2 3 #LessonsForPeace United Nations Security Council Estonian Presidency Arria-Formula Meeting on 8 May 2020

75 Years Since the End of World War II on European Soil – Lessons Learned for Preventing Future Atrocities, Responsibility of the Security Council #LessonsForPeace

United Nations Security Council Estonian Presidency Arria-Formula Meeting on 8 May 2020

75 Years Since the End of World War II on European Soil – Lessons Learned for Preventing Future Atrocities, Responsibility of the Security Council

Collection of Statements

Tallinn 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword by Foreign Minister Urmas Reinsalu ...... 8

1. Josep Borrell Fontelles, European Union...... 13 2. Rosemary A. DiCarlo, United Nations...... 20 3. Timothy Snyder, Yale University...... 25 4. Germany...... 30 5. Viet Nam...... 33 6. France...... 36 7. Belgium...... 39 8. Dominican Republic...... 42 9. United Kingdom...... 45 10. United States of America...... 48 11. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines...... 51 12. Russian Federation...... 54 13. South Africa...... 62 14. Indonesia...... 65 15. Niger...... 68 16. Tunisia...... 72 17. China...... 75 18. Estonia...... 78 19. Georgia...... 81 20. Poland...... 84 21. Turkey...... 86 22. Ukraine...... 88 23. Finland...... 91 24. Latvia...... 94 25. Canada...... 97 26. Czech Republic...... 100 27. Lithuania...... 103 28. Ireland...... 105 29. Netherlands...... 108 30. Denmark...... 111 31. Sweden...... 113 32. Iceland...... 115 33. Romania...... 118 34. Liechtenstein...... 121 35. Slovakia...... 123 36. Bulgaria...... 126 75. Turkmenistan...... 234 37. Austria...... 129 76. Kyrgyzstan...... 236 38. Norway...... 132 7 7. Spain...... 239 39. Republic of Moldova...... 134 78. Tajikistan...... 242 40. Portugal...... 137 79. North Macedonia...... 244 41. Slovenia...... 140 42. Greece...... 142 Concept note of the meeting...... 248 43. Croatia...... 144 Chair’s summary...... 250 44. Luxembourg...... 147 Russia’s letter...... 256 45. Azerbaijan...... 149 Presiding over the Security Council in 46. Brazil...... 152 the era of video diplomacy...... 258 47. Albania...... 156 Behind the scenes...... 260 48. Cyprus...... 159 49. Madagascar...... 162 Speeches printed in the order that they were presented 50. Montenegro...... 165 51. Kenya...... 168 52. Andorra...... 171 53. Italy...... 174 54. Serbia...... 177 55. Ecuador...... 180 56. Sudan...... 183 57. Egypt...... 187 58. Djibouti...... 189 59. Peru...... 192 60. Costa Rica...... 196 61. New Zealand...... 199 62. Australia...... 201 63. Qatar...... 203 64. Pakistan...... 205 65. Armenia...... 207 66. Iraq...... 210 67. United Arab Emirates...... 213 68. Jordan...... 216 69. Islamic Republic of Iran...... 219 70. Nigeria...... 221 71. Belarus...... 224 72. Kazakhstan...... 226 73. Malta...... 229 74. Uzbekistan...... 232 Foreword by Foreign Minister Urmas Reinsalu

In 2020, we celebrate the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War.

World wars have been the bloodiest chapter in our common history. This year we pay special tribute to all of the victims of the Second World War. Anniversaries like this, however, are about more than commemorating all those who suffered. The Second World War was a painful lesson that also has ramifications for the present day.

The causes of the war have been identified and fully documented. International consensus on this issue is further confirmed by resolutions and declarations of the European Parliament and the OSCE. Unfortunately, not everyone seems to take this seriously. Despite the facts, there are still voices that appear to justify the collusion between the two totalitarian leaders who triggered the war. Meanwhile, it is clear that neither the State Duma nor anyone else can erase the past by means of their decrees.

Resisting the misinterpretation of history is not only a theoretical, but also an urgent practical task.

This is by no means a harmless game. As one of our briefers, Professor Timothy Snyder astutely pointed out in his statement: “acts of memory cannot change the past but they can affect the future.” Bending historical truths to suit current interests is one of the reasons why abuses that once learn the lessons of the Second World War with the same ardour and led to a world war, such as the illegal use of force and the changing of sense of responsibility as the generation (shocked by the horrors of the national borders through aggression, have not disappeared. world wars) that called the United Nations into existence 75 years ago in order to safeguard international peace. Resisting the misinterpretation Russia’s continued aggression against Ukraine and Georgia shows that of history is therefore not only a theoretical, but also an urgent 8 we have not learnt enough from history. Until that happens, we have to practical task. 9 We reflect on the painful lessons of history at an unusual time. The the merits and lessons of the post-war world order, also highlighting world is experiencing the biggest crisis since the end of the war: challenges for our future. We also addressed what we can learn from the COVID-19 pandemic. The resulting confusion entails inherently the past to help respond to the current global COVID-19 crisis. indeterminate risks not only to public health and the economy, but also to the global approach to maintaining peace and security. The Despite difficult conditions, the event garnered significant attention international system that emerged after the World War is facing and we were able to bring together a remarkable number of countries. unprecedented and, unfortunately, relatively dramatic pressure. This Despite the pandemic (but perhaps also because of the pandemic), it forces us to treat the pandemic itself as a phenomenon that requires was the largest and most representative international event marking attention by the Security Council. the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. This was an unprecedented and quite unique event in the history of the Security It is unfortunate that the Security Council was not able in a timely Council, both in terms of the number of attending countries, and in manner to use its authority to support Secretary-General Guterres’ call terms of the innovative format of the debate. This is an encouraging for a global ceasefire in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. We need to example of the ability of the United Nations member states to address be vigilant. Under the guise of the pandemic, attempts are being made serious problems amidst a difficult crisis. to undermine the Security Council’s efforts to maintain and restore international peace and security.

We observed with concern how the global pandemic was used as a Peace, democracy and respect for human rights are pretext to call for the termination of justified, relevant sanctions (by values that must be consistently taken into account not Russia, China, and some African countries). Nevertheless, the pandemic in spite of the pandemic, but because of the pandemic. cannot serve as an excuse for revising the rules-based global order. Peace, democracy and respect for human rights are values that must be consistently taken into account not in spite of the pandemic, but I am proud that the Estonian Presidency of the Security Council because of the pandemic. was able to take the initiative and stimulate the modernisation of working methods. Together we have taken an important step towards These are the circumstances that prompted us to bring high-level recognizing that digitalisation is indispensable. This historic initiative representatives from around the world together to discuss, under the will need to be followed up with further action. It will not be easy. In auspices of the United Nations Security Council, the lessons of the this process, the topic of cyber security has suddenly become even Second World War and the current situation of international peace and more relevant. However, it has also become clear that we do not yet security. The six-hour meeting, held as part of Estonia’s Presidency of have full consensus on how to implement the United Nations digital the UN Security Council in May, brought together nearly 80 countries, revolution. Nevertheless, the success of our collective event, as well as around 50 of which were represented at the ministerial level. others Estonia has led since, have shown that steps towards the digital transformation of the daily life of the UN is an inevitable necessity. I would like to thank all those who accepted our invitation to exchange thoughts on lessons learnt from the Second World War. In the months since the event, I have worked hard to ensure the unwavering resonance and legacy of this session. The extensive interest The debate “75 Years Since the End of the Second World War on in its substance and format is understandable. COVID-19 has brought European Soil - Lessons Learned for Preventing Future Atrocities, the world to a crossroads. 10 Responsibility of the Security Council” was held on 8 May. We discussed 11 European Union

There is no way back, but the way forward requires a serious discussion, European like the one we had on 8 May. A number of colleagues have therefore Union approached me with a proposal to gather the statements made during the event and to publish them in a separate book. We responded to this H.E. Mr call with gratitude. As the moderator of this event, I am delighted by the attention given to it by the international community. Josep Borrell I am happy to welcome you to peruse this compendium. It will be an opportunity, in written form, to relive the event and as such follows the same speaking order as on 8 May. We begin with three substantial and Fontelles important statements made by our briefers: High Representative of the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs European Union Josep Borrell Fontelles, UN Under-Secretary-General and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs Rosemary DiCarlo and Professor of History at Yale University Timothy Snyder. These are followed by national interventions, first by members of the UN Security Council and then other UN member states. I am grateful to our excellent briefers and would like to thank all of the participants for their interventions. Special thanks go to the Estonian diplomats – in Tallinn and New York – who were the driving force behind the scenes, allowing for such an ambitious meeting with abundant participation to become a reality. Last but not least, I would like to thank Hybridity, a secure platform for virtual events set up in Estonia at the start of the COVID-19 crisis – their professionalism and dedication helped to make the technically highly complex event a reality and show what heights video diplomacy can reach.

Mr President, It is an honour to brief the Security Council on EU-UN cooperation on international peace and security. I am pleased to do so while Estonia is chairing.

The outbreak of COVID-19 is a test of our humanity, but also of the multilateral system itself. This crisis demonstrates that global challenges require collective action. COVID-19, climate change: these are not 12 problems that any one country can solve on its own. 13 Indeed, the rules-based international order – with the UN at its core – Mr President, must be upheld and strengthened. There is no other option. When others may be backing away, the EU remains a staunch The pandemic is shaking the very foundations of our societies, supporter of a strong UN as the beating heart of the multilateral system. exposing the vulnerabilities of the most fragile countries. It risks unravelling progress achieved over recent years in achieving sustainable Secretary-General Guterres is right to say that “multilateralism is under development goals and pushing millions back into poverty. It can threat precisely when we need it most.” We therefore support his deepen existing conflicts and generate new geopolitical tensions. efforts to advance the UN reform process and to use the organisation’s That is why the European Union was one of the earliest and strongest 75th anniversary to work for a rejuvenated UN. At a time of growing supporters of the call by UN Secretary-General Guterres for a global scepticism, we must demonstrate the UN’s added value and relevance. ceasefire. This is why the EU and its Member States support UN reform and We regret that only in very few cases has there been a reduction in are the largest financial contributor to the UN system. We pay our violence: in fact, only two out of 43 countries, according to the report of dues in full and on time. Also in the area of peace and security, the EU the Armed Conflict Location and Data Project. is a generous, reliable partner. All of the EU’s 17 crisis management missions and operations cooperate closely with members of the UN We also support the appeal by Human Rights Commissioner Michlelle family. Indeed, 11 of those EU missions and operations share the same Bachelet to ensure that sanctions do not hinder humanitarian aid, as is theatre with a UN mission. In some cases, we even share barracks fully the case for the EU. At a time of global crisis, we need a Security and camps. Council able to take the necessary decisions and not one that is paralysed by vetoes and political infighting. We know that women play a crucial role in securing peace and security – and we need to harness their role and contributions. This was the Mr President, central reason for the adoption, 20 years ago, of the ground-breaking resolution UNSC 1325. Yes, we have made progress since, but much The EU is doing whatever it takes to combat the coronavirus crisis. We work remains to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment. know our battle at home can only succeed if we defeat the virus around So let us pursue this agenda with determination. the world. Mr President, For this reason the EU, its Member States and European financial institutions combined resources for a €23 billion “Team Europe” Africa is our sister continent, and a major strategic priority for the EU. package, to support partner countries and the most vulnerable. From the Sahel to the Horn, from the Central African Republic to the We fully agree with Secretary-General Guterres that the socio- Democratic Republic of Congo, the European Union is actively backing economic recovery packages must aim to “build back better”, by political processes, providing financial support, and contributing to investing in sustainable and resilient societies. In these troubled times, peacebuilding and stabilisation and development. With one motto: emergency measures are necessary. But they must be proportionate, African solutions to African problems. We cooperate very closely with temporary, and in compliance with the rule of law and international the African Union, including the Commissioner for Peace and Security obligations. Respect for human rights remains essential, especially for Smaїl Chergui. Of course, we cannot substitute our partners. What we 14 the most vulnerable parts of our society. can do and what we are doing is to accompany their efforts. 15 Today, I would like to focus on the Sahel. It is a test case, with all builds on the achievements of Operation Sophia, which so far has been elements of the modern foreign policy agenda at play: security, the only operation actively implementing the UN arms embargo and extremism and terrorism, governance, sustainable development, reporting accordingly to the UN. migration and climate change are all driving the conflict dynamics and explain why we need an integrated approach. Since 2014, the EU and Only a few weeks after it started activities at sea, the operation has its Member States have provided massive financial support to the Sahel already proved its added value, by sharing valuable information with region, for a total of €8,5 billion. The EU has recently broadened the the UN Panel of Experts and having a deterrent effect, including scope of its work and has three missions deployed to help build regional on oil smuggling. It is critical that the Council renews the resolution capacity of military and security forces. authorising inspections on the high seas.

But the hard truth is that the situation in the Sahel keeps deteriorating Mr President, at an alarming pace. A few figures: 4000 lives lost to terrorist attacks this year; 800 000 displaced in Burkina Faso (seven times more since We know that the broader Middle East has a major impact on European Feb 2019); around 50 million people at risk of food insecurity due to and global security. We need to adopt an approach that addresses terrorism and COVID-19. the individual conflicts and crises including Yemen and the Israeli- Palestinian conflict, where any unilateral action could threaten stability So we must be ready to do more and better – and we are, including in the entire region and where the EU remains ready to work with together with the G5 and the African Union. The same can be said both parties and its partners on a solution based on internationally about the Horn of Africa where EU cooperation with the AU and UN is recognised parameters. But also one recognises the interrelated nature also crucial. of the region’s conflict dynamics. Over time, we should work towards a genuine regional, cooperative security framework. Our analysis of the situation is the same. Our commitment to work jointly is strong. Together with our partners, we must stay the course. In Syria, the situation in Idlib remains fragile. The ceasefire must continue to hold, and be extended all across Syria, in line with UN Mr President, Special Envoy Pedersen’s appeal. It is imperative that this Council renews the authorisation of cross-border humanitarian operations A major crisis right on the European Union’s doorstep is that of Libya. and deliveries into North-West Syria. I appeal to you, not to play We have seen the absurd situation of fighters wearing masks to protect political games with the lives of the Syrian people. Have they not themselves against COVID-19 while exchanging fire. The EU is working suffered enough? hard to create the conditions for a ceasefire; it is not easy and there are many agendas at play. The fourth Brussels conference on Syria on 29-30 June [2020] will be an opportunity to show our continued support for the Syrian people. There is no alternative to an inclusive political solution. But to find a The humanitarian needs are enormous, so we must maintain the level political solution, we need to stop the flow of weapons into Libya and of pledges we had in previous years. The conference will also aim to create the space for real dialogue. consolidate international backing for a political solution of the crisis, in line with Security Council resolution 2254. With this objective in mind, we have launched a new operation in the Mediterranean: Operation Irini. Its core task is to implement the UN Let me reiterate the enduring importance of the Joint Comprehensive 16 arms embargo through naval, aerial and satellite assets. The operation Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. It remains essential to ensure the 17 peaceful nature of the Iranian nuclear programme. This is why I existing inequalities are making us more vulnerable. If we want to “build regret yesterday’s decision by the U.S. to not prolong the waivers back better”, we must recommit to the Agenda 2030 and the Paris for Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action waivers for JCPOA-related Agreement on climate change. The EU is doing its part – and we count nuclear projects. on others to meet their obligations too.

Let me finally move to Europe itself, including the Western Balkans. Our We also know that climate change is affecting security around the overall goal is to see the whole region advance on the path of reform, world, acting as a threat multiplier. That is why we fully support reconciliation and integration into the EU. I have recently appointed Germany’s efforts to put this climate and security nexus on the agenda Miroslav Lajčák as EU Special Representative to work on the Belgrade- of the Security Council. My main message today is that the EU remains Pristina Dialogue which remains one of my top priorities. Staying in deeply attached to the rules-based international order, to multilateralism Europe, I want to mention Ukraine, where the illegal annexation by and to the UN. Russia of the Crimean peninsula and the unfulfilled commitments of Minsk have brought a major disruption in EU-Russia relations. We support the UN, not only with words, although they do matter. Support for national sovereignty and territorial integrity will remain key But with concrete actions and contributions across the three pillars of elements of the relationship of the EU with its Eastern partners. The principles enshrined in Helsinki cannot be forgotten while working for a cooperative, more secure and cohesive European continent. Multilateralism must deliver results for the people who need it most. Otherwise, it loses legitimacy, while On a continent close to my heart there is Venezuela. Here the political unilateralism and power politics gain the upper hand. crisis, compounded by the measures related to COVID-19 has turned The world needs a revitalised multilateral system. into a catastrophic economic and humanitarian emergency, affecting the stability of the whole region. Earlier this week, we mobilised €2,5 billion with €595 million of grants at a pledging event hosted by the EU the UN – and especially on peace and security. Precisely because we and Spain to step up emergency assistance, including to the displaced believe in multilateralism, we want the Security Council to be able to population in the region. act. All states should uphold the founding values of the UN, starting from those bearing the special responsibilities of Security Council Finally, and turning to very recent developments, I must express membership. deep concern with steps taken by China regarding National Security Legislation in Hong Kong. This is not in conformity with international Multilateralism must deliver results for the people who need it most. commitments, nor Hong Kong basic law. Otherwise, it loses legitimacy, while unilateralism and power politics gain the upper hand. The world needs a revitalised multilateral system. Mr President, But this will only happen if we all invest in it.

There are many other specific situations I could mention. But allow me This the EU is doing. We count on those who sit on the Security Council to close with some wider more strategic, reflections. to do their part.

The COVID-19 crisis has laid bare the fragilities of a hyper-globalised Thank you very much. and interdependent world. We must learn the broader lessons and take 18 seriously how human health and planetary health are linked – and how 19 United Nations

United as significant as how the world rebuilt after fascism was vanquished. Nations In May 1945, visionary leaders chose multilateralism and international cooperation over division and isolation. A choice that led to the H.E. Ms establishment of the United Nations organization.

These same leaders created a rules-based system with mechanisms Rosemary A. to resolve differences peacefully, and all committed to the principle of collective security. The rules-based system was also built on the respect of human rights and human dignity, a necessary value to overcome the DiCarlo legacy of the Holocaust and atrocities of the conflict. Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs of the United Nations European countries played a large role in this architecture. For the past 75 years, the countries of Europe have been stalwart supporters both of multilateralism and conflict prevention, lending indispensable support to the United Nations. The creation of the European Economic Community and European Union signalled that countries would put aside their differences and work toward a more prosperous future of benefit to all members.

And the adoption of the Helsinki Accords and the establishment of the Organization of Cooperation and Security in Europe was key to reducing tensions between East and West during the post-War period. And while this system created after the war has brought relative peace to Europe and other parts of the world, tensions and violent conflicts persist, including in Europe.

Preventing and resolving violent conflicts around the world is at the heart of the United Nations peace and security pillar. The Secretary- General has made prevention one of his highest priorities, including the full and effective implementation of the Women, Peace and Security Thank you, Mr Minister, for the invitation to participate in today’s agenda. His vision focuses on the need to mitigate wider stressors meeting to commemorate 75 years since the end of the Second World and shocks that can lead to political crises and violent conflict. He has War in Europe. This is another opportunity to reflect on the toll of that repeatedly called for a “surge in diplomacy for peace”. horrific conflict and its legacy, for Europe and the world.

It is both poignant and ironic that we are not able to meet in person today, because we are facing one of the greatest challenges to Preventing and resolving violent conflicts around the humanity since the end of the Second World War. How we react to world is at the heart of the United Nations peace and 20 the new challenge before us – the COVID-19 pandemic – could be security pillar. 21 In his briefing to the Security Council on “Conflicts in Europe” at the This will require political will, courage and leadership by all concerned. beginning of his tenure, the Secretary-General urged all stakeholders to Yes, this is easier said than done. But if ever there was a time to look intensify their efforts to define a peace and security agenda that could beyond narrow interests, this is it. Europe, with international help, built effectively address current complex challenges. I would like to recall his a more prosperous and peaceful future after the cataclysm of the war appeal to the Security Council for an honest reflection on the conflicts in three quarters of a century ago. the region. Today, a deadly pandemic threatens us all. But it also gives us an Europe is not immune from instability, and we should not take peace opportunity to unite our efforts to first overcome the crisis and then and prosperity in the region for granted. create a more equitable and peaceful world.

The United Nations contributed to bringing an end to brutal wars in the Mr Minister, Western Balkans in the 1990s. And yet, full peace and reconciliation have still not been achieved there. Meanwhile, there remain several Recognizing the unprecedented global challenge of COVID-19, the protracted conflicts on the continent, and the crises in Georgia in 2008 Secretary-General called on 23 March for a global ceasefire. He urged and in Ukraine in 2014 showed that new outbreaks of violence were all all warring parties to silence their guns in order to facilitate conditions too possible. for the delivery of humanitarian aid, create the space for diplomatic engagement, and address the needs of those most vulnerable to the pandemic. We must confront those who would drag the world back to a violent and shameful past. His appeal has garnered endorsements from many Member States, regional organizations, religious leaders and civil society platforms, as well as several armed groups. The voice of European Member States Meanwhile, seventy-five years since the end of the war, we are hearing has been critical in amplifying this call. disturbing echoes of the past. The voices of populism, authoritarianism, nationalism, and xenophobia are making themselves heard ever Regrettably, in many places, support for the Secretary-General’s call has more loudly. yet to translate into tangible results. We need a concerted international effort to move conflict parties to stop the fighting, especially as the We must confront those who would drag the world back to a violent and pandemic injects countries with far-reaching humanitarian, socio- shameful past. The United Nations continues to engage in peace efforts economic and potentially political consequences. The COVID-19 in Europe, including negotiations to reach a comprehensive and durable pandemic has indeed highlighted, once again, the importance of settlement to the long-standing Cyprus question. We are also working working collectively. with regional organizations in the Geneva International Discussions. When the Secretary-General decided last year that the UN would mark In addition, we fully support the lead role and vital work of the its 75th anniversary by looking forward, not backward, to what citizens Normandy Four and Trilateral Contact Group for Ukraine, the OSCE-led around the world expected from the United Nations of the future, no Minsk Group Co-Chairs process on Nagorno-Karabakh, the OSCE-led one could have predicted we would be facing a crisis of this scale. “5+2” settlement process for Transnistria, and the EU-led Belgrade- Pristina dialogue. It is time to find negotiated solutions to these conflicts 22 and build lasting peace. 23 Yale University

Out of concern that the world was growing more divided, the Secretary- Yale General called for a return to the spirit of the Charter, to “We the University peoples”, to renew international cooperation. Professor As we look back on the lessons of the past 75 years, we must find an opportunity in this time of crisis, to put aside our differences and strengthen the channels for dialogue and cooperation. We must also Timothy exercise the solidarity needed to help the more vulnerable countries respond to the challenges they are now facing, understanding that their security and well-being affects us all. We must also find that community Snyder of purpose that existed in the immediate post-war period. Professor of History

This is essential for safeguarding lasting peace and stability, in Europe and beyond.

Thank you, Mr Minister.

Mr Minister, Excellencies, Honourable guests, Ladies and gentlemen, Friends,

Acts of memory cannot change the past, but they can affect the future. When we take a moment, as we do today, to regard the past, we align ourselves with it and we draw a line from our histories towards the future that we are choosing. This means that it is all the more important, 24 when we commemorate, when we regard the past, that we are truthful, 25 rather than propagandistic, rather than self-indulgent. That we are as these remote technologies. What matters, in the meantime, is how we universal as we can be, rather than national or narrow. speak to each other, and how we treat each other, whether we regard our disease as particular or as a universal challenge. The Second World If what we say, on days like today, seems appealing to us as individuals, War is very instructive here. In the 1920s and the 1930s Nazis, fascists or appealing to us as nations, it is very likely not true. Or at least not the and others tended to regard disease as something which came from whole historical truth. the other. The pandemics of that time, typhus, tuberculosis, influenza and others, were blamed by the Nazis on the Jews in particular. This As we commemorate, we need to be truthful, we need to be universal. became a reason to gather Jews up in ghettos, this became a reason to We need to find a language which is as comprehensible to as many watch Jews sicken in ghettos and finally an argument for killing them other peoples and as many other people as possible. We need a all. In other words, the greatest of crimes that we recall, in the context language which speaks to as much of the world as possible. If we of the Second World War, has direct connections to the history of commemorate in this way, we start to see, as the previous speakers pandemic. This should remind us that how we behave now, how we have already suggested, some general problems of our present that the behave during other pandemics, has implications for our own future. memory of the war can help us to address.

The first of these is ecological crisis. The era of the 1930s and 1940s, of Acts of memory cannot change the past, but they can the Second World War, was still an era of colonial exploitation. It was a affect the future. time of competition for resources. One way to understand the Second World War, one way to understand the murderous German project for Eastern Europe, is the extension of colonial practices from the rest of A third lesson, which is very relevant to Americans, to Europeans, the world into Europe itself. but also across the global south, is the fragility of democracy. Hitler’s Germany was one of only many democracies that failed in the 1920s The Nazi idea of Lebensraum, of living space, was to reject common and 1930s. scientific solutions to ecological problems and instead to embrace demographic ones, to embrace the starvation and murder of others. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was the failure, not the success, of Many of the worst Nazi crimes, such as the starvation of the city of democracy which was characteristic. More than that, Hitler’s Germany, Leningrad, the starvation of Soviet prisoners of war, flowed directly from thanks not only to power but also to ideology, set the tone in Europe this way of seeing the world. and in much of the world in the 1930s.

This, ladies and gentlemen, is palpably relevant for the 21st century. We Even before the war had begun, much of Europe, statesmen, but also are, unfortunately as a result of climate change, returning to a moment, peoples, had made some kind of compromise or other with Hitler. when we face a choice between common scientific solutions or a return And so, even as we recall German war crimes, even as we recall the to, I am afraid, bloody and persistent competition for limited resources. starvation, even as we recall the Holocaust and the war itself, we should also remember that the rise of the far right and the temptation to A second lesson from the era of the Second World War, has to do, as compromise with extreme leaders was present across the European previous speakers have already suggested, with the current pandemic. continent at the time. It is important to remember that not only Disease poses a technical challenge but also a moral challenge. Germany moved in a certain direction, but much of Europe and much Eventually, in months or years, technical solutions will be found. of the rest of the world. 26 Eventually, we will be meeting together in person, instead of by way of 27 It is also important to remember a certain set of specific facts about It means that a communist system was extended throughout much how the Second World War began. of Europe.

The most important compromise with Hitler came not from the Far For this reason, for many Europeans, the end of the war cannot be Right but from the Soviet Union. Naturally, we commemorate the end neatly contained by the date May 8th or May 9th, 1945. The end of the of the war, the end of a particular kind of suffering. Yet historians will war is something that still needs to be discussed. also insist that we must remember the beginning of the war. Ladies and gentlemen, Excellencies, The war began with cooperation between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union: the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of August 1939, the joint invasion Every country has a distorted memory of the war. Mine included. of Poland, the Treaty on Borders and Friendship of September 1939. Americans vastly overstate their contribution to the end of the war The war began not in 1941, but in 1939, when the Soviet Union joined and they vastly understate the popularity of far-right ideas and the Nazi Germany in the invasion of much of Eastern Europe. This means antisemitism in their own country at the time. For this very reason, it that until 1941, the Soviet Union was assisting Nazi Germany as it made is important to see the difficult truths, as well as the easy truths, when war in Scandinavia, in the Low Countries, against France, and against we commemorate. The truth about the past can become a language Great Britain. of reconciliation. Indeed, it is the only language of reconciliation. The truth about the past can help us see ourselves better; and if we see The Red Army switched sides in 1941, when Germany invaded the ourselves better, we have a chance to see the general problems as well Soviet Union. From that point forward, the Red Army took more as the particular experiences. As we confront general problems such as pandemics and ecological crises, problems that were very familiar 75 years ago, we need the truth about the past, to have a chance of We need the truth about the past, to have a chance of creating a better future. creating a better future. Thank you very much for your attention!

casualties than any other army and Soviet citizens, especially Jews, captured Red Army soldiers and the inhabitants of Belarus, Ukraine and Western Russia suffered horribly, unfathomably, under German occupation. We remember that and should remember it, as we recall the end of the Second World War.

But we must also remember that the end of the Second World War, if we date it to May of 1945, is a date which means different things to different people.

At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union reclaimed the territories that it granted by Hitler in the German-Soviet agreements of 1939. This means that sovereign States such as Lithuania, Latvia and 28 Estonia again lost their sovereignty at the end of the Second World War. 29 Germany

Ladies and gentlemen, Germany

After six years of war, after the death of over 60 million women, children and men, after the most horrifying crime committed in the H.E. Mr history of mankind – the murder of almost all of Europe’s Jewish citizens, after the devastation of countless cities and villages, after the Heiko Maas terror, death and destruction unleashed by my country, Germany, peace seemed too unreal to believe in. Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs And yet, brave men and women opted for a brighter future. They had seen the suffering human beings had inflicted on one another. But they refused to give up hope in mankind.

That hope is embodied in the United Nations and its Charter. It is embodied in the European Union, the biggest peace project of our times. And it found its expression in the forgiveness that my country has received from its former enemies. To this day, it fills us with deep gratitude and humility. Gratitude towards those who made immense sacrifices to liberate our country from the National Socialist tyranny. Gratitude also to the countries of the world who accepted Germany back into the family of peaceful nations – despite our responsibility for two world wars which caused infinite suffering. And despite the Shoah, the industrial mass murder of over 6 million Jews, a crime so barbaric that it betrayed the values of any civilized nation. It betrayed human civilization itself. This history, the German history, binds us to a responsibility that never ends.

It commits us to work for peace and the rules-based international Mr Vice-President of the European Commission, dear Josep, Under- order. It encourages us to defend human rights and dignity, to work Secretary-General DiCarlo, Professor Snyder, distinguished colleagues, for justice and accountability. And it binds our fate forever to the fate dear Urmas, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, of a strong and united Europe. A Europe that after centuries of battles and destruction finally embraced the golden rule of Jean Monnet; it is: 75 years ago, in a school house in France, U.S. General Walter B. Smith “Better to dispute around a table than on a battlefield.” This ideal has told three German officials, “There are four copies to be signed.” transformed Europe from a continent of eternal wars into the strongest proponent of global peace. These seven deceivingly simple words marked the beginning of the longest peace time period in European history. The German delegation Today, European soldiers work with the United Nations to maintain signed a document of unconditional surrender, first in Reims and two peace in the Sahel, in Iraq and Afghanistan. They are monitoring 30 days later in Berlin. the arms embargo against Libya. Together, the EU and its members 31 Viet Nam

contribute more than anyone to building and sustaining peace all over Viet Nam the world. This commitment to global solutions, to multilateralism, is based on our historic experience – that nationalism leads to destruction. In Germany, we have a saying: “He who closes his eyes to the past will be blind to the present.” The failure of the League of H.E. Mr Nations to withstand the storm of nationalism and racism in the wake of the First World War holds an important lesson: international institutions Pham need political backing. Backing that is too often missing today. This is particularly true for the work of the Security Council – the body whose purpose it is to maintain global peace and stability. Bình Minh Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs Ladies and gentlemen,

Our inability to end the wars in Syria and Libya, along with our failure to bring peace to the Middle East or Ukraine undermine the credibility of this Council and the international community as a whole.

The COVID pandemic has reminded us how being proactive can save lives.

This holds true for each and every conflict.

We must address their root causes, whether they relate to weak governance, human rights abuses or climate change. A more preventive approach to peace and security is one way to adapt the lessons of the past to the realities of our times.

Ladies and gentlemen,

The men and women who founded the United Nations had hope. Hope Thank you, Mr President, for bringing us together, though only virtually, that mankind would not repeat the mistakes of the past. That we would on this important occasion. learn to overcome our differences by peaceful means. Mr President, That cooperation and compromise would triumph over nationalism and narrow self-interest. It is upon us to prove them right. 75 years ago, the deadliest war in human history ended, but only after having caused untold suffering to hundreds of millions of people around Thank you, Urmas, for highlighting this on such a historic day. the world. We are indebted to those who fought and sacrificed, in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Allied Powers, and lest we forget, the people of 32 And thank you all for your attention. the former Soviet Union. 33 The defeat of the fascists and aggressors in the Second World War, prosperous and just world.” and indeed in all wars and conflicts, proved that actions driven by expansionism, militarism and the thirst for conquest and dominance In Asia, the success of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations can never bend the will of nations to fight for their independence (ASEAN) in turning Southeast Asia from a war-torn and deeply and freedom. divided region into a region of friendship and cooperation is a powerful example. It also highlights the crucial role of regional organizations in It also demonstrated that no force can triumph over the burning desire maintaining peace, security and stability in the region and beyond. of nations for peace and the shared values of humanity. Let me conclude, Mr President, with the wise words of President Ho For Viet Nam, the end of World War II helped bring a new beginning, Chi Minh, a UNESCO Great Man of Culture, who led the nation of Viet as the nation emerged independent, after nearly a century under Nam to independence exactly 75 years ago. He wrote, and I quote: “The colonialism. people everywhere love peace, and they hate wars. People everywhere want to live in independence and freedom”, end of quote. His words Rising from the ashes of World War II, nations have come together to capture our collective desire to silence all guns, to end all wars, and rebuild a more peaceful, stable, and prosperous world. achieve sustainable peace. We continue to believe that our common human aspiration for peace, freedom and justice, and our determination At the centre of these efforts emerged a collective security system to defend our independence, sovereignty and territory, will prevail anchored in the UN Charter and international law. over confrontation, the use of force and attempts for domination and conquest. Unfortunately, the end of the Second World War did not mean that peace was guaranteed. Colonialism and aggression continued to wreak I thank you, Mr President. havoc on nations. Viet Nam, for one, suffered decades of devastating wars before our final victory in gaining independence, unification, and peace.

Therefore, given the lessons learnt from World War II and from our own history, Viet Nam believes strongly that upholding international law, strengthened solidarity, cooperation and mutual trust on a global scale must underline our efforts to preserve the hard-won peace and stability in all parts of the world.

The principles of the Charter, particularly those of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, non-use of force and peaceful settlement of disputes, have proven to be pivotal in preventing another disastrous world war and maintaining sustainable peace.

This was echoed at the Security Council earlier this year, as the Council itself “reaffirmed its commitment to an international order based on 34 international law as the indispensable foundation of a more peaceful, 35 France

to help found a new international order. A generation which, over the France past 75 years, has seen the world change – many times. And which has always striven to act by learning from the past. A generation of Europeans who have also seen the pain of a Europe divided for almost H.E. Mr 50 years and who have finally been able to reunite on the basis of law Jean-Yves and regained collective freedom. On this 8th of May, I would like to tell you what these 75 years mean to me today in terms of international stability and security and why we Le Drian want to rebuild the world order that emerged from the Second World War in the spirit of the San Francisco Conference rather than in the spirit Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs of Yalta.

However, I do not pretend to tell history. I am a politician, not a historian. And I know that confusion among the two creates the risk of instrumentalising or even rewriting the past, which only serves to absolve oneself of one’s responsibilities or to sow discord, which often goes hand in hand. Only if we respect the objectivity of the facts, which does not preclude the diversity of memories, will we be able to learn the lessons of our common history together.

Since 1945, we have first learned that the best guarantor of stable international order is strong multilateralism, that means, a living multilateralism. If the institutions and tools of multilateralism come to a standstill, if they are no longer in touch with reality and emergencies, then they are challenged.

The strength of the United Nations system is that it has always been Official translation of the statement delivered in French able to transform itself to keep pace with the world. Since 1945, there have been many reforms. I am thinking of the launch of peacekeeping I would like to thank Urmas Reinsalu for taking the initiative for operations, the development of sanctions and the establishment of this meeting. international criminal courts.

My dear friends, Defending the multilateral order today, as France is doing, as Europe is doing, is therefore not defending the status quo. On the contrary, it I belong to a generation born in the aftermath of the Second World War, means constantly reinventing our working methods and the way we in a Europe in ruins still haggard from the tragedy it had failed to avert. act, so that multilateralism will never be weak, as it was in the inter- A generation for whom dialogue and cooperation between nations was war period. 36 clearly the only possible way forward. Both to raise our continent and 37 Belgium

This is all the more important as we are now witnessing a brutalization Belgium of international life that should alert us. There is therefore an urgent need to return to the rules laid down in 1945 by the founding Charter of our Organization: the limitation by law of the use of force, from the sole perspective of collective security, which links the security of each to the H.E. Mr security of all. That is the thrust of our efforts in Europe to re-establish on our continent a collective architecture of security and trust. In order Philippe to resolve the so-called “frozen conflicts”. In order to limit the risk of accidental escalation. In order to make operational the ten key principles adopted in Helsinki and reaffirmed in Paris nearly thirty years ago, which Goffin have lost none of their relevance. Minister of Foreign Affairs and of Defence

And this is the preoccupation that must guide our Council to meet today’s challenges: the challenge of terrorism, the challenge of violence against civilians, the challenge of proliferation. This is the preoccupation that must guide our Council in the fight against impunity and in combating the inequalities that weaken societies and expose them to violence.

And because the coronavirus crisis amplifies threats to collective security, because that crisis reinforces those threats, we must give clear support to the Secretary-General’s call for a humanitarian truce in all armed conflicts. What I remember from the turn of 1945 is that the Allies did not wait for the victory of 8 May 1945 to draw the outlines of the new multilateral order: the United Nations declaration dates back to 1942; the Bretton Woods Conference dates from 1944. Because recovering successfully from a crisis requires preparation – collective preparation. Mr President, distinguished colleagues, Excellencies, While continuing to fight to roll back the pandemic, we must therefore begin, as of today, to build the “world beyond COVID-19”, starting, of At the outset, I would like to express gratitude to the Estonian course, with the strengthening of health multilateralism, also in relation Presidency for hosting this high level Arria-formula meeting. I also thank with other global public goods such as biodiversity and climate. the different briefers for their statements.

As Timothy Snyder, whose intervention I welcome, says: “History does The end of World War II announced a new beginning: a rules-based not repeat itself, but it teaches us.” Let us collectively learn from it. international order with multilateralism as a major factor of international stability, democracy and prosperity. It led to the adoption of the UN I thank you. Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention 38 on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. It saw 39 the creation of the United Nations and of the European Union. These improvement. This is our common and continuous endeavour. Only by organisations had the aim of bringing an end to the scourge of war. learning from the past and admitting our errors can we face the future. Belgium was a founding member of both. Their country devastated by two global conflicts, my predecessors were convinced that our mutual Mr President, interests were better served by collaboration. The bases for such collaboration are shared values such as respect for the rule of law and To conclude I would like to go back to April 1945 and to what former human rights. Belgian Prime Minister Paul-Henri Spaak – the president of the first General Assembly – stated in his speech at the San Francisco Today, as an elected member of the Security Council, we spare no Conference: “Ce qui importe avant tout, c’est notre volonté d’agir, effort to translate this conviction into concrete actions. We work de réussir, notre désir passionné de ne pas décevoir tous ceux qui with our partners to prevent new conflicts and strive to achieve espèrent.”1 sustainable peace. Mr President, dear colleagues, The end of World War II also meant dealing with its aftermath. The principle of individual accountability to deter future mass atrocities That responsibility is now ours. emerged from the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals. They paved the way for the establishment of the International Criminal Court. This has Thank you. the mandate to investigate and prosecute the most serious crimes when States are unwilling, or genuinely unable to do so.

Beyond individuals, societies also need remedies and healing. As I stated last February during the open debate on transitional justice, peace and justice are not exclusive. They are – on the contrary – mutually reinforcing. Hence, transitional justice efforts have increased over the last decades. These efforts try to establish facts, to ensure justice and reparations for the victims and to achieve reconciliation in the aftermath of conflict. I would like to recognize the significant support for these national processes provided by peace operations mandated by the Security Council.

Mr President,

75 years onwards we have not yet succeeded in preventing human suffering as a result of conflict. Our world has profoundly changed. New challenges have emerged. The threat posed by Climate Change and the current pandemic, only to mention a few, have reinforced the need for cooperation. The multilateral system is man-made. As such, it 1 What matters the most is our will to act, to succeed, our passionate desire is not free of flaws. However, it is an illusion to think we can do without to not disappoint all those who are hopeful.” [ed. - unofficial translation 40 it. It is our responsibility to protect it and to diligently strive for its from French] 41 Dominican Republic

Dominican But most importantly, today we – as an international community with Republic the Security Council at the centre – reiterate our decision to guarantee and maintain international peace and security. This is our sacred H.E. Mr commitment for today and for generations to come.

It is for this reason that exchanging impressions and listening to José different perspectives on post-war times, gives us the opportunity to recognize and address the new and unconventional challenges to peace Singer we collectively face today. Permanent Representative It is under the magnifying glass of the lessons learned in times besieged by the fire of weapons, the blood spilled, the Holocaust, the suffering of many millions of human beings, that we will be able to promote actions to address these challenges. In this regard, the current COVID-19 pandemic can be an opportunity to silence the guns all over the world in order to defeat that common enemy.

It is in our interest to remember that the level of peace we can enjoy today has come at a very high price. Therefore, we must continue to promote dialogue, preventive diplomacy and peaceful resolution of conflicts and above all, promote unity in diversity.

We recognize that, since the signing of the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June 1945, the General Assembly and the Security Council have addressed great threats to international peace and security. It is precisely through multilateralism that global solutions to the problems affecting our world will emerge.

We thank the Estonian Mission for convening this important meeting, 75 years after the last war with global reach, the international and the speakers for the valuable information they have provided today. community can attest that what was once a desolate post-war Europe, has turned into a restored region, an example of development and For the Dominican Republic, this meeting is much more than a progress for the world with the principles of democracy, the rule of law, memorable encounter on the 75th anniversary of a world war that cooperation and good governance at its forefront. changed the course of humanity. However, we cannot hide the fact that we are currently facing a It is an opportunity to recognize the extent to which this crucial moment different reality, where the proliferation of the use of force and intrastate in history sowed our determination to eliminate the scourge of war and confrontations continue to threaten peace. the atrocities that follow. 42 As we face multiple and emerging threats to peace and security all 43 United Kingdom

over the world, more and more contexts continue to grow as breeding United grounds for the calamities that affect the most vulnerable. Kingdom

The continued violation of human rights, the incessant transgression of Lord fundamental freedoms are, very sadly, opening the door to atrocities with devastating consequences to civilians. Tariq Ahmad of Fortunately, most of these challenges remain on the agenda of the Security Council, under the intense fire of debates and actions, which seek to prevent the recurrence of past atrocities. Other, non- Wimbledon conventional threats need to be addressed while seeking to ensure Minister of State for South Asia that good judgement and solidarity is germinated as a tool in the and the Commonwealth application of the principle of the peaceful settlement of disputes and the achievement of sustainable peace in conflict-affected contexts.

Finally, we would like to close with a reflection before fellow members of the Security Council and the entire international community, recalling that once, 75 years ago, we were united as one force and were able to give new generations a chance for peace and hope.

That crossroads has come again, now with different faces and denominations, and it is time for all of us in a single effort, united in cooperation and perseverance, to once again find the alternatives to overcome the current challenges that we face as one humanity.

Thank you Foreign Minister Reinsalu for today’s discussion, and thank you to Under-Secretary-General DiCarlo, High Representative and Vice President Borrell, and Professor Snyder, for framing our discussions today so thoughtfully.

Although we stand united in our fight against today’s common enemy of COVID-19, it is right, as we mark VE [Victory in Europe] Day, that we take a moment to reaffirm lessons learnt from the divisions of our past.

44 VE Day was a turning point in so many ways. 45 An end to the death and destruction in Europe that began in 1939, Working together across Europe and the world is as critical as ever as and the dismantling of the Holocaust’s sickening architecture. The we confront COVID-19 and the economic crisis in its wake. Conflict is an beginning of a new security dynamic on the continent, and the first ally for COVID-19, so we must have both firmly in our sights. steps towards a new international system based on our shared values and rules. To conclude, the nature of the threats may change over time, but the horrors of conflicts endure. Let us rediscover the spirit of international Out of the destruction we built new international institutions, NATO cooperation and find the political will and determination to respond. and the European Union, which have helped to secure the peace in Europe that underpins our prosperity today. And I, of course, welcome Together we can strengthen our collective leadership and performance; the remarks of EU High Representative Borrell. The United Kingdom together we can innovate and adapt; together we can improve cherishes the trade, security and other cooperation we have with our efficiency and accountability; and together we can build the system European friends. back better and stronger.

And, as has also been said already, we began to construct the complex Thank you, Mr President. and truly comprehensive global system that today is the United Nations. And today we can also celebrate the UN’s 75th anniversary, and the UN Charter.

It provides the tools we need to prevent and extinguish conflict; it provides the tools we need to counter terrorism and weapons of mass destruction; and importantly, it provides the tools to protect human rights and support sustainable development. It is for each of us, each and every one of us, to grasp those tools, carefully and without hesitation, so that we can end suffering and carve out a better future for all.

As we celebrate successes, so too we remember and regret the failures of the past 75 years. Our inability to read the signs, or on reading them, our failure to react to prevent atrocity: from Srebrenica to Syria; Rwanda to Rakhine.

And that is why the United Kingdom has pledged never to vote against a credible resolution intended to end genocide, crimes against humanity, or indeed war crimes. And that is why the United Kingdom has consistently called for firmer conflict prevention, more acute awareness of human rights atrocities and more concentrated efforts to bring to justice those who would commit them, including through the International Courts. 46 47 United States of America

United States On May 8, 1945 – VE [Victory in Europe] Day – American casualties in of America Europe exceeded half a million, with over 100,000 dead. Our mutual efforts and sacrifices are a lasting testament to shared commitments H.E. Mr to freedom and liberty with countries worldwide, including our allies in Europe.

Stephen The horrors of the war gave birth to new global institutions, including the United Nations, which the United States has supported since its very beginning in its goal “to maintain international peace and security.” Biegun Our support for this endeavor to build a more peaceful world, based Deputy Secretary of State upon the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, will never falter. As President Trump has said, “We still believe in the noble goals of the UN: affirming the dignity and worth of the human person and striving for international peace.”

75 years after the end of World War II in Europe, it is critical that we continuously assess how our institutions are performing against their mandates. This means both holding member states accountable to our shared commitments, including to the UN and its founding principles, and ensuring that these institutions continue to be trusted and capable of carrying out their core functions and promoting a hopeful vision for the future.

The United States has demonstrated time and again our political will to uphold our commitments to the charter. Our most insidious enemy today – the novel coronavirus – is an invisible threat, and has demanded from us leadership, unprecedented levels of coordination, and support. The United States will do its part.

Thank you High Representative Borrell, Under-Secretary-General Just this week, Secretary of State Pompeo announced an additional DiCarlo and Dr Synder for your briefings. I also want to thank Under- $130 million in health and humanitarian assistance from the United Secretary-General DiCarlo for the leadership the United Nations has States. We have now provided over $900 million in life-saving global shown as we battle together against COVID-19 worldwide. health, humanitarian, and economic assistance to over 120 countries. And we are not done. Thank you, Foreign Minister Reinsalu, for hosting this event today to both commemorate and to reflect. I’m delighted to be joined by As important as it is to take affirmative action to advance the noble goal Ambassador Craft along with my colleagues around the world, even if of promoting peace and security worldwide – it is just as important only virtually. to collectively recall where we may have failed, to learn from those 48 moments, and strive to do better. 49 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

In this spirit, we vow never to forget the unique suffering of the Jewish Saint Vincent people in the Holocaust, nor the merciless slaughter of so many other and the Grenadines innocent civilians by the brutal Nazi regime. H.E. Ms Unfortunately, there are governments that will seek to fit the past into the political aims of the present with new narratives. As we see authoritarians seek to hide or deflect attention from the truth, or silence Inga Rhonda those who speak truth to power, it is clear that we must push back against these false narratives. King All of us around this table know too well the price we have paid for the Permanent Representative values we hold dear. Let us therefore honor the sacrifices of the millions of people during World War II, who sacrificed so much. We owe both a debt of gratitude and an eternal and unwavering conviction to honor the truth and continue to create a world that is rooted in their sacrifices for freedom and peace. Thank you.

Thank you Mr President,

Let me begin by commending the Permanent Mission of Estonia for convening this very useful and timely discussion. The Second World War was indeed a critical turning point for all of humanity. The immense human suffering brought about by the war and its accompanying societal impacts, such as disease and famine, would remain forever etched in our collective memory. We must also remain ever mindful of 50 the important lessons fomented through this catastrophic experience. 51 The structural changes ushered in at the end of World War II We cannot expect to use outmoded tools to address contemporary precipitated a new dawn for human civilization. For the past 75 years, realities, and we must not depend solely on those with war-making our United Nations has been the most credible attempt at securing expertise to provide security and justice for the rest of us. Going a peaceful and prosperous future for all countries and peoples. To forward, an even greater emphasis on tackling the root causes of be sure, the current system is far from perfect. Our battles against insecurity is required if we are to achieve lasting peace and prosperity poverty, hunger, and the vast inequalities of an unbalanced global for all. We must dare to imagine, like our forebears did 75 years ago, political economy persist. However, we have enjoyed a relatively stable a new dawn for human civilization. One in which the interests of the multilateral system, that has safeguarded against a recurrence of global vulnerable are not sacrificed upon the altar of geopolitical expediency, interstate warfare. and where the rights and freedoms of all nations and peoples, whether large or small, rich or poor, powerful or weak, are equally respected. A In the decades that followed the Second World War, our international new future is possible. Let us grasp it. community has endured many challenges and upheavals, including Cold War rivalries, the 1973 oil crisis, 9/11, and the 2008 global Thank you. financial crisis, just to name a few. At each occasion, our saving grace was the unity and solidarity of the international community as we worked collectively to address the most pressing challenges of the day. Similarly, today’s urgent challenges of COVID-19, the ever- growing Climate Crisis, the threat of terrorism and violent extremism, and the refugee crisis all demand a firm recommitment to the rules- based system of multilateral cooperation that has presided over our international community for the last 75 years.

While we continue to grapple with the many-sided complexities and associated risks of modern globalization, we cannot resort to nationalistic isolationism, xenophobic tribalism, or populist narratives that promote an erosion of liberal norms in favour of protectionism. The re-emergence of these tendencies, both on the European continent and elsewhere in our international system, represent a systemic risk that we can ill afford.

Excellencies,

The time has passed for us to emerge unscathed from the COVID- 19 pandemic. The overlapping health, socioeconomic, political and security dimensions of this crisis will yield repercussions for generations to come. Yet, within every crisis there is opportunity for change and renewal. COVID-19 should be an awakening for us all – if we are to successfully navigate the challenges of the 21st century, further 52 improvements to our multilateral system are needed. 53 Russian Federation

Russian Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmen, Latvians, Lithuanians and Estonians, Jews, Federation Tatars, Bashkirs and dozens and dozens of other nationalities of the multinational USSR. H.E. Mr Behind me you see some 75th anniversary photos, the logo and the banner with the band of St George, like this one on my lapel – golden Vassily black in colour, which is the symbol we wear during our Victory Day. Tomorrow millions of people in Russia will commemorate those who fought or died during the Great Patriotic War. Normally they would take Nebenzia to the streets with the portraits of their relatives and that would be an Permanent Representative immense, solemn, and breath-taking procession. It takes place not just across Russia, but world over, in particular here in New York.

This year, due to the pandemic, it will be a virtual one. I would take a photo of my father who at 17, being a student in Leningrad, volunteered to go to the front in 1941 and ended his war in 1945 in Berlin.

Twenty-seven million USSR citizens died in this War, two thirds of them were from the civil population. Almost every Russian family lost one or several members in the War. It was a war of extermination. I myself was named after one of my three uncles who died at the front in combat.

This is all to explain that this memory is sacred to us and is part of our DNA. Today some are trying to politically modify our DNA, telling us they discovered a better DNA strain. We don’t think so.

We learned the lessons of that war the hard way..

75 years ago, the Soviet Red Army together with its allies liberated the world from Nazism. This Victory is the common heritage of mankind and a monument to the unity of peoples and states who faced Mr Minister, unprecedented evil.

At the outset, let me thank the Estonian Presidency for convening this The Soviet Union was the main victim in that war and at the same time Arria-formula meeting on the eve of the 9th of May, the Day when we it made the biggest sacrifice and contribution to our common victory. celebrate Victory in the Great Patriotic War. We do not privatize this This cannot be disputed. Victory. This was the Victory of the Soviet people, who all contributed to drawing it closer. All of them – Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Attempts to challenge this, to present the Soviet Union as allegedly 54 Georgians, Azeris and Armenians, Moldavians, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, “equally responsible” for starting the war, that surface today and 55 circulate, propagated by some modern politicians and sly historians, are established checks and balances to ensure that decisions to be adopted not only immoral, but disgusting and sacrilegious to the truth and to our enjoyed the agreement of all major stakeholders. historical memory. Today it is popular to say that the world lacks multilateralism. Concepts Today I saw an article by Minister H. Maas in the SPIEGEL entitled are invented like “Rules-Based International Order” instead of “There can be no politics without history”. I appreciate what he International Law. The lack of multilateralism is very easy to remedy. said there. One simply needs to go back to full implementation of the UN Charter, which is the quintessence of multilateralism. I will not elaborate on the pre-war situation in Europe and lecture you on who was “appeasing the aggressor” back then. I will not be telling you In 75 years, the world has seen a lot. It has seen the East-West divide that the Soviet leadership knew without a doubt that the war with Hitler and the Cold War. It has seen the end of colonialism. It has seen the was unavoidable and inevitable and that it was only a matter of time. rapprochement and the end of Franco-German rivalry that was the I will not cite shameful insinuations by those politicians I mentioned, source of numerous conflicts in the 19th and 20th centuries, the claiming that the Soviet Union was not liberating their countries from rapprochement that led to the birth of European integration and the Nazism, but instead came to enslave them. present-day EU.

These allegations are equally disgusting and an insult to the sacred The world has seen the Helsinki Final Act that laid the foundation of memory of millions of Soviet soldiers who lost their lives and did so co-existence between East and West. The world has seen the fall of convinced that they were doing it for a just cause. the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union and many other tectonic events. I will not be saying all this because the theme of today’s meeting is “Lessons learned”. What, fortunately, the world has not seen, was another World War that would have been nuclear and catastrophic. But we should not be So, what lessons did that war teach us? complacent about it. Current turbulent international relations show some trends that are reminiscent of those that existed before World Perhaps the greatest lesson was that mankind realized the need War I and World War II. for a vaccine against the ideology of hate. The Nuremberg tribunal verdict about it was unequivocal. The culprits were called culprits. Deep mistrust among major international players. Attempts to achieve War criminals were called war criminals. Collaborators were called hegemony. Unilateral actions. Scapegoating. To name a few. collaborators. A spade was called a spade. The fact that a major war was averted and prevented should be Mankind also realized that it needed a universal organization for credited to the wisdom of world leaders of the time and to a large collective security. And the United Nations was a product of that extent, to the existence of the UN, which became a major platform for realization. reaching agreements and finding compromises and a depository for a host of international treaties negotiated within its framework. It was created “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind”. What was it then about European soil that made it the breeding ground It was founded on lessons learned from the failure of the League of for two World Wars? 56 Nations. It gave equal representation to all states, big and small, but also 57 Europe enjoyed decades of peaceful coexistence. But the falsification of history has its side-effects that Europe is turning a blind eye to. The rise of hate speech, popularization of racism in its Then came the disintegration of the Soviet Union and conflicts at its contemporary forms, such as aggressive nationalism and Neo-Nazism, perimeters. Then came the conflict in the former Yugoslavia and its and the proliferation of Nazi ideology. It is a trend in many European disintegration. Then came NATO expansion to Russia’s borders. Then countries and what is particularly worrisome, among youth. Youth that came the bombardment of Serbia. It was clear that things were going are not immunized against the ideology of hate. wrong. We repeatedly tried to draw attention to this, propose formulas that would guarantee peace, security, and cooperation in Europe and in Nowhere it is seen more clearly than in modern-day Ukraine. And the world. But some of you chose not to hear and to push forward with for us this phenomenon is shocking. It took merely a decade or so to NATO enlargement, to play a zero-sum game and promote dividing grow a generation of aggressive nationalists, who know nothing but agendas. Then we witnessed Georgian aggression against South hate speech. Ossetia. Today, we witness civil war in Ukraine, which some of you so eagerly attribute to Russia, but which was, in fact, the result of a coup What was impossible to imagine even six years ago is a gruesome d’état. Europe was confronted with new unseen challenges, like massive reality today. In Kiev, in the centre of Europe, neo-Nazis and nationalists migration from conflict zones in the Middle East. bravado with Nazi salutations, hold gatherings and torch-light processions, stage blatant provocations and burn people alive facing But all these are “hard facts”. There are still “soft processes” on not even a hint of accountability, glorify and worship convicted war European soil that many of you prefer to ignore. criminals and collaborators, and suppress the views of those in their country, who are too weak or too shy to protest. The creeping revision of history. The rebirth of hate and the neo-Nazi movement. Demonizing Russia as a “revisionist state” that “behaves Some of you fail and deny to recognize that Donbass and Crimea aggressively”, dreaming of threatening and challenging and using every happened as a result of a coup d’état and the refusal of their people to opportunity to hurt the “free world”. I have to disappoint some of you. live in such a Ukraine. But the coup d’état itself was to a large extent the We have other priorities that preoccupy us much more. result of your policies in our neighbourhood.

Instead of joining forces to confront real challenges like international And no less regrettable is that you would not listen to us when we were terrorism, drug trafficking, cybercrime and others, some of you are busy warning you to stop building dividing lines and alienate Russia. You did looking for an enemy. A black cat in a dark room. not listen to President Putin’s speech in Munich in 2007, which turned out to be prophetic. You were aggressively promoting your agenda that Neither the fall of the Berlin Wall nor the disappearance of an ignored Russia’s core interests and concerns. ideological divide lead to the triumph of a uniting agenda. “The end of history” was declared. It proved to be wrong. Who is to blame for I want to address High Representative J. Borrell and to remind him that? We know. that back in the 2000s, when Russia and the EU were discussing the prospects of EU enlargement for 10 new members states from Central Re-writing history has become a popular trend. The aim is clear – to and Eastern Europe and its consequences for our relations, we were shift the blame and to deprive Russia retrospectively of its status as one pointing out blatant human rights abuses, language discrimination, and of the pillars of modern world order. Sadly, it is rightly said that the past crafty and perfidious discrimination in general, as well as a distortion of is a hostage of the present. historical facts in some of these states. 58 59 The reply then was: they are small and insecure, they are afraid to be We hope that the spirit of Victory over Nazism, the wisdom and will to left alone with a big Russian bear. Once they get into the EU, they will act together against common threats and challenges will prevail today, emancipate, their complexes will heal and the relations of strategic as it did 75 years ago. partnership between Russia and the EU (that was the narrative at that time) will not be affected in any way. Thank you.

But what do we see now? The picture is the opposite. These historic complexes and phobias, like coronavirus today, have not subsided but grew larger, while the EU, to our disbelief, is providing them with a cover-up.

I would like to draw your attention to yet another shameful trend of our times. Some of those countries started a “war with monuments”, a campaign to destroy and dismantle monuments to Soviet soldiers that liberated them from Nazi occupation. What do you think we feel watching this sacrilege?

Mr President,

I know what rhetoric some of today’s speakers will use. They will be blaming Russia for all unimaginable sins. The list is well-known. They will challenge historical facts and documents and even the obvious. I leave it on their conscience. We see clearly today that not all lessons of World War II were learned in Europe and that dividing lines broaden. But they should be learned, in order to serve as a warning against a new global war that may become the final for mankind.

The world has seen the Rape of Europe during World War II. I pray Europe never sees the Rape of the World.

In a statement on the 75th anniversary of the meeting on the Elbe (the meeting of Soviet and U.S. troops in Germany) President Putin and President Trump said: “The “Spirit of the Elbe” is an example of how our countries can put aside differences, build trust, and cooperate in pursuit of a greater cause. As we work today to confront the most important challenges of the 21st century, we pay tribute to the valour and courage of all those who fought together to defeat fascism. Their heroic feat will never be forgotten”. 60 61 South Africa

South Mr Chairperson - Merits of the post-World War II Order Africa South Africans were on the side of the Allied forces that overcame H.E. Mr fascism to save the world from tyranny and secure victory that paved the way for several historical milestones that we take for granted today.

Jerry The end of the Second World War also marked the beginning of the end of the colonial system and saw the emergence of independence of countries in Asia and Africa. These developments would also have a Matjila significant influence on the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. Permanent Representative Therefore, the end of World War II fuelled the urge and indeed the concrete actions that would lead to the expansion of freedom and equality around the world.

Following World War II, the United Nations was established with clear purposes as well as the noble principles enshrined in its Charter, amongst which is “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war”.

South Africa, therefore, takes this opportunity to reaffirm our strong belief in the importance of multilateralism and international law. We believe that the advancement of the common goal of lasting and sustained peace through diplomacy is most critical. We need enhanced global cooperation to address decisively emerging challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We have seen that no country, no matter how powerful, is able to contend with some of today’s realities by acting alone. Our call is not for multilateralism just for its own sake, but a multilateralism rooted in equity, fairness and which responds to the needs of all countries and regions of the world. Let us also be reminded that by the Charter of the United Nations we also pledge “to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom”. We thank H.E. Mr Urmas Reinsalu, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia, for convening this meeting. Mr Chairperson - Lessons learnt

We also wish to extend our appreciation to the briefers: Mr Josep It is within this context that we believe that the 75 years of post-World Borrell Fontelles, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign War II global peace and stability was sustained through upholding Affairs, Ms Rosemary DiCarlo, Under-Secretary-General for Political and multilateralism and global collaboration. However, we have also seen Peacebuilding Affairs; and Mr Timothy Snyder, Professor of History at the emergence of a disturbing narrow nationalism, a short-sighted 62 Yale, for their insightful and informative briefings. preference for unilateralism and isolationism which undermines the 63 Indonesia

very basis of the system that held the post-World War II period in peace. Indonesia South Africa believes that violations of international law and human rights with impunity and the deliberate weakening of multilateralism not only diminish the attainment of lasting international peace and security, but further exacerbate current threats and challenges. In this regard, as H.E. Mr we reflect on the past 75 years, we should be reminded of the plight of the people of Palestine and the need to find a lasting solution to this Dian Triansyah conflict. The people of Western Sahara are also still yearning for their self-determination and independence. Djani Mr Chairperson - Challenges for the future Permanent Representative

It is disconcerting that, as we mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of World War II, some of the key institutions of global governance remain largely unreformed and unrepresentative of all the countries and regions in the world. We should use this remembrance to commit ourselves and take concrete steps towards the reform of the Security Council. Reform of the Security Council is aimed at improving the legitimacy of this body, enhancing its efficiency as well as effectiveness.

As we conclude, let us use this opportunity to imagine a new world in the next 75 years. In the words of Nelson Mandela: “This must be a world of democracy and respect for human rights, a world freed from the horrors of poverty, hunger, deprivation and ignorance, relieved of the threat and the scourge of civil wars and external aggression and unburdened of the great tragedy of millions forced to become refugees”.

I thank you. Thank you Minister,

I appreciate the Estonia Presidency for organizing today’s Arria-formula meeting to commemorate 75 years since the end of the Second World War. One monumental lesson of the cataclysmic Second World War was that principles and rule-based multilateralism was imperative.

The creation of the United Nations and its Charter set crucial global norms to prevent future wars and promote social progress and better 64 standards of life with greater freedom. 65 Notwithstanding areas of progress, the world faces serious challenges best. Solutions come from the nearest, as we have experienced in the today. Inequity, human rights violations, and conflicts are rampant ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] region. in too many places, with an unprecedented number of refugees. As some disregard global norms, rising narrow nationalism, radicalism, We encourage the Council to deepen its involvement with regional xenophobia, and non-cooperation are further undermining challenges organizations to advance peaceful resolutions to conflicts. that are facing the world of today. Third, dialogue and diplomacy based on multilateralism. In that context, Indonesia underscores the following: We believe sincerely in the value of dialogue, diplomacy, and principles, First, adherence and respect for international law and norms of as well as rule-based multilateralism. international relations need to be upheld and continue to be nurtured. The lessons of the Second World War should indeed be not forgotten. International law and respect for the principles of non-interference, But just as important as our proclamations are today, our actions must independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, as well as the also follow to credibly reinforce peacebuilding, based on justice and the peaceful settlement of disputes are key elements for world peace. This principles of the Charter. we hold dear in Indonesia. Both the commemoration of the end of the Second World War and the United Nations 75th anniversary provide an Lessons from the past shows that development brings peace and important moment to also learn from the shortcomings and failures of democracy. Sustainable development brings prosperity and welfare. the past. Let no one get left behind. The multi-dimensional challenges of dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic once more highlight the imperative of The Member States must refrain from threats and the use of force forging solutions through multilateralism and solidarity and the need to against others. Unilateral actions must not be the norm. The principles work together. And it is time for a new beginning for global cooperation. and purposes of the United Nations must be upheld. This should always be the case at the Security Council too, in the performance of its No nation, however powerful, can address the existing global challenges mandated responsibilities. alone. We must renew our commitment to multilateralism.

The global citizenry is looking to the Council eagerly to deliver fairly, Learning from the past 75 years and as we embark on the future, it effectively, and efficiently to help solve the ongoing conflicts, and becomes more imperative to silence the guns and heed the call of the for the whole UN membership to implement faithfully the various Secretary-General for an immediate global ceasefire. Dialogue and commitments of the multilateral system. We call upon everyone to diplomacy should be the call of the day. work together better to ensure that peace and prosperity can flourish everywhere. I close by reiterating the urgency for the international community to work together better. We choose our future. We decide our destiny. Second, stronger partnership with regional and sub-regional Doomed are those that do not learn from history. organizations. Indonesia is ready to continue to collaborate with everyone to see a The regional and sub-regional entities with their unique bonds of better world. history and knowledge can have unmatched insights into workable 66 conflict prevention. Indonesia is a strong believer that neighbours know I thank you Minister. 67 Niger

Mr President, Niger

The opening line of the Charter of the United Nations reads, “We the people”. This is a reminder that fundamentally, our work is about the H.E. Mr collective strive to serve humanity and putting people at the centre. People come to the United Nations with the belief that it has the power Abdou to shift the destiny of nations. The United Nations, since its creation in 1945, has consistently reminded us, that multilateralism matters, not Abarry only out of solidarity, but of necessity and of survival. Your Excellencies, Permanent Representative

Despite the many crises that continue to shake stability and peace in many regions, we were able to maintain, on a global scale, international peace and security in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter. What has held the world stable is a decision taken by our predecessors, that a state of war is not desirable.

As it has been rightly said by former German President Horst Kohler: “The founding of the United Nations was the result of political will, courageous vision and thorough pragmatism. It is thanks to that vision, the will to negotiate and the negotiating skills of those who hammered out the Charter of the UN in San Francisco in 1945, that the UN has survived to this day, in spite of all its inherent paradoxes, that it has weathered the stormiest of seas, and that it has developed from an organization founded by a few dozen victorious nations, to a genuinely global organisation that embraces all states.”

The multilateral order that emerged out of World War II, this human tragedy with the United Nations at its core, has helped the world to Your Excellencies, enjoy stability and avoid major breakouts of hostilities between nations.

I begin by thanking H.E. Mr Josep Borrell Fontelles, High Representative However, the end of World War II, 75 years ago, has not been of the European Union; H.E. Ms Rosemary DiCarlo, Under-Secretary- synonymous with total peace everywhere. In fact, if conflicts at that General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs; and Professor Timothy time were between states and alliances organized around ideologies Snyder for their comprehensive briefings. and ideals, nowadays the threat to international peace and security comes from terrorism, cybercrime, pandemics, and the adverse effects Thanks also to the Chair, H.E. Mr Urmas Reinsalu, Ministry of Foreign of climate change, that have reshaped the notion of global risks. 68 Affairs of the Republic of Estonia, for convening this timely session. 69 These threats, in addition to the countless losses of human lives, have Their role is rarely acknowledged, yet their contribution has had inflicted suffering onto the civilian population, especially women and a profound impact on the geopolitical environment that emerged children, causing massive movements of people looking for safety, out of World War II, including the intensification of the struggles for peace, and better economic opportunities. The Sahel region, already independence which would usher in a new world. fragilized by years of insecurity and humanitarian crises, is now jointly responding to many of these threats. The intersection of these crises We live in a world, where young people still face serious discrimination, has left many in a direly precarious situation, which has worsened the that limits their role in decision-making and, as the latest report of the humanitarian situation. Secretary-General states, they also face many challenges which limit their full participation, including inequalities in access to education and Your Excellencies, severe human rights violations.

Today, more than ever, collective action is vital, especially in light of Women disproportionately suffer from the effects of climate change the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. While security and crisis mitigation and the consequences of ongoing conflicts, which further amplify measures have forced many of our countries to close down borders, the existing inequalities. This, we believe, is one of the challenges to our pandemic reminds us that no one is safe until everyone is safe. We owe future. The best and most sustainable conflict resolution mechanism the world a renewed commitment to multilateralism in the aftermath of is the involvement of women and youth in the crafting of inclusive this crisis. national policies.

As the President of the Republic of Niger, H.E. Issoufou Mahamadou At this trying time, we have to raise our ambitions to the level of the stated in his address to the 74th United Nations General Assembly, founding fathers of the United Nations. “Multilateralism has so far progressed in the aftermath of bloody conflicts, as was the case of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and the In closing, I would like to quote Dag Hammarskjöld who said “When Treaty of Vienna (1814), which created a new European order after trying to change the world, we must take it as it is. Those are lost, who the 30 Years’ War and the Napoleonic wars.” The same applies to the dare not face the basic facts of international interdependence. Those establishment of the League of Nations after the World War I and of our are lost who permit defeats to scare them back to a starting point of organization, the United Nations, after World War II. narrow nationalism. Those who are lost, who are so scared by a defeat, as to despair about the future. For all those, the dark prophecies may be The current global pandemic has uncovered the blind and neglected justified. But, not for those who do not permit themselves to be scared, spots in the current system and presents us with an opportunity to not for the organisation which is the instrument at their disposal in the create a new world order, rooted in the ideals of economic solidarity, fight, an instrument which may be wrecked, but, if that happens, would fairness and accountability, greater regional cooperation, and have to be, and certainly would be, re-created again and again.” governance reforms that favour and uplift the most vulnerable in our communities. I would like to reiterate the strong commitment of Niger to the values of multilateralism and respect for the Charter of the United Nations, which Your Excellencies, we strongly believe remains the most suitable arena to resolve disputes and effectively address issues of global concern, including the threat to As we take stock of the state of the world, 75 years after the end of international peace and security. World War II, let us remember on this symbolic occasion, that more 70 than one million African soldiers fought for the then-colonial powers. I thank you for your kind attention. 71 Tunisia

Yes, the international order which emerged following World War II Tunisia is fraught with confusion and uncertainty. The vision of the founding fathers of the United Nations is fading and even to a certain extent H.E. Mr falling apart. Multilateralism is witnessing numerous setbacks and is being severely Tarek challenged by unilateralist policies, the growing lack of confidence in international organizations and international instruments, as well as by the growing of nationalist and populist tendencies, which are exploiting Ladeb the uncertainty and anxiety people feel about their future, and being used to advance their dark ideologies. Let us remember that it was Deputy Permanent Representative these types of tendencies and ideologies that led us to World War II.

We must re-commit to preventing any repetition of past atrocities and crimes, as these new ideologies are a breeding ground for a world descending back into chaos to revive the horrors of the past.

The United Nations should regain its status at the heart of the international system. Our world should not be run from different, distant and conflicting poles. Global issues need global policies and collective governance.

We believe that our common endeavour as we are facing unprecedented challenges is to spark a massive and global drive of public recognition that the UN has contributed significantly to humanity through the 75 years of its existence.

People across the globe do not realize that after World War II, major confrontations on a global scale have been averted due to the existence of the UN and its creative use of the tools of peaceful settlements of Mr President, disputes embodied in Chapter VI of the Charter.

I would like to convey my thanks to Estonia for organizing this Arria- Mr President, formula meeting marking the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II, a subject that brings us together to reflect on lessons learned Our common approach should be guided by the core tenets and from our past, evaluate current security challenges and identify the principles of the Charter which lie at the heart of the international ways to address the very complex global situation we are witnessing system to address the upsurge of xenophobia, nationalism, discrimi- and which is getting unfortunately increasingly worrisome and further nation and hatred in many parts of the world, that target people on the 72 exacerbated, inter alia, by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. basis of their identity, including race, ethnicity, nationality, religion and 73 China

immigration status. China

Preventing the resurgence of these dark ages’ ideologies depends on our capacity to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, to fight terrorism and violent extremism, to end the sufferings H.E. Mr of millions of refugees, and to put an end to hostilities. Zhang We believe that the Security Council has a crucial role to play in re-generating our faith and confidence in multilateralism and global governance. To this end, the Council needs first to regain its credibility Jun and re-establish its authority by strengthening its unity and its Permanent Representative effectiveness. The Council needs to take the necessary measures to end conflicts and disputes which have been on its agenda for years and decades, as well as by addressing new threats to international peace and security and to humanity arising from such challenges as climate change, global pandemics and cyber criminality.

Once more I thank the Estonian presidency for organizing this timely discussion.

Thank you.

Mr Minister,

Today is an important day to commemorate. 75 years ago, peace-loving countries and peoples fought side by side and liberated Europe from the iron heel of Nazi Germany, winning a great victory on European soil. This is a victory of peace, a victory of justice, and a victory of the people. As we commemorate the victory, we also deeply mourn those who made the ultimate sacrifice for peace and justice. During World War II, the war in China started the earliest and lasted the longest. 74 Making huge sacrifices and suffering 35 million casualties, the Chinese 75 people held their ground in the Eastern Front, giving great support to through sustainable development, to jointly build a community with a the battles in Europe and the Pacific. China’s winning of the War of shared future for mankind. Resistance Against Japanese Aggression made a historic contribution to the final victory of the World Anti-Fascist War. We must resolve disputes through peaceful means. The world today is an interconnected community, and we are all in the same boat. We commemorate the end of World War II for the purpose of All countries should prioritize dialogue and consultation, build trust remembering history, cherishing peace and looking into the future. and promote cooperation, so as to resolve differences and disputes History cannot be denied. Forgetting history means betrayal. To this peacefully. We must oppose the wilful use or threat of use of force, day, some countries still refuse to look at history squarely. Some even power politics and all forms of hegemony and bullying practices. try to downplay, deny or whitewash the history of aggression, and some try to distort the history of World War II. This will not be tolerated by At present, the world is facing a war against COVID-19. The virus is any country and people who stand for justice. our common enemy, and solidarity and multilateral cooperation is the most powerful weapon. To win this war, we must stand in solidarity, History cannot be forgotten. This is not to inherit hatred, but to learn support the United Nations and WHO in playing a leading and central from the past. The history of World War II teaches us that inciting role, and form synergy in our efforts. The governments of all countries populism is dangerous, isolationism leads nowhere, and mere should shoulder responsibilities, put people first, respect science, and appeasement will eventually backfire. take all necessary measures to protect lives and health. We must firmly oppose politicizing the pandemic, spreading disinformation and lies, or History cannot be changed, but the future can be shaped. At a shrugging off one’s own responsibilities for political gains. We must help new historical starting point, we need to think deeply about how to each other and provide all necessary support to countries and peoples better maintain world peace and security, promote development and in need. China has provided and is providing medical supplies to over prosperity, and create a better future shared by all. 150 countries and international organizations and will continue to help.

We must uphold multilateralism. Multilateralism is a collective choice World War II may be the last world war we have to face, but COVID- made by humanity at the cost of a world war. Thanks to multilateralism, 19 will not be the last pandemic. Stronger and better multilateral mankind has enjoyed 75 years of peace and development. No country cooperation is key to winning the battle. Now more than ever, it is a can make itself great in isolation. The United Nations is the product of lesson that we cannot afford to ignore. World War II. We need to uphold the UN-centred international system, maintain international order based on international law, and safeguard I thank you. the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.

We must follow a path of peaceful development. The world is undergoing major development, transformation and readjustment, but peace and development remain the call of our time. It is the shared expectation and in the interests of all peoples. The international community should work for a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice and win-win cooperation. We need to adopt a people-centred approach in development, facilitate 76 the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, and promote lasting peace 77 Estonia

known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and its secret protocol, dividing Estonia Europe between the two totalitarian regimes as their spheres of influence, which paved the way for the outbreak of the Second World War. For Eastern European nations, the end of the Second World War H.E. Mr was not the end of dictatorship, and it was only decades later they were able to enjoy genuine freedom. And this was a clear statement Estonia Urmas made yesterday with the U.S. Secretary of State, and the Foreign Ministers of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Reinsalu Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. We appreciate the historic role of the Allied forces and their sacrifices Minister of Foreign Affairs in defeating Nazism and putting an end to the Holocaust. At the same time, we reject recent attempts to manipulate historical events and justify the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact we have seen made by the Russian Federation. We should remember that after the war, for half a century, many European nations remained under direct Soviet suppression, deprived of freedom, sovereignty, dignity, human rights and free development. It is also true that although the crimes of the Nazi regime were brought to the Nuremberg trials, there is still an urgent need to carry out moral assessments and conduct legal inquiries into the crimes of totalitarian Soviet communism and other dictatorships that prevailed in Europe.

That said, I would like to stress that never again should we let totalitarian ideologies resurface, dictate the lives of peoples and shape international relations. Both Nazism and Communism claimed tens of millions of victims, whose memory will never be forgotten.

The second lesson from the war is the unanimous, clear rejection of Allow me now to make a statement in my national capacity. the illegal use of force. The spirit of European security, expressed in the Helsinki Final Act and the Charter of Paris, rejects all attempts to The Second World War was a tragedy that brought untold sorrow to create or re-create spheres of influence, as this will inevitably serve as a humankind, particularly in Europe, but also Asia, Africa, the Pacific and cause for conflict. Every state should be free to choose its own security other parts of the world, resulting in the death of more than 40 million arrangements. Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone has learnt civilians and 20 million soldiers. We commemorate all those who this lesson. We condemn the ongoing violations of sovereignty and perished. From these historic events, I would draw three conclusions. territorial integrity in Europe – the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in Donbas, the illegal annexation of Crimea and the The first lesson is about freedom. On 23 August 1939, the communist occupation of the territories of Georgia. 78 Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, 79 Georgia

We condemn such illegal use of force. We have an obligation to uphold Georgia our policy of non-recognition. The third conclusion is an urgent call for international cooperation. During the present COVID-19 crisis, effective multilateralism is more H.E. Mr important than ever. David The present crisis urges us more than ever to strive for peace, and to support the Secretary-General’s call for a global ceasefire. The COVID- 19 pandemic has also revealed the pressing need to deal with cyber Zalkaliani threats and close the global digital gap as quickly as possible. Minister of Foreign Affairs

To conclude, let me again stress that the lessons of the Second World War taught us to protect our freedom, to reject and condemn the illegal use of force and to cooperate in order to achieve and preserve peace. Now it is time to look ahead. The Security Council should lead by example.

Thank you!

Mr President,

I would like to congratulate Estonia for taking over its first-ever presidency of the UN Security Council and wish you, dear Minister, a successful and fruitful month ahead.

Today we celebrate the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of World War II. A war, which brought untold sorrow to humanity and claimed the lives of millions of people across the globe. I wish to join my colleagues 80 and bow my head before the victims of the War. 81 The end of this tragedy has paved the way for the establishment of coordinating disinformation campaigns and derailing peace processes the United Nations and indeed, it was the UN Charter that provided its have been systematically used by Russia for thwarting European member states with the blueprint for conducting international relations countries from their foreign political aspirations. In this context, the by peaceful means, prohibiting the use of force in resolving disputes and cases of Georgia and Ukraine represent unmistakable attestation of preventing future atrocities. Russia’s malign strategy in the region.

Respecting the UN’s founding principles is especially important in Mr President, these difficult times, as the COVID-19 virus continues to spread in every corner of the world. At this critical crossroad, we all have to be united It is particularly alarming that we still face illegal Russian military and determined to do our utmost to overcome the current crisis. presence in two occupied regions of Georgia, inflicting a heavy toll on the humanitarian and human rights situation on the ground. Even Unlike the founding members of the UN or those who freely joined in these times of global crisis, Russia continues the illegal process of the organization years later, becoming a member of the UN family the erection of so-called “border” signs at the occupation line, in clear was a hard-fought achievement for Georgia, as the country had been violation of international norms and principals and the EU-mediated 12 enduring Soviet occupation for 70 years. Precisely 100 years ago, on 7 August 2008 Ceasefire Agreement and the residents of the occupied May 1920, Soviet Russia recognized the independence of Georgia. Yet territories are still deprived of the possibility of obtaining medical care only 9 months later, the Red Army occupied my country. Only in 1992, by the Russian occupation forces. after regaining its independence, did Georgia became a full-fledged member of the international community… And now, we once again Against this background, turning a blind eye to blatant violations of the reaffirm our unwavering resolve to stand by the objectives and main principles enshrined in the UN Charter is detrimental for international tenets of the UN Charter and contribute to maintaining international peace and security, and poses a threat to preventing future atrocities. peace and security. With this in mind, while reaffirming our strong commitment to the Mr President, principles embodied in the UN Charter, we urge the international community to call on the Russian Federation to start the fulfilment of When it comes to the security situation in Europe, what we are its international obligations, and as a party to conflict, reciprocate the witnessing nowadays is the exact opposite of the political culture commitment of non-use of force undertaken unilaterally by Georgia. enshrined in the UN Charter. One of the permanent members of the UN Security Council systematically subverts the main pillars of the After 75 years of service to international peace and security, the UN international security order, including the principles of sovereignty and has contributed to a number of achievements, but there is still much territorial integrity, inviolability of borders and free choice of countries in more to accomplish. Against this background, it is more urgent than deciding their own future. ever to intensify our efforts to solidify respect for the UN Charter and its principles in the years to come. Moreover, the unresolved conflicts in Europe share one defining feature – a vigorous involvement of the Russian Federation. If Russia’s I thank you! subversive activities in Eastern Europe once seemed to be sporadic, gradually they have been marked out by a clear-cut operational pattern. Instigating conflicts, exercising direct aggression, using a combination 82 of political, economic and military pressure, launching cyber-attacks, 83 Poland

Six years earlier, in 1939, Poland had fallen victim to German invasion Poland on 1 September, and then the Soviet attack on 17 September. As a result of the war, Poland lost six million people, including three million citizens of Jewish origin who perished in the Holocaust. Poland was H.E. Dr the first country to resist German aggression and did not lay down its arms throughout the whole war, fighting on all European fronts – but Jacek was denied the fruits of victory. As a result of the Yalta agreement, Poland, along with other Central and Eastern European countries, was made part of the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence. Those countries Czaputowicz had their independence taken away or restricted, and the communist system was forced upon them. It was only after the victory of Solidarity Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Velvet Revolutions in 1989 that Central and Eastern European countries could fully regain their sovereignty. As St John Paul II said to the UN General Assembly in 1995, “The nonviolent revolutions of 1989 demonstrated that the quest for freedom cannot be suppressed.”

Mr President, The United Nations was created 75 years ago to protect humankind against genocide, ethnic cleansing, and religious persecution. This was also Poland’s priority during membership in the UN Security Council in 2018-2019, as well as during our term on the Human Rights Council. Unfortunately, we still have to face up to military aggression and the revision of borders. Georgia’s Foreign Minister has spoken about the occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which is a blatant violation of a country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

A similar situation can be seen in Ukraine, whose territorial integrity is violated by the occupation of Crimea and the so-called “separatists” in Donbas that benefit from Russia’s support. This poses a threat to peace Mr President, and security in Europe which the international community must oppose. I would like to congratulate Estonia on taking over the presidency of the Security Council and thank you for organising today’s meeting. Mr President, Many ministers have decided to speak today, which clearly shows Our duty is to remember World War II and to make sure that its that the international community attaches a great significance to the atrocities never happen again. Maybe the War would never have broken experiences and consequences of World War II and sees them as an out if the leaders of that time had shown firmness and courage to put important lesson for people living today. a stop to Hitler’s imperialist plans. This is a great lesson for us today, a lesson we cannot ignore. Mr President, 84 75 years ago, on 8 May 1945, Nazi Germany signed its capitulation. I thank you Mr President. 85 Turkey

Despite all its imperfections, the United Nations played a key role in Turkey safeguarding peace and security in the world. However, it could not adapt itself to the changing global realities. Its H.E. Mr capacity to deliver has diminished mainly due to the self-paralyzing Mevlüt nature of the Security Council. Actually, this is the reason why Turkey came up with the motto “The Çavuşoğlu World is Bigger than Five”. At a time when multilateralism is under huge stress, we are faced today Minister of Foreign Affairs with another calamity of global proportions: the COVID-19 pandemic.

Since the pandemic calls for an effective global response, we need to get our act together, first and foremost in coordination with the UN and affiliated organizations like the World Health Organization. This is a time for solidarity and concerted action, and this is a time for proving the relevance of post-Second World War international organizations including the European Union and the Council of Europe. The way we fight this pandemic and address its socio-economic fallout will determine the direction of developments that will affect all of us for years to come.

We appreciate the efforts of the Secretary-General to mobilize the international community against the pandemic and draw attention to the need to help the most vulnerable groups and countries, with an emphasis on Africa and refugee-hosting countries.

Mr President, dear colleagues, Mr President, We must once again reaffirm our commitment to save our future Thank you very much for convening this historic session and I would generations from the scourge of war; to renew our faith in fundamental like to extend our best wishes to Estonia for a successful Presidency of human rights. the Security Council in May. Turkey remains committed to actively contributing to the realization of It has been 75 years since the end of the Second World War. It was these goals. a time of profound hardship and suffering that left a deep impact on humanity. Based on the lessons learnt and to avoid the repetition of Mr President, thank you again and congratulations. 86 such a horrible calamity, the United Nations was founded. 87 Ukraine

On the other hand, holding such events as ours today, highlights the Ukraine commitment of our countries to countering attempts to privatize our joint victory over Nazism, claim monopoly over historical truth and H.E. Mr shape historical narrative to suit one’s own political goals. History stands witness to the fact that ambivalent initial reaction to Dmytro the rise of Hitler to power, a political environment conducive for the spread of fascist and Nazi ideologies, the impotence of the United Nations’ predecessor, the League of Nations, the inclination of political Kuleba leaders to follow an easy path of appeasement, and many other factors contributed in one way or another to setting the stage for one of the Minister of Foreign Affairs greatest tragedies of the 20th century – World War II. The period leading to the onset of the war is full of lessons that would do us all good to remember. The primary lesson being that self-deceit, voluntary blindness, complacency, policies of appeasement may appear as prudent behaviour from the tactical perspective but will unavoidably lead to a strategic fiasco.

Six years of fierce fighting followed, with the Holocaust machine kicking into high gear, with Eastern European nations being prescribed into subservient status, with concentration camps and ghettos springing up all over European soil, with whole towns and villages razed to the ground, with millions of people exterminated in gas chambers and by firing squads. Ukraine is one of the countries that suffered the most during that war. Even conservative estimates put the number of my perished compatriots at 8.5 million. Over 7 million Ukrainians fought against Nazism in seven armies – in the Red Army, in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, in the Polish, French, British, Canadian and U.S. Armed Forces. Today we remember and mourn all those who died defending their homeland, both native and adopted, defending humanity itself. Mr President, Their ultimate sacrifice was not in vain as on 8 May 1945 the Nazis Excellencies, capitulated and the Allies prevailed.

First of all, a huge thank you to our Estonian colleagues for convening Mr President, this meeting and organizing a discussion that allowed all of us to actively contribute to the debate. On the one hand, it is rather sad and For a short while, a hope was alive that with the establishment of the quite disappointing that after 75 years since the defeat of Nazism in United Nations a more just and peaceful world would emerge, where Europe we still hear competing and sometimes mutually exclusive the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence 88 interpretations of historical facts relating to World War II. of any state would be unimaginable. Alas, for some, including one of 89 Finland

the UN Security Council’s permanent members, this commitment does Finland not mean too much and they easily violate it as they see fit. Russian aggression against Ukraine, which led to the illegal occupation of Crimea and parts of Donbas, is already lasting longer than the Second World War. It has resulted in over 13 000 people being killed and more H.E. Mr than 27 000 wounded in the very heart of Europe. Pekka Shameless denial of historical facts, such as the persistent reluctance to admit that the Soviet Union entered World War II in September 1939 as an ally of Nazi Germany, propagation of a manipulative historical Haavisto narrative artificially exalting its own role while purposefully diminishing Minister for Foreign Affairs the contribution of others to victory, vilifying anyone not agreeing with certain interpretations of the legacy of World War II - all clearly indicate the purely propagandist approach of Russia to understanding the origins, drivers, results and legacy of World War II. We regret the elevation of the role of Stalin in Russia. It pursues the goal of rehabilitation of a totalitarian state with a single unblemished leader at its head. Victory in the war is truly important and worth remembering by the generations to come. However, the current «побєдобєсіє» or “victory frenzy” serves a different purpose – to imitate a sense of regime flawlessness, create an image of an external enemy and justify Moscow’s aggression against neighbours, like Ukraine and Georgia, and the hybrid war against many other countries.

Disregard for the historical truth and manipulation of the legacy of World War II bear a striking resemblance to what was happening in Europe in the 1930s of the past century. This is a lesson to be learned again.

Excellencies, Mr President, 75 years ago, as the world started recovering from the wounds of World War II, UN founding fathers, among whom were representatives We thank Estonia for arranging this meeting. from my country, established a global institution with the aim of saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war. Today we must We also extend our thanks to the briefers for their remarks. remain vigilant, proactive and true to the spirit and letter of the UN Charter, if we are to achieve this goal. Independent historical research and dialogue among historians is essential for increasing our understanding, not only of history, but also 90 Thank you. of the present. 91 In the European context, we emphasize the role of the European At the same time, the Council should enable decisive action on the new Union in enabling peaceful collaboration and integration. We also and emerging global threats to peace and security, such as climate see possibilities for strengthening the partnership between the UN change. The current pandemic calls for solidarity, and Finland supports and the EU. the Secretary-General’s appeal for a global ceasefire. We welcome the effect the appeal has had on the crisis in Yemen. Mr President, To conclude, today, as much as ever, we need a strong and effective UN This year does not only mark the 75th anniversary of the end of the to prevent conflicts, and to maintain peace and stability. Second World War, but also the establishment of the United Nations. The main motive for the founding of the UN was to save succeeding Thank you. generations from the horrors of war.

Finland remains fully committed to the goals of the UN Charter and supports the three pillars of its work. A rules-based international order brings predictability and stability. A state that follows through on its commitments can expect others to do the same.

Half a century ago, the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on Friendly Relations. It was the international community’s blueprint for a rules-based order. All States confirmed their commitment to the fundamental principles of the Charter. They declared to refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State. Even today, the Declaration merits our full attention.

Finally, Mr President,

The Security Council has the primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. The ongoing conflicts in Syria and in other parts of the world call for determined action by the Council in accordance with the Charter.

The Council also has legitimacy and powers in upholding respect for international law, and it needs to have an active role in protecting human rights. Finland strongly supports the initiatives to refrain from the use of the veto in the Council in situations of mass atrocity crimes. We encourage all Member States to join the Code of Conduct regarding Security Council action against genocide, crimes against humanity and 92 war crimes and the Political Declaration launched by France and Mexico. 93 Latvia

and peace and by all the victims of the war around the globe. Latvia

The legacy of the war continues to play an important role in the memory and identity of many countries, including in Europe. The H.E. Mr Second World War and the unprecedented crime of the Holocaust not only cost Europe dozens of millions of human lives; the war also left Edgars Europe deeply divided for several decades. For many Central and Eastern European countries, the end of the Rinkēvičs Second World War did not bring freedom. It brought more oppression and injustice. For Latvia, the war ended almost fifty years later. When Minister for Foreign Affairs the United Nations was created in 1945, Latvia was re-occupied by the Soviet Union and could not be among the UN founding members. For us, the war ended with the re-gaining of our independence and becoming an integral part of Europe where peace, human rights, democracy and the rule of law prevail.

Today’s anniversary is a reminder that drawing lessons from history is a prerequisite for establishing sound international relations.

Mr President,

The United Nations was created because humanity had learned that the world pays too high a price for the absence of a credible international system. Multilateralism is essential for the maintenance of global peace and security. It must be further strengthened.

We must remain vigilant that the principles of the UN Charter are upheld. States have to abide by their obligations to respect the borders Mr President, of sovereign States. This is why we need the rules-based system. It is the best way to ensure that powerful countries do not use force and I wish to congratulate our good neighbour Estonia and you personally annex parts of other countries. on the assumption of the role of presidency of the Security Council. Estonia’s example proves the great ability of smaller countries to To that end, I draw the attention of the international community to the contribute to international peace and security with their unique ongoing violation of the sovereignty of Ukraine and Georgia by the footprint. Russian Federation.

Today marks the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. Both the Security Council and the General Assembly must tirelessly 94 This date reminds us of the tragic price paid by all who fought for liberty work to uphold the rules-based international order. 95 Canada

Mr President, Canada

We must address not only old challenges but also the new ones.

We must be able to detect, deter and prevent hybrid threats, which The Honourable have become a reality of the new security landscape. Information, elections, cyber space and even history are increasingly weaponized. François-Philippe Here I also see the special role of the Security Council. Building up preparedness and resilience against cyber-attacks and disinformation campaigns is a constant effort. Also in our shared battle against COVID- Champagne 19, we should pay more attention to fighting against an infodemic, Minister of Foreign Affairs which is as dangerous to human life and health as a pandemic.

This global crisis is a severe test for the multilateral system. I pay tribute to UN agencies which address humanitarian needs on a daily basis. Their work shows that multilateralism remains the best way to advance both national and collective interests.

I want to thank my colleague, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia, for chairing today’s meeting on the 75th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day.

Canadians are proud of the significant contributions that Canada made to the Allied victory.

75 years on, our ties are stronger than ever and our commitment remains steadfast. We remain resolute in our support for our Baltic and 96 Eastern European friends, as evidenced by the hundreds of troops that 97 we have deployed in Latvia and Ukraine. international security, particularly as we seek collective solutions to mitigate the global repercussions of COVID-19. Canada’s leadership of the Enhanced Forward Presence in Latvia, where we serve alongside military forces from Albania, the Czech We know that countries affected by armed conflict are among the most Republic, Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain, is a vulnerable to the effects of the pandemic. That is why Canada fully clear testament to Canada’s enduring commitment to the transatlantic supports the Secretary-General’s appeal for a global ceasefire. Alliance, regional stability, and international peace and security. To that end, Canada is proud to lead an effort alongside Switzerland Canada is also serving in the Mediterranean as part of Operation that mobilized 59 countries to support the Secretary-General’s appeal. REASSURANCE. And I would like to take this opportunity to thank We call on all members of the Security Council to support this initiative. our Greek, Italian, Turkish and American friends for their assistance in the search for Canadian soldiers that were killed in a tragic helicopter Canada believes that the international community is most effective crash last week as they were taking part in a training exercise in the when we all work together. This is especially true in times of crisis, Ionian Sea. when a coordinated response protects both lives and livelihoods around the world. Following the devastation of the Second World War, the world has witnessed one of the longest periods of peace between great To ensure a strong recovery, Canada will continue to support multilateral powers and benefited from unprecedented growth and prosperity. organizations such as the UN and the World Health Organization, and Unfortunately, both peace and prosperity are unevenly distributed in play an active role in groups such as the G7 and the G20 as we work our world today. The current COVID-19 pandemic has only made this together to coordinate public health and economic measures. more obvious. Canada’s contribution of more than $159 million to the WHO, UNICEF, Canadians know that armed conflicts abroad have consequences at the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the Coalition for home. This is also true for other challenges that undermine global Epidemic Preparedness Innovations speaks to our commitment to security, like climate change, poverty and inequality. helping the UN, supporting multilateralism, and ensuring that the most vulnerable are protected. This is why for decades, Canadians have supported and contributed to multilateralism: helping build the institutions and develop the norms This global pandemic presents unprecedented challenges. We must that underpin the rules-based international order. ensure that our collective response is underpinned by a new type of multilateralism that delivers real results to real people. This is a framework that all countries, no matter how small, can count on to defend their interests while ensuring the collective interests of all. Now more than ever, a strong United Nations is in everyone’s best interest, including an effective Security Council that is capable of Europe has benefited immensely from the multilateral system, with adapting and responding to multifaceted challenges. the UN at its centre and strong regional organizations including the EU, NATO and the OSCE. So, as we continue to address the COVID-19 crisis together, Canada is committed to seek and support global solutions that are effective and Today’s forum provides us with an opportunity to reinforce our inclusive of all. 98 commitment to a multilateral system for conflict prevention and 99 Czech Republic

Czech That is why we see this anniversary in the context of other important Republic events that we celebrated last year: the Velvet Revolution of 1989 that brought down communist rule in the former Czechoslovakia, 20 years H.E. Mr of our membership in NATO and 15 years since we joined the EU. Only by achieving those milestones, did we managed to fully embrace the Tomáš greatness of V-Day in May 1945. Ten years ago, at the 65th anniversary of the end of World War II, the late President Václav Havel observed, I quote: “It appears to me that Petříček while commemorating this anniversary, we should first and foremost Minister of Foreign Affairs realize just how easily people in their thousands would go and murder each other. It’s incomprehensible, it’s surprising and, yet, it can happen. Therefore, I believe that fostering international cooperation in any manner is important, perhaps even more important than may seem at first sight, because that danger might be dormant right below the surface with us not realizing it or underestimating it.” End of quote.

Ten years on, we are bound to admit that the daemons of the past are back. The world is turning into a rather nasty, competitive place, where territories of UN Member States are being carved out by those neighbours that happen to feel more powerful. A place where geopolitics, great power rivalry, realpolitik and disrespect for international law have apparently become a rule rather than an exception. A place where the State’s responsibility to protect its own citizens and their human rights has become a concept under serious threat. In these very days, we are facing blatant attempts to make use of today’s anniversary to attack freedom of expression and other democratic principles.

Mr President, Excellences, ladies and gentlemen, We need to work against these phenomena decisively and we need to work against them way before they actually happen. The enormous It is a true honour for me to address this distinguished audience today human and economic costs of the Second World War, including on this solemn occasion of the 75th anniversary of the end of the the unique monstrosity of the Holocaust, serve as a stark reminder Second World War in Europe. that prevention is the best solution to conflicts. Once the conflict has started, we, as an international community, have already failed. We thus The 8th of May 1945 brought to us, Central Europeans, the end of fully support the Secretary-General in his efforts to reshape the UN the war and suffering. However, it failed to bring along democracy, towards effective prevention of conflicts, including through mediation respect for human rights and rule of law, values that many of those and building resilience of countries around the world. There is nothing 100 who fought on the battlefields of the Second World War cherished. to be built anew. The work of several generations of true statesmen 101 Lithuania

and civil servants has formed solid international structures, based on Lithuania the UN Charter, to protect humanity, universal human rights and civil liberties. These provide us with an ample array of guiding principles and effective tools to stand up for our values just as bravely and fearlessly as our ancestors did when fighting for freedom 75 years ago. We owe H.E. Mr it to them. Linas I thank you. Linkevičius Minister of Foreign Affairs

Mr President,

I would like to thank Estonia for convening this most important meeting under these challenging circumstances. Allow me to pay tribute to the memory of all the victims of the most horrifying atrocities of our times.

On 8 May 1945, many European countries were liberated from occupation and the horrors of the Holocaust had ended. Unfortunately, the end of World War II in Europe did not bring freedom for all. Painful 102 divisions, totalitarian oppression and more crimes against humanity 103 Ireland

continued. The people of Lithuania and many other countries of Central Ireland and Eastern Europe fell victim to Soviet repressions and deportations, were tortured and executed without trial. Up to 300 000 Lithuanians were deported, exiled, or locked in Soviet gulags. Tens of thousands of our Freedom Fighters died in forests resisting the Soviet occupation H.E. Mr and many dissidents suffered until we restored our independence. While honouring the victims of World War II, we also honour those who Simon suffered and lost their lives for their countries, for their rights, and for their dignity after the War had officially ended in Europe. Coveney Mr President, Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister), Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade While recognizing what exactly happened in Europe in the middle of the 20th century, we must use every means to counter attempts to distort historical facts and whitewash crimes by totalitarian regimes. The secrets behind the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact were one of the main causes of the outbreak of World War II. Doubting the real facts leads to a return to the methods of division into spheres of influence, justifying incitement to hatred, the rise of nationalism and aggression against neighbouring countries.

An international conference, recently held in Vilnius, was dedicated to historical traumas. As participants emphasized, in order to heal them, we must recognize historical traumas, acknowledge their impact within societies, and focus on current and future relationships between people and nations.

In addition, through promoting respect for international law, strengthening multilateralism and defending the universality of human rights, we could make this world a more tolerant, free and peaceful place for all. Thank you President, thank you Urmas,

I thank you. Thank you for inviting Ireland to participate in the debate today, it’s much appreciated. In May 2004, at a historic and moving ceremony in Dublin, Estonia joined the European Union under Ireland’s EU Presidency. Exactly sixteen years later, Estonia holds the Presidency of the UN Security Council. You are a small nation, like we are, but you play a significant role in world affairs. We congratulate you on assuming this 104 important position. 105 The Second World War started in Europe before engulfing the globe. That is why, even today – especially today, perhaps – we must be alert Out of the carnage, the UN emerged, as did the origins of the EU. The to the rhetorical tactics of simple slogans that exaggerate difference end of the war also marked a beginning of the end of colonialism, and drive division. For this Council to succeed and to assume its helping shape the UN as dozens of newly independent countries took responsibility, it must constructively address threats to international their first steps onto the international stage in the years that followed. peace and security in good time.

For some, as we’ve been reminded today, it took a lot longer to To borrow from Professor Snyder, history should ground us and brace experience the benefits of freedom and democracy and independence. us to do so. It was tragic but I’m glad it’s behind us. And, Mr President, if Ireland has the honour of being elected to this 75 years ago, Ireland was in the early years of our own independence. Council next month, this is certainly the path we will follow. We are a We were also heading toward future conflict of our own on our island. small country, like others, that has emerged positively, and learned, from Our peace process, that led to the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, is our own difficult history; it is what makes us who we are. A country of the cornerstone of our commitment to peace and stability on our island empathy, with an independent voice and a record of consistent and and also influences the decisions we make internationally. trusted partnership. And I look forward to working with many of the colleagues on the line today. I also want to underline the pivotal role played by the international community in our search for peace, including the EU, and individuals Thank you. such as Senator George Mitchell of the United States and President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa, both of whose countries are represented on the Council today.

The lessons learned from past conflicts, and the responsibility of this Council, are intertwined. It is for this Council to act – early and fairly – if atrocities are to be prevented in the future. It is for this Council to ring the alarm bell and to respond to situations where there is a threat of serious breaches of international law being committed.

It is fitting that Professor Timothy Snyder is one of today’s briefers, because of the emphasis he places on the sense of responsibility given to us by history. Because history should be a critical factor informing the Security Council’s decisions now.

We know from history that the rule of law requires constant human and institutional effort. We know from history that democracy and the rule of law don’t happen accidentally, but require intensive ongoing care and vigilance. We know from history that threats to human rights and individual freedoms often happen incrementally, in front of our eyes or 106 within earshot – not only in a distant place or as an abstract concept. 107 Netherlands

this meant a regained freedom, supported by Marshall Aid, NATO and Netherlands European institutions. For other countries, it ushered in a new era of repression and a lack of freedom. And we have to acknowledge that the preservation of states’ territorial integrity that undergirds the post-World H.E. Mr War order is still under threat in a region of Europe. This year we also Stef celebrate the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. The UN has helped to build and maintain peace, freedom and Blok prosperity for many people worldwide. Exactly 75 years later, we find ourselves in a time of major geopolitical Minister of Foreign Affairs divergence and social and economic uncertainty.

And yes, we find ourselves in the midst of a terrible global health crisis. So as we celebrate historic milestones of the past, this year, too, will prove to be a historic one. Because the current crisis can only be overcome if we reinvigorate our shared determination and reinvent international dialogue and cooperation.

Indeed, the COVID-19 crisis has put our post-war rules-based system of multilateral cooperation under even greater pressure. Still, it is this system, set up in 1945, that can best help us deal with the current crisis – by pooling our efforts and fighting the crisis together, through collective action, and by accelerating valuable work in many other fields. I am confident that this current crisis can serve as a new impetus for that agenda. The world is looking to this Council to take decisive action.

For example, Mr President, in your concept note you stress the need to prevent future atrocities. Mr President, The present crisis should indeed add momentum to initiatives urging Thank you for bringing us together and initiating this debate in this time the Security Council to live up to that responsibility. In this light, we of crisis. support the appeal by UN Secretary-General António Guterres for an immediate global ceasefire. If only because it makes sense to use all our Mr President, energy to deal with the crisis together, instead of fighting each other. In his speech earlier this year, the Secretary-General referred to the four In several ways, this special meeting comes at a pivotal moment. 75 horsemen of the apocalypse. One of these looming threats to future years ago, a collective and costly effort of Allied powers and national progress concerns cybersecurity. 108 armies brought about the end of a devastating war. For some countries, 109 Denmark

While we should push forward with digitalisation, because it can drive Denmark development and peace, we must also fight the dark side of the digital world. Human rights must be protected both online and off.

The Kingdom of the Netherlands remains committed to the H.E. Mr international rule of law in the digital domain. We also support the Secretary-General’s initiatives to improve the UN system. More than Jeppe ever, the UN needs to demonstrate its value. We need to show our worth, and not only in tackling the current crisis. How we deal with COVID-19 will determine the future of multilateralism. Kofod Minister of Foreign Affairs Today, therefore, is a special day. The milestones we are celebrating today should be seen as stepping stones to a brighter future. Let us work towards the future we want, and the UN we need.

Thank you, Mr President.

Mr President, distinguished speakers,

Allow me to extend my appreciation to my Estonian colleague for holding this timely informal meeting in the Security Council.

“Every end contains a new beginning and a promise.”

The philosopher Hannah Arendt reminded us of that after the Second World War. The creation of the UN was that promise. We must never 110 forget that. We now mark the 75th anniversary of the end of the 111 Sweden

Second World War. The UN was born from the ashes of war to save Sweden succeeding generations from the scourge of another war. A call for “never again” after the cataclysm of two world wars. And today we are facing what the Secretary-General has termed “the gravest test” the UN has ever faced. Today, the UN’s rationale is re-affirmed in the face H.E. Mr of this unprecedented crisis. COVID-19 has killed more than 240 000 people worldwide. It stands to have profound and transformative social, Robert economic and political implications.

The health and futures of our populations – not least the most Rydberg vulnerable ones – now depend on our ability to work together. We Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs need to find effective solutions. Not only a vaccine against COVID-19 itself. But also solutions for the socio-economic and political challenges ahead. The Secretary-General’s call for an immediate global ceasefire in March was a crucial recognition of this. Denmark fully supports his call. That the Security Council could not agree to rally immediately behind this call should be cause of concern for all.

Where do the UN and its member states go from here?

In her ever-relevant book The Origins of Totalitarianism – written after the Second World War – Hannah Arendt points out: “…there remains also the truth – that every end in history – necessarily contains a new beginning; this beginning is the promise.” After the Second World War, the creation of the UN was that promise. Today, we need to re-affirm that promise. A promise to unite against foreseeable threats to humankind. A promise that, we together take responsibility for the global community and our shared future. We need to find a way to strengthen trust, solidarity and cooperation among us. New infectious diseases will threaten us again, if we do not. Our promise for the post- COVID world should be to “build back better” and greener. It will only Thank you, Mr President, for this initiative. Your country has by its own happen if we truly understand and accept what that requires from each history shown the value of multilateral cooperation and standing up for one of us. If we do not wait for our neighbour to take the first step, but respect of international law. are all prepared to lead the way. In 1945, world leaders looked beyond the horrors of the Second World If we all insist on being that beginning and that promise which the UN War to find the resolve to build peace. Today’s meeting is a tribute to a was born to be. generation that turned the experience of atrocities into an Organisation to prevent future war and genocide, to secure development and respect 112 Thank you. for human rights. 113 Iceland

Today, 75 years since the end of the World War, multilateralism and the Iceland rules-based international order is facing an extraordinary challenge. We are living through one of the worst global pandemics of the century. The enemy is more than a virus. It is economic depression, growing poverty and inequality, emerging risk of new conflicts, exacerbated H.E. Mr international tension, and the risk of a major setback for so many of the fundamental objectives of this organisation. Guðlaugur Þór More than ever, we need common solutions to common challenges. We need international cooperation to be strengthened, not weakened. Þórðarson Minister for Foreign Affairs and We support Secretary-General Guterres’ call for a global ceasefire. International Development Cooperation Conflict prevention, peacebuilding and peacekeeping must continue, including by addressing the Women, Peace and Security agenda.

We call on the members of the Security Council to lead by example. As Dag Hammarskjöld put it: “Only he deserves power who every day justifies it.”

In Europe, the EU embodies our vision of a continent of democracy and human rights, of peace and prosperity.

Yet, Europe is not immune to armed conflict. As chair of the OSCE, Sweden will focus on strengthening respect for the European security order, as embodied in the Declarations of Helsinki and Paris, of promoting the OSCE comprehensive concept of security and of continuing efforts to resolve conflicts in our region.

It is also a Swedish priority to strengthen the link between the UN and regional organisations for the maintenance of international peace and security. Excellencies, Let me conclude by commending the UN and the Secretary-General for launching a global conversation about its future, and putting young Let me start by thanking Estonia and my friend Urmas for organising people at the centre. Sweden is proud to cofacilitate negotiations on this virtual Arria-formula Security Council meeting. Commemorating the UN75 Declaration together with Qatar. We trust Member States to and revisiting the hard-earned lessons of the Second World War has, adopt an ambitious declaration. perhaps, never been as pertinent.

114 Thank you, Mr President. We are in the midst of a global crisis with far-reaching humanitarian, 115 social and economic consequences that has no parallels in the last 75 mobilising the United Nations in saving lives and preparing for recovery. years since the end of the War. It falls on all of us to weather this storm together and make sure that the The Second World War brought death and untold sufferings to Europe multilateral system, with its strengths and imperfections, will come out and other parts of the world. The North Atlantic was one of these of this turmoil stronger than before. We owe it to the generation that battlefields where many lives were lost, including significant numbers of made the ultimate sacrifice 75 years ago and had the foresight to unite my own countrymen. nations in the immediate aftermath, but, more importantly, we also owe it to future generations. The great generation that experienced the war, committed to build a better future based on shared ideals and principles. These principles Thank you. are reflected in the UN Charter and the rules-based international order today – and have served us well in the struggle for peace, social and economic progress, human rights and democracy.

Mr President,

Ongoing conflicts, human rights abuses and the almost unprecedented global refugee situation underline that progress is neither linear nor irreversible. Even in Europe, which has been blessed with robust security architecture, strong regional co-operation and economic prosperity, we continue to witness incursions and violations of sovereignty – a stark reminder that the principles enshrined in the UN Charter need to be fulfilled and carried out – not only in good faith, but with clear determination – by all states, always and everywhere.

The Security Council, not least its permanent members, need to lead by example in preventing and solving international crises instead of being held hostage by the narrow national interest that may gradually undermine its legitimacy. Violations of international law by permanent members of the Council as we witnessed with the illegal annexation of the Crimean peninsula in 2014 strain the credibility of this important body. There is a clear need for reform, leadership and vision.

Mr President,

As we reflect on the Second World War, mankind is facing a common threat, COVID-19, which again is testing our solidarity and ability to work together. Let me use this opportunity to thank the Secretary-General 116 for his leadership – calling for unity, pressing for a global ceasefire and 117 Romania

Mr President, Romania

In 1945, Romania was one of the largest contributors in terms of troops in World War II, the fourth after the Soviet Union, the U.S. and H.E. Mr the UK. Romania’s was a major contribution to the final Allied victory. In recognition, the King of Romania, Mihai I, was awarded the highest Bogdan distinctions by both the U.S. and the USSR. After the overthrow of Ion Antonescu’s regime in 1944, Romania Aurescu contributed to the final campaigns against Nazi troops. In those last eight months, over 275 000 Romanian soldiers liberated about 3000 Minister of Foreign Affairs localities in the territory of Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Austria, with significant casualties. By the end, as many as two thirds of the Romanian soldiers died or were wounded. Romania has not only contributed militarily to the defeat of the Nazi regime, but also to ending the suffering of civilians across the ontinent.c

Mr President,

During the 75 years following the end of World War II, the world has been largely at peace and Europe has been particularly stable. Significant factors for maintaining peace and security are the rules of international law concerning the use of force, as enshrined in the UN Charter. International law is crucial in preventing and limiting local and regional conflicts and avoiding their spill-over in major international wars.

Unfortunately, in recent years, we have been witnessing many challenges to the fundamental norms of international law enshrined in Mr President, the UN Charter, including on European soil.

I commend you for organizing this informal high-level meeting of the Romania has firmly condemned previous instances of unlawful use of Security Council to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the end of the force by States and attempts to acquire territories of other countries Second World War. As we also celebrate the 75th anniversary of the illegally. We believe the Security Council can fulfil its core mission in United Nations, 2020 provides the opportunity for us to reaffirm our maintaining international peace and security. Leading by example firm support for the global multilateral framework offered by the UN is a must. system. The spirit of unity, solidarity and cooperation that guided the international community in the past remains crucial for achieving the 118 goals of the Organization in the present. 119 Liechtenstein

Ladies and gentlemen, Liechtenstein

Coming back to the responsibility of the Security Council, Romania supports the initiative concerning a “code of conduct” for the use of veto in the Security Council in situations when mass atrocity crimes are H.E. Dr committed. Such limitations are commensurate with the responsibilities stemming from the status of Permanent Member of the Security Katrin Council, and would allow for credible, swift action, capable of preventing the perpetration of new atrocities. Eggenberger Mr President, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Justice and Culture

The 75th anniversary momentum coincides with the new global challenge of COVID-19. In this context, there are justified expectations from the Security Council to adopt measures aimed at addressing this common crisis, ranging from the medical, to those affecting peace and stability in a much more subtle way. Romania considers a decision by the Council to be an adequate response to these expectations.

I thank you for your attention!

Mr President,

8 May is a seminal date not only for Europeans, but for all of humanity. It marks the end of the Second World War – years of mass atrocities unleashed on European soil, which impacted the entire world. But it also marks the beginning of the longest period of peace in the history of the European continent. And, more importantly, it is very close in time and motive to the biggest peace project ever undertaken: the founding of the United Nations.

120 Today is a stark reminder that at the core of the United Nations Charter 121 Slovakia

is the purpose “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of Slovakia war”, a task primarily entrusted to the Security Council on behalf of the entire UN membership. The Council’s record in this respect is mixed. The most obvious illustration in recent times is the armed conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic, which has now lasted almost a decade. As we H.E. Mr celebrate the 75th anniversary of this Organization, we must recommit to the key provisions of its Charter, limiting the use of force to two Ivan narrow exceptions: when authorized by this Council or in self-defence. Recent trends in this respect are worrisome, in particular excessively expansive and unchecked interpretations of Article 51 that threaten the Korčok international rules-based order. Minister of Foreign and European Affairs

Today is also a moment to embrace a key development with respect to the enforcement of the rules governing the use of force: the agreement, almost ten years ago, on a definition of an act and crime of aggression at the Kampala Review Conference of the International Criminal Court. Individual criminal accountability for the most serious forms of the illegal use of force is now a reality for the first time since the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials. Liechtenstein is proud to have spearheaded this effort – it was exactly 8 years ago that we ratified the crime of aggression amendments to the Rome Statute as the first State to do so. We call on those who have yet to ratify these important amendments to join us. The ICC’s jurisdiction over this crime can assist the Security Council in reinforcing its mandate and is ever more relevant given the proliferation of grave cyber-attacks – acts over which the ICC also has jurisdiction if necessary thresholds are met.

Finally, the end of the Second World War also marks the end of one of the worst periods of atrocity crimes in human history, in particular the Holocaust, committed on European soil. While important policies and Mr President, legal instruments were created to help the international community implement the “never again” pledge, we have collectively failed on a Thank you for convening this meeting. I am convinced that despite number of tragic occasions. Today, we call on the Security Council to unprecedented challenges for the work of the UN in the ongoing live up to its responsibility to prevent and end atrocity crimes – in the pandemic, you are set to achieve a very successful presidency in the Syrian Arab Republic, Myanmar, Yemen and wherever they take place month of May. Since this is the first time I am addressing you in my – and call on all States to join the ACT [Accountability, Coherence and position as the new Foreign Minister of Slovakia, I would like to assure Transparency] Group’s Code of Conduct in this respect. you, Mr President, and the Members of the Council, of Slovakia’s continued active support of the United Nations in preventing and 122 I thank you very much. responding to conflict and promoting sustainable peace in the world. 123 The year 2020 is special due to two related anniversaries: vision of the UN Charter and to reaffirm its responsibility to always ensure timely and decisive action in addressing conflict at all stages. 1. The 75th Anniversary of the end of the Second World War. A time of remembrance for all those who suffered, those who died, and Secondly, it is imperative to fully implement the goals of the recent UN those who valiantly fought for freedom and liberation in Europe. We peace and security reform and improve peacekeeping performance. must ensure the Holocaust and victims of ethnic cleansing are never forgotten. We should use this anniversary to stand united against any Thirdly, the Members of the Council should act in a spirit of unity and totalitarian rule of whatever ideological persuasion. common purpose.

2. The 75th Anniversary of the United Nations. And, finally, we must intensify our efforts to achieve a comprehensive It gives us an opportunity to recall the reason for the establishment of reform of the Security Council in all its aspects. the organization – an embodiment of humanity’s renewal and resolve to create a more peaceful, prosperous and just world. Looking ahead, Before I close, I want to commend the Secretary-General for his I think the lessons of the Second World War must continue to guide initiatives, notably his appeal for a global ceasefire, a humanitarian the work of the United Nations. They must also continue to guide our response fund for the world’s poorest countries, and a call to stand conduct as a community of nations. This means investing in a rules- against increasing hate crimes targeting people perceived to be based global order, diplomacy, dialogue and cooperation based on the associated with spreading the novel coronavirus. values of freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature, and shared responsibility. Thank you for your attention.

Mr President,

I would like to underline the pivotal role of the UN Security Council in overcoming the tragic legacy of the Second World War in the past 75 years. The high duty of the Security Council, assigned to it by the UN Charter, was the maintenance of international peace and security under the rule of law.

While the UN was successful in preventing another bloody world war, we are far from achieving the goal of peace and security for all. Despite the efforts, violent conflicts continue unabated in many countries of the world, including Europe, causing widespread devastation, human suffering and unparalleled levels of forced displacement. Responding to many of these critical country situations requires robust international action and financial support.

I should like to highlight the following points in this connection:

124 Firstly, the Security Council should recommit to working towards the 125 Bulgaria

remembrance of the appalling atrocities committed during the War, and Bulgaria the Holocaust in particular. But this is also an opportunity for all of us to bring up some hard lessons learned, as well as our vision for the future.

H.E. Mr Mr President, Georgi The end of the Second World War heralded the liberation of the continent from Nazism and put an end to the Holocaust. However, it did not bring freedom to all Europeans as large parts of Central and Eastern Panayotov Europe remained under totalitarian rule for another 45 years. Permanent Representative While the European project based on prosperity, respect for human rights and common democratic values, solidified peace in one part of the continent, the Iron curtain split it into two parts. A great number of Europeans in the central and eastern parts of the continent, including in my own country, sacrificed their lives striving for human rights and fundamental freedoms. This is the hardest lesson learned for all of us.

Over the past 30 years, following the end of the Cold War, Europe has witnessed a number of harsh conflicts and wars on its soil. The sad truth is, that even today, 75 years after the end of the Second World War, peace does not reign in all parts of the continent. The use of force in international relations contradicts the very idea of a world order based on genuine and continuous adherence to international law and norms.

On a global scale, all countries should encourage inclusivity and diversity and should ensure that hate speech, genocide denial and incitement to violence are criminalized. Those who have not already Mr President of the Security Council, done so, should sign, accede and ratify all core instruments of Dear colleagues, international law relevant to the prevention of mass atrocity crimes, especially the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of I would like to start by extending my congratulations to Estonia for its the Crime of Genocide and the Rome Statute of the International first-ever presidency of the Security Council. The massive participation Criminal Court. of Ministers and other Senior Officials to this Arria-formula Meeting is a great success indeed. Marking the 75th anniversary of the end of Mr President, the Second World War on European soil is a time for reflection and for reconciliation of our perceptions of modern history. It is a time to We live in hard times, which require unprecedented solidarity. 126 pay tribute to all fallen soldiers and civilian victims. It is also a time for Multilateral efforts are needed more than ever, with the UN system 127 Austria

at their core, to successfully cope with all challenges. The COVID-19 Austria pandemic has demonstrated that the only way to successfully tackle such crises is through a coordinated, multilateral approach. The European Union is a key player in this process. Bulgaria, together with all other EU Member States, is a staunch ally of multilateralism. Looking H.E. Mr ahead, we must reconcile with our past, and pool our efforts in building our common future. The post-COVID-19 pandemic world will certainly Alexander be very different. And we should be up to the challenge and get ready to act in a different way as well. Schallenberg We can only succeed through unity, not through divisions! Federal Minister for European and International Affairs

Thank you for your attention!

Mr President, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

I would like to thank my good friend and colleague Urmas Reinsalu for convening today’s discussion. 75 years ago, humankind faced a common challenge – rebuilding the world after the immense tragedy, destruction and murder of World War II.

Today, we are once again facing a common challenge, although 128 different in nature – the COVID-19 pandemic. 129 But today we luckily live in a different world. Yemen and Libya that threatens civilians, in particular in urban areas, the continuing threat of nuclear annihilation, the potential dark side A different world, because our forefathers after World War II set out of digitization that gives rise to new and lethal autonomous weapons to create what we now call the rules-based international order and systems, and finally the dangers of climate change. effective multilateralism. At the core of this system stands the United Nations, bringing together the global community. The global system is Austria, like other small and medium-sized countries, is highly matched by regional peace projects such as the European Union. aware of that.

This global framework has led to remarkable progress in the last Indeed, multilateralism is in our DNA. decades in peace and security, human rights and development. We can be proud of these achievements. With this commitment we are ready to assume special responsibility as a candidate for the Security Council membership in 2027 and 2028. And yet, before our very eyes, the pillars of multilateralism are being destabilized: trust in multilateral institutions is eroding, international Dear colleagues, agreements on non-proliferation, disarmament or climate change are being put into question, nationalism and the belief in zero-sum politics Let us use the 75th anniversary of the UN to strongly reaffirm our are on the rise again. commitment to effective multilateralism, the rule of law, and respect for human rights and accountability. Nowhere is this playing out more clearly than at the UN Security Council. Thank you!

Instead of being at the forefront of the fight to protect civilians facing barrel bombs and chemical attacks, all too often the Security Council is missing in action.

Instead of using its powers to ensure accountability for the most abhorrent crimes, all too often the only action by the Council is inaction.

The silence of the UN Security Council is sometimes deafening.

Ladies and gentlemen,

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought home to us in a very powerful way how interconnected and interdependent we all are on this planet.

The current crisis is proof that today we need the United Nations more than ever.

130 Collective international action is needed to address the warfare in Syria, 131 Norway

Norway. We were motivated by the need to create a global organization Norway that would maintain respect for international law as the bedrock of international security and to prevent those kinds of atrocities from H.E. Ms happening again. However, in recent years international politics have become Ine Eriksen more unpredictable. There is more instability and greater unrest in the international system. Some states are turning away from multilateralism. The norms, rights and values that are fundamental to Søreide us, are being challenged. The reality is that all of the major challenges we face are impossible for a single country to solve alone. The corona Minister of Foreign Affairs pandemic is a stark illustration of the interconnectedness of our world and its challenges. The multilateral system, and indeed the Security Council, must be enabled to solve new problems that challenge peace and stability. The system is not yet set up to address challenges like climate change and new transnational security threats. We have also experienced that the international rules-based order in recent years has come under pressure on our own continent. These new challenges illustrate yet again the need for a strong UN Security Council, which fulfils its responsibility for international peace and security and takes a proactive approach to conflict prevention and stability.

President,

We are convinced that international cooperation based on common agreed rules and norms is the best way to promote our common interests. Norway will be a driver of reform. We will give priority to strengthening the institutions that matter the most to our security, economy and welfare – like the UN. President, We look forward to using the 75-year anniversary of the UN this fall Thank you for organizing this meeting and for allowing broad as a platform to further strengthen our collective commitment to participation in the Arria-format to mark this important occasion. multilateralism and the prevention of devastating conflicts. And it is our firm belief that if we pull together, the UN and the Security Council Like so many in Europe, and around the world, Norway and its people will continue to be a beacon and a guardian for maintaining respect experienced significant hardships during World War II, being attacked for international law and our common good for the next 75 years in 1940 and enduring five years of occupation by Nazi Germany. From and beyond. our own experience and from witnessing the atrocities that took place 132 across Europe, being a founding member of the UN was important to Thank you. 133 Republic of Moldova

Republic of afflicted the people of Europe and of the entire world. It brought about Moldova a total economic collapse, as well as crimes against humanity and war crimes. As we mark this 75th anniversary, we should not forget why the H.E. Mr United Nations was created and why the drive to put the past behind us was so strong. The most important lesson that we should learn and bear in mind is that there shall be no place for the use of force and Oleg coercion in the post-war system of international relations. Ţulea Distinguished colleagues, Minister of Foreign Affairs and In discharging its functions under the UN Charter, the Security Council European Integration declared repeatedly its commitment to international law, as well as its strong opposition to impunity for serious violations of international humanitarian law, human rights law, and intention to uphold accountability.

Despite this often-declared strong stance and commitment of the past and present Security Council Members, these unacceptable violations continue to persist in many parts of the world. Moreover, the use of force or the threat of force, brought about changes of borders, including in Europe, and the sovereignty and territorial integrity of some countries, including of my own, have been continuously undermined. The Security Council, particularly its Permanent Members, must do more in order to uphold, in good faith, the current system that is based on the Charter of the United Nations.

The Security Council resolutions should be fully implemented, and collective action should be exercised in order to support accountability Mr Chair, for serious violations against international law, humanitarian, and Excellencies, human rights law.

Let me join the previous speakers in thanking the Estonian Presidency Excellencies, of the Security Council for convening this virtual high-level meeting to discuss a highly topical subject, and I certainly would like to thank the As we commemorate the victims of the Second World War, we should briefers for their insightful presentations. avoid one-sided interpretations of its history. The victims’ memory calls only for reconciliation and peace. Given our common responsibility Mr Chair, towards all victims, past and present, we should nurture multilateralism, with the UN at its core, and act united in responding to many existential 134 The Second World War was one of the greatest tragedies to have ever challenges, including the ongoing conflicts, hybrid threats, the climate 135 Portugal

change emergency and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. The Portugal post-coronavirus world is already here. A world in which, including for Europe, there is a stringent need for a new type of multilateralism that would be real, not declarative or selective, a world which would be capable of ensuring harmony between national interests and H.E. Mr international solidarity. Augusto Finally, the commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War provides us with an extraordinary opportunity to reaffirm our strong resolve to preserve international peace and security Santos Silva and achieve sustainable development. Minister of State and Foreign Affairs

I thank you, Mr Chairman.

Mr President,

Commemorating the end of World War II in Europe takes us back to the foundational events of European integration that ultimately led to the European Union.

By choosing to integrate the EU, its member states – like Portugal –, have embraced two of the core principles of the UN Charter: to cooperate to spearhead the economic and social progress of our 136 peoples; and to relinquish the use of force to solve disputes. 137 European integration ensured the longest period of peace in modern Mr President, history. Together with the Council of Europe and the OSCE, it promoted European reconciliation. Since the pandemic was declared, the Security Council has been able to proceed with its regular decision-making on Peacekeeping. For Portugal, this process was also naturally intertwined with the transatlantic link and with the membership of other relevant Because a pandemic is also a security threat, we hope that the Council organizations, like the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries will soon be able to also exert the needed leadership on its impact, and the Ibero-American Cooperation. including by backing up the Secretary-General’s call to a global cease- fire. Portugal has consistently called for the Security Council to consider Mr President, non-traditional threats to peace and security, including climate change, cybercrime or global health crises. And to utilize the Peace Continuum’s The United Nations was born as a necessity after the end of World instruments more often, in close cooperation with the Peace Building War II. One of the goals of the foundation of the United Nations was to Commission. avoid the repetition of atrocities committed before and during the War, notably the Holocaust. The world has changed dramatically in 75 years. Questions that were residual or non-existent have evolved into looming threats. The generalized suffering was also the catalyst to adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the ensuing covenants, as well And the Security Council must adapt, adjusting its modus operandi, in as the Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes of order to fully preserve its credibility and its leverage. Genocide. Regrettably, since then we have witnessed persecutions and massacres in different continents. As well as several attempts to change Thank you. international borders by force.

The lessons of World War II should have taught us to better understand the warnings, to avoid complacency with hate speech and to spot the dangers attached to the suppression of diversity or to the demonization of minorities.

The best way to pay tribute to those who resisted Nazism and fascism is to invest more in dialogue and mediation, to sharpen the regulatory institutions, to strengthen the non-proliferation regime, to respect Human Rights, and to deepen International Law.

In brief, to empower effective multilateralism.

Our common programme is the 2030 Agenda. Pursuing and implementing the SDG’s will enhance the wellbeing of our citizens without irreversibly harming our Planet. 138 139 Slovenia

for freedom, peace and life with dignity and rights. The Second World Slovenia War was a time of appalling atrocities, misery and suffering. It was also a time of immense bravery and collective efforts. Slovenia too, shared this experience. We faced all three totalitarian regimes: Nazism, Fascism H.E. Dr and Communism; first occupation, then brave fight of the resistance, followed by tragic and politically motivated mass executions in the Anže aftermath of the war. The United Nations was established to prevent such atrocities from ever Logar happening again and, as envisioned in the Charter, “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.” The European Union was created Minister of Foreign Affairs with a similar motive and the reconciliation process in Europe can serve as inspiration in other conflicts. Today we should recall the basic values that guided the creation of the United Nations: peace and security, fundamental human rights, equal rights of women and men, justice and respect for international law, social and economic progress and freedom for everyone. All actors must refrain from the threat and use of force and we must all redouble our efforts to resolve conflicts peacefully.

Slovenia’s foreign policy, in light of our membership in the UN, EU and NATO, pays much attention to preventive diplomacy and mediation, as well as the concept of the Responsibility to Protect. These instruments can prevent disputes from becoming conflicts, and conflicts from escalating into wars. 75 years after the war, the world and our societies have evolved. They are complex, intertwined, and uncertain. The security environment is changing and the key international organisations find it more challenging to respond effectively.

Excellencies, It took a new and invisible enemy, a tiny virus, to demonstrate very Ladies and gentlemen, clearly, how important partnerships and cooperation are. In times of Dear Urmas, pandemic – just like in times of war – we need solidarity; we must work together and look after each other. I congratulate Estonia for holding the Presidency of the UN Security Council for the first time. I thank you, Mr Minister, for providing this So let us use this solemn 75th anniversary to recommit to effective platform for paying tribute on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of multilateralism with the UN at its heart. Peace and prosperity for all can the end of the Second World War in Europe. only be achieved by true cooperation, solidarity, and mutual trust.

While the COVID pandemic has put the world to a standstill, it cannot Thank you! 140 prevent us from honouring the memories of all who sacrificed their lives 141 Greece

Mr President, Greece

Over the course of the 75 years since the end of the World War, new security threats have emerged. In this context, we need to keep H.E. Mr cherishing and protecting our deep-rooted values. These include the principles of democracy, good governance, strong institutions, the Nikos respect of international law and human rights, as well as multilateral cooperation.

Dendias Greece steadily supports an increased cooperation between the UN and the EU as a way forward to foster stability, based on international Minister of Foreign Affairs law and the UN Charter. The concept paper also rightly stresses the need for complying with the prohibition of the use of force. It should be stressed though, that the threat of use of force is equally prohibited by the UN Charter.

Mr President,

The International Community needs to find ways to guarantee compliance by all to the international legal order and, through this, to reinforce the vision for a peaceful and prosperous future.

Mr President, Excellencies, Ladies and gentlemen,

Given the multitude of today’s challenges to peace, this meeting’s theme is particularly relevant. We warmly thank Estonia for the invitation and its concept paper with which we fully agree. Since the end of the Second World War, European countries have indeed been blessed with peace, albeit with exceptions. Cyprus is one of them, still 142 facing a 45-year occupation of a big part of its territory. 143 Croatia

a historic achievement. At the same time, we also clearly said “Never Croatia Again”, and created, inter alia, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

H.E. Dr However, our ambitious promises and the UN Charter have not Gordan Grlić prevented wars and conflicts from occurring all over the World. Unfortunately, Croatia knows this all too well. This year, Croatia is commemorating not only the 75th anniversary of the end the Second Radman World War, but also the 25th anniversary of the end of our War of Independence. Croatia has the tragic and traumatic experience Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of a country that was attacked in the early 1990s. Unarmed and unprotected, we had to fight for our own mere survival. We also experienced first-hand the significance of the UN Security Council, UN peacekeeping operations, and actions of the whole international community.

Croatia has gone a long way since then. Risen from the ashes, we joined the UN, NATO and the EU, and currently hold the EU Presidency [from 1 January to 30 June 2020]. Three decades ago, this would have sounded like a dream.

Dear colleagues,

It is because of the most direct experience of war and atrocities half a century after the Second World War, that Croatia has been so active in advocating multilateralism and the responsibility to protect. Our devoted focus is on conflict prevention and international accountability mechanisms.

Mr President, dear Urmas, The global challenges of today are different from those before the Second World War, but similar in their intensity and the overall Allow me to start by thanking you for organizing this meeting focused anxiety they cause. The impact of the present challenges on society, on one of the most important topics in the area of international affairs. economy, health and environment is truly dramatic, in some areas even irreversible. I also thank all the briefers for their valuable introductory inputs. Therefore, advocating multilateral solutions or emphasizing the role of 75 years ago, after the Second World War and all the atrocities it international organizations is surely not enough. 144 brought, the nations of the world created the United Nations. It was 145 Luxembourg

We are called upon to carry out necessary reforms that will enhance Luxembourg the effectiveness and relevance of the UN without undue delay. This particularly concerns the Security Council, so it can truly assume its primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. H.E. Mr In this respect, the engagement of the permanent members of the Security Council is crucial for success. Special powers of the permanent Jean members, including the veto power, come with special responsibilities. These prerogatives must be used for the benefit and protection of humankind and global peace, and not to secure special (national) Asselborn interests. Minister of Foreign and European Affairs

In that vein, Croatia welcomes and supports the initiative for establishing “The Code of Conduct regarding Security Council action against genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes“. We strongly support the noble initiative whereby the five permanent members of the Council would commit to refrain from using the veto in cases where the committing of mass atrocities has been proven.

Let me conclude, Excellencies, by saying that I sincerely hope our collective response to the major crisis caused by COVID-19 will enforce our willingness and readiness to strengthen multilateral organizations and international rules-based order. It is upon us to envision and build a better world, more inclusive and humane than before.

Thank you.

Mr President, dear Urmas, Excellencies,

Last year, we commemorated the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Luxembourg and the Battle of the Bulge, the last major German offensive on the western front. We had the occasion to honour American veterans, our living memory, and to express our gratitude to all those who fought to liberate Europe from Nazi tyranny. We witnessed how present these historical moments were in the minds of 146 our people. 147 Azerbaijan

The end of the war in Europe, six months after the Battle of the Bulge, Azerbaijan was a turning point in European and world history. Freedom was restored, alas not in all of Europe. H.E. Mr The magnitude and horror of the genocide were revealed, leading to the establishment of international criminal justice. In San Francisco, our Elmar Charter was signed and provided a linchpin of an international rules- based order for the decades to come. It also provided legitimacy to the decolonisation process. Mammadyarov Minister of Foreign Affairs May I add that the end of the war also opened the way to this particular peace project, which is the European Union. So, why is it so important that we commemorate this 75th anniversary?

At a time of rising nationalism, populism and xenophobia, it is a stark reminder of where, pushed to the extreme, these ideologies can lead. For history not to repeat itself, you better get the facts right, and that also means not instrumentalizing history for current geopolitical purposes.

At a moment of immense peril, in the last years of World War II, a group of people showed the way for international cooperation, human rights, economic development and peace and security for all.

For all its flaws, for all its setbacks, our organisation, the United Nations, has delivered. Let us not forget this at a moment when multilateralism is under siege. We have our principles, the Charter. We have a roadmap, the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Alas, we also have our Mr Chair, common challenges, notably the emergencies of COVID-19 and of Excellencies, climate change. What we need most now is political will. I would like to start by thanking the Estonian presidency of the Security I hope that under Estonia’s able Presidency, the Security Council will Council for organizing this important meeting dedicated to the 75th finally respond to the appeal of the Secretary-General for a global anniversary of the end of World War II on European soil. ceasefire in the dramatic time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the lessons of the past, the United Nations was established We owe this to all those who fought for our freedom 75 years ago. with the aim of preventing war and human suffering by binding all its Members through a common rules-based order, and we believe that 148 this meeting provides an ample opportunity for Member States to 149 reaffirm their commitment to the purposes and principles reflected in region of Azerbaijan. This region along with adjacent districts, which the Charter of our noble Organization. constitutes almost one-fifth of the internationally recognized territory of Azerbaijan, has been under occupation by Armenia for almost 30 Like all members of the anti-fascist coalition, Azerbaijan has made a years now. Hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis were forcefully significant contribution to and sacrifices for the victory. Azerbaijan sent expelled from their homes and became internally displaced persons as more than 640 000 of its brave men and women to the front line. a result of the occupation. Occupation of the territories of Azerbaijan Almost half of them did not return home. National Azerbaijani divisions elicited four UN Security Council resolutions, demanding immediate, displayed exemplary courage in the fight against Nazism in European complete and unconditional withdrawal of occupying forces from the countries as well. territories of Azerbaijan. It is regrettable that these resolutions are yet to be implemented. The victory was reached not only in the battlefield, but also in the rear. For a short period of time, Azerbaijan arranged the production of Blatant disregard for Security Council resolutions containing binding ammunition and arms, and created conditions for the functioning of demands represents a clear violation of the UN Charter, and cannot objects of the industry relocated from battlefields. By providing three constitute an accepted practice in the Security Council’s discharging quarters of the oil and 90% of the aviation fuel produced in the Soviet of its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace Union during war time, Azerbaijan made an invaluable contribution to and security. As today we are discussing lessons learned from World victory in the war. War II for preventing new atrocities and the responsibility of the Security Council, we reiterate the crucial importance of the implementation of As a country that sacrificed a lot for the victory over Nazism and is resolutions adopted by the principal organs of the United Nations, as mindful of the horrors of World War II, we are seriously concerned well as accountability thereof. about instances of glorification in our region, in any form, of the Nazi movement and those who collaborated with the Nazi movement, Thank you. including by erecting monuments and memorials. My country has been continuously supporting the UN General Assembly resolution on “Combating glorification of Nazism, neo-Nazism and other practices that contribute to fuelling contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”, and we believe that it can be instrumental in reverting such worrisome tendencies.

It is deplorable that despite the bitter lessons the history taught us, the principles enshrined in the UN Charter, particularly prohibition of the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of States, continue to be violated, thus undermining peace and security in many parts of the world.

While the victory over Nazism in Europe is commemorated on 8 May, this date also marks a tragic day in the history of my country, when back in 1992 Armenian armed forces occupied and subjected to 150 ethnical cleansing the ancient town of Shusha in the Nagorno-Karabakh 151 Brazil

Freedom requires the permanent will to fight, to protect it and to foster Brazil it. Hopefully, we will never have to fight for freedom in all-out wars like that one, but we must fight verye day.

H.E. Mr So here, today, we celebrate peace – a Peace that came from a fight, a just and necessary fight. Many millions of people shed their blood Ernesto for freedom back then, among them many Brazilians, since Brazil took an important part in the war effort, sending 25 000 troops to fight in Italy along with the Allies against Nazi forces. To have helped liberate Araújo Italy and thus Europe from Nazi-fascist tyranny is perhaps Brazil´s greatest pride. Minister of Foreign Affairs

75 years ago, freedom and democracy prevailed against totalitarianism thanks to the sacrifice of real people: of Americans, Russians, British, Poles, Estonians, Canadians, French, Chinese, Brazilians and many others. But another form of totalitarianism, after the War, threw its shadow over half of mankind for a long time. That form of totalitarianism, during the following decades, tried to manipulate the United Nations in its favour. That form of totalitarianism tried to hijack and pervert this noble endeavour which is the Organization of the United Nations. The ideology at the core of that form of totalitarianism is unfortunately not dead. Throughout the years, that ideology has always worked by that same principle of hijack and pervert. They tried to hijack and pervert noble causes and concepts, such as human rights, justice and environmental protection. Let us not allow health to be one more victim to be hijacked by that ideology and perverted to serve totalitarian goals.

Thank you, Mr President, dear colleagues and friends, Let us liberate all those good and noble causes, such as human rights, justice, and the environment. Let us free them from the manipulation of I wish to start by congratulating Minister Urmas Reinsalu of Estonia and enslavement to totalitarian ideologies. for organizing this meeting, on the day where we mark the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe, at a moment when we We are committed to working constructively in international fora. But face perhaps the gravest challenge to the community of nations since I think we should avoid the word “multilateralism” when talking about those tragic days. international or multilateral institutions. Words ending in “ism” normally designate ideologies: Fascism, Nazism and Communism. Let’s not Why was the Second World War fought? People fought for human make “multilateralism” an ideology. The opposite of all ideologies is not dignity, against racism, against anti-Semitism. And people fought another ideology. The opposite of all ideologies is freedom. You notice 152 for freedom. Let us not forget that. Freedom does not come for free. that we don’t say “freedomism”. We say freedom. So, let’s not make 153 multilateralism another system of thought that denies reality and tries to no freedom. This postulate does not come from abstract logic, it comes impose itself on reality. Let’s make multilateral institutions a platform to from history, from the real sacrifice of millions of people, from the work for truth and for freedom. nature of things, from the essence of the human being.

The COVID-19 pandemic is probably the largest crisis since World So national sentiment is not the problem of the world today. Rather, the War II. Let us not allow another form of totalitarianism to emerge now, problem is the erosion of sovereignty, which leaves nations prone to the like the one that emerged after World War II. Indeed, a new order will loss of freedom. certainly emerge from this crisis, we just don´t know yet what shape it will take. In Brazil, we are striving to put the “demos”, the people, back in democracy as our Constitution says that all power emanates from the This new order to emerge will either have more freedom or it will have people. That is the way to freedom. And Brazil today, just like we did in less freedom. It will either have more human dignity or less human the World War II, stands for freedom. dignity. And the option we all prefer, the road we all want to take, the road towards more freedom and more human dignity, is the road of nations. Thank you.

Nations are not the problem. Nations are the good guys in this picture. Nations, acting in coordination of course, through this UN and other fora. The Organization of the United Nations must therefore be a space for coordination among independent nations, not an instrument to replace them.

The countries gathered here must use this space to identify the challenges facing mankind today. If the Organization of the United Nations ignores the real challenges of today and instead opts for politically correct gibberish, its role will be diminished.

The UN must not be an effort to find common ground between freedom and totalitarianism, let alone to promote totalitarianism by stealth.

Freedom and democracy must be at the core of the UN endeavour. And the source of democracy is the people. People organized in nation states, with their sovereignty, proud of themselves.

Brazil today unequivocally stands for democracy and for sovereignty. The sovereignty of free people. Let us not fall into the erroneous role of bashing those who stand for sovereignty, let us not despise those 154 who stand for national sentiment. Without sovereign nations, there is 155 Albania

not only in remembering the 75th anniversary of the Allied Victory in Albania Europe, but also in reaffirming our dedication to fundamental rights and freedoms, core democratic values, and good principles of international cooperation that bind us together. Having played a prominent role H.E. Mr in defeating Nazi-Fascist forces in Europe, Albania, like many other countries of the Continent, unfortunately fell under the brutal rule of a Gent communist regime which lasted for almost half a century. During that period, we were suffering alone, devastated and orgotten.f

Cakaj Only with the fall of the Iron Curtain, could we finally enjoy peace, rejoice over freedom and cherish democracy. However, what might seem Acting Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs like a historical drawback at first glance, in reality serves as a source of political strength and courage for Albania. This is most reflected in our foreign policy attitudes in the region and beyond.

Today, for justified historical reasons, conflict resolution, the promotion of democracy and efficient cooperation stand at the heart of our engagement as a regional actor, negotiating country for EU membership, valued NATO ally and the current Chair of the OSCE. We work for the European perspective throughout the Western Balkans, believing that it is essential in bringing long-awaited reconciliation, good-neighbourly relations, and for maintaining working democracies and delivering economies. The narrative of a united Europe, which emerged and prevailed after the fall of the Berlin Wall, won’t be complete without full integration of the Western Balkans in the European Union.

As the current OSCE Chair, Albania has been greatly involved in providing security for more than 1 billion people all around the globe – Mr President, from Vancouver to Vladivostok! Excellencies, Ladies and gentlemen, We have been leading efforts for communication, security and fundamental rights over violence, division and oppression. As we Allow me to begin by congratulating Estonia on assuming the speak, Albanian troops proudly and humbly serve in Kosovo, Bosnia Presidency of the Security Council and thanking Mr President profusely Herzegovina, Latvia, Afghanistan, Mali and South Sudan. for convening this meeting today. Exactly one year ago, two distinguished Albanian soldiers, Klodian I feel honoured and humbled to be part of this gathering which, despite Tanushi and Zarife Hasanaj, lost their lives while serving in Latvia in 156 the lockdown imposed by the pandemic, remains highly important their attempt to make the world a better and safer place to live in. 157 Cyprus

Today, we pay tribute to them: we remember their inspiring example by Cyprus expressing our commitment to work on their cause worldwide. Albania also has officially announced its candidacy for a non-permanent seat to the Security Council for 2022-2023. We pledge to engage in H.E. Mr all efforts to maintain international peace and security, support the development of democracy and protect human rights. Nikos We share our conviction that effective multilateralism and an inclusive approach are the only way to address vastly complex issues that we Christodoulides deal with on a daily basis and that were also so eloquently phased in Minister of Foreign Affairs today’s meeting.

That is why Albania calls not only for the universal recognition of Europe’s youngest republic – the Republic of Kosovo – but also, absolutely supports Kosovo’s ambition to become a fully fledged member of the United Nations. The Republic of Kosovo has demonstrated full capacity to develop a sustainable democracy and has shown exceptional willingness to embrace the finest of international values and norms.

Dear colleagues, friends, Your Excellencies,

The current crisis has once more very clearly shown the absolute need for the UN to guide global efforts in dealing with common threats.

On behalf of the Republic of Albania, therefore, we express our unwavering commitment to the United Nations’ values, instruments and missions now, as well as in the future. Thank you Minister Reinsalu and congratulations to Estonia, both for the Thank you. successful organization of this important event, as well as on assuming the Presidency of the Council.

Fully aware of the time constraints, I will raise only two points that are of utmost importance to my country in this discussion: first the use of force, and secondly peace and justice.

In its genesis, our UN system of collective security, with the Security 158 Council at its core, embodied a prohibition of the use of force as this is 159 the only way to transform “never again” from an aspiration to a reality. and jurisprudence in tackling conflict as that is central to the peaceful The immensity of this task demanded an extraordinary institutional settlement of disputes. This was precisely the intention of the Charter setup in the form of a sui generis body, which derives its legitimacy when it appointed a judicial body as a UN principal organ. The unfailing from its capacity to enforce this prohibition and maintain and restore incorporation of the justice pillar in the Council’s functioning is now part international peace and security. This mandate bestowed to the Council of what makes the UN relevant and the Security Council legitimate. by the international community should have sufficed to make the use of force “a thing of the past”. 75 years later, however, and despite the Echoing the call of the UN Secretary-General for an immediate global many achievements of the Council, the threat of use of force is a sad ceasefire, we urge all parties to silence their guns and threats in order reality, as Cyprus, a European country under military occupation since to help open up space for diplomacy. Multilateralism through the UN 1974, knows all too well, and I would like to thank Under-Secretary- system is about confronting shared threats and seizing opportunities General DiCarlo for recalling that here today. together. We now have the chance to work together for a healthy, equitable, peaceful and more sustainable future for all. The world today faces one of its gravest tests since the founding of the United Nations. In the midst of this pandemic, upholding rules-based Thank you. international order through multilateralism, respecting and defending international law, is of utmost importance. Cyprus’s region, the Eastern Mediterranean, an important part of the world for maintaining peace and security, often witnesses actions that are in flagrant disregard of international law, gravely jeopardizing peace and security.

For us, the relevance of the United Nations and legitimacy of the Security Council depend on the fulfilment of the responsibility of the Security Council against the threat and use of force. It is, therefore, imperative to revert to the Charter and implement its relevant provisions. The Council must take the lead in charting a way to mitigate the inherent and incidental weaknesses of our system.

My second point pertains to something that should have driven the genesis of the UN as much as the prohibition of the use of force. It is the pillar of justice, both in terms of accountability for atrocity crimes and the rule of law in the peaceful settlement of disputes, including through judicial means.

While this pillar should have been an integral part of our collective security system from the start, it emerged very late and it is still struggling to consolidate its rightful place. In order to uphold human dignity and ensure sustainable peace, the Security Council cannot condone war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other serious crimes 160 it was created to prevent. Similarly, the Council must embed legal rules 161 Madagascar

Allow me to thank the Republic of Estonia, who holds the presidency of Madagascar the Security Council for the month of May, for organizing this important open debate.

H.E. Dr I also would like, on behalf of the Government and the Malagasy people, to express my heartfelt condolences and my solidarity with the Tehindrazanarivelo countries that have had victims due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

75 years ago, the deadliest war in history ended in Europe. More Djacoba A.S Oliva than fifty million human lives were taken by the madness of this war. Minister of Foreign Affairs Humanity will forever be marked by the horrors of such a tragedy and we have a duty of memory: • for remembering the courage and the determination of the men and women who had opposed, even at the cost of their lives, tyranny, and oppression. I join all those who pay tribute to them on this day; • for the legacy we have inherited: a peace founded on the values of equality and freedom, a peace based on rights. It is, moreover, on the ashes of this war, and with the ultimate aim of preventing such madness from happening again, that the United Nations was founded and mandated the Security Council to maintain international peace and security.

Europe, across the European Union, can today take pride in being a model of unity and cohesion. European nations have reconciled and united around common values which have enabled the development of their people.

If we look at the rest of the world, the United Nations Charter reaffirms the “respect for the principle of the equal rights of peoples and their Official translation of the statement delivered in French right to self-determination.” The obviousness of universal freedom was already on the agenda in the midst of war for oppressed peoples and Excellency, Mr Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia, victims of atrocities in the struggle for freedom. This United Nations President of this session, principle led to the independence of the colonized people. However, Excellency, Mr Chair of the Security Council, questions today pertain to the effectiveness of such a right to self- Excellency, Mr High Representative of the European Commission determination. Are all Nations today free and sovereign in respect of Ministers, international law? Numerous States are still plagued by fighting over Dear homologues, various aspects affecting their sovereignty. Besides, in this 21st century, Excellencies, the world has not yet succeeded in eliminating all forms of colonization, 162 Ladies and gentlemen, which is also an expression of violence in the face of bloodshed in the 163 Montenegro

struggle for independence. Montenegro

In our region, the Indian Ocean, the decolonization process remains incomplete with questions concerning Mayotte, the Chagos archipelago and the “Malagasy islands” of the Mozambique Channel, called H.E. Prof Dr “Îles Éparses”. With that said, Madagascar has always supported multilateralism values, the importance of diplomacy, international law Srđan and the mechanisms established by the United Nations for peaceful dispute settlement. Darmanović In conclusion, I would like to recall the very essence of the creation Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Nations, namely “to save future generations from the scourge of war”, and “to join forces to maintain peace and to use international institutions to promote economic and social progress of all people”.

Achieving these goals requires close cooperation between the United Nations and regional organizations, each of which has developed its own peace and security mechanisms. Joint action must therefore be focused on the prevention of conflicts and mass atrocities, through the elimination of the root causes of conflicts, but also the search for peace factors such as the cohesion of societies an the well-being of populations, among others. This is what is embodied in the concept of perpetuating peace, to which Madagascar fully subscribes.

Thank you for your attention.

Mr Chair, dear Minister,

I would like to express to Estonia our appreciation for organizing today’s meeting and to the colleagues who are sharing their beliefs and thoughts with us today. This is an important matter. We all need to take time, look back, see and appreciate what we have jointly achieved and raise awareness of the importance of the moment we live in and the decisions we are making.

We pay our deepest respects to all the victims and our sincere gratitude 164 to all those who gave their lives in the fight against Fascism and Nazism. 165 Montenegro, small in size but great in deeds, at the very beginning of We must keep those who are most vulnerable, primarily women and the darkness of World War II, stood up against Fascism and Nazism. young people, high on the agenda. Vulnerability is particularly visible Antifascism is deeply embedded in the foundations of the modern in times of crisis, but the protection of fundamental human rights Montenegrin state. and freedoms, as the greatest challenge and achievement of modern democratic societies, always requires action. To this end, the UN Ladies and gentlemen, mechanisms, as our joint achievement, remain indispensable assets and guidance. The vision of a world without the horrors of wars and sufferings is the cornerstone and place of origin of our Organization. The vision of a As the UN was born after one of the darkest historical ages and out safe future for all. A vision based upon common principles and values of the existence of our consciousness of it, we are now faced with and for decades now, being aware of the responsibility, we are trying another reality, a global health crisis that is testing our achievements to achieve what is just and right so that our descendants have safer and solidarity. This is a challenge, but also a chance to strengthen our ground to create prosperity. common sense and prove the need for multilateralism as the only possible approach to solving global problems. The Organization once However, we are constantly challenged. International peace and security again reaffirms its irreplaceability. are confronted with a reality dominated by a complex geostrategic competition and the growing intensity and complexity of the crisis, a Mr Chair, reality where the principles and rules of the international order are often being compromised. By being responsible and individually creating stronger systems based on common values and principles, we are simultaneously strengthening Lasting peace can only be achieved if the principles enshrined in the multilateral foundations. In that regard, Montenegro will remain a good UN Charter are duly respected, and if we work in unity and solidarity example, a country devoted to European integration and regional in preventing and fighting threats to international peace. It is critical to cooperation in the Balkans. Not only because the EU is one of the focus our efforts on conflict prevention and joint action for a sustainable greatest peace projects, but also the guarantor of stability and peace peace agenda. which complements the UN and our joint cause.

We all need to be constantly aware of the foundations of multilateralism Thank you! based on universal values and principles, and with the United Nations at its core. In that context, the role of the Security Council remains irreplaceable in ensuring and maintaining international peace and security. Thus, the Council must be able to react to any threat or peace or humanitarian crisis promptly and to the necessary extent. Strengthening the UN early warning and response system, as well as a unified response to transnational threats, is one of the key elements to building a common future based on peace and prosperity. Montenegro therefore supports the necessary reforms of the UN System, including a comprehensive reform of the UN Security Council and the revitalization of the UN General Assembly, with the aim of building an effective, transparent, democratic 166 and accountable UN, in which all regions will be fairly represented. 167 Kenya

In this regard, I salute Her Excellency President Kersti Kaljulaid and Kenya Secretary-General António Guterres for laying a solid foundation for this important discourse.

H.E. Ms World War II remains the deadliest conflict in human history with more than 70 million fatalities. Although it started in Europe, this war was Raychelle executed in many theatres across the world, including Africa. 75 years on, Europe and the entire world have emerged to rebuild their Omamo societies and economies from the ashes of World War II; thanks to the resilience of humanity and the establishment of the United Nations SC, EGH and its institutions as the premier mechanism for the maintenance of Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs international peace and security.

However, the experience of the last 75 years confirms that global peace is not just about institutions. Rather, it is about taking responsibility to champion leaderships that are informed by constructive influence, not a demonstration of power. Experience has also taught us that an operational doctrine that emphasizes pacific settlement of disputes through negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, as well as resorting to regional agencies is essential. These pacific tenets have served us well in the post-World War II period.

Unfortunately, we live in a dynamic world characterized by emerging threats to global peace and security that call for reassessment of the tools that we should deploy to effectively address them. The current geopolitical shifts and evolving international landscapes come with a portfolio of risks, including the real possibility of international friction Thank you Mr President, that could undermine multilateralism and diplomacy. Indeed, the Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, globalization of the world economy bears on its wings a fragmentation Dear colleagues, of international politics which could, in the long run, be costly to international peace and security. Additionally, terrorism and violent Let me begin by congratulating the Republic of Estonia on its accession extremism have more than ever before, become pervasive across to the presidency of the Council for the month of May. the globe.

I also commend Estonia for the choice of this discussion that not only Above all, it is evident to all that the greatest threat to global security is commemorates 75 years since the end of the Second World War in no longer military power. Today, climate change and global warming Europe, but also and more importantly, affords us an opportunity to have become the defining security and development challenges of our 168 reflect on lessons for the prevention of international crimes in the future. generation and are, certainly, the world’s most gigantic externality. 169 Andorra

Currently, the global COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly emerging as the Andorra most dangerous existential threat presenting an unprecedented array of challenges globally. The health pandemic has the potential to wreak havoc on state capabilities with more severe implications on fragile economies. H.E. Ms Excellences, Maria The Charter of the United Nations gives primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to the Security Council. Ubach Font Therefore, both the structure and methods of work of the Council Minister of Foreign Affairs should be adaptive to the emerging threats to peace that may not have been anticipated at the end of the Second World War. As Member States, it should be our solemn duty to enable the Council to speak to these new challenges and realities in a manner that is consistent with the UN Charter and International Law.

In this regard, Kenya is convinced that building bridges and working closely with the entire UN membership within a rules-based international system should be fundamental principles in the functioning of the Council. In particular, the Security Council should endeavour to invest in the prevention and building of resilient communities, bearing in mind that military triumph is far less a contributor to international peace and security compared to the long-term benefits of preventive diplomacy.

As we celebrate 75 years since the end of World War II and the establishment of the United Nations, the Members of the Security Council are well positioned to shape not only an international order that Mr President, Excellences, is insulated against the atrocities seen during World War II, but also Ladies and gentlemen, one that is prepared to tackle the new and potentially greater threats to global peace and security. I would like to commend the work of Estonia in convening today’s meeting and wish all the success for their presidency of the Security Kenya is looking forward to contributing towards such an Council for this month of May. international order. Today’s event demonstrates to us that new technologies, where Estonia Thank you. is taking the lead, play a crucial role in helping countries perform and adapt their work to new circumstances, such as the one we are all 170 experiencing today. 171 75 years have passed since the end of the Second World War. The Nations were able to have a vision in a time of tension and distress for a scourges of war brought consciousness to most humans to build a new common space. new order based on mutual respect, cooperation, dialogue and defence of human rights. Andorra did not experience the direct effects of We must use this lesson to foresee that principles are the common the Second World War, as our country remained neutral during the ground to help to prevent conflicts and to find opportunities to hostilities and moreover, we’ve never had an army. overcome obstacles.

However, Andorran people coordinated to help guarantee safe passage Let me conclude by expressing, once again, our commitment and through our mountains for those who were escaping a sure death on support for the multilateral action of this precious organization for the the European continent. Solidarity has been part of our history in most present generation and generations to come. cases and it should continue to be so, locally and internationally. Thank you for your attention. The situation we are all experiencing now requires solidarity, especially with regard to the elderly and most vulnerable people.

Mr President,

The end of the Second World War gave us this house, our common house: The United Nations. With the signature of the UN Charter in San Francisco, Member States agreed on mutual respect, international cooperation and peaceful settlement of disputes. Its principles and ideals are as relevant today as they were 75 years ago.

Andorra has been a member of this organization since 1993, and, as such, I would like to reiterate the commitment of Andorra to multilateralism and the work of the organization to preserve the principles and ideals that the founders agreed on 75 years ago. COVID-19 poses a serious threat to all. In this sense, let me commend the Secretary-General for his call for a ceasefire and his humanitarian approach to this crisis. A global ceasefire is absolutely indispensable and a common responsibility.

In times when multilateral action is being questioned by some, let us not forget what we have achieved through the work of the United Nations.

Nonetheless, we have to continue to be supportive and demanding of the work of the Organization. Andorra, like other Member States of the United Nations, supports the initiatives to make the UN more efficient, 172 more transparent and more accountable. The founders of the United 173 Italy

shared the need to build back together. Our cooperation and dialogue Italy led to the European institutions of today. Italy is an active Member of all major international fora promoting H.E. Mr common goals of peace, human rights, rule of law and prosperity. Luigi Bearing in mind the tragedy of Europe’s recent past, Italy is also strongly committed in the fight against anti-Semitism and all forms of Di Maio discrimination. We must uphold those values and spare no effort to build trust and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation pursue dialogue in Europe and in the world, according to the principles of the UN Charter.

Europe faces several new security threats. Many of our security concerns originate from instability in the European Union’s neighbourhood.

We need to renew our commitment to a multilateral approach to security, based on: • Comprehensive and co-operative security; • Shared norms and commitments; • Inclusive dialogue; and • Confidence building measures.

Security threats are increasingly complex and include specific new challenges as well as new “weapons”. At the same time, public trust in international cooperation is fading. Ms Under-Secretary-General, Mr High Representative, However, multilateralism remains the most viable platform to govern Dear colleagues, dear friends, these storms. Today, the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is proving to be the key role of multilateralism. Global health is indeed a Today’s Europe is the outcome of our collective work over the last 75 public good and a precondition for peace and prosperity. In this spirit, years. In 1945, a global effort defeated Nazifascism. On the ashes of Italy has supported the Appeal of Secretary-General Guterres for a oppression, discrimination and the use of force, the United Nations Global Ceasefire from the outset. In all hotspots of the world, conflicting reflected the global aspiration for peace, freedom and international parties must join forces against the virus. cooperation. Italy has been among the very first and strongest advocates for an 174 Multilateralism was the response to the devastation of the war. We International Alliance to fight COVID-19. We proudly co-hosted the 175 Serbia

Coronavirus Global Response Pledging Conference, which collected 7.4 Serbia billion euros for universal and fair access to vaccines, treatments and diagnostics to fight COVID-19.

We all know that the negative impact of the pandemic will be the H.E. Mr strongest in the most vulnerable countries. It will threaten lives, as well as livelihoods. We need to prevent the health crisis from becoming an Ivica economic crisis and a food security crisis.

In this spirit, Italy chairs the UN Group of Friends on Food Security and Dačić Nutrition. We count on the UN hub in Rome and on the COVID-19 Food First Deputy Prime Minister and Coalition to ensure food value chains and resilient food systems. Minister of Foreign Affairs

Overall, the peace and stability of our societies is faced with traditional and new challenges: hybrid threats, health crisis, climate change, inequalities and the downturns of digital transformation.

Safeguarding the security of our citizens is our main goal, but we must not compromise on fully respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Dialogue based on shared values, the exchange of information, coordination and common strategies will allow us to become more resilient.

Italy is ready to do its part.

Thank you.

Mr President, Distinguished Members of the Security Council, Excellencies,

We welcome Estonia’s initiative to have a debate on the occasion of marking the 75th anniversary since the end of the Second World War, one of the biggest horrors of our civilization, which taught us lessons we must never forget.

176 At the very beginning, let me remind you of the magnitude of suffering 177 that the Second World War inflicted on the then Yugoslavia, which was Kosovo by the provisional institutions in Priština was an act of violation sadly third in the world according to the number of victims as compared of UN Security Council resolution 1244, which seriously endangered the to total population. The biggest conflict in the history of humankind stability of the Republic of Serbia and the entire region as well. These took one million and seven hundred thousand lives in the then events need to serve as a lesson for the future on the importance of Yugoslavia, with the greatest suffering by far being experienced by the consistent adherence to the Charter of the United Nations and the Serbs. Over the four years of war, attempts were made to systematically standards reached in international law. I remind you that the Republic exterminate persons belonging to my people by committing the most of Serbia remains fully committed to finding a compromise solution for heinous crimes against them. I remind you of the death camps in the the issue of Kosovo and Metohija, a solution to ensure lasting peace then Independent State of Croatia, an ally of fascist Germany, where and stability in the entire region. The United Nations and the Security Serbs, Jews and Roma were most cruelly tortured and murdered. Council should have the last word in the process of our dialogue with However, severe hardship and intense suffering also gave rise to great Priština. heroic feats and the Serbian people, together with the Allied powers, managed to resist and defeat the occupying forces, thus carving out Ladies and gentlemen, in golden letters a most special place for themselves in the history of humankind, and making it incumbent on their descendants to foster the As a representative of a state and people who suffered greatly and lost memory of this time of great suffering, but of the decisive victory, too. many lives combating Nazism and fascism during the Second World Regrettably, today we are witnessing attempts made to diminish it, as War, I would like to convey in the end that all of us together share a well as to relativize its significance by way of new interpretations, and moral obligation to preserve the memory of lessons learned from this to even bring into question the atrocities committed. Such an approach most devastating conflict in modern history, and to jointly stand against is unacceptable because of the great suffering that our ancestors any attempts to cast a pall of relativity over the events of the Second went through. World War. Only if we learn the lessons from the bitter past can we embark on building a new, brighter vision of the future based on our We proudly emphasize that the then Yugoslavia had actively shared values of freedom, cooperation, understanding, tolerance and participated in the establishment of the United Nations, as one of the respect for diversity. first fifty countries to sign the Charter of the UN. The Republic of Serbia uses every opportunity to underline that we need the UN today no Thank you for your attention. less than upon its establishment and that its relevance mау not in аnу case be questioned. Nevertheless, we have been witness to resorting to unilateral measures at times and actions which undermine and bring into question the efficiency of multilateralism and international cooperation mechanisms.

Sadly, Serbia experienced the devastating effects of such an approach. I will remind you that the decision to use armed force and aggression against FR Yugoslavia in 1999 was made and carried out without the approval of the UN Security Council, thus not only violating the sovereign rights of our country, but also undermining the authority of the UN Security Council and seriously threatening its рrimагу role. 178 Thereafter, the unilateral declaration of independence of so-called 179 Ecuador

pernicious effects of the conflict in Europe and were outraged at Ecuador the immense loss of human life and the massive destruction it left in its wake.

H.E. Mr After the war, the international community understood that ideological fanaticism, the nationalism that seeks to rule by force over others, José and racial hatred, can easily unleash evil forces on society, undermine democracy, violate human rights, and disdain humanistic values.

Valencia This landmark anniversary is a renewed opportunity to ensure a more efficient Security Council, and to support the UN Secretary-General’s Minister of Foreign Affairs call for a global ceasefire in the current dire circumstances of COVID-19.

When 75 years ago the war was brought to a halt in Europe, States understood that everyone’s security can only be achieved through collective effort and that a country cannot remain in isolation if the rest around it are in chaos or conflict.

With the end of the war, the international community learned that it must work together to prevent political power from being misused to massively violate the rights of other people. The terrible price in human lives of the Jewish Holocaust was the starting point, to establish an international system for the protection of the fundamental rights of all people at the United Nations.

And there is another important lesson that the end of the war in Europe left us. International aid played a crucial role through the Marshall Plan and other recovery programs, that gradually reactivated the economies Your Excellency, Urmas Reinsalu, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the of the beleaguered continent and, with the decision and commitment Republic of Estonia, and President of the Council, of European citizens and governments, reorganized societies that Excellencies and dear colleagues, today, and since several decades, enjoy significant rates of human development and progress. Allow me at the outset to thank the President of the Security Council for convening this meeting at Estonia’s initiative. This is a lesson not only for the history books: it is one for the present, for a world shaken at its core by COVID-19. Commemorating the end of the Second World War in Europe, which occurred 75 years ago, is a source of joy for all nations. Although the pandemic has at this moment not caused an equal number of lost lives as during World War II, thousands, far too many, 180 All our countries, to a greater or lesser degree, directly suffered the have already perished due to the scourge and the economies of many 181 Sudan

countries have suffered badly, one being Ecuador. The negative impact Sudan of COVID-19 will deteriorate the indicators of social development, pushing them back to levels of at least a decade ago.

For all these reasons, the lessons of the post-war European recovery H.E. Mr are fully relevant now. The world requires an aggressive post-COVID-19 plan to address the economic and social consequences of the Omer pandemic. A plan that leaves no one behind.

This can include the availability of fresh resources through, for Gamareldin Ismail example, the issuance of a significant amount of Special Drawing State Minister for Foreign Affairs Rights, the renegotiation of external debts to enable countries to fulfill their obligations without causing social stress, and the activation of international trade so that our products generate the income that economies need to sustain employment. We may even have an opportunity to do this in a way that helps us transform our economies in a more inclusive and sustainable way.

Let us commemorate the end of World War II recalling also the world of cooperation that emerged from the ashes of that terrible armed conflict, and the necessity of working collectively to defeat the new, deadly, albeit silent global enemy: COVID-19, and thus achieve the social and economic recovery of nations. It is an evident truth that the well-being of peoples everywhere is the best guarantee for the well-being of all States and contributes to maintaining international peace and security, the fundamental reason for being of this august Security Council, which I have had the honor to address today. Excellencies, Mr Urmas Reinsalu, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic Thank you, Mr President, dear colleagues. of Estonia, Mr Josep Borrell Fontelles, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs, Ms Rosemary DiCarlo, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs and Peacebuilding, Mr Timothy Snyder, Professor of History at Yale University, Distinguished Members of the Security Council, Honourable guests,

I am pleased and honoured to be among you today, in this important 182 meeting on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the end of the 183 Second World War. I would like to extend my sincere thanks and that could have produced serious challenges to the international appreciation to Mr Urmas Reinsalu, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the system: the energy crisis of 1973 and the migration crisis of 2015. Republic of Estonia, for his kind invitation to the Republic of Sudan to During these crises, there were tendencies from some countries to participate in this important event. I wish the Republic of Estonia, on resort to nationalism rather than multilateralism to find common ground my personal behalf, and on behalf of the government of the Republic to produce a solution which could have resulted in bringing back of Sudan a successful presidential term for the UN Security Council memories of the old days of war. this May. I have full confidence that the capabilities and wisdom of Mr Urmas Reinsalu will lead the deliberations of your esteemed council To maintain the relative peace the world has enjoyed since the Second to important results and conclusions that contribute to strengthening World War, there is a need to manage the growing populist tendencies, the spirit of cooperation and coordination between members of the which I believe pose a serious threat to the peace and security that have international community, as the world is facing an outbreak of the prevailed after the Second World War. Populism is always related to COVID-19 pandemic, described by many observers of international nationalism at the expense of any integrative and collective values in politics as the most serious crisis to humanity since the Second international politics. World War. Such crises and tendencies represent a significant challenge to the post- Ladies and gentlemen, World War II international system and to global peaceful coexistence and require the strengthening of the collective and institutional Distinguished participants, capabilities of the system. Here is where the decisive role of the Security Council comes through in creating interlinked and interrelated The Second World War left immense destruction on mankind in all international policies working together to sustain security, peace, aspects; nevertheless, it produced an international system capable economic and social well-being. of averting another war with such lethal consequences for humanity. Europe, which experienced a period of unprecedented fighting and Distinguished participants, destruction during the war, became the most stable, peaceful and secure spot in the world due to the commitment to the principles Although 75 years have passed since the end of the Second World of democracy, good governance and multilateral cooperation War and the world has lived in peace, prosperity, and unprecedented reinforced by globalization, a product of the development of the scientific and technological progress, this has not been absolute. The international system. liberal international system has succeeded in avoiding the outbreak of a third world war, but its manifestations and repercussions were Perhaps everyone realizes that the purely nationalist policies and not peaceful throughout the whole world. Many countries of the protectionism practiced by the international powers at that time were Third World witnessed and some are still witnessing instability and the causes of the outbreak of war on the widest scale. Therefore, the destructive wars, both during the Cold War period, as they were the most important lesson to be learned is to avoid such policies and scene of the conflicts of major international powers, or in the post-Cold continue to build on the principles of multilateralism, cooperation and War period, as a result of the political vacuum and decline in support coordination of policies which have been considered as the main pillars that contributed to relative stability in our countries at the time. of peace that the world, especially Europe, has enjoyed over the last decades since the end of the Second World War. Today’s world still witnesses many conflicts in Libya, Syria and Yemen as consequences of the repercussions of the Arab Spring, and in 184 I would like to draw examples of two crises reminiscent of old policies some countries in Africa with the emergence of phenomena such as 185 Egypt

terrorism, illegal migration and cross-border crimes, all of which are Egypt threats to international peace and security and need insight and firm determination by actors in the international community, as well as stakeholders to overcome them. Sudan is one of the countries currently facing a lot of challenges. The Transitional Government, inaugurated H.E. Mr last year after a successful revolution that overthrew a dictatorial regime, is trying to bring peace and stability to the country and tackle Mohamed the deteriorated and fragile political, economic and social environment inherited from the previous regime. Edrees Ladies and gentlemen, Permanent Representative

As we commemorate the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War, we must recall the experiences and practices of the international system ever since, and realize that the sustainability of international peace and security is an indivisible whole that requires the support and development of capabilities of countries with limited capacities and resources to enable them to face challenges. The development of effective mechanisms for resolving conflicts, initiating early warning systems, and contributing to peace building efforts is of paramount importance in many countries of the world including my own country, Sudan.

Distinguished participants,

Ladies and gentlemen,

The International system is always exposed to many challenges and new inputs, the factors of which are continuously growing more rapidly Mr President, than the ability to develop an institutional capacity to absorb them. This fact entails creativity and an innovative approach to problems I would like first off to thank Estonia for taking the initiative to convene facing humanity. The challenges posed by the coronavirus pandemic this meeting today. I also thank our distinguished briefers for their that transcends any nationality and border necessitate strengthening valuable contributions. our collective institutions and their capabilities and responses to such disasters. Our ultimate lesson to learn is to enhance the imperative of The theme of this meeting is perhaps more important now than ever multilateral diplomacy that has been and will remain the main pillar of before. 75 years after the end of the Second World War, we need to peaceful coexistence. ask ourselves a direct question: “To what degree did the international system that emerged as a result of the War, succeed in achieving its 186 I thank you all for your attention. objectives?” 187 Djibouti

Indeed, the Post War multilateral architecture has succeeded in Djibouti preventing another world war between nations. However, it has not succeeded sufficiently in other aspects, such as settling widespread regional conflicts, or the proliferation of nuclear weapons and achieving nuclear disarmament, which still poses a major threat to international H.E. Mr peace, stability, and security. Mohamed And yes; the international system has also made significant progress in the promotion of sustainable development and human rights. However, large numbers of people are still living in poverty and suffering from Siad Doualeh shortages of basic needs, including clean water, at a time when Permanent Representative sanitation and the prevention of COVID-19 are largely dependent on the availability of a clean water supply. Millions are still on the brink of starvation or at risk of hunger, and many people in the world still suffer from a lack of realization of their economic and social rights.

The COVID-19 pandemic uncovered some of the shortcomings of our international framework. It revealed that there are imbalances in the priorities of international action. It became evident, for example, that the health sector was in need of greater investments and that it was impossible to separate national efforts from global regulations when dealing with a pandemic. The pandemic also continues to underscore the dangers of politicization, and how political will is a prerequisite to support those most affected by the lockdown measures.

Mr President,

We believe that the concept of international cooperation was tested by the pandemic crisis. It is obvious that although the effective functioning Mr President, of international cooperation and multilateralism is crucially needed, it remains lagging behind the reality we are dealing with. It became At the outset, I wish to thank the distinguished delegation of Estonia for a must that the global community show coordinated solidarity to organizing this high-level meeting on such an important theme. It is an adequately meet the challenges posed by the COVID-19 threat and honour to participate in this debate on behalf of the Republic of Djibouti. other present and future challenges. This is necessary in order to realistically allow meeting SDGs, sustainable development goals, as a The 75th anniversary of the end of World War II on European soil viable target, and to preserve the legitimacy and viability of the entire provides a fitting occasion to consider the lessons that the global post-Second World War multilateral architecture. community has learned for preventing atrocities and fulfilling the Security Council’s responsibilities of maintaining international peace 188 I thank you, Mr President. and security. Indeed, it was the world’s collective recoil from the horrors 189 perpetrated in Europe during those darkest of times – and its resolve concern at the failure of the United Nations Security Council to find a that they must never be repeated – that was a principal motivation lasting solution to the Middle East Peace Process and alleviate the plight for the post-war construction of the UN system and of an international and suffering of the Palestinian people. legal order founded on respect for human rights. And, it was the crimes that the Nazis committed in Europe that caused the international Mr President, community to conclude one of the new legal regime’s seminal texts: the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime The rules-based international order which evolved over centuries of Genocide, a treaty rooted in the General Assembly’s declaration in and took its present form in the aftermath of World War II is facing 1946, when those crimes were freshly seared into the world’s collective unprecedented challenges. The concept of multilateralism is under consciousness, that genocide is a crime under international law. attack. Long established rules are increasingly circumvented. When international law is disregarded, threats to international peace and But the conclusion of the Genocide Convention and the other security proliferate. The Security Council should therefore use its tools international human rights treaties that followed has not prevented the to promote greater resorting to the peaceful settlement of international perpetration of atrocities that are, regrettably, all too similar to those disputes via judicial recourse and greater adherence to the rule of committed during World War II. law. If elected to the Security Council, Djibouti’s views and positions will be shaped and informed by lessons from the past and the rich I would like to highlight what are perhaps two of the most important history of our continent, Africa. Pandemics like the one we are facing lessons. The first is that the international community has wisely must be collectively confronted. The fight against COVID-19 calls for equipped itself with tools for addressing atrocities and must never shirk strong multilateral action and we need to prevent future outbreaks by from using them. developing the health security capability of all states. The COVID-19 crisis has taught us that no one is safe until everyone is safe! The second lesson is the critical importance of obtaining documentation of atrocities that is of the highest quality. The denials of a perpetrator Thank you very much. of atrocities are best disproven by evidence that has been gathered, preserved and analysed in accordance with international best practices and standards.

Mr President,

How these two lessons can work in tandem may be seen in the response of the international community to the persecution of the Rohingya people in Myanmar, who have been subjected to unthinkable acts of genocide at the hands of the Myanmar military and security services.

The OIC, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, assumed a leadership role in condemning Myanmar’s genocide against the Rohingya and took action to bring an end to Myanmar’s crimes. Djibouti is proud to serve 190 on the OIC Contact Group on Rohingya. Djibouti reiterates its profound 191 Peru

international order has shown limitations in effectively responding to Peru new and changing realities. Today’s challenges and threats have other signs, as the increasing H.E. Mr number of casualties and the devastating social and economic consequences of COVID-19 reflect. The maintenance of international Jaime peace and security is eroded by the emergence of pockets of conflict that, in many cases, have global phenomena as their deeper causes, such as growing inequality, the effects of climate change, arms races Pomareda and transnational organized crime. Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs As a contribution to the debate, we would like to point out four lines of action that we consider should be prioritized in our collective security system.

First: The strengthening of multilateralism

In a world of increasing interdependence, the validity, development, and defence of a rule-based international order, are essential and the only way to effectively face global threats.

Consequently, it is imperative that we strive to strengthen the United Nations so it can fulfil the purposes and principles enshrined in its Charter; thus becoming a real catalyst for cooperation and alliances at all levels. A more systemic approach is needed towards preventive diplomacy and peacebuilding, as well as contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. We welcome the initiative of the Estonian presidency to convene this meeting that invites us to consider the current international order, in Also, we are very much awaiting for the necessary reform process of light of the experiences and lessons learned from the Second World the Security Council to improve its work. As former Secretary-General War. We would also like to thank all the distinguished speakers for their Perez de Cuellar said: veto power is not something given generously to enlightening presentations. the Permanent Members; veto power implies that they have to work in order to reach an agreement for the peaceful solution of international Mr President, problems.

Since the end of World War II, humanity has evolved significantly. Eliminating the risk of weapons of mass destruction, through the The United Nations has undoubtedly contributed to building a better universalization of international instruments such as the Comprehensive 192 world. In many cases, however, progress has been uneven, and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty is still a 193 pending issue on our global security agenda. shows how a crisis exceeds the response capabilities of developing and developed countries. What is essential, is an efficient multilateral system Second: The protection of civilians and the fight against impunity that entails a major coordination effort. Engagement and willingness by United Nations State Members, United Nations agencies and other The tragedies and atrocities of the Second World War remind us relevant actors are fundamental to mitigate a crisis and to take the of the importance of respecting international humanitarian law and recovery path, as is currently needed to tackle the pandemic and build a international human rights law. Both of these represent the minimum renewed and feasible future for all. standards of dignity in any armed conflict. Mr President, On this matter, I have to express our wholehearted support for the call of the Secretary-General for a global ceasefire, an initiative aimed At this critical juncture, where mankind is facing an unprecedented to reinforce diplomatic action, help create conditions for the delivery global challenge, principles such as international cooperation, of lifesaving aid and bring hope to places that are among the most multilateralism and pacific settlement of controversies and principles vulnerable to COVID-19. enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations that emerged from the darkness of the Second World War, are still powerful cornerstones that It is also essential to ensure accountability of those that stand accused could set up a joint strategy to struggle against the scourge of COVID- of heinous crimes, promoting greater trust in jurisdictional institutions 19 and make our common house a better place. and effective deterrence, while ensuring full compliance with their decisions. As a founding member of the United Nations, we reassert our belief that peace remains Humanity’s main asset and the basis for its Third: Building peaceful and inclusive societies prosperity in all areas. Ensuring it for future generations is still our greatest and unavoidable responsibility. Increasingly, the level of poverty and vulnerability of large swaths of the world’s population have direct impacts on the security and well-being I thank you. of all. They also undermine our capacity to free ourselves from the scourge of war.

We must therefore intensify our efforts towards building more inclusive societies and to further develop our ability to meet the needs and expectations of the population, recognizing their legitimate aspirations, especially the most vulnerable and marginalized groups.

It is equally important to reject all forms of hate speech and discrimination. In any society, ethnic, cultural and religious diversity must be appreciated and valued, and should never be considered a threat.

Fourth: Emergency international response

194 Currently, the severity and magnitude of the COVID-19 crisis clearly 195 Costa Rica

Rica cannot overemphasize its three core duties: the responsibility to Costa Rica prevent, the responsibility to protect, and the responsibility to uphold international law.

H.E. Mr First, conflict prevention is the raison d’être of the Security Council. To be credible, the Council must be able to address potential crises at Rodrigo an early stage, prevent them from degenerating into open conflicts, and find effective, sustainable and inclusive solutions when they do. To be credible, the Council must also fulfil Article 26 of the Charter, Alberto Carazo which gives the Security Council the express mandate of ensuring the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security Permanent Representative with the least diversion of the world’s economic and human resources to weapons of war. World military expenditures rose to $1.9 trillion in 2019 – the highest level since 1988 – according to SIPRI [Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]. Unconstrained military spending has left too many States with insufficient resources to invest in human security, gender equality, political inclusion, social cohesion, and good governance: resources increasingly needed now by all States to eradicate COVID-19 and mitigate its impacts. For us, it is therefore a question not so much about the scarcity of resources but of getting priorities in order. This is the crux of the matter: we cannot promote peace on the one hand and yet facilitate trade which deals in the perpetuation of war. Costa Rica is convinced that the Security Council should do much more to assist in that regard.

Second, the Security Council has increasingly embraced the advancement of human rights as a critical element in promoting peace and security and preventing conflict and mass atrocities. However, there is a persistent gap between its words of commitment and our I wish to join other delegations in congratulating Estonia on its collective success in ensuring protection for vulnerable populations presidency of the Security Council during the month of May, and for around the world. In this fifteenth anniversary of the adoption of the convening today’s Arria Formula. I would also like to thank Josep Borrell Responsibility to Protect Principle, it is imperative to continue advancing Fontelles, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign the operationalization of this norm, particularly its gendered dimensions. Affairs, Under-Secretary-General Rosemary DiCarlo, and Professor Advancing our collective responsibility to protect must be a common Timothy Snyder for their briefings. goal that transcends geography, levels of development, and political, religious or ideological barriers. You have asked us, Mr President, to take a hard look into the core of our multilateral collective security system – the Security Council – and It must become a tangible reality and reliable hope for victims of 196 draw some lessons learned over the past 75 years. In that regard, Costa gross abuses. Indifference to mass atrocities or armed attacks 197 New Zealand

on civilian targets makes us all complicit in those crimes. Third, New upholding international law is the very foundation of peace and Zealand security and therefore constitutes a special responsibility incumbent upon permanent Council members. That is why the use of the veto H.E. Mr to protect narrow national interests in situations of serious violations of international law is absolutely unacceptable. Costa Rica calls on all members to adhere to both the ACT [Accountability, Coherence and Craig J. Transparency Group] code of conduct and the Franco-Mexican initiative to restrain the use of the veto. We also call for the universal ratification of the Rome Statute. We urge the Security Council to act in a timely Hawke manner – including through referral to the International Criminal Court Permanent Representative – in response to any situation in which the most serious crimes of concern to the international community may have been committed.

Mr President,

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development consists of brave promises, but those will never be more than words if we cannot devise incentives to reduce levels of military spending. “The least diversion of resources” means, first and foremost, finding alternatives to excess military spending that also preserve the promise of sustainable security. Such alternatives include greater investments in human development, strengthening multilateralism and promoting international cooperation. In our multilateral system, threats to international peace and security are to be resolved through the force of the law rather than the law of force. In our multilateral system, perpetrators of grave criminal acts must not go unpunished. This is the system we are bound and determined to preserve. I cannot finish my remarks without urging the Council to overcome its internal differences and work together to address the Thank you President. current COVID-19 emergency as a threat to international peace and security. In not doing so, the Security Council fails its obligations in the I convey warm congratulations from New Zealand’s Foreign Minister same way it did in January of this year when it kept silent upon the Peters, who regrets he is unable to join because of the time difference. evident and flagrant eruption of acts of aggression that endangered We congratulate you and Estonia on your first Presidency of the world peace and security. Security Council; it is our privilege to participate.

I thank you. Speakers before me have reflected on what World War II meant for their nations. Despite our distant location, the values and ideals under threat in Europe were the same values held by New 198 Zealanders. Throughout the war, New Zealand soldiers fought in the 199 Australia

Mediterranean, in Europe, and in the Pacific. The determination to Australia “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war” led us to the United Nations institution we have today, which sits at the heart of our multilateral system. H.E. Mr Mr President, in order to keep within the time allotted to me, I come to you with a single message, and that is: leadership has never been more Mitch critical.

At a time when the values we share are under strain, be it from Fifield COVID-19 itself or its damaging effects, from the climate crisis, or from Permanent Representative violations of international law, the need for global cooperation and solidarity has never been more needed. This also means that leadership from the United Nations system and importantly the United Nations Security Council is as critical as ever. Your deliberations and decisions matter profoundly. Whether you act or not, and how you act, impacts the lives of millions. We call for renewed leadership to face today’s challenges.

Effective international cooperation and action, including through this body, to uphold the core values we share is in all of our interests. In this endeavour, New Zealand will never tire from playing our part to promote and defend an open and inclusive system underpinned by international law.

Tänan and thank you.

The Second World War was unprecedented in its destruction, claiming an estimated 85 million lives.

The toll of this war on civilians was staggering – it is telling that the mass atrocity crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity were born of its horrors.

A million Australians served in the theatres of this conflict, in Africa, Asia, the Pacific and Europe, to end fascism and totalitarianism.

200 This institution was also conceived in the ashes of this war. 201 Qatar

The recognition that peace is indivisible is at the heart of the UN Qatar Charter. A breach of the peace anywhere threatens peace everywhere. Our obligations, under the Charter, to settle disputes peacefully, under the law, and to refrain from the threat or use of force are pillars of the post-war order. H.E. Ms The annexation of Crimea six years ago, by a member of this Council, Alya Ahmed can only be described as a flagrant violation of this critical norm. The General Assembly, our highest representative body, rightfully recognises this action as illegal. Saif Al-Thani Permanent Representative Australia remains steadfast in our support for Ukraine’s sovereignty, territorial integrity and the rights of its citizens.

Mr President,

The Charter bestows significant powers on this Council. But, as the Charter makes clear, this power comes with responsibilities and duties owed to all Member States to act to preserve international peace and security. The veto entrusted to this Council’s permanent members is a privilege. It must not be abused.

Australia has always harboured concerns about the veto and led efforts to expand the General Assembly’s powers. Indeed, our opposition in 1945 led one Permanent Member, a traditional friend of Australia, to call our Foreign Minister “the most frightful man in the world”. It is particularly difficult to see exercise of the veto and paralysis of this Mr President, Council in situations where mass atrocity crimes are being committed. I would like to begin by congratulating Estonia on assuming the This is entirely inconsistent with the intention of the Charter’s drafters. presidency of the Security Council this month and we appreciate the initiative to convene this timely meeting. At this harrowing point in history, as we face escalating threats to human security due to the COVID-19 pandemic, these concerns Mr President, about the use of the veto are amplified. While we support initiatives for voluntary restraint, we are also interested in exploring ways to Since the end of World War II, our world has experienced many use the General Assembly, our high representative body, to increase changes, the basic principles however have not changed. Commitment transparency on the use of the veto. to international law, friendly relations between states, respect for their sovereignty, and the peaceful settlement of disputes have been and still 202 Thank you. are necessary to spare humanity enormous suffering. These and other 203 Pakistan

principles of the Charter of the United Nations have gained renewed Pakistan importance. It is imperative that they be respected and promoted if we are to avoid a relapse into the dark past. These principles constitute the basic pillars of the foreign policy of the State of Qatar. In this spirit, my country is committed to the United Nations as the most prominent H.E. Mr platform for cooperation and multilateralism that the world desperately needs today, at a time when humanity faces the challenge of the Munir COVID-19 pandemic in an unprecedented test of how to address common challenges by promoting international cooperation for the benefit of mankind. Akram Permanent Representative Contrary to this vision, some have resorted to the approach of undermining cooperation and solidarity among brotherly and neighbouring countries, with all its destabilizing implications on regional and international peace and security. Such an approach is embodied in the unjust illegal blockade imposed on my country, Qatar, for more than three years now without any justification, in blatant contravention of the Charter of the United Nations. 23 May 2020 will mark the third anniversary of the cyber piracy crime that has been the prelude to this fabricated crisis against my country. In the spirit of the desired goal of this important meeting, confronting policies that undermine international peace and security should constitute a priority for the international community and institutions entrusted with this task, notably the Security Council by virtue of its mandate under the UN Charter. Such missions are all the more necessary since the world faces the unprecedented threats posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires cooperation, concerted efforts, and setting aside differences for the collective good. Mr President, Mr President, We thank Estonia for holding this important meeting today. The fact that the commemoration of the end of World War II coincides with the anniversary of the establishment of the United Nations each As we reflect on the “horrors” of the Second World War, we must year should be a continuous reminder of the central mission of the remember its lessons: United Nations, which is the pursuit of the common good of all people. • Grave atrocities, crimes against humanity and genocide do The words “we the peoples” must remain at the centre of our efforts to not happen in a day. They arise from a toxic brew of bigotry, revitalize our international organization on its seventy-fifth anniversary. intolerance and hate; • The ideologies and forces of hate cannot be appeased. They must 204 I thank you, Mr President. be confronted, as soon as possible. 205 Armenia

We are, unfortunately, witnessing a global resurgence of right wing and Armenia fascist ideologies, hate speech, xenophobia, Islamophobia, incitement to violence and acts of brutal violence. These trends have been exacerbated, rather than ameliorated, by the COVID-19 pandemic – the most serious global crisis since the founding of the United Nations. In H.E. Mr particular, Islamophobia is emerging as a viral trend, unfortunately even in Europe and elsewhere, manifested by negative profiling, religious Mher and cultural discrimination, the deliberate defamation of Islam, calls for barriers against and the expulsion of Muslim migrants and refugees, the vandalizing of Islamic sites and symbols, anti-Muslim hate speech, Margaryan incitement to and perpetration of violence against Muslims. Sadly, Permanent Representative State-sponsored Islamophobia has found a fertile home in BJP-RSS ruled India. The founding fathers of the RSS were avowedly inspired by Hitler and endorsed the aim to cleanse Germany of the Jews. The “sevaks” of the RSS, modelled on the Nazi “brown shirts”, were launched on a program to eliminate India’s Islamic heritage - as evident in the 1992 destruction of the historic Babri Mosque and anti-Muslims pogroms in Mumbai in 1992, Gujarat in 2002 and New Delhi in 2020, a few months ago. India’s Muslims are also being vilified as the source of the COVID virus in India.

The ethos of the Hindu supremacists is epitomized in the following declaration of a prominent BJP parliamentarian:

“All people are not equal. Muslims are not equal in category. If Muslims become more than 30%, that country is dangerous”.

In occupied Jammu and Kashmir, the BJP-RSS leaders are engaged in imposing what they themselves have called “a final solution” - a plan to crush Kashmir’s quest for self-determination and freedom and colonize it into a Hindu majority territory. The Security Council has the mandate Mr President, to prevent and punish Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. It must act to prevent impending atrocities, including against We thank the Estonian Presidency of the Security Council for organizing the Muslims in India and in occupied Jammu and Kashmir. this meeting to reflect on the end of World War II in Europe and the lessons learned for preventing future atrocities. I would also like to I thank you. thank the distinguished briefers: High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Mr Josep Borrell, Under- Secretary-General Ms Rosemary DiCarlo, and Professor Timothy Snyder 206 for their remarks. 207 As we commemorate the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second deserves to be repeated that the inalienable right of the people of World War, we remember and pay tribute to all those, who lost their Artsakh to self-determination through legally binding free expression of lives for a peaceful future to “save the succeeding generations from the will is the fundamental principle and basic premise of the resolution of scourge of war”. the conflict.

The Armenian people, who went through the horrors of genocide Mr President, committed under the cover of World War I, demonstrated selfless courage and enormous sacrifice during the Second World War. Almost Armenia is strongly committed to multilateral cooperation for peace, six hundred thousand Armenians were called to serve in the Soviet development and human rights. We have unequivocally supported the Army, more than half of them never returned to their homes. Four Secretary-General’s appeal for a global ceasefire and we commend his Marshals, one Admiral of the Fleet and 60 Generals were among the efforts in responding to multiple challenges posed by the global crises. Armenians who fought in the battlefields of the World War II. Armenia carries a special duty and moral imperative to help consolidate Thousands of Diaspora Armenians are known for their outstanding international efforts aimed at the prevention of genocide. We stand contribution to the Allied forces in different parts of the world, ready to continue our close cooperation with the UN Office on including those in the Resistance movement. The tragic history of Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect in strengthening the past calamities stands as an important lesson to be learned and early warning capacities of the UN system to prevent future atrocities. remembered. In conclusion, let me once again pay tribute to the memory of heroes A sign in the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. with a who fought and achieved hard-won victory in 1945, and congratulate notorious quotation – “who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation the veterans, all friends and colleagues on the occasion of this landmark of the Armenians?” – is yet another stark reminder of the threats of anniversary. impunity and the failure of international order at the time. It has been said so many times before, that those who forget history, are doomed Thank you. to repeat it.

Today’s reflection on the lessons of the past is taking place at a time when there is a decline in many ways - from a crisis of the global health system caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to the shrinking of multilateralism, solidarity and global cooperation.

Despite major efforts of the United Nations in promoting peace and security over the past 75 years, we continue to face armed conflicts, destabilizing military build-ups, a rise in nationalism and authoritarian trends, as well as hate speech and hate crimes being committed, including in our immediate neighbourhood. Violations of human rights, fundamental freedoms and particularly the suppression of the right of people for self-determination, is the underlying cause of the Nagorno 208 Karabakh conflict which Azerbaijan continuously misrepresents. It 209 Iraq

Iraq Excellences,

It is a great honour to represent my beloved country at this meeting. H.E. Mr Iraq believes that it is very important to commemorate the foundations of the international system, which were intended to promote peace and security through cooperation and solidarity; and the reflections on the Mohammed Hussein lessons from the Second World War.

The lesson all humanity should learn from the grave experience of Bahr Al-Uloom World War II is that cooperation and respect should prevail. Global Permanent Representative challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic do not recognize people on the basis of their ethnic, religious, or political affiliation. We all share the same destiny, and all hold the same responsibility of delivering prosperity and peace to the next generations.

Iraq believes that to foster peace and stability in the whole world, and achieve progress in development, the principles and purposes enshrined in the United Nations charter should be honoured and fully complied. The main goals of the charter are to save humankind from the scourge of war and achieve prosperity. For the sake of these noble goals the UN membership should speak with a truly collective voice. In this regard, Iraq commends the Secretary-General for inspiring leadership, supporting forward-looking and future oriented efforts, and underscoring the need to respect the principles of national sovereignty, independence of states and non-interference in their internal affairs.

Excellences,

Iraq honours its constitutional principles such as promoting international cooperation, reaffirms commitment to multilateralism and the rules-based international system, and highlights the nexus between sustainable development and peace. In this regard, we find it important Excellency Mr Urmas Reinsalu, to shed light on two mainly important factors – besides others – that undermine collective prosperity which are terrorism and armed At the outset, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to His conflicts. Excellency Urmas Reinsalu, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia, for organizing this meeting, and present our Iraq believes that the best way to overcome these challenges is through warmest congratulations for the presidency of the Security Council for effective United Nations’ mechanisms which should be collective in 210 this month. nature and neutral at their core. Therefore, Iraq emphasizes the need 211 United Arab Emirates

for reforming and strengthening the organs of the United Nations to United Arab Emirates make them more fitting to the purposes for which they were intended, especially the need to reform the Security Council. Iraq believes that there is a need to increase the accountability of the Security Council and rationalize the use of veto for the aim of conflict prevention. H.E. Ms Iraq also recognizes the need to respond to new and emerging Lana challenges in the future, by leading discussions on rules and norms and through broader structural cooperation regarding trans-boundary water resources, cyber security, terrorism, epidemics and climate change. Nusseibeh Permanent Representative Thank you.

Thank you, Mr President, for chairing this important meeting. Let me first emphasize that while today we commemorate the end of the Second World War on European soil, its consequences had a direct impact on the Middle East that is not often part of the European narrative. The balance of power and geographic divisions made at the end of the First and Second World Wars by the victors determined the boundaries and new fault lines of the Middle East in a way that still has 212 far reaching ramifications today. 213 These global repercussions led to what is probably the most important as clear today as it was 75 years ago. lesson from the order that emerged from the Second World War to prevent future wars. The world order that was forged from the ashes is Mr President, the best safeguard we have for our collective security. In the midst of a pandemic, this discussion could not be more timely. As the world reels Whether it is in the context of mass atrocities or a global pandemic, from the impact of COVID-19, the United Arab Emirates is committed to history will judge us by whether we left anyone in our international the reaffirmation of those founding principles of the UN. community behind, especially the most vulnerable. They should remain at the centre of our efforts today. Thank you. 75 years ago, the world sleepwalked through the largest mass atrocity in modern history and our region entered decades of entrenched turmoil. I would like to emphasize some lessons that history has taught us and that remain valid to this day.

First, mass atrocities do not start with violence. They start with the first signs of oppression against people based on their identity—and with extremist propaganda. We are seeing signs of these divisions emerging again today with hate speech and xenophobia around the world. The UAE is well aware of the challenges of maintaining international peace and security in a region marred by sectarian violence, hegemonic agendas, and extremism, and we remain committed to preventing the further radicalization of our youth.

But once we identify the worrying signs, like we are doing today, early warning is not enough, we need early action. The international community cannot look the other way. The Secretary-General through his good offices, the Security Council, and individual member states all have a Charter-mandated responsibility in preventing the onset of violence. The UAE continues to work tirelessly to promote peaceful solutions in our troubled region and around the world, and we reaffirm our commitment to the Secretary-General’s call for a global ceasefire.

Many say today that the global fracture in the international community means that inaction is inevitable in the UN’s primary peace and security organ. We say that is an excuse that dishonours the sacrifice of those who lost their lives in the forging of this world order.

When prevention fails, respect for the UN Charter, international law and international humanitarian law is essential to mitigate the effects of 214 armed conflict. The need to promote respect for international norms is 215 Jordan

Mr President, Jordan

Today’s context differs from the one which was prevailing when the UN was founded in 1945. Membership has grown from 51 to 193 member H.E. Dr states and we are living in a globalized and interdependent world. However, the world today is facing more challenges and threats of a Sima complex nature: inequalities, vulnerabilities, displacement and refugee crises persist, and so do socio-economic gaps and challenges, as well as climate change threats. Conflicts, xenophobia, terrorism, radicalization, Bahous violent extremism and cyber-crimes are on the rise. Permanent Representative There is a growing demand for justice, accountability, democracy, prosperity, and respect for human rights and the rule of law. In the face of all this, we need to uphold and strengthen a healthy effective multilateral system that is built on trust, respect, collective action, and global solidarity.

We must respond more effectively to the many threats to peace and collective security on the one hand and to the pressing and legitimate rights of all people, young and old, female and male - for sustainable equitable development, for prosperity and a better life – on the other.

Here, His Majesty King Abdullah II’s remarks before the Coronavirus Global Response pledging conference last Monday, ring so true and so relevant; and I quote:

“Dealing with COVID-19 has shown us that we all need each other to Your Excellency Mr Urmas Reinsalu, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the survive. The lessons we learn must help us seek a better integration Republic of Estonia, President of the Security Council, of our world, a “re-globalization” that sees relations based on building capacities, ushering cooperation and putting the wellbeing of all Allow me to congratulate Your Excellency and the Republic of Estonia peoples first”. on your membership in the Security Council and the assumption of its Presidency for this month. We are certain that with your exceptional Mr President, leadership, Estonia will succeed in steering the UN Security Council in these trying times of COVID-19. Global peace and stability are some of the most important tasks of the UN and the Security Council. The UN has given birth to new Thank you also to all the participants in this Arria-formula for sharing concepts such as peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention, and their invaluable views and perspectives. sustaining peace. It pioneered arms control treaties and verification, 216 notably the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) regime, the Sustainable 217 Islamic Republic of Iran

Development Goals and the 2030 Agenda; and has recognized the Islamic Republic of Iran role of young people in peace and security through Security Council resolution 2250 at the initiative of Jordan. It has also realized the role of women in Peace and Security. H.E. Mr But despite many successes, the United Nations and the Security Council are still faced with many challenges that undermine their Majid Takht credibility: the inability to resolve long standing conflicts such as the Palestinian – Israeli conflict. Despite the hundreds of resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and the Security Council; the Ravanchi implementation is still on pause and illegal occupation continues. The Permanent Representative UN Security Council must shoulder its responsibility to achieve a just and comprehensive solution to the Palestinian question based on the two-state solution leading to the establishment of an independent State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital.

Jordan believes that we all need to preserve multilateralism, to respect international law and international legitimacy, to work in unity, and to collectively end suffering, to solve protracted conflicts - to address the root causes of conflicts - all conflicts in all regions.

Mr President,

In conclusion, collective action was the promise of the United Nations. Nearly 75 years ago, this organization was created by the specific, individual actions of member countries, coming together to shape a better future. And today, we still urgently need each other and effective leadership from every member state to act collectively and together to achieve the peaceful better, safer world we all need and want. In the Name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful,

Thank you, Mr President. Mr Chairman,

The main lesson humanity has learned from World War II is “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war”. We have only one choice, that is “to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations … [under] international law can be maintained”.

Accordingly, through the Charter we agreed that such a noble objective 218 can best realized if we “live together in peace … as good neighbours”, 219 Nigeria

“develop friendly relations”, “settle … disputes by peaceful means”, Nigeria “refrain … from the threat or use of force” “achieve international cooperation in solving international problems” and “employ international machinery for the … advancement of all peoples.” H.E. Mr Consequently, we established the United Nations as “a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these Samson common ends”. This was promoted by developing a great number of international instruments and institutions that form the current multilateral system, which proved that, while not ideal and prefect, it is Itegboje the only available tool at our disposal. However, today, all those lessons Deputy Permanent Representative learned and achievements gained are at high risk and, as the United Nations Secretary-General rightly puts it, the “world order is increasingly chaotic”; “democratic principles are under siege”; “the rule of law is being undermined”; and “multilateralism is under fire precisely when we need it most. ”

Therefore, our most urgent and key question today is how to address the challenges of multilateralism. The illegal unilateral actions of the U.S., with its excessive addiction to sanctions and economic terrorism as well as its policy to withdraw from international instruments and institutions, are alarming. One of the living examples of systematic mockery of international law is the violation of the Council’s resolution 2231 by the U.S. which is brazenly threatening others to either violate that resolution or face punishment. Such bullying policies and unlawful practices are growingly eroding the pillars of multilateralism, tarnishing the credibility of this Organization and mainly the Security Council.

To conclude, today, multilateralism is not only an option, it is the only Mr President, option. There is no magic solution or alternative, as challenges such as coronavirus do not recognize boundaries and thus cannot be managed Let me from the outset commend the delegation of Estonia and the with one or certain countries alone, no matter how powerful they are. President of the Security Council for the month of May for organizing today’s high-level Arria-formula meeting and for adapting to novel Let us be united in pursuing the common goods of all states and working methods during this trying time. in promoting true multilateralism founded on inclusion instead of exclusion; cooperation in place of confrontation; and rule of law instead Mr President, of rule of power. General Assembly resolution 59/26 declared 8 and 9 May every year 220 I thank you, Mr Chairman. as a time for remembrance and reconciliation and calls on all Member 221 States to pay tribute to victims of the Second World War. As we better to address these challenges. It is a matter of grave concern that commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the end of the Second World the UN Security Council has been inactive in the face of the COVID-19 War, we remember the millions of people that lost their lives globally. pandemic. This, once more, brings to the fore the urgent need for Although the war started in Europe, it didn’t take long before it spread the reform of the Council; the world needs a Council that is not only its misery to other parts of the world. It’s tragic effect was global and more representative vis a vis our current geopolitical realities, but also this interconnected susceptibility of all countries to crisis and insecurity functional and fit for purpose in order to deal with global problems of remains true today. the 21st century.

The United Nations emerged in 1945 from the ashes of this destructive Mr President, war to save future generations from the scourge of war and establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations Upholding the Charter is a continuum that requires the cooperation of arising from treaties and other sources of international law could be all. The primacy of the Charter as an international treaty is affirmed by maintained. The end of the war heralded remarkable social progress Article 103, which places the obligations of Member States under the and economic growth in Europe and the world. Since then, the UN Charter over and above their obligations under any other international has also successfully conducted peacebuilding and peacekeeping agreement or treaty. Therefore, we must uphold the international around the world. It has advanced disarmament, the non-proliferation rules-based system with the UN at its core; and continue to underscore of weapons; promoted economic development and trade, facilitated the validity of multilateral diplomacy. History demonstrates that this is interfaith and intercultural dialogue, promoted self-determination, essential for the maintenance of global peace and security. protected our planet, reduced child mortality, promoted youth participation, protected the rights of children and promoted gender Mr President, equality and inclusion. It also supported Member States in eradicating polio and halting the spread of Ebola. Let me conclude by noting that, as we approach the 75th anniversary of the United Nations, we must recall the founding ideals of the United However, the world still faces a lot of challenges which are yet to be Nations and uphold the gains of the post-world order. We must completely overcome despite the many lessons gleaned from history. honour the millions of victims that have been lost in armed conflict by, The world continues to witness the violation of important norms of the never again, forgetting our responsibility to stand up to injustice and United Nations Charter occasioned by the use of force, unilateralism, aggression and ensure that we safeguard the lives and livelihoods of the civil conflicts, organized transnational crime, extremism, terrorism, peoples we serve. climate change, proliferation of small arms and light weapons, the enhancement and use of conventional, chemical and biological I thank you. weapons, protracted armed conflicts which cause widespread hunger, death and destruction, the resurgence of refugee/IDP camps from displacements of civilian populations and new forms of slavery. The net effect of this is that distrust, cynicism and indifference are mounting. It is therefore imperative that we reverse all negative trends.

In this regard, we, the Member States, entrust you, the Security Council with the safety and security of the people we serve as articulated in 222 Article 24 of the Charter. It is important that the Security Council does 223 Belarus

The spirit of the people, however, was never broken. For us, World Belarus War II turned into the Great Patriotic War. Belarus made a glorious contribution to our common Victory through great sacrifice, unbearable pain and terrible losses. The war left its tragic footprint in the history H.E. Mr and mentality of the Belarusian people for generations to come. This is exactly why we keep the memory of war heroes alive and pay Valentin tribute to soldiers and officers, partisans, underground fighters, and civilians working in the rear who together defeated the Nazi plague 75 Rybakov years ago. Second. There is a different war raging today. Deliberate manipulation Permanent Representative and distortion of history. Glorification of Nazism. Neo-Nazi parades. War against the memory of heroes who fought against Nazism and whose ultimate sacrifice made it possible for all of us to speak here today. It is cynical, cowardly and disgusting. There is no dignity or courage in fighting against monuments that do not fight back. Destroying a monument is not a battlefield victory but a deliberate attempt to erase the legacy of real-life heroes from people’s minds and to distort the consciousness of younger generations. Manipulating history and the outcomes of World War II is dangerous. Politicians must be responsible before history, peoples, and the international community.

Third. Today, the world is facing growing threats to multilateralism, international peace and security, a crisis of confidence, and disregard for norms and principles of international law. The 75th anniversary of the Great Victory is not just another memorable date. It is a chance to take a critical look at the current situation and to restart comprehensive global dialogue on international peace and security similar to the well- Distinguished Chair, known “Helsinki process”. Excellencies, Colleagues, Belarus fully supports a recent call by the UN Secretary-General for a global ceasefire and believes it could be the first significant step. I thank the Estonian presidency for convening this meeting. Let me make three brief points. We must act together because only together can we do it. There will be no winners in World War III. Please accept our sincere congratulations First. It is a tragic fact that in World War II, Belarus was one of the most on our common great victory and I thank you for your attention. severely affected countries. Belarus lost a third of its entire population. Cities, towns and villages, every community, state institutions, 224 infrastructure and vital industries were all devastated or totally destroyed. 225 Kazakhstan

to save succeeding generations from “the scourge of war”. Let us not Kazakhstan forget that World War II was one of the bloodiest wars of humanity, which claimed more than 60 million lives, including over 600 000 lives H.E. Mr from Kazakhstan. Unfortunately, today we are still witnessing about 40 armed conflicts Kairat around the world, defying the very principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international law.

Umarov It is clear that modern global security architecture is undergoing a critical test and needs to be robustly restored. As a lesson from the Permanent Representative past, Kazakhstan believes that war can never be a lasting solution to any problem until the principles of the UN Charter are respected by all Member States.

Mr President,

Today’s meeting takes place when threats to peace and security and the perils of weapons of mass destruction are considerably more complex and serious.

High geopolitical tension and the crisis of trust pose grave concerns for all of us. These threats are aggravated by trade wars, terrorism, extremism, unprecedented refugee flows and internal displacement caused by the forceful expulsions of people, environmental degradation and climate change.

Particularly nowadays, we endorse the Secretary-General’s call to end the tsunami of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, discrimination Mr President, and scapegoating the pandemic has unleashed. It is also important to counter all violent manifestations of extremism, aggressive nationalism The delegation of Kazakhstan congratulates Estonia for assuming the and neo-Nazism and manipulation of history, so as to build rather than Presidency of the Security Council and wishes it every success. destroy social cohesion.

This year, the international community marks the 75th anniversary of So, another lesson for us to learn in today’s environment is that the the end of the Second World War, and this is a unique opportunity to peaceful settlement of disputes through mutual respect and diplomacy, critically review the lessons learnt and the challenges that confront us. constructive dialogue and negotiations, is the only viable solution for a world order based on peace. 226 In 1945, the peoples of the United Nations declared their determination 227 Malta

We thus fully support the Secretary-General’s recent appeal for a global Malta ceasefire during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mr President, H.E. Ms Kazakhstan has always been committed to multilateralism, global peace building, security, and sustainable development, serving always as an Vanessa impartial honest broker for mutual common good. These were also our priorities during our term as an elected member of the Security Council in 2017-2018. An outstanding example of this standpoint has been the Frazier initiative of the First President of Kazakhstan to create the UN Regional Permanent Representative Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UNRCCA). The Centre has a proud record of achievements over the past 12 years to alleviate conditions that trigger conflict by assisting countries of the region to maintain stability. Moreover, together with our neighbours in the region, we have established the Central Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone as a measure of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.

Another successful experience of Kazakhstan in implementing its own initiative has been convening the Conference on Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA), which serves as a platform for developing collective approaches to solving security problems in Asia. Kazakhstan supports forging stronger cooperation between CICA and the OSCE so as to mobilize the potential of both forums.

We are convinced that the achievement of peace, as a mean of settling inter-state problems, is central for the survival of humankind in the 21st century. In this context, Kazakhstan urges world leaders to implement the Manifesto, “The World. The 21st century”, as proposed by our First On behalf of the Government of Malta, I congratulate Estonia for President Nursultan Nazarbayev, which is a call to join forces against the assuming the Presidency of the UN Security Council and thank them global war and to take measures to end violence worldwide by the UN’s for organising this meeting. Malta welcomes this opportunity to Centennial in 2045. commemorate the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War in Europe: the bloodiest and most destructive conflict the world To conclude, Kazakhstan strongly stands in defence of the peaceful has faced, and which redefined international cooperation. Despite resolution of conflicts as the only way for transforming a world in crisis the devastation, the scourge of war also instilled the vision and into a planet of hope and promise. determination to redesign the international system and build institutions to ensure that the plight of a world war is not relived. European and Thank you. world leaders came to the realisation that dialogue and cooperation 228 had to prevail in order to prevent future generations from experiencing 229 another global conflict. Everyone finally realised that after such death, We are an island, but we are not isolationists. We are committed horror and suffering, things must never be the same again. multilateralists. Malta’s commitment to peace, dialogue, and bridge- building remains stronger than ever. We are concerned about the Over the past decades, the Security Council has played an important situation in our immediate neighbourhood, and firmly believe that role in the prevention and peaceful resolution of conflicts and the initiatives in the Euro-Mediterranean region offer the suitable framework maintenance of international peace and security. Unfortunately, while to address these challenges through dialogue and cooperation, aimed most of the time the Council works in unison, there are instances where to tap into the full potential of the Northern and Southern shores of the geopolitical interests come in the way, hindering its effectiveness and Mediterranean. credibility. In order to adapt to an ever-changing global landscape, UN Member States have long seen the need to reform the Council, to We have always maintained that global problems require global make it more broadly representative, efficient and transparent, which solutions. The COVID-19 pandemic only sheds more light on how would in turn also have a positive impact on its legitimacy and the interconnected our world really is, and how local and regional events implementation of its resolutions. can have global repercussions. With this in mind, Malta continues to advocate for dialogue, tolerance, cooperation, respect for democracy To maintain international peace and security, we need to continue to and the rule of law through effective multilateralism and the rules- invest in sustainable development, human rights, international law, based international order with the United Nations at its core. History has and international humanitarian law. We must also remain vigilant and shown us that cooperation and early action pay dividends. be ready to respond to new challenges such as climate change and monitor the impact of new technologies. We need to ensure that the I thank you. structures in place be better placed to prevent the outbreak of new conflicts and regional tensions.

Council unity remains paramount in ensuring constructive action. While reform is one way to go, such efforts would only bear the desired results if the common interests of the global community prevail.

During the Second World War, Malta was the most bombed country of that conflict. Coming out of the dark was not easy, but with hard work and determination we managed to build an independent and forward- looking country with a vibrant economy.

Just a few days ago, we celebrated the sixteenth anniversary of our accession to the EU. Tomorrow, we join our European family in celebrating Europe Day and the EU’s biggest achievement, that of ushering seven decades of peace and prosperity to the continent. It will also be an opportunity to reflect on future challenges and ways in which we can continue to share our national and European experience to contribute to global peace and stability. 230 231 Uzbekistan

the former Soviet Union, through pain, deadly threats and deprivation Uzbekistan fought bravely on the front and in the rear for our dignity, freedom and peace.

H.E. Mr 1.5 million representatives of Uzbekistan also fought in that war. Five hundred thousand of them perished in the battlefield, one hundred Bakhtiyor and thirty thousand were left missing in action, fifty thousand became handicapped. One hundred and twenty thousand were bestowed with various military awards, including from European countries. During the Ibragimov war, more than 1.5 million people from other republics of the former Soviet Union were evacuated to Uzbekistan, including two hundred Permanent Representative thousand children. Many Uzbek families took orphans into their homes. One of the bright examples of such compassion was a family of blacksmiths Shamakhmudov, who adopted fourteen orphans of various nationalities, nurtured and raised them as their own.

Mr President, today the world is facing one of the most serious challenges in its recent history. The COVID-19 pandemic, which once again has reminded all of us about the importance of international community’s cohesion under the United Nations leadership. Undoubtedly, the pandemic significantly exacerbated the vulnerable situation in conflict-affected countries. Further weakening socio- economic situations and food security, taking thousands of lives every day. In this regard, Uzbekistan fully supports the Secretary-General’s ceasefire appeal in response to the current pandemic and the effort of countering the threat of this dangerous disease and overcoming its negative consequences.

Thank you Mr President. At the outset, I would like to congratulate Mr President, the victory in the Second World War is now a part of Estonia for assuming the presidency of the Security Council and for world history and an integral part of the history of the people of the convening this important event to commemorate the 75th anniversary former Soviet Union. The whole world paid the highest price for of the end of the Second World War on European soil. victory over fascism. Therefore, we should never forget the scourge of the Second World War. We must keep the memories alive, to teach Mr President, on this very day 75 years ago, Europe was set free from younger generations and to help raise peace-loving descendants. We fascism, racial superiority, humiliation and fear. The republics of the should strengthen the United Nations and follow its goals, by nurturing former Soviet Union made big sacrifices in achieving victory in that an atmosphere of trust and mutual understanding between people and horrific war, which was conducted with unprecedented, unmerciful nations to promote peace and security in the world. and unrelenting harshness. More than 60 million people were killed, 232 and millions were left crippled, alone, widows and orphans. People of Thank you Mr President! 233 Turkmenistan

More than 53 countries were involved in the war, the economies of Turkmenistan many countries were destroyed, world masterpieces and values were looted and destroyed. We remember all, who died and the victory over fascism was achieved by the collective efforts of the countries of the H.E. Ms Anti-Hitler coalition, in which the Soviet Union played a major role. Aksoltan Turkmenistan, like all the former republics of the USSR, contributed to the struggle for the liberation of the country. It was a nationwide war. Drawing lessons from the past, we are aware of the high cost of peace. Ataeva In conditions of peace, progress has been made in the development of countries, many discoveries have been made of world significance Permanent Representative and space exploration has begun. Today’s challenge facing humanity is to prevent a third world war since there will be no winners. To prevent the revival of Nazism, the propaganda of hatred, cruelty, and religious intolerance must be stopped. War can be avoided. In the case of emerging conflicts, it is necessary to use all diplomatic means and, most of all, preventive diplomacy, tolerance and multilateralism in order to stop them from developing into wars. It is necessary not to miss even minor quarrels and conflicts that arise, so that they are not ignited and do not spread. Small conflicts can turn into large wars.

An example is the UN Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia, which has been successfully operating for over 10 years. Successfully cooperating with the Centre, the countries of Central Asia jointly solve emerging problems in the region. The future of the world is in the hands of country leaders, diplomats and the central role in these processes is to be played by the UN. Today the modern world is facing the following challenges: terrorism, xenophobia, neo-Nazism, environmental Mr Chair, problems, pandemics and many others emerging issues. Only if we act Your Excellences, together, will we be able to tackle these issues and find solutions. As the Ladies and gentlemen, Secretary-General of the UN said: “As we mark the 75th anniversary, let us remember the lessons of 1945 and work together the build a future Let me start by congratulating the Republic of Estonia on assuming of peace.“ the Council’s presidency for the month of May. I would also like to thank the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Estonia to the United Let me congratulate everyone on the 75th anniversary of the Great Nations for organizing today’s event dedicated to the 75th anniversary Victory, wishing peace and a spirit of cooperation and friendship for the of the end of the Second World War. This year we also celebrate the sake of the future of humanity. 75th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. There is no 234 war without casualties. The Second World War killed 55 million people. 235 Kyrgyzstan

people, and almost half of them, 27 million people, were Soviet citizens. Kyrgyzstan

At the time of the War, Kyrgyzstan’s population was about one and a half million; 363 000 people went to fight, and 160 000 of those men H.E. Ms did not return. The peoples of the Soviet Union including Kyrgyzstan sacrificed their lives to save the future of humankind and world Mirgul civilization. And our duty is to carefully preserve and pass on to our descendants the truth about the most terrible War in the history of Moldoisaeva humanity. Mr President, Permanent Representative

We strongly believe that all international communities must remember the lessons of World War Two and work to promote the preservation of the historical memory of peoples. It is our common duty to preserve and firmly defend the historical truth and to honour the lessons of World War II and the memory of its victims and of everyone who fought against Nazism and fascism.

Moreover, we need to unite our efforts to oppose crimes based on race, nationality, and ethnic origin and the spread of ideas of intolerance and related contemporary forms of racial discrimination. It is important to oppose the justification and glorification of the ideology of fascism and Nazism, regardless of geographical, cultural, and historical circumstances.

It is also important to honour the memory of people who lost their lives during the Second World War and to maintain military graves and Mr President, Memorials in proper condition. In this regard, last year on the initiative Ladies and gentlemen, of the Kyrgyz Republic, the CIS Council of Foreign Ministers adopted the Address on the Importance of Preserving and Maintaining Military First of all, let me express my gratitude to the Republic of Estonia for the Graves and Memorials of the 1941-1945 Great Patriotic War. invitation to today’s high-level Arria-formula meeting. Kyrgyzstan believes that the 75th anniversary of the Victory over Mr President, Nazism will reaffirm its lasting significance and the current challenge to prevent new tragedies with mass casualties, as well as the need to This year we mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of World actively counter attempts to revive the ideology of Nazism and the War Two – the greatest tragedy of the twentieth century for the spread of xenophobia and intolerance. In this regard, we fully supported 236 peoples of the world. The War took the lives of more than 70 million the 74th UN General Assembly resolution “Combating the Glorification 237 Spain

of Nazism, Neo-Nazism and Other Practices that Contribute to Fuelling Spain Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance”.

Mr President, H.E. Mr 75 years ago, the world community came to realize the necessity of Agustin establishing reliable machinery to ensure international peace and security – the United Nations. Santos Maraver During this challenging time for the international community, the Kyrgyz Permanent Representative Republic fully supports the vital role of the United Nations in solving problems concerning maintaining peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, cooperating in solving development problems, reducing poverty, promoting respect for human rights, environment protection, fighting diseases and the COVID-19 outbreak response in relation to peace and security in the world today. We are convinced that the peaceful resolution of conflicts, in compliance with international law and in accordance with the goals and principles of the United Nations, is the only way to protect present and future generations from the scourge of new wars.

I thank you.

Mr Minister,

I want to thank the Estonian Presidency of the Security Council for organizing this meeting. And to High Representative Borrell, Under- Secretary-General DiCarlo and Professor Snyder for their contributions.

When on 5 May 1945, Allied troops arrived at the Mauthausen death camp, they found a banner in Spanish: “The anti-fascist Spaniards salute the liberating forces.” They were the survivors of more than ten thousand Spaniards who had first been forced to build the camp in 238 1938 and then were exterminated. One of them, Francisco Boix, left 239 the photographic testimony that served to condemn the Nazi camp II is kept today in the United Nations Charter. It is essential to put its authorities in Nuremberg. principles and values back at the centre of our multilateral action, in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, so that “No one is left behind” For Spanish Democrats, the fight against fascism began in our country in the fight against climate change and epidemics, in the just transition in 1936. It continued in 1939 from exile and the Resistance throughout for a green and blue reconstruction that offers a better future for Europe and only ended when democracy was restored in our country Humanity. And discards violence once and for all as an instrument of with the Constitution of 1978. Their example of tenacity and solidarity international policy. are today the basis of our commitment to the values and spirit of the United Nations Charter. A delegation of Spanish Democrats attended Spain, as a member of the European Union, is part of a regional the San Francisco Conference, but could not join the United Nations multilateral effort, which was born with the declared objective from the outset, victims of the repression at home, the distribution of of rebuilding our continent from the ruins, so that the genocidal zones of influence at the Potsdam Conference and the Cold War. catastrophe of fascism and World War II will never again be possible.

The democratic memory of the fight against Nazism and fascism in We also believe that the revitalization of the United Nations on its 75th Europe is a living legacy in Spain. As is the understanding that the Great anniversary requires a debate on its insufficiencies, on its budgetary Recession of the 1930s, the growing social injustice, the competition of limitations, on the blockades of the Security Council as a consequence the great powers for scarce resources, authoritarianism and colonialism of the right of the veto. We want to support the initiative to start limiting undermined the political will of a multilateralism capable of collectively this veto in cases of crimes against humanity such as those that took responding to the common problems of humanity. For Spanish place before and during World War II. Democrats, this lack of will was confirmed in the Non-Intervention Committee. Our poet Antonio Machado, an example of antifascism, summed up his commitment in one verse: “Traveller, there is no path, the path is Today we are facing a crisis of multilateralism with echoes of that made by walking.” With that tenacity we consider it our duty to make period. Today it is possible to successfully face the challenges that multilateralism the main instrument of the international community. Humanity faces, such as climate change, epidemics, poverty and That is our best tribute to those who fought for democracy, fraternity inequality, violence and xenophobia. But unlike the San Francisco and freedom in Europe and in the world. Conference, it is the political will to confront them collectively, through cooperation and multilateralism, defending human rights Thank you. and democracy, which is questioned again in the name of exclusive nationalism.

That is why we want to express once again our support for Secretary- General Guterres’s call to collectively face, with an invigorated multilateralism, the COVID-19 epidemic, an immediate ceasefire that prioritizes humanitarian aid, and we urge the Security Council to adopt a resolution in this regard. We extend our hand to the General Assembly in the same direction.

240 The best legacy of the sacrifice of those who fought in World War 241 Tajikistan

more with time. Among such unforgettable events is the Victory over Tajikistan fascism, the 75th Anniversary of which is widely celebrated by the international community this year.

H.E. Mr This historical date is honoured and sacred for both war veterans and older people, as well as for post-war generations, as it symbolizes Mahamadamin patriotism, dedication, commitment and the courage of our fathers and grandfathers.

Mahmadaminov Along with other nations that rose up against fascist enslavement, the people of Tajikistan also made their worthy contribution to ensuring a Permanent Representative historic victory.

More than 300 000 representatives of Tajikistan or every fifth of its population showed courage and heroism on the battlefronts. Almost 100 000 of them fell on the battlefield. In those harsh years, it was difficult to find a family that was not affected by that brutal war. More than 50 thousand representatives of Tajikistan were awarded high military orders and medals. 54 of them were awarded the highest state award “Hero of the Soviet Union”.

Mr President,

The victory won in World War II is of particular importance in modern conditions, when the international community needs to join forces in the face of new global challenges and threats, such as terrorism, extremism, xenophobia, racism and pandemic, as well as manipulation of history. Member states of the United Nations should do everything possible, through collective endeavours to resolve all disputes by peaceful means Distinguished Mr President, in accordance with the UN Charter and thus not jeopardize international Excellences, peace and security. Ladies and gentlemen, Against this background, as the Secretary-General has stated, it At the outset, I would like to congratulate Estonia on the assumption of is essential that the Security Council not only reaffirm the ideals the Presidency in the United Nations Security Council and express my of collective action, but also explore and pursue an innovative appreciation for convening today’s high-level Arria-formula meeting approach capable of responding to the new threats and challenges of on the very important topic of the 75th Anniversary of the End of the modern time. Second World War. Throughout the history of humanity, events have 242 taken place, the greatness and significance of which grow more and I thank you! 243 North Macedonia

North Mr President, Macedonia It is my distinct pleasure and honour to have this opportunity of H.E. Mr participating in this debate.

75 years ago, Humanity achieved one of the greatest victories in Dushko history. Winning the battle against fascism was a collective effort for which unfortunately Europe and the World paid a high price. Millions of lost lives, the Holocaust, lost generations, destructions, and Uzunovski devastating consequences just to name a few. It is out of this tragedy Deputy Permanent Representative that the United Nations emerged, reflecting the common resolve of the International community to come together and, as the UN Charter stipulates, to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. The noble mission to the United Nations is founded on the fundamental principles of the Charter: non-aggression, peaceful settlement of disputes and respect of human rights, with the ultimate goal of fostering international peace and security. The war shaped the system and all modern principles of international law in order to protect us from devastating sufferings. In the past decades, the system was confronted with many challenges. There have been some setbacks along the path, but also, we have witnessed some success stories. Today, the system is the subject of fundamental changes. We are facing many enduring and new challenges. World peace cannot be safeguarded without the making of creative efforts, proportionate to the evolving threats and dangers with which we are coping.

The outbreak of the coronavirus is the newest challenge and a test for the global community. We all faced the eerie situation of the world stopping and everything coming to a standstill. The consequences are enormous and far-reaching, and furthermore they present a significant Mr President, Your Excellency, Mr Urmas Reinsalu, Minister of Foreign threat to the maintenance of international peace and security, with the Affairs of Estonia, potential of prompting an increase in social unrest and violence. I would Excellencies, like to take this opportunity to reiterate our full support to the Secretary- Distinguished colleagues, General’s call for a ceasefire during the COVID-19 outbreak. This indeed is a global problem that demands a global response. We appreciate At the outset, I would like to congratulate Estonia for the Presidency the efforts and undertakings of the UN, many states, and international with the UN Security Council. We thank you for convening this Arria- organizations in providing support. In this context, I must offer our formula Meeting and for your invitation. I would like to join the other particular gratitude to the EU for their assistance. 244 speakers in thanking the briefers for their contributions. 245 Mr President, Mr President,

In the context of today’s topic, it is important to mention that we are just The firm democratic order has weakened and is fractured at its core. a day away from another important jubilee - 70 years of the Schuman Difficult economic conditions and inequalities, new recrudescence of Declaration, the starting point of the present-day EU. Not only is the EU nationalism, weak and uncertain political leaderships, a new era of the most important peace project in the history of Europe, but in our view, communications and a digital divide have together produced a crisis of it is the project that guarantees the irreversibility of democratic change, confidence, not only in democracies, but in entire systems. justice, rule of law, protection of human rights and growing prosperity. We strongly believe that it contributes the most to the prevention of These developments have already encouraged an aggressive conflicts and destabilization processes on the Continent. The EU’s revisionism. Granting the radical revisionists spheres of influence is not founding principles, values and standards are still the main pathway to a recipe for peace and tranquillity, but rather to destabilization, tensions, re-establishing trust and preserving peace and security in Europe. and conflict. History suggests that this is a downward spiral from which it will be difficult to recover. New generations born after the end of the Mr President, Cold War can hardly be expected to understand the lasting significance of the structures established after World War II. We all have the duty North Macedonia, as part of the Balkans, has risen to many challenges of redoubling our efforts in reminding the new generations in order and through difficulties. Above all, we have learned the hard way that they never forget the misery and suffering of the past. The UN through our own experiences that there must be no alternative to and international organizations must serve to smooth differences and our common values: the protection of human rights, fundamental facilitate cooperation among nations through effective multilateralism. freedoms and democratic norms, economic liberty and responsibility. During the Balkans turmoil in the 90s, the Republic of North Macedonia, Mr President, as a staunch supporter of multilateralism and of the ideals of the Excellences, UN, welcomed the first ever preventative deployment mission of Distinguished colleagues, the UN on our soil, having the goal of preventing the spillover of conflicts in the Region. Our determination was not even halted by the In conclusion, let me emphasize that the world is faced with so many security crisis in 2001, which we resolved with the full support of the new and old challenges and needs the Security Council to be able to act international community, and especially by the Member States of the early and efficiently on all pressing issues in order to make effects on European Union. At that time, we hosted the first EU security operation the ground. The Security Council has the duty of paramount urgency in “Concordia”, as part of our process of establishing lasting stability. We galvanizing stronger unity over core principles and provisions enshrined continued with accelerated transposition of European values in the in the Charter that can preserve noble objectives and ideals, as well internal legal system of the country. as of protecting the provisions of international law and international humanitarian law. We all know that these processes require an Lately, by engaging in a constructive and open dialogue with our enormous rise of statecraft to bridge existing differences, but that is neighbours, we have reached agreements promoting good neighbourly what we owe to the victims and those fallen in the Second World War, relations. Making compromises is not easy but doing nothing is worse. and to future generations, and that is the obligation, which can bring Yet, as stated by Secretary-General Guterres, we have demonstrated back trust in the international order and the credibility of the UN, so we “that even seemingly intractable issues can be resolved through can make our Organization fit for its purpose in the 21st century. dialogue and political will.” 246 Thank you. 247 Here, the Security Council can lead by example by building the Concept note framework for conflict prevention and stability in modern times. The United Nations Security Council ongoing coronavirus outbreak has an effect on all of us, as well as on Arria-formula Meeting the multilateral system. Multilateralism, with the UN at its core, is as important as ever. It is an opportune moment for the UN to lead the discussion on how to safeguard international crisis management and INTRODUCTION: As the rotating President of the Security Council in conflict resolution mechanisms during an era of global crisis. May, Estonia will hold a high-level Arria-formula meeting on the theme “75 Years Since the End of the Second World War on European Soil - F OR MAT: The high-level Arria Formula meeting under the Presidency Lessons Learned for Preventing Future Atrocities, Responsibility of the of Estonia will take place from 10:00 AM on Friday, 8 May 2020 via Security Council.” video conference. Further technical details will follow.

OBJECTIVES: With the high-level meeting, we will mark the 75th The debate will be chaired by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the anniversary of the end of the Second World War on European soil. This Republic of Estonia, H.E. Mr Urmas Reinsalu. debate offers an opportunity to discuss the merits of the post-war order. It will not only seek to identify lessons learnt from the past, but also to BRIEFERS: highlight challenges in our future. It provides a forum to evaluate current H.E. Mr Josep Borrell Fontelles security threats posed by conflicts in Europe and beyond. High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission BACKGROUND: World order and peace are not self-evident, which is sadly often understood only in hindsight. A gradual deterioration can H.E. Ms Rosemary DiCarlo turn into cataclysms in the blink of an eye, and it is in these conditions Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs that the worst of humanity can manifest itself. The question is not what will bring down the world order as we know it, but what can possibly Mr Timothy Snyder hold it up. The Security Council should lead here by example. Professor of History at Yale University

When it comes to maintaining international peace and security and Non-Security Council members will be invited to make interventions up preventing atrocities, Europe in general has done well: peace in Europe to three minutes, focusing on the points above. turns 75 years old if we date its birth to the end of the Second World War in Europe. Peace and prosperity in Europe have endured because The briefers are invited to speak up to 10 minutes. they have been nurtured and supported by democratic principles, good governance, strong institutions and multilateral cooperation, as well as commonly agreed norms and stable alliance structures.

Despite new and emerging issues, traditional security challenges have not disappeared in Europe. We are still witnessing the violation of the most important norm of the UN Charter – the prohibition of the use of force. The meeting could also focus on the role of the 248 Council in situations where existing agreements are not followed. 249 BRIEFINGS Chair’s summary In the first briefing, Mr Josep Borrell, the European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, emphasized the Letter dated 29 May 2020 from the Permanent Representative significance of the timing of the debate – it took place not only on the of the Republic of Estonia to the United Nations addressed to the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War in Europe, but President of the Security Council also during the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. A day later, on 9 May, the European Union celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Summary of the high-level open Arria-formula meeting of the Schuman Declaration. Security Council on the theme „75 Years Since the End of the Second World War on European Soil – Lessons Learned for Preventing Referring to COVID-19, he underlined that the world at large is facing Future Atrocities, Responsibility of the Security Council“, held on its biggest crisis since the end of the Second World War and the only 8 May 2020 way out of it is to strengthen solidarity and global cooperation. The European Union is a symbol of the progress made since the end of the INTRODUCTION Second World War to advance human rights, democracy and the rule The Republic of Estonia hosted an Arria-formula meeting on the theme of law. He also reiterated the values on which war-broken Europe was “75 Years Since the End of the Second World War on European Soil built are shared with the United Nations and are needed more than – Lessons Learned for Preventing Future Atrocities, Responsibility of ever: solidarity, openness, freedom, and respect for the rule of law. the Security Council“ that was held on 8 May 2020. The meeting took place via a video conference. It was public and live-streamed on several The current crisis is both a test for humanity and multilateralism. To platforms to increase transparency of the work of the Security Council. pass the test, a rules-based international order, with the United Nations at its core, must be upheld and strengthened. Mr Borrell also pointed The debate was chaired by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the out strong cooperation between the European Union and the United Republic of Estonia, H.E. Mr Urmas Reinsalu. The guest speakers were Nations, as well as several regional organizations in support of peace H.E. Mr Josep Borrell, the European Union High Representative for and security. Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; H.E. Ms Rosemary DiCarlo, Under- Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs; and Mr In the second briefing, Ms Rosemary DiCarlo, Under-Secretary-General Timothy Snyder, Professor of History at Yale University. Representatives for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, underlined that in 1945 world of all Member States were invited to attend and to make statements. leaders chose multilateralism and international cooperation over Following the briefings, all Council members and sixty-one additional division and isolation. The rules-based system was built on the respect member states made statements. Forty-five were represented at the of human rights and human dignity. European countries played a ministerial level. It was the first virtual Arria-formula meeting in history large role in this architecture and have been strong supporters both of that brought together such a large number of high-level participants. multilateralism and conflict prevention. She emphasised that despite the peace and prosperity in the region, Europe is not immune to The main objective of the high-level meeting was to mark the 75th instability as is shown by the crises in Georgia and Ukraine, as well anniversary of the end of the Second World War on European soil as the long-standing questions regarding the Transnitria region and and offer an opportunity to discuss the merits of the post-war order. Cyprus. When emphasising the importance of the end of the Second The aim was not only to identify lessons learnt from the past but also World War as a historic milestone and a possibility for progress deriving to highlight challenges for the future and provide a forum to evaluate from it, she drew a link with the current pandemic that also provides 250 security threats posed by conflicts in Europe and beyond. us with an opportunity to unite and then create a more equitable and 251 peaceful world together. As an important element, she also re-called the calls for a limitation by law of the use of force as it links the security Secretary-General’s appeal for a global ceasefire. of each to the security of all. The illegal use of force must therefore be condemned. Speakers stressed that tensions and violent conflicts In the third briefing, Mr Timothy Snyder, Professor of History at Yale persist even today, including in Europe – in particular, crises in Georgia University, underlined that the acts of memory cannot change the past, in 2008 and in Ukraine in 2014 have shown that new outbreaks of but they can affect the future. It must not be forgotten how the Second violence were all too possible. The history of the Second World War World War started and how Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union teaches us that inciting populism is dangerous and that isolationism divided Eastern Europe. For countries like Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, leads nowhere. Drawing from the lessons learnt from the past, speakers the end of the Second World War meant the start of a decades-long highlighted the need to act against the re-emergence of populism, occupation. nationalism, authoritarianism, racism and xenophobia. No one should be discriminated against for their origins, nor their religious or In his analysis, he also emphasized that we should refrain from returning political beliefs. to a moment where we face a choice between common scientific solutions and a return to a bloody and persistent competition for limited Speakers pointed out that even though the Second World War ended resources as a result of climate change. When referring to the current 75 years ago and multilateral institutions for preventing conflicts were pandemic, he said that it poses both a technical and a moral challenge. created, peace in the world is still to be achieved. New threats have Technical solutions will come with time, but what matters most, is how emerged. Today, international peace and security are endangered by we treat each other until then. As the truth about the past can become pandemics, climate change, terrorism, and cyber threats, all call for a language of reconciliation, we need to be truthful to have a chance of stronger cooperation. creating a better future. One of the recurring themes of the event was support for the rules- DEBATE ON LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE PAST AND THE based world order created after the Second World War and the need to CURRENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES avoid the mistakes of the past in preventing conflicts. Speakers agreed The contributors agreed that despite the fact that the two World Wars that the rules-based multilateral order, with the United Nations at its left Europe devastated, the end of the Second World War marked a core, must be upheld and strengthened. new beginning. For many, it meant a new rules-based international order with multilateralism as a major factor of international stability, Participants agreed that in order to maintain international peace and democracy and prosperity. It led to the creation of the United Nations security, States must continue to invest in sustainable development and the European Union and the adoption of the UN Charter which and respect human rights, international law, and international demonstrated that countries would put aside their differences and work humanitarian law. toward a more prosperous future of benefit to all Members States. A number of participants also emphasised that this new beginning Countries emphasised the need to revitalise the peace and security and the date [8 May 1945] brought along different consequences to agenda of the United Nations in terms of conflict prevention, different States and that the end of the Second World War did not peacebuilding, and strengthening of peacekeeping. Speakers also called mean freedom for all of Europe. for taking concrete steps towards the reform of the Security Council – to improve the legitimacy of this body and enhance its efficiency. Participants called upon the need to reject all attempts to create or References to the non-transparent use of veto by the Permanent re-create spheres of influence, as this will inevitably serve as a cause Members of the Security Council were also made, particularly in mass 252 for conflict. It was highlighted that the principle of collective security atrocity situations where the use of veto is deplorable. 253 It was also pointed out that one of the key elements of building (f) The Security Council must have a stronger partnership with a better future is by fully implementing the 2030 Agenda for regional and sub-regional organisations as they possess unique Sustainable Development. Speakers also highlighted gender and youth bonds of history and knowledge. mainstreaming as essential for reducing inequalities and for successful security sector reform processes in different parts of the world. (g) The silence of the Security Council is sometimes deafening. Inaction must not become the norm for the Council’s action. Council unity Participants highlighted the multidimensional effect of the crisis: it remains paramount in ensuring constructive action. has triggered a health, economic and social crisis. Some were of the view that the pandemic is a threat to peace and security. The COVID- CONCLUSIONS 19 pandemic has also revealed the pressing need to deal with cyber The lessons of the Second World War taught the world to protect and threats and close the global digital gap as quickly as possible. value freedom, to reject and condemn the illegal use of force and to cooperate in order to achieve and preserve peace. Speakers expressed support for the Secretary-General’s call for a global ceasefire and many pointed out that regrettably this appeal has yet to A rules-based world order and peace are not self-evident. Lasting translate into tangible results. international security, stability and peace requires genuine and continuous adherence to international law and norms, including the RECOMMENDATIONS sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states. During the discussion, the guest speakers, members of the Security Council and other participants highlighted the following principal points. The meeting reaffirmed the view that global challenges need global action. Multilateralism is the key in overcoming the current and future (a) For safeguarding lasting peace and stability it is essential that challenges. States put aside their differences and strengthen the channels for dialogue and cooperation. The principles of international law and peaceful settlement of disputes are key elements in achieving the aforementioned.

(b) States must refrain from threats and use of force against others. The principles and purposes of the United Nations must be upheld.

(c) Solidarity must be exercised to help the more vulnerable countries respond to the challenges they are now facing.

(d) The peaceful settlement of disputes and preventive diplomacy were also stressed as key contributors to preventing conflicts and finding solutions to the current challenges.

(e) The Security Council must provide the political will to act, be it in response to any of the current challenges. 254 255 World War. This Victory is the common legacy of all Member States Appendix of the United Nations, and monuments to those who fought against Nazism build a universal memorial of humanity. Letter dated 4 June 2020 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations addressed to the President The Russian Federation made a constructive contribution to the of the Security Council discussion. However, our statement did not receive any reflection in the Unofficial translation by the Permanent Representation of the Russian President’s summary. Neither were mentioned the statements made Federation to the UN by the states, whose peoples, as part of the Red Army, were directly involved in defeating Nazism. What was mentioned in the summary were points made by the absolute minority of speakers. Excellency, Such an approach is proof of the falsification of history, which is I would like to address you in your capacity as President of the Security unacceptable against the backdrop of the rise of neo-Nazism across Council for the month of June 2020 with reference to the note the world, especially in countries where collaboration with Nazis, the verbale of the Permanent Mission of Estonia to the United Nations No glorification of them and their accomplices thrived during the war. 19.1/1-417 dated 29 May 2020, which was circulated on 29 May as a Unfortunately, Estonia itself faces these unacceptable phenomena document of the Security Council (S/2020/458). quite regularly. Instead of availing of the opportunity to unite efforts, overcome differences, and give impetus to the implementation of The Russian Federation regrets that Estonia used its Presidency in the corresponding provisions of the UN Charter, the organizers embarked Security Council to promote its political interests and positions that on a path of distorting the truth and desecrating our historical memory. are reflected in the President’s summary that followed up the Arria- formula event on 8 May entitled “75 Years Since the End of the Second It is quite surprising that even though the event did not envisage adoption World War on European Soil – Lessons Learned for Preventing Future of any sort of final document, the Estonian Presidency decided to Atrocities, Responsibility of the Security Council”. We would like to draw prepare it unilaterally. The Russian Federation strongly disagrees with the your attention to the fact that the mentioned summary is unbalanced, conclusions and recommendations of the mentioned summary that were and it does not reflect the essence of the statements of many states. not agreed upon by Security Council members and can be attributed We express our regret that the 75th anniversary of Victory in the solely to the Estonian side. Apart from the abovementioned aspects, we Second World War was used for promoting specific biased approaches reject the attempt to replace the world order that rests upon the norms and distorting widely recognized historical facts. The organizers and principles of international law with the so called “rules-based order” keep silent about factors they find inconvenient while citing rather that is promoted by Estonia and a number of other states. controversial points made by some speakers as a fact of life. Such an ill-prepared document cannot be considered as one supported by all I would appreciate your kind assistance in having this letter circulated as members of the Security Council. a document of the Security Council.

Attempts to present the Soviet Union allegedly “equally guilty” Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration. of waging the war that are propagated by some politicians and unscrupulous historians are immoral. The Soviet Union suffered more VA S S I LY NEBENZIA than others in that war, it made the largest sacrifice – 27 million lives, Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation 256 and the largest contribution to the common Victory in the Second to the United Nations 257 Jürgenson from his home in New York. We spoke about history and Presiding over the made history: the virtual meetings organised by Estonia had the quality of a television programme and attracted quite a lot of attention. We Security Council in the stunned our colleagues with our smooth organisation and numerous participants. Using the technology platform of an Estonian company, era of video diplomacy we hopefully helped them on their way to international success. Perhaps in the future, the quality of the virtual meetings of international The Estonian (video) Presidency of the UN Security Council in May organisations will be the kind we demonstrated during our presidency 2020 was just as dynamic as our current foreign policy era. Our month. This was a hope expressed to us by diplomats from several diplomats in New York were chairing meetings literally from their living other countries. rooms. Work became more complicated – the behind the scenes of video diplomacy is not as rich in information as corridor encounters. The The capital of a small state also includes its image and the Security practicalities of everyday tasks, family life and foreign policy merged Council is largely a forum for public diplomacy. It is a daily opportunity into one. This month was historic and for many of our diplomats in New to “be seen” by the global public. Our statements are followed by York (as well as their families), it was a trying experience. While all this world media, our policy is analysed by think tanks and academics. It was happening, the coronavirus was ravaging New York: 100 people on is a great asset for a small country — to make oneself heard but also average died every day in May. shape the tone of discussion. For example, following the meeting organised on 8 May to commemorate the Second World War, it was The schedule of the UN Security Council was as packed in May as it our history and lessons that became the prevailing message globally would have been in the era of physical meetings. The global pandemic — that national borders must not be shifted and every country should and differences between major powers set the tone and setting of have the right to make its foreign and security policy decisions. UN discussions. The Council discussed and tried to break the impasse over Security Council membership has provided a chance to have a broader a resolution on COVID-19. This is, above all, an indication of growing influence on ideas about subjects that we care about — the discussion tensions between major powers. of cybersecurity on 22 May was organised for this purpose. There is hope that we also pierced a myth within the Security Council about What can an elected member of the Security Council achieve in this cybersecurity not being a “real” or conventional security policy issue. context? Despite increased global tensions, small states can also make a difference. For example, we can direct discussions and shape their A country of 1.3 million inhabitants can influence the agenda of global focus. Estonia talks about the threats related to cybersecurity and politics and set new standards for UN video diplomacy. European security more frequently than others. This was the starting point for our objectives in May.

Foreign policy during a crisis requires new methods. Estonia has LIIS LIPRE-JÄRMA, adapted quickly, and according to some, led the way. Whereas under Director General of the Division for normal circumstances, meetings would have been held at the UN International Organisations and Headquarters in New York, during the emergency, we chaired two Human Rights at the Ministry of special events from Tallinn. In one case, we did it jointly with New York Foreign Affairs — the discussion on cybersecurity was moderated by Foreign Minister 258 Urmas Reinsalu from the Creative Hub in Tallinn and Ambassador Sven 259 Behind the scenes

261