterans who returned to the Netherlands in 2005, what mixed feelings might he have experienced? LEARNING GOALS Looking Ahead In this chapter you will The following inquiry questions will help you analyze the key issues affecting Canada's • explore how World War II forced Canada to relationship with Britain and the United embrace international responsibilities: States during World War II explain the events that tipped the worlu • Was World War II a just war? • • What role did Canada play early in the war? into war in 1939 examine Canada's contribution to the wai • Are science and technology the key to winning • effort and its impact on Canadian identity wars? identify some major developments • How did Canada help end the war? • in science and technology that were • What ethical issues emerged from the war? significant during World War II MHR • How did Canada make its mark in World War III • CHAPTER 10 283 UNIT THREE 1929-1945 Was World War II a just war? During World War I, millions of lives were lost or changed forever. Like many people around the world, Canadians did not want another war. Setting the Stage for Another World War The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, had left many Germans feeling resentful. Paying reparations interfered with the country's recovery from the war, and the economic situation became even worse during the Great Depression. So when Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party advocated an extreme form of nationalism, many Germans welcomed the message. The Nazis' nationalism was based on the belief that Germanic peoples were a "master race" who belonged together in one country. Hitler used this idea as an excuse to invade neighbouring countries where Germanic people lived, even when they formed only a minority of the population. In 1936, Hitler ordered German forces into the Rhineland, which the Treaty of Versailles had set up as a non-military zone between France and Germany. When other governments offered little protest, Hitler kept going. In 1938, he persuaded government officials in neighbouring Austria to "invite" the German army into their country. The Treaty of Versailles had specifically forbidden this Anschluss — uniting — of Germany and Austria. Hitler then turned to the Figure 10-2 German Expansion in Europe, 1935-1941 Sudetenland, a Czechoslovakian Use the dates shown in the map to create a timeline showing Hitler's expansion in Europe border region where many German- between 1935 and 1939. speaking people lived. Anxious to Legend N avoid war at all costs, the British and Allied Countries =1 Neutral Countries - French, along with Benito Mussolini MI Ms Countries s I Occupied by Germany r of Italy, signed the Munich Pact, Occupied by Italy Finland which allowed Germany to take Vichy France and Colonies 1941 is Offensive - • r over this region — provided Hitler - - Maginot Line Estonia? 10111r 1941 Soviet agreed to stop there. Latvi-6' AO& Denmalr 1941 Union So German forces marched Ireland Se: 194 Baltic Sea Atlantic Britain into the Sudetenland. But then, Netherlands 1940 , Germany ) in March 1939, Hitler broke his Ocean Be gium., • Sudetenland'''. Pola Luxembourg.l.''340 ,...t_ , 193,,,_..,, . L. 1939 promise and took over the rest of 1940 - j."'.4 . 1 /4 . ‘; f 4:'' ... '''' ' - France —4-- .m-- .,.. 13hinelands's4.9111trikt. - Czechoslovakia. Invaded May 10,1940 i .1-1- 736_, Austrirrs'' Surrendered June 22, 194Q 1938 .. HOitgaryt . itzerlAct- Ethical Dimension: During World V' r " \ . ,..,1 Ws; Romania • '.. 1940 Black Sea War II, Sweden would remain i''ugoslavik'X. __...,--,- Portutair 1941 Italy r,' Bulgaria neutral. Its railways were used to Spain ., - 1941{ - Albani4.:( • - -1 transport German equipment from 1939 - Turkey Spanish Mediterranean Sea Norway to Finland but it also morocco ° Greece Syria shared intelligence with the Allies 1941 Rh ;, and accepted many Jewish refugees. French Morocco Algeria Lebanon- j pnisia Crete (Britain-France) • . Palestine . In your opinion, is the concept of (Britain) 0_200 400 600 Tramsjorgan neutrality ethical? Why or why not? Britan.) kilometres Egypt UNIT 3 • Did Canada grow up during World War II? • MHR The Tipping Point The invasion of Czechoslovakia made it clear that appeasement would not stop Adolf Hitler's expansion plans. Hitler next turned his attention to East Prussia — a part of Germany that the Treaty of Versailles had separated from the rest of the country by granting a narrow stretch of land to Poland (see Figure 10-2). Absorbing East Prussia into Germany would require a German takeover of Polish territory. At this point, the British and French governments realized that they must draw a line — and they promised to support Poland if Hitler attacked. Then, on August 23, 1939, Hitler and the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin, shocked European leaders by signing a nonaggression pact. Although both were dictators, they were unlikely allies, for their political beliefs were strongly opposed. But the pact suited their purposes, because the two secretly agreed to divide up Europe between them. The pact with Stalin enabled Hitler to carry out his plans for taking over Western Europe without worrying about a Soviet attack from the east. On August 31, German agents pretending to be Polish officers staged assaults at the German border to make it look as if Poland were Figure 10-3 The Treaty of Versailles had attacking Germany. Hitler had his excuse, and the next day he ordered set up Danzig, now Gdansk, as a free city German forces to invade. that was the responsibility of the League of On September 3, 1939, two days after the invasion started, Britain Nations. But most Danzig residents spoke and France declared war on Germany. German, and in 1939, the Nazis produced Evidence: It sometimes takes years for historians to uncover lies such as this postcard saying, "Danzig is German." Hitler's claim that Poland was the aggressor. What value, if any, would How does this postcard show the Nazis' there be to proving that this claim was a lie? Why is it dangerous not to effective use of propaganda? question historical narratives? Canada Declares War Although Canada had entered World War I as part of the British Empire, Up for Discussion Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King believed that, this time, If the Allies had stood up to Hitler when German forces occupied the Rhineland, could Canada should make an independent decision to join the war. World War H have been avoided? King summoned Parliament, and on September 10, Canada officially declared war on Germany. Recall ... Reflect ... Respond 1. Create a "Countdown to War" flow chart that 3. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had describes the chain of events that led to World lived through World War I, as had most Canadians War II as described in this section. who were adults in 1939. Write a diary entry that King, or another Canadian, might have made on 2. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = not very significant; September 10, 1939, once he or she knew that 10 = highly significant), rank the historical Canada was at war again. significance of Canada's separate declaration of war. Be prepared to explain the criteria you used to arrive at your ranking. What did this event say about Canada's evolving relationship with Britain? MHR • How did Canada make its mark in World War II? • CHAPTER 10 UNIT THREE 1929-1945 Figure 10-4 In December 1939, Canadian What role did Canada play early in troops started boarding the ships that would take them in convoys to Europe.
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