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The Indian Ocean Trade and the Roman State
The Indian Ocean Trade and the Roman State This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Research Ancient History at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter Troy Wilkinson 1500107 Word Count: c.33, 000 Footnotes: 7,724 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ............T. Wilkinson ......................................................... (candidate) Date .................10/11/2020....................................................... STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ..................T. Wilkinson ................................................... (candidate) Date ......................10/11/2020.................................................. STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ......................T. Wilkinson ............................................... (candidate) Date ............................10/11/2020............................................ STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to -
The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt
OXFORD STUDIES IN ANCIENT CULTURE AND REPRESENTATION General Editors Simon Price R. R. R. Smith Oliver Taplin OXFORD STUDIES IN ANCIENT CULTURE AND REPRESENTATION Oxford Studies in Ancient Culture and Representation publishes signiWcant inter- disciplinary research into the visual, social, political, and religious cultures of the ancient Mediterranean world. The series includes work which combines diVerent kinds of representations which are usually treated separately. The overarching programme is to integrate images, monuments, texts, performances and rituals with the places, participants, and broader historical environment that gave them meaning. The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion CHRISTINA RIGGS 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Christina Riggs 2005 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. -
Revealing Jesus: the Historical Christ
Revealing Jesus: The Historical Christ St. Paul American Coptic Orthodox Church What do we know about Jesus? Can we prove the existence of God? NO Authorship of the Gospels Irenaeus, wri@ng about A.D. 180, confirmed the tradi@onal authorship: Mahew published his own Gospel among the Hebrews in their own tongue, when Peter and Paul were preaching the Gospel in Rome and founding the church there. A>er their departure, Mark, the disciple and interpreter of Peter, himself handed down to us in wri@ng the substance of Peter’s preaching. Luke, the follower of Paul, set down in a book the Gospel preached by his teacher. Then John, the disciple of the Lord, who also leaned on his breast, himself produced his Gospel while he was living at Ephesus in Asia. Strobel, Lee (2008-09-09). The Case for Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus Dating the Gospels “The standard scholarly dang, even in very liberal circles, is Mark in the 70s, Mahew and Luke in the 80s, John in the 90s.” S@ll within the life@mes of various eyewitnesses of the life of Jesus. Strobel, Lee (2008-09-09). The Case for Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus Paul Stating the Creed Perhaps the most important creed in terms of the historical Jesus is in 1 Corinthians 15: For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Peter, and then to the Twelve. -
University of Copenhagen
South Scandinavian Foederati and Auxiliarii? Grane, Thomas Published in: Beyond the Roman Frontier: Roman Influences on the Northern Barbaricum Publication date: 2007 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Grane, T. (2007). South Scandinavian Foederati and Auxiliarii? In Beyond the Roman Frontier: Roman Influences on the Northern Barbaricum (pp. 83-104). Quasar. Analecta Romana Instituti Danici. Supplementum, Vol.. 37 Download date: 08. apr.. 2020 Analecta Romana Instituti Danici Supplementum XXXIX BEYOND THE ROMAN FRONTIER Roman Influences on the Northern Barbaricum EdiTED BY THOMAS GRANE estratto EDIZIONI QUASAR ROMA MMVII Contents Foreword 5 THOMAS GRANE : Did the Romans Really Know (or Care) about Southern Scandinavia? An Archaeological Perspective 7 LISBE T H M. IMER : Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the Northern Barbaricum 31 LINE MAJ -BRI tt HØJBER G BJER G : Roman Coins – Evidence of Possible Nodal Points? 61 MADS DREVS DYHRFJE L D -JOHNSEN : Roman Ideological Influences 67 THOMAS GRANE : Southern Scandinavian Foederati and Auxiliarii? 83 Ull A LU ND HANSEN : Barbarians in the North – The Greatest Concentration of Roman Weaponry in Europe 105 XENIA PA ul I JENSEN : Preliminary Remarks on Roman Military Equipment from the War Booty Sacrifice of Vimose, Denmark 131 KL A U S S. HVID : Reconstruction of the North Germanic Armies AD 200 137 XENIA PA ul I JENSEN : The Use of Archers in the Northern Germanic Armies. Evidence from the Danish War Booty Sacrifices 143 SVEND ERI K AL BRE T HSEN : Logistic Problems in Northern European Iron Age Warfare 153 Plates 163 Southern Scandinavian Foederati and Auxiliarii? by THOMAS GRANE Over the years, various archaeological remains a high percentage of Germanic fibulae and ce- have led scholars to speculate on possible mili- ramics indicate that a Germanic population tary connections between southern Scandinavia was closely integrated among the occupants of and the northern region of the Roman Empire. -
Hadrian: Art, Politics and Economy Edited by Thorsten Opper Publishers the British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG
Hadrian: Art, Politics and Economy Edited by Thorsten Opper Publishers The British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG Series editor Sarah Faulks Distributors The British Museum Press 38 Russell Square London WC1B 3QQ Hadrian: Art, Politics and Economy Edited by Thorsten Opper isbn 978 086159 175 6 issn 1747 3640 © The Trustees of the British Museum 2013 Front cover: detail of the interior of the Pantheon, Rome, seen from the entrance to the rotunda. © The Trustees of the British Museum Printed and bound in the UK by 4edge Ltd, Hockley Papers used by The British Museum Press are recyclable products made from wood grown in well-managed forests and other controlled sources. The manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. All British Museum images illustrated in this book are © The Trustees of the British Museum. Further information about the Museum and its collection can be found at britishmuseum.org. Contents Acknowledgements iv Introduction: 1 Continuity and Change in the Reign of Hadrian Thorsten Opper 1. Hadrian’s Succession and the Monuments 5 of Trajan Amanda Claridge 2. Hadrian and the Agrippa Inscription of 19 the Pantheon Mary T. Boatwright 3. Who Built the Pantheon?: 31 Agrippa, Apollodorus, Hadrian and Trajan Mark Wilson Jones 4. A Colossal Portrait of Hadrian and the Imperial 50 Group from the Roman Baths at Sagalassos Semra Mägele 5. The Fate of the Colossal Statues of Hadrian and 62 Other Members of the Imperial Family from the ‘Imperial Baths’ at Sagalassos during Late Antiquity Marc Waelkens 6. Matidia Minor and Suessa Aurunca 73 Sergio Cascella 7. -
The Church in the Roman Empire
The world prepared for the Christian Church VII. The world prepared for the gospel then and now A. There was very little progress after this 1. 1500s printing developed to set the stage for the protestant reformation so there would be a climate for God's truth 2. Industrial Revolution - 1800s a) Steam engine made production and travel increase enormously b) World never to be the same 3. Marconi invented radio 4. World ‘shrunk’ in size 5. TV, mass communications, and computers all happened in the last 150 years 6. Without these the gospel could not go out as effectively as it has. 7. The world has been prepared for God's work, and Christ's coming, today, just as it was for His first coming 1 The world prepared for the Christian Church VIII. Zenith of Roman Power - 46 B.C.- A.D.180 A. Caesars of Rome 1. Julius Caesar (46-44 B.C.) 2. Augustus Caesar (31 B.C- A.D.12) – prepared empire most for Christianity; birth of Jesus Christ c. 4 B.C. 3. Tiberius (12-37 A.D.) – crucifixion of Jesus A.D. 31 4. Caligula (37-41 A.D.) 5. Claudius (41-54 A.D.) 6. Nero (54-68 A.D.) – persecuted Christians; executed Paul 7. Galba (68-69 A.D.) 8. Otho, Vitelus (69 A.D.) 9. Vespasian (69-79 A.D.) – destroyed Jerusalem 10. Titus (79-81 A.D.) 11. Domitian (81-96 A.D.) – persecuted Christians 12. Hadrian (117-138 A.D.) 13. Marcus Aurelius (138-161 A.D.) 14. -
The Invisibility of Juvenal James Uden Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Th
The Invisibility of Juvenal James Uden Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2011 2011 James Uden All rights reserved. ABSTRACT The Invisibility of Juvenal James Uden This dissertation offers a reading of Juvenal’s Satires. It maintains that Juvenal consciously frustrates readers’ attempts to identify his poetic voice with a single unitary character or persona. At the same time, it argues that Juvenal’s poems are influenced in both form and theme by cultural trends in the early second century. The arguments staged in these poems constitute a critique of aspects of Roman intellectual culture in the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian. Contents Preface 1. Provoking the Charge: Epic Poet and Reticent Informer in Satire One The Recitation Hall (Part One) The Paradox of Contemporary Epic The Satirist as Delator The Crisis of Criticism Satiric Voices in Tacitus’ Dialogus de Oratoribus The Recitation Hall (Part Two) 2. The Invisibility of Juvenal ‘Atopic Topology’: The Thirteenth Oration of Dio Chrysostom Juvenal’s Second Satire: Strategies for Speech and Disguise Secrecy and Violence in Satire Nine 3. Satire Four: Playing the Panegyrist The Art of Exaggeration The Emperor over Nature Natural Reversal and Fish Savagery The Perils of Panegyrical Speech i 4. Cynic Philosophy and Ethical Education in Satires Ten and Fourteen Debasing the Coinage The Laugh of Democritus and the Cynic Ideal Satire Fourteen: The Domestication of Ethical Teaching 5. Satire Twelve: Repetition and Sacrifice in Hadrianic Rome Horatian Ritual and the “New Augustus” Substitution and Sacrifice: Animals and Humans in Satire Twelve The Gods and their Captatores Reading across Books: Atheism and Superstition in Satire Thirteen Appendix: Martial 12.18 and the Dating of Juvenal’s First Book ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks must go first to Gareth Williams, friend and mentor for the past half-decade. -
Telling the New Testament Story of God
_____________________________________________________________________________________ Faculty Guide Telling the New Testament Story of God Clergy Development Church of the Nazarene Kansas City, Missouri 816-333-7000 ext. 2468; 800-306-7651 (USA) 2005 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Telling the New Testament Story of God ______________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright ©2002, 2004, 2005 Nazarene Publishing House, Kansas City, MO USA. Created by Church of the Nazarene Clergy Development, Kansas City, MO USA. All rights reserved. All scripture quotations are from the Holy Bible, New International Version (NIV). Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984 by the International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. All rights reserved. NASB: From the American Standard Bible (NASB), copyright the Lockman Foundation 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 973, 1977, 1995. Used by permission. NRSV: From the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Notice to educational providers: This is a contract. By using these materials you accept all the terms and conditions of this Agreement. This Agreement covers all Faculty Guides, Student Guides, and instructional resources included in this Module. Upon your acceptance of this Agreement, Clergy Development grants to you a nonexclusive license to use these curricular materials provided that you agree to the following: 1. Use of the Modules. • You may distribute this Module in electronic form to students or other educational providers. • You may make and distribute electronic or paper copies to students for the purpose of instruction, as long as each copy contains this Agreement and the same copyright and other proprietary notices pertaining to the Module. -
The Reforms of Trajan and the End of the Pre–Neronian Denarius
AIIN, 61 (2015), pp. 21–42 THE REFORMS OF TRAJAN AND THE END OF THE PRE–NERONIAN DENARIUS Numismatists habitually attribute the creation of Roman imperial coinage to Augustus, and commonly refer to imperial currency as ‘Augustan’.1 Consequently any changes to the imperial coinage tend to be regarded as adulterations of this original ‘Augustan system’. The changes that took place under Nero, for example, are usually treated as the first signs of thoughtless manipulation of this system, and in addition these changes are understood as evidence of the empire’s financial weakness.2 The same is claimed of Trajan’s changes to the denarius and aureus.3 However, other interpretations of these changes are possible, and this paper attempts to set out evidence to support the argument that the Neronian and Trajanic reforms are linked, and that both were attempts to establish a stable currency. It is quite clear that Nero’s role in establishing a stable currency has been understated or completely misunderstood. Thanks to new compositional and metrological studies it is now possible to appreciate the importance of the Neronian reforms.4 It was the Neronian aureus and denarius standards, and not the Augustan, that persisted through the first and second centuries. As far as the precious metal issues are concerned, the Neronian coinage marked the beginning of a new era. Subsequent emperors continued to maintain these standards (with one 1 HARL 1996: 73–96. 2 CRAWFORD 1978: 151–2; WALKER 1978: 110–14; DUNCAN–JONES 1994: 221 n. 35. 3 BOLIN 1958: 201; WALKER 1978: 151–3. -
Historical Evidence of Temple's Calendar
Two Tassels Ministry Historical Evidence of the Second Temple’s Calendar Wayne L. Atchison Written 11/2002 Edited August 9, 2017 Historical Evidence of The Observed Lunar Calendar Used in the Second Temple Presenting the Preponderance of Evidence Table of Contents Forward ............................................................................................................................... 2 Road Map ........................................................................................................................ 3 Why does the Calendar Issue Even Exist? .......................................................................... 4 Why Not Just Use The Jewish Calendar? ........................................................................... 4 History of the Observed Lunar Calendar ............................................................................ 6 Abraham and the Elite Scholars ...................................................................................... 6 Astronomy versus Astrology .......................................................................................... 6 Daniel and the Persian Empire ........................................................................................ 6 Ezra And His Academies ................................................................................................ 7 Same Lunar Calendar Used Regionally Up To AD 70 ................................................... 7 Same Lunar Calendar Still Used Between AD 70 and AD 225 .................................... -
The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C
The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by David Schwei M.A., University of Cincinnati, December 2012 B.A., Emory University, May 2009 Committee Chairs: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D Barbara Burrell, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Coins permeated the Roman Empire, and they offer a unique perspective into the ability of the Roman state to implement its decisions in Italy and the provinces. This dissertation examines how this ability changed and grew over time, between 60 B.C. and A.D. 68, as seen through coin production. Earlier scholars assumed that the mint at Rome always produced coinage for the entire empire, or they have focused on a sudden change under Augustus. Recent advances in catalogs, documentation of coin hoards, and metallurgical analyses allow a fuller picture to be painted. This dissertation integrates the previously overlooked coinages of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt with the denarius of the Latin West. In order to measure the development of the Roman state’s infrastructural power, this dissertation combines the anthropological ideal types of hegemonic and territorial empires with the numismatic method of detecting coordinated activity at multiple mints. The Roman state exercised its power over various regions to different extents, and it used its power differently over time. During the Republic, the Roman state had low infrastructural minting capacity. -
222 BOOK REVIEWS Armin Eich (Ed.), Die Verwaltung Der
222 BOOK REVIEWS Armin Eich (ed.), Die Verwaltung der kaiserzeitlichen römischen Armee. Studien für Hartmut Wolff . Historia Einzelschriften 211. Sttutgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010. 210 pp. ISBN 978-3- 515-09420-7. The nine papers included in this volume were presented at a conference organized by the editor at the University of Passau (16-17 February 2007), in honour of Prof. Hartmut Wolff on the occasion of his retirement. As explained by the editor, the title of the volume comprises two topics: the army as a self-administered organization; and the army as the most important instrument which the central government had at its disposal for controlling the empire. Needless to say, various aspects of these two topics have been dealt with in studies on the Roman imperial army, old and recent; thus, the present volume is a reminder of the continuing scholarly interest in military administration. The following is a brief summary of the individual papers included in the book. In the opening paper (‘Die Verwaltung der kaiserzeitlichen Armee. Zur Bedeutung militärischer Verwaltungsstrukturen in der Kaiserzeit für die administrative Entwicklung des Imperium Romanum’, 9-36) Armin Eich provides an overview of the activities and structures typical of and essential for the military administration, discussing and classifying them under several categories. For example, the self-administration of the army units is linked to elements characteristic of bureaucratic forms of organization, notably regular paperwork, the presence of a functional hierarchy, and binding criteria of promotion. One major argument is that the forms of the military organization served as a model for other branches of Roman administration, and yet, one may comment, the extent of the militarization of the imperial administration in general remains debateable.