DIFFERENTIAL STAINING, Part I
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Gst Gram Staining Learning Objectives the Student Will Use Aseptic Techniques in the Safe Inoculation of Various Forms of Media
GSt Gram Staining Learning Objectives The student will Use aseptic techniques in the safe inoculation of various forms of media. Follow oral and written instructions and manage time in the lab efficiently. Use the bright field light microscope to view microbes under oil immersion, make accurate observations and appropriate interpretations and store the microscope according to lab procedures. Properly prepare a bacterial smear for accurate staining and describe the chemical basis for simple staining and negative staining. Background/Theory Differential staining distinguishes organisms based on their interactions with multiple stains. In other words, two organisms may appear to be different colors. Differential staining techniques commonly used in clinical settings include Gram staining, acid-fast staining, endospore staining, flagella staining, and capsule staining. This link to the OpenStax Microbiology text provides more detail on these differential staining techniques. (OpenStax CNX, 2018) The Gram stain is a differential staining procedure that involves multiple steps. It was developed by Danish microbiologist Hans Christian Gram in 1884 as an effective method to distinguish between bacteria containing the two most common types of cell walls. (OpenStax CNX, 2018) One type consists of an inner plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. The other type consists of a double phospholipid Figure 1 Simplified structures of Gram negative cells (left) and Gram positive bilayer with a thin layer of cells (right) peptidoglycan between the two. The Gram Staining technique remains one of the most frequently used staining techniques. The steps of the Gram stain procedure are listed below and illustrated in Figure. (OpenStax CNX, 2018) 1. -
The Suitability of Certain Stains 3R Studying Lignification in Balsam Fir, Ibies Balsamea (L.) Mill
The suitability of certain stains 3r studying lignification in balsam fir, ibies balsamea (L.) Mill Kutscha and Gray Technical bulletin 53 March 1972 Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station Cover photo: Safranin and aniline blue, showing blue unlignified cambium (top of photo) and contrasting red lignified tissue (lower part of photo). Imma ture, secondary walls appear blue-blue green and can be seen approximately five to eight cells down from the cambial region. Section of FAA-killed and celloidm embedded compression wood sample collected July 6, 1966; X 320. ABSTRACT An investigation was conducted to examine the suitability of ten staining reactions for studying lignification in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Two experiments were carried out on material collected on two different dates. In each experiment slides of fresh, FAA-killed and FAA-killed celloldin-embedded material of normal and compression wood were stained and evaluated. No significant difference in staining reactions was found between material collected on different dates. In each experiment, the embedded material showed somewhat superior results compared with the fresh and FAA-killed material with at least half of the stains. No marked difference was observed between normal and compression wood. This study emphasized the need for considsring each of the ten staining reactions on an individual basis, since each has particular ad vantages and disadvantages as emphasized throughout the study. Stain ing schedules were prepared and tables compiled to determine -
Lysochrome Dyes Sudan Dyes, Oil Red Fat Soluble Dyes Used for Biochemical Staining of Triglycerides, Fatty Acids, and Lipoproteins Product Description
FT-N13862 Lysochrome dyes Sudan dyes, Oil red Fat soluble dyes used for biochemical staining of triglycerides, fatty acids, and lipoproteins Product Description Name : Sudan IV Other names: Sudan R, C.I. Solvent Red 24, C.I. 26105, Lipid Crimson, Oil Red, Oil Red BB, Fat Red B, Oil Red IV, Scarlet Red, Scarlet Red N.F, Scarlet Red Scharlach, Scarlet R Catalog Number : N13862, 100g Structure : CAS: [85-83-6] Molecular Weight : MW: 380.45 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs =513-529nm(red);Sol(EtOH):0.09% S:22/23/24/25 Name : Sudan III Other names: Rouge Sudan ; rouge Ceresin ; CI 26100; CI Solvent Red 23 Catalog Number : 08002A, 25g Structure : CAS:[85-86-9] Molecular Weight : MW: 352.40 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs =503-510nm(red);Sol(EtOH):0.15% S:24/25 Name : Sudan Black B Other names: Sudan Black; Fat Black HB; Solvent Black 3; C.I. 26150 Catalog Number : 279042, 50g AR7910, 100tests stain for lipids granules Structure : CAS: [4197-25-5] S:22/23/24/25 Molecular Weight : MW: 456.54 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs=596-605nm(blue-black) Name : Oil Red O Other names: Solvent Red 27, Sudan Red 5B, C.I. 26125 Catalog Number : N13002, 100g Structure : CAS: [1320-06-5 ] Molecular Weight : MW: 408.51 λabs = 513-529 nm (red); Sol(EtOH): 0.09%abs =518(359)nm(red);Sol(EtOH): moderate; Sol(water): Insoluble S:22/23/24/25 Storage: Room temperature (Z) P.1 FT-N13862 Technical information & Directions for use A lysochrome is a fat soluble dye that have high affinity to fats, therefore are used for biochemical staining of triglycerides, fatty acids, and lipoproteins. -
Revisions Inserts Rev from Rev to JOB
BALTSO0191 Version 11.0 Template 4 Revisions Inserts Rev from Rev to JOB # 06 07 52-17 Notes: 1. BD Catalog Number: 212525, 212526, 212527, 212528, 212531, 212532, 212539, 212542, 212543, 212544, 212545 2. Blank (Sheet) Size: Length: 25.5” Width: 22” 3. Number of Pages: 28 Number of Sheets: 1 4. Page Size: Length: 8.5” Width: 5.5” Final Folded Size: 4.25” x 5.5” 5. Ink Colors: No. of Colors: 2 PMS#: 032 Red; Standard Black 6. Printed two sides: Yes X No 7. Style (see illustrations below): # 5 W W W W W W W 8. Vendor Printed X Online/In House Printed Web 9. See specication control no. N/A for material information. 10. Graphics are approved by Becton, Dickinson and Company. Supplier has the responsibility for using the most current approved revision level. Label Design COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL. THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF BECTON, DICKINSON AND Becton, Dickinson and Company Proofer COMPANY AND IS NOT TO BE USED OUTSIDE THE COMPANY WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION. 7 Loveton Circle Sparks, MD 21152 USA Checked By Category and Description Sheet: 1 of 29 Part Number: Package Insert, 8820191JAA Gram Stain Kits and Reagents Scale: N/A A B Gram Stain Kits and Reagents English: pages 1 – 5 Italiano: pagine 14 – 18 8820191JAA(07) Français : pages 5 – 9 Español: páginas 19 – 23 2017-09 Deutsch: Seiten 10 – 14 Contact your local BD representative for instructions. / Свържете се с местния представител на BD за инструкзии. / Pokyny vám poskytne místní zástupce společnosti BD. / Kontakt den lokale BD repræsentant for at få instruktioner. -
Digitally Reinforced Polarization of Hematoxylin-Eosin in the Diagnosis
Özgün Araştırma/Original Article doi: 10.5146/tjpath.2012.01126 Digitally Reinforced Polarization of Hematoxylin-Eosin in the Diagnosis of Renal Amyloidosis Renal Amiloidoz Tanısında Dijital Güçlendirilmiş Hematoksilen Eozin Polarizasyonu Sait ŞEN, Banu SARSIK KumbaraCI Department of Medical Pathology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, İZMİR, TURKEY The summary of this study was presented at 24th Congress of Pathology held in Prague on 8-12 September 2012 ABSTRACT ÖZ Objective: Systemic amyloidosis is a rare disorder, characterized by Amaç: Sistemik amiloidozlar, hematoksilen-eozin boyamada amorf extracellular accumulation of Congo red positive fibrillar amyloid eozinofilik görülen, Kongo kırmızısı ile boyanan fibriller amiloid protein deposits that have an amorphous, eosinophilic appearance proteinlerin ekstrasellüler birikimiyle karakterize nadir hastalıklardır. on hematoxylin-eosin stained preparations. The kidney is the Böbrekler sistemik amiloidozlardan en sık etkilenen organdır. Kongo most commonly affected organ by systemic amyloidosis. Congo kırmızısı, zayıf birefrenjant boyanmamış amiloidin birefranjansını red staining increases the positive birefringence of the weakly artırır. Bu çalışmada, böbrek biopsilerinin rutin hematoksilen eozin birefringent unstained amyloid. In this study, we investigated the kesitlerinde dijital güçlendirilmiş birefrenjansın potansiyel tanısal potential diagnostic power of digitally reinforced birefringence of gücünü araştırdık. routine hematoxylin-eosin stained slides from renal biopsies. Gereç ve Yöntem: Hematoksilen-eozin boyalı 130 preparat Material and Method: We reviewed 130 hematoxylin-eosin stained polarizasyon için değerlendirildi. Altmış beş yeni amiloidoz olgusuna slides for polarization. Sixty-five new amyloidosis cases were böbrek biyopsisi ile tanı konuldu. Tüm böbrek biopsileri ışık ve diagnosed by renal biopsy. All renal biopsies were evaluated by light immünflöresan mikroskop ile değerlendirildi. Preparatlar kör olarak, microscopy and immunofluorescence. -
GRAM STAIN REAGENTS - for in Vitro Use Only - Catalogue No
GRAM STAIN REAGENTS - For in vitro use only - Catalogue No. SG51-55 Our Gram-Stain Reagents are intended to be The last step is the application of a counterstain. The used as a differential stain for the microscopic most common counterstain is safranin, which colors examination of bacterial cultures and laboratory decolorized cells pink. An alternate counterstain is basic specimens. fuchsin, which gives the decolorized cells more of a Gram staining is the single most useful test in bright pink or fuchsia coloration. The basic fuchsin the microbiology laboratory given its simplicity and counterstain works particularly well for anaerobic ability to differentiate bacteria into two main bacteria, but poorly for Legionella and Bordetella groups: gram-positive organisms and gram negative species. organisms. Hans Christian Joachim Gram first devised the original procedure in the late 19 th century, and although modifications have since been Formulation per Litre made, the basic principles and results remain the same. Our formulation is often referred to as the SG51 Gram Crystal Violet Hucker Modification. The staining spectrum includes almost all Crystal Violet ................................................ 20.0 g bacteria, many fungi, and parasites such as Ammonium Oxalate ....................................... 8.0 g Trichomonas , Strongyloides , and protozoan cysts. Methanol ................................................. 200.0 mL The notable exceptions include intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia and Rickettsia , and SG52 Gram Iodine those organisms lacking a true cell wall such as Mycobacterium , Mycoplasma , and Ureaplasma . Iodine Crystals .............................................. 3.33 g The differential properties of the staining Potassium Iodide ........................................... 6.67 g process are attributed to the differences in composition between gram-positive and gram- SG53 Gram Decolorizer negative cell walls. -
How to Construct and Use a Simple Device to Prevent the Formation of Precipitates When Using Sudan Black B for Histology
Acta Botanica Brasilica 29(4): 489-498. 2015. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062015abb0093 How to construct and use a simple device to prevent the formation of precipitates when using Sudan Black B for histology João Marcelo Santos de Oliveira1 Received: April 17, 2015. Accepted: July 1, 2015 ABSTRACT The present work aims to demonstrate the stages of fabrication and use of a simple device to avoid the formation or fixa- tion of precipitates from Sudan Black B solution on tissues. The device consists of four coverslip fragments attached to a histology slide, which serve as points of support for the histological slide under analysis. To work properly, the histology slide with the sections should be placed with the sections facing downwards the device. A small space between the device and the histology slide is thereby created by the height of the coverslip fragments. When Sudan Black B is applied, the solution is maintained within the edges of the device and evaporation is minimized by the small space, thereby reducing the consequent formation of precipitates. Furthermore, by placing the sections facing downward the device, any sporadically formed precipitates are prevented from settling on and fixing to the sectioned tissues or organs. By avoiding the formation of precipitates, plant cells, tissues and organs can be better observed, diagnosed and photomicrographically recorded. Keywords: histochemical tests, histology, lipids, plant anatomy, Sudan Black B Introduction for organic solvents, printer ink, varnishes, resins, oils, fats, waxes, cosmetics and contact lenses. Sudan reagents, including the traditional Sudan III, IV Lansink (1968) isolated two pure fractions of Sudan and Sudan Black B (SBB), are widely utilized to determine Black B, in addition to impurities, and denominated them lipids (Horobin 2002) in animals, plants and hydrophobic SBB-I and SBB-II. -
LAB 3: Morphological Characteristics of Bacteria Protocols for Endospore Stain, Capsule Stain, Motility Stab and Wet Mount
LAB 3: Morphological Characteristics of Bacteria Protocols for Endospore Stain, Capsule Stain, Motility Stab and Wet Mount. INTRODUCTION Bacteria are characterized by the presence or absence of a number of different structures. Endospores, capsules and flagella are three such examples. Each of these structures is visible with light microscopy if the correct staining procedure is employed. ENDOSPORES are survival structures. In poor growth conditions some genera may sporulate. Rather than dying, endospores survive in a dormant state. Endospores are unique to Bacteria and are formed by a limited number of bacterial genera. The soil bacteria within the genera Bacillus and Clostridium are the most familiar. The stepwise process of sporulation is triggered by poor growth conditions ( see the discussion of the process of sporulation in your text). The transition from vegetative cell to endopsore requires an environmental signal and then a series of steps. The The endospore forms within the vegetative cell. A wall forms around a copy of the bacterial chromosome, capturing some ribosomes, proteints and DNA. The endospore forming within the cell can be visualized using the light microscope. As the sporulation process continues, layers form within the spore making it very dense. Exterior to the spore, the vegetative cell dies. At the completion of sporulation, oval spores are visible using light microscopy. Endospores cannot replicate. However they allow survival in lean times. In fact they are resistant to extreme environmental conditions such as high temperatures, dryness, toxic chemicals, and UV radiation. The dormant structure allows cell survival until conditions favorable to cell growth returns. Favorable growth conditions signal the process of endospore germination. -
Colloid Milium: a Histochemical Study* James H
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIOATIVE DERMATOLOOY vol. 49, No. 5 Copyright 1567 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Printed in U.S.A. COLLOID MILIUM: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY* JAMES H. GRAHAM, M.D. AND ANTONIO S. MARQUES, M.D. Wagner (1), in 1866, first reported colloidreaction, with and without diastase digestion; milium in a 54 year old woman who showedcolloidal iron reaction, with and without bovine testicular hyaluronidase digestion for 1 hour at lesions on the forehead, cheeks and nose. In37 C; Movat's pentachrome I stain (2); alcian patients with colloid milium, the involvedblue pH 2.5 and 0.4 (3, 4); aldehyde-fuchsin pH skin is usually hyperpigmented, thickened,1.7 and 0.4 (4), with and without elastase digestion furrowed, nnd covered with multiple 0.5—5(5); Snook's reticulum stain; phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stain (PTAH); Prussian blue re- mm dome-shaped, discrete papules. The shiny,action for iron; Fontana-Masson stain for ar- pink or orange to yellowish white translucentgentaffin granules; thiofiavine T fluorescent stain lesions have been likened to vesieles, but are(6, 7); Congo red; alkaline Congo red method firm and only after considerable pressure can(8); crystal violet amyloid stain; methyl violet a clear to yellow mueoid substance be ex-stain for amyloid (9, 5); toluidine blue (4); and Giemsa stain. The crystal violet and methyl vio- pressed from the papules. The lesions involvelet stained sections were mounted in Highman's sun exposed sites including the dorsum of theApathy gum syrup (5) which tends to prevent hands, web between the thumb and indexbleeding and gives a more permanent preparation. -
STAINING TECHNIQUES Staining Is an Auxiliary Technique Used in Microscopy to Enhance Contrast in the Microscopic Image
STAINING TECHNIQUES Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. Stains or dyes are used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing with microscope. Cell staining is a technique that can be used to better visualize cells and cell components under a microscope. Using different stains, it is possible to stain preferentially certain cell components, such as a nucleus or a cell wall, or the entire cell. Most stains can be used on fixed, or non-living cells, while only some can be used on living cells; some stains can be used on either living or non-living cells. In biochemistry, staining involves adding a class specific (DNA, lipids, proteins or carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Staining and fluorescence tagging can serve similar purposes Purposes of Staining The most basic reason that cells are stained is to enhance visualization of the cell or certain cellular components under a microscope. Cells may also be stained to highlight metabolic processes or to differentiate between live and dead cells in a sample. Cells may also be enumerated by staining cells to determine biomass in an environment of interest. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (e.g. muscle fibers or connective tissues), cell populations (different blood cells) or organelles within individual cells. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in flow cytometry, flag proteins or nucleic acids on gel electrophoresis Staining is not limited to biological materials, it can also be used to study the morphology (form) of other materials e.g. -
Newsletter 4
ANATECH LTD INNOVATOR Special Stains Issue Special Stains Issue Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) is the gold stan- dard for demonstration of tissue structure in anatomic pathology. However, by utilizing vari- ous dye solutions, special stains allow further visualization of major macromolecules (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, minerals) in a rainbow of colors beyond the blue and pink hues of H & E staining. This makes special stains indispensable in the demonstration of tissue morphology and its components. While immunohistochemistry and molecular biology are truly advancing in 1 A B the diagnosis of diseases, the comparatively low cost of histochemical special stains makes them April 2010 vital to the pathology laboratory. Figure 1. Fatty liver metamorphosis. A) Iron, 20x; B) H&E, 40x. ANATECH LTD. has a growing family of really A new look special stains. We refer to them as really special because several of them are unique and were at some old favorites developed in response to a problem with the existing traditional stain, due to unavailability Iron or technical performance. By understanding the chemistry of dyes, ANATECH LTD. was able to Hemosiderin, an iron-storage complex, is normally respond to these problems and produce special present intracellularly in macrophages. However, stains that are chemically unique and/or offer during hemorrhaging, when red blood cells (RBC) are a technical improvement over the conventional released from the circulatory system, excess hemosid- stain. Knowing that the stained tissue’s appear- erin deposits will occur in the surrounding extracel- ance is critical, our really special stains yield lular spaces. This is seen grossly in the color change of similarly colored results as the traditional dyes. -
Selective and Recyclable Congo Red Dye Adsorption by Spherical Fe3o4
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Selective and Recyclable Congo Red Dye Adsorption by Spherical Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Functionalized with 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic Acid Sobhan Chatterjee1, Nikita Guha2, Sarathkumar Krishnan2, Amrendra K. Singh1, Pradeep Mathur1 & Dhirendra K. Rai2* In this study, the new material Fe3O4@BTCA has been synthesized by immobilization of 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs, obtained by co-precipitation of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O in the basic conditions. Characterization by P-XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM confrm Fe3O4 has a spherical crystalline structure with an average diameter of 15 nm, which after functionalization with BTCA, increases to 20 nm. Functionalization also enhances the surface area and surface charge of the material, confrmed by BET and zeta potential analyses, respectively. The dye adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@BTCA has been investigated for three common dyes; Congo red (C.R), Methylene blue (M.B), and Crystal violet (C.V). The adsorption studies show that the material rapidly and selectively adsorbs C.R dye with very high adsorption capacity (630 mg/g), which is attributed to strong H-bonding ability of BTCA with C.R dye as indicated by adsorption mechanism study. The material also shows excellent recyclability without any considerable loss of adsorption capacity. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies suggest that the adsorption occurs by the Langmuir adsorption model following pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics. Organic dyes are one of the signifcant contributors to water pollution caused by the discharge of efuent from various industries such as textile, plastic, printing, photographic, paper-pulp, paint, and leather1–9.