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Cooperação No Quadro Da Defesa Angola – Namíbia (1990-2015)

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Cooperação No Quadro Da Defesa Angola – Namíbia (1990-2015) Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Publicas Departamento de História Angola no Contexto da SADC – Cooperação no Quadro da Defesa Angola – Namíbia (1990-2015) Leonardo Tuyenikumwe Pedro Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em História Moderna e Contemporânea, ramo de Defesa e Relações Internacionais Orientador: Professor Doutor Luís Nuno Valdez Faria Rodrigues, Professor Associado com Agregação, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Co-orientador: Professor Doutor Luís Manuel Brás Bernardino, Academia Militar janeiro, 2019 Júri da Prova Pública Presidente: Doutora Maria de Lurdes Rodrigues, Reitora do ISCTE – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa. Vogais: Doutor Armando Manuel de Barros Serra Marques Guedes, Professor Associado com Agregação da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Doutor Francisco Miguel Gouveia Pinto Proença Garcia, Professor Associado com Agregação do Instituto de Estudos Políticos da Universidade Católica Portuguesa. Doutora Alexandra Magnólia de Vicente Quirino Alves Dias Saraiva, Professora Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências Sociasi e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Doutor Eugênio Luís da Costa Almeida, Investigador do Centro de Estudos Internacionais do ISCTE – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa. Doutor Luís Nuno Valdez Faria Rodrigues, Professor Associado com Agregção do ISCTE – Instituto Universtário de Lisboa (Orientador). Agradecimentos A concretização deste trabalho só foi possível devido à contribuição de pessoas e instituições que, da melhor maneira, ofereceram o seu precioso tempo e o saber para este efeito. Deste modo, expresso o meu profundo agradecimento ao meu orientador, Professor Doutor Luís Nuno Valdez Faria Rodrigues, e ao meu coorientador, Professor Doutor Luís Manuel Brás Bernardino, por me terem aceitado orientar e por o terem feito com o máximo apoio, atenção e dedicação. Agradeço também a todas as professoras do Departamento de História, do Departamento de Sociologia, do Centro de Estudos Internacionais do ISCTE, que direta ou indiretamente influenciaram a minha aprendizagem ao longo da formação, em especial à Professora Doutora Magda Pinheiro, à Professora Doutora Ana Mouta Faria, à Professora Doutora Luísa Tiago de Oliveira e ao Professor Doutor Eduardo Costa Dias. Os meus agradecimentos estendem-se também à minha família pelo apoio, assim como à Drª Paula Henriques, ao Dr. Correia Caetano, ao Vice-governador Provincial do Cunene para o Sector Político e Social, Dr. Nascimento Vehelenge, ao Professor Doutor Narcísico Félix Nhulilivali, aos meus amigos Dr. Jacques Mpova, Dr. Serrote Major, Dr. Celiano Nazaiwa, Dr. Osvaldo Didalelwa, Dr. Emanuel Tekulovanu, também à Dra. Leonor Gorgulho, ao José Evaristo Kondja “Kanyoto” e à Marisa Campos, pelo magnífico trabalho, ao general Miguel Júnior, ao Brigadeiro Manuel Correia de Barros e ao sr. Leo Mwadinage, pelo generoso contributo. De igual modo, endereço os meus agradecimentos ao Centro de Documentação e Investigação Histórica do MPLA, ao Grupo Parlamentar da FNLA, ao INAGBE e ao Setor de Estudantes da Embaixada de Angola em Portugal, ao Dr. Isaías Mandela e ao senhor Fonseca Rodrigues (funcionário do CDU). E, finalmente, agradeço de forma especial a todos os entrevistados pelo magnânimo contributo. i Ao Meu pai [em memória] ii Resumo Com este trabalho de investigação, no contexto do doutoramento em História Moderna e Contemporânea, ramo de Defesa e Relações Internacionais, pretende-se analisar as relações de Angola na região da Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC), dando ênfase à cooperação Angola-Namíbia, no quadro da defesa, desde a pré- independência – desenvolvida pelos movimentos de libertação nacional de ambos os países – até à cooperação institucional pós-independência. Também se procurou compreender o estabelecimento e a evolução das relações de cooperação entre Angola e Namíbia, bem como analisar o contributo político-militar e diplomático desempenhado por Angola na geopolítica regional, essencialmente no que concerne ao estabelecimento e manutenção da paz, segurança e estabilidade na região da Conferência Internacional sobre a Região dos Grandes Lagos (CIRGL) e na região da SADC, enfatizando a questão da Namíbia. Além disso, procurou-se perceber os contributos conjugados de Angola e da Namíbia na manutenção e preservação da paz e segurança regional. Do ponto de vista metodológico, este trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas: realização de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e a realização de inquéritos, por entrevista e por questionário, a uma amostra constituída por 21 elementos, tendo sido usado o método histórico, que compreende três fases: a heurística, a crítica histórica e a hermenêutica. Palavras-Chave: Angola, Cooperação, Defesa, Geopolítica, MPLA, Namíbia, Relações Político-Militares, SADC, SWAPO e UNITA. iii Abstract With this research work within the scope of the PhD in Modern and Contemporary History, specialising in Defence and International Relations, we intend to analyse the relationships that Angola has maintained in the region of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), emphasising Angola-Namibia cooperation in the field of defence from the times before independence ― through the national liberation movements of both countries ― to post-independence institutional cooperation. We will try to understand the establishment and evolution of the cooperation relations between Angola and Namibia. We will also analyse the political-military and diplomatic contribution of Angola to regional geopolitics, mostly as regards the establishment and maintenance of peace, security, and stability in the region of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) and in the SADC region, highlighting Namibia. Furthermore, we will try to understand the combined contributions of Angola and Namibia for the maintenance and preservation of regional peace and security. From a methodological point of view, this work is structured into three phases: literature review, document analysis, and a survey (by interview and questionnaire) of a sample of 21 people, using the historical method. This method comprises three stages: heuristics, historical criticism, and hermeneutics. Keywords: Angola, Cooperation, Defence, Geopolitics, MPLA, Namibia, Political-Military Relationships, SADC, SWAPO, and UNITA. iv Índice Agradecimentos ................................................................................................................................. i Resumo ............................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. iv Índice .................................................................................................................................................. v Glossário de Siglas ........................................................................................................................... x INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................................. 1 Enquadramento Teórico-metodológico ..................................................................................... 1 Objeto de Estudo e Escolha do Tema ................................................................................... 1 Escolha da Cronologia ............................................................................................................. 2 Objetivos da Investigação ....................................................................................................... 2 Problemática .............................................................................................................................. 2 Hipóteses ................................................................................................................................... 4 Importância da Investigação ................................................................................................... 5 Procedimentos Metodológicos ................................................................................................ 5 Pressupostos Teóricos: Quadro Conceptual Referencial e Estado da Arte ........................ 9 Quadro Conceptual Referencial ............................................................................................. 9 Estado da Arte ......................................................................................................................... 13 CAPÍTULO I – ANGOLA E NAMÍBIA: ENQUADRAMENTO HISTÓRICO E GEOPOLÍTICO ........................................................................................................................................................... 24 1. Nota Introdutória ..................................................................................................................... 24 2. Angola: Breve Contextualização Histórica e Geopolítica ................................................. 24 2.1. Impacto da Guerra Civil nas Relações Externas de Angola .................................... 44 3. Namíbia: Breve Contextualização Histórica e Geopolítica .............................................. 49 3.1. Impacto da Guerra Fria no Processo de Luta pela Independência da Namíbia ... 72 4. Nota Conclusiva do Capítulo ...............................................................................................
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