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University of the Western Cape Department of History The making of Ruacana as place and its construction as future heritage Nehoa Hilma Kapuka A mini-thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Artium in the Department of History, University of the Western Cape, November 2014 Supervisor: Professor Leslie Witz Table of Contents List of Illustrations……………………………………………………………... ..................... i Key words ….………………………………………………………………………………. ii Abstract …….………………………………………………………………………………. iii Declaration …………………………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgement ….………………………………………………………………………... v Introduction ….……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter One .………………………………………………………………………………. 31 1. Ruacana becomes a place: early settlers, establishing the borders, the hydropower plant, dorp, township and army base …………………………………………….... 31 1.1. Evidence on Ruacana’s early inhabitants ….……………………………………...... 32 1.2. Germany - Portugal Boundary Convention of 1886 ………………………………. 34 1.3. Ruacana Boundary Agreement of 1920 ……………………………………………. 38 1.4. The Cape Town Boundary Agreement of 1926 ……………………………………. 41 1.5. The Kunene River Water-Use Agreements: 1926 – 1969 ….………………………. 42 1.6. Ruacana hosts the biggest hydropower station in Namibia ...………………………. 48 1.7. Spatialised Apartheid: Ruacana and Oshifo Townships …...………………………. 57 1.8. Ruacana Becomes a Military Post ………………………………………………. 62 Chapter Two ………………………………………………………………………………. 68 2. Ruacana becomes a centre of modernization in Namibia ….………………………. 68 2.1. The South African Panorama ………………………………………………………. 69 2.2. The South West African Survey 1974 ……...………………………………………. 78 2.3. Passport to Truth ……..…………………………………………………………….. 85 Chapter Three .……………………………………………………………………………. 97 3. Picturing Ruacana: The Visual Representation and narrative of Ruacana in the National Archives of Namibia ……...………………………………………………. 97 3.1. The Visual Narrative of Ruacana in the National Archives of Namibia ………….. 99 3.2. The Denver Africa Expedition……...………………………………………………101 3.3. The Bernard Carp Expedition to Kaokoveld .………………………………………105 3.4. Contextualising the Carp and Denver Expedition ….………………………………108 3.5. Ruacana as Hydropower Scheme…...……………………………………………… 110 3.6. The visualisation of Ruacana hydropower scheme in context……...………………118 3.7. Ruacana as army base: Normalising War …..………………………………………120 Conclusion .………………………………………………………………………………...126 Bibliography ………..……………………………………………………………………. 130 List of Illustrations 1. A map of Namibia from 1904 with exclusion of Ruacana 37 2. The Calueque regulating dam of the Ruacana hydropower scheme 51 3. An overview of the Ruacana falls, relay station and Calueque dam 52 4. Alouette aircraft of the Ruacana army base 65 5. A swimming pool and sporting complex at Ruacana army base 66 6. Section of Ruacana waterfalls during the Denver expedition 103 7. Section of Ruacana waterfalls during the Denver expedition 104 8. Ruacana gorge during Carp expedition 107 9. Ruacana waterfalls during the Carp expedition 107 10. Ovambo artisans working on the Calueque - Okatana canal 110 11. Ruacana storage dam of the Ruacana hydropower scheme 113 12. Bophuthatswana president Lucas Mangope and company at Ruacana hydropower plant 115 13. Botswana president Quett Masire and Sam Nujoma at Ruacana hydropower plant 117 14. A toddler with a ‘spent flare’ as toy 122 15. Members of the South African Defence Force and families on a picnic at Ruacana 123 i KEY WORDS Army base Boundary agreements Expedition Heritage Hydropower Modernity Photographs Place Representation Ruacana ii ABSTRACT Ruacana is a town in northern Namibia, located on the border with Angola on the Kunene River. It is about 150 kilometres north of Oshakati. The town was established in the early 1970s by the South West Africa Water and Electricity Commission, to provide accommodation for the Ruacana Hydropower station staff. Having been established without forced removals, Ruacana was an ideal ‘apartheid town’ as only ‘white’ staff lived in the wall-fenced –off town. The ‘black’ staff, soldiers as well as those that provided services in the town, were accommodated in a nearby township known as Oshifo, A few years later, the South African colonial government established one of its largest army bases in Owambo ‘district’ to safeguard the hydropower station from possible guerrilla attacks. However, the town is rarely documented in academic or even South African colonial government publications. It is rather the hydropower complex that is well documented, where Ruacana is represented through its projects of modernization. Also, other than claims to natural heritage and a heritage of ethnicity, Ruacana town lacks formal invocations of heritage. Thus it is argued that Ruacana points to a different pattern of heritage production, as the future itself was planned as heritage. This study is an attempt to analyse how Ruacana became a place of a heritage of development, even though heritage is not formally acknowledged in the institutional structures. iii DECLARATION I, Nehoa Hilma Kapuka, declare that ‘The making of Ruacana as place and its construction as future heritage’ is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Nehoa Hilma Kapuka November 2014 Signed:......................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the presence of the almighty God for wisdom and strength. Undertaking this study has been a truly learning experience for me and it would not have been possible to complete without the support from the following people and institutions. I would like to express my unreserved and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Leslie Witz for his unwavering help and support. I have been fortunate to have a supervisor who gave me the freedom to explore on my own and at the same time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered. Professor Witz taught me how to question thoughts and express ideas. His patience and support helped me overcome many crisis situations and complete this thesis. My deepest appreciation goes to the Carl Schlettwein Foundation for funding my studies during the two year period. I am equally thankful to Professor Patricia Hayes, for successfully facilitating the acquisition of the scholarship from the foundation. Also, I gratefully acknowledge the funding I received for my fieldwork in Pretoria from the History Department of the University of Western Cape. I especially acknowledge the help and support of my lecturers, and colleagues in the History Department for conditioning us to think beyond the norms and break traditions. It is through such conditions that my thesis was moulded. I am indebted to Mr Werner Hillebrecht of the National Archives of Namibia and his entire team for pointing out materials which became core to my research. Equally I want to express v my gratitude to the Namibian Scientific Society, South African National Archives in both Cape Town and Pretoria for their assistance with my research. Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the help, support, love and patience from my family. I warmly thank and appreciate my parents for their material and spiritual support in all aspects of my life. My brothers and sisters, Rauna Shiweda, Otto, Jackson, Josefina, Hertha and Ndinelago Kapuka, for caring for Tulino and Hadula at times when books had be prioritised. I am equally grateful to my friends Zekhaya Gxotelwa and Busiswa Mofu, for opening their home to me and their incredibly warm hospitality in Cape Town. I want to express my great appreciation to Loide Shipingana and George Agbo for your excellent technical assistance. I am thankful to Iria Iitembu, Lahya Bensley-Haitembu Ndahafa and Dorothea Shiningayamwe for words of encouragement. Finally, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to Erastus Kautondokwa who has been by my side, and my anchor and source of encouragement to complete my study. This mini-thesis is dedicated to my two children Tulino and Hadula who have been my inspiration throughout this journey. vi INTRODUCTION The selection of Ruacana as a focus for this mini-thesis was motivated by different factors. Firstly, I grew up in the vicinity of Ruacana where the sight of tourists, visiting both the majestic Ruacana waterfalls and the hydropower station was a norm. Ruacana is a tourist destination for both local and international tourists. It is a favourite site for families and friends, especially during festive seasons. A residency in Ruacana is an inhabitation of a space with tourists and Himba communities, and thus regarded as a privilege by some Namibians, as Ruacana is deemed to be an exotic place. If one questions why Ruacana is regarded as ‘a place to be’,1 a response is directed to highlight the scenery or ‘natural beauty’ of the area, the waterfall, the river, the beautiful town as well as the hydropower dam.2 . I figured that these admirations have their origins in the past. Then, as a history student, I wanted to learn more on the history of my area. I wanted to know about the travelling histories and historical narratives on the development of Ruacana hydropower scheme. But there never seemed to be much literature to help me answer these questions. In 2011, I joined the African Programme in Museum and Heritage Studies, where I was exposed to different ways of thinking and analysing the past. It
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