Nepal Site-Specific Protocols
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List of Annexes ANNEX I: Location Maps of project sites ............................................................................................ 1 I (a) Location Maps (Showing Lamjung, Tanahun and Gorkha districts) ............................................. 1 I (b) Climate resilient seedlings plantation sites of Lamjung ................................................................ 1 I (c ) Location maps of Site 1 & site of Lamjung .................................................................................. 2 I (d) Plantation sites of Gorkha .............................................................................................................. 2 ANNEX II: Long term monitoring sites installed in Site 1 ................................................................... 3 ANNEX III: Thesis prepared under the LTRP ....................................................................................... 4 ANNEX IV: Nursery establishment & Seedling Production techniques ............................................... 5 ANNEX V: Seedling distribution record of Chiti 2015 ....................................................................... 10 ANNEX VI: Seedling distribution record of Jita 2015 ........................................................................ 24 ANNEX VII: Plantation Techniques .................................................................................................... 39 ANNEX VIII: Lamjung Bamboo recepient list 2017 .......................................................................... 44 ANNEX IX: Fruit orchards in Site 1 & Site 2 ..................................................................................... 46 ANNEX X: Lamjung Cardamom recepient list 2017 .......................................................................... 47 ANNEX XI: Lamjung Plastic sheets recepient list 2016 ..................................................................... 49 ANNEX XII: Lamjung Beehives recepient list 2016 .......................................................................... 50 ANNEX XIII: Plant Species for restoration activities in project sites ................................................. 52 ANNEX XIV: Horticultural techniques, Benefits & Lessons learned for Restoration species ........... 54 ANNEX XV: Costed budget ................................................................................................................ 61 i ANNEX I: Location Maps of project sites I (a) Location Maps (Showing Lamjung, Tanahun and Gorkha districts) I (b) Climate resilient seedlings plantation sites of Lamjung 1 I (c ) Location maps of Site 1 & site of Lamjung I (d) Plantation sites of Gorkha 2 ANNEX II: Long term monitoring sites installed in Site 1 II (a) Automatic weather station II (b) Hydrological Station 3 ANNEX III: Thesis prepared under the LTRP Type SN Thesis Title Student Name MSc 1 Climate change & its impact on livelihood: Bishnu Adhikari A case study of Chiti, Jita/Taksar, Lamjung, Nepal 2 Non-timber forest products in Lamjung: its Ram Kumar Rai sustainability in Market 3 Climate change vulnerability on water Sarmila Rai resources in Lamjung 4 Plant regeneration under Ecosystem Based Dipak Khadka Adaptation: A case of Jita & Taksar community forest 5 Regeneration Status of Community Forest: Tilak Babu Chapagai A case of Chiti Community Forest 6 Characterization of soil in Chiti VDC, Jyoti Karki Lamjung district 7 Characterization of soil inJita & Taksar Jitan Dahal VDCs Lamjung district 8 Production & marketing of goods through Lokendra Ghimire EbA intervention activities & livelihood impact in Lamjung district 9 Change in vulnerability condition after Kala Rai implementation of EbA project in Lamjung district PhD 1 Soil erosion risk perception & adaptive Sher Bahadur Gurung strategies of local people: A case study of Chiti, Jita/Taksar 4 ANNEX IV: Nursery establishment & Seedling Production techniques 1. Nurseries 1.1. Considerations in nursery establishment To make a good plantation, successful nursery stock is essential. The proper raising of seedlings in the nursery ensures more success of reforestation. There are four considerations in the establishment of a forest nursery: 1) Site, 2) Size, 3) Duration of use, and 4) Facilities. 1.2 Setting of nurseries Before a decision is made on nursery site a clear appraisal must be made in terms of its objectives, species of plants to be raised, and their distribution. It will rarely be possible to find the ideal site. Hence compromises between various desired factors will have to be made. Some of the technical factors, which need to be considered, are water supply, soil, access, aspect, slope, altitude, labour availability etc. 1.3 Nursery layout and construction In designing the layout of nursery, provision will have to be made for seedlings in polypots, and paths. If stumps or bare-root transplants are to be raised space for them will need to be allocated. 1.4 Nursery beds Bed width = 1-1.2 meter Length = 5- 10 meter 1.4.1 Quantity of seed to be sown The seed to be sown in a bed depends on the weight of the seed, its germination percent and the desired number of seedlings. 1.4 Type of planting stock Container-raised plants (plants in polypots) Bare-root plants Large ball-rooted seedlings 'Stumps' (root and shoot cuttings) Cuttings and other vegetative propagated material 5 1. 4.1 Container-raised plants The standard containers for raising plants are of two sizes 4-inch X 7inch (10 cm x 18 cm) and 3- inch X 7 inch (7.5 cm x 18 cm) lay-flat. They are made of transparent 200-gauge polythene with two holes on the sideto drain out water and closed atthe bottom. Black polythene pots are now being used to raise seedlings. 1.4.2 Bare-root plants Among the few species raised satisfactorily as bare-root plants in Nepal are Alnus nepalensis and Cryptomeria japonica. 1.4.3 Large ball-rooted seedlings These are plants 75 - 150 cm tall, grown in the nursery for l5 months or longer, and lifted with a ball of soil around their roots l0 - 15 cm in diameter, which is usually wrapped in grass, sacking, etc. to keep it moist during transport. Large ball rooted seedlings in general, are used for road side plantations or other ornamental plantations. 1.4.4 Stumps (root shoot cuttings) The root diameter of stump must be more than 7 mm. The length should be around 15-20 cm. The stumps of two species Dalbergia sissoo and Tectona grandis used usually require 14-16 months in the nursery to reachthe required stump size. The following species can be propagated by root-shoot cutting or stump planting: Albizia procera (Seto siris), Bauhinia variegate (Koiralo), Cedrela toona (Tooni), Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo), Ficus nemoralis (Dhudhilo), Ficus semicordata (Khanyu), Melia azedarach (Bakaino), Morus alba (Kimbu), Sapindus mukorossi (Ritha), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Tectona grandis (Teak), Terminalia alata (Saj), Populus ciliata (Bangekath), Populus delttoides (Laharepipal) 1.4. 5 Cuttings Seeds of some species such as Taxus, Picea, Larix, and Cupressus germinate slowly due to embryo dormancy but those species could be raised by cuttings. Cuttings should be 15 - 25 cm long and 0.8 -2.5 cm in diameter, with at least two, and preferably four, nodes. Long thin side branches with elongated internodes, should not be used. The cuttings are inserted vertically into the pots or beds so that only one but remains above the soil level. In beds they should be 30 cm apart. 6 1.5 Potting mixtures To produce better quality nursery stock for soil in the potting mixture should be sandy, with 40 - 70 per cent sand content. Soils with too high a proportion of clay drain badly, tend to cake at thesurface, and may tend to impede root development. Soils, which are too sandy, do not retain water well. The ideal potting mixture should be: light in weight; homogeneous - the same throughout; fertile, retaining nutrients well; slightly acid (pH 4.5- 6.0); well drained, but retaining enough water; Sufficiently cohesive so that the root ball remains intact after the polypot is removed. 1.6 Soil sterilization It is strongly desirable that the sand, or soil and sand mixture, in seed trays and seed beds should be sterilized before use. Simple methods of sterilization are to heat the moistened soil mixture at a temperature of 100°C for about 15 to 30 min, cover the mixtureto prevent contamination and allow to cool. An alternative is to spread the soil in a thin layer on a metal sheet and heat it over a fire for half an hour. Although various chemicals such as methyl bromide and formalin can be used for soil sterilization, many ofthese are dangerous to human beings. 1.7 Seed sowing Seed may be sown directly into the pots, or it may be sown first in seed beds or seed trays and the seedlings are later pricked out into the pots. Generally sowing directly into pots should be used only with large seeds having a germination percentage of more than 40. An exception can be made if seed is cheap and plentiful, the waste can be tolerated. Species that are usually sown in this way are: 7 Botanical name Local name Botanical name Local name Acacia catechu Khair Brassiopsis hainla Chuletro Artocarpus lakoocha Badahar Brassiopsis variegate Koiralo Bassia butyracea Cheuri Erythrina spp. Phaledo Albezia spp. Siris Pinus Salla Cassia siemea Bauhinia purpurea Tanki 1.8 Pricking out The seedlings should always be held by the leaves or cotyledons, and not by the stems bolding them by the stem are very liable to damage the tender stem tissues. The best time for pricking out