Descriptions of One Hundred and Forty Places In

~ -> 1 ib- Book -- - !-.r -"' 1 . '" - Gopyr~ghth .

Stereographs copyrighted in the United States and foreign countries

MAP SYSTEM Patented in the United Stales, August 21,1900 Patentccl in Crcat Britain, March 22, I~OO Patenlrd in Iiranre, March 26, 1900. S. G. D. G. Switz~.rlanil,X Patent Nr. 21,211 Patents applied Lor in- othcr countries All rights resewed PLACES TO BE VISITED PAGE *I Relief map of I'alcstine by the Pal. Exploration Society (vertical scale three and one-half tiincs greater than horizontal)...... 13 2 Ruins ,,f ancient Tyre, looking east across harhor to Galilee hills.. . 16 3 Haifa and the plain of Akka, east from Mt. Carmel...... 17 4 "Roses of Sharon" on thc plain of Sharon-east across caravan road 18 *5 Gaza, lowland stronghold of the I'hilislincs, from the southrast. . . . 18 6 The Shephclah and Philistine plain-west from Tell Sandahannnh (Maresha) ...... ly 7 Highlands of Upper Galilee, northeast past Saft,d. "a city that is set onanhill" ...... 20 8 Lower Galilee, northenst from Mt. Tabor, past Iiorns of Hattin to Upper Galilee...... 20 *g South from Mt. Tabor to the IIill of Morch and Mt. Gilboa...... 21 *LO North from Gilboa ovcr Jczrccl plain to Iiorns of Hattin and Sea of Galilec ...... 22 *XI Broad sunny plain of Esclraelon and Mt. Carmel west from Mt. Gil- boa ...... 23 12 Northwtst from nethshan up thc vallcy of Jezreel lo Hill of Moreh 23 13 South from Mt. Gilboa to Mt. Ebal and hills of northern Samaria.. 25 14 Rocky gorge of Wady Para where a wcstern branch :lescends to the Jordan ...... 25 15 The plain of Dothan west from Tell Dothan, where the town stood 26 16 The barley vale leading north toward Shcchem; Gerizim and Ebal ahead ...... 26 *17 Mt. Gerizim and the hills of southern Samaria, south from Mt. Ebal overSychar ...... 26 18 Northeast from Mt. Gerizim over Jacob's Well and Sychar to Mt. Ebal(1eft) 27 I9 l'rosperous hill coimtry of Ephraim, northwest over Ain Yebrud from near Bethel ...... 28 *2o Mizpah from the southwest, an old cnnter of I-Icbrew history...... 28 21 Looking southeast from Mizpah to' J'husalem, four miles away; Olivet at distant left...... 29 22 Barley harvest near Bethlehem...... 29 *23 Hills and fields of Judea, north from Bethlehem, showing road to Jerusalem ...... 30 24 Prom the Mount of Olives south over Jordan wilderness to Frank hlountain ...... ,... 30 25 Marvelous gorge in the Wilderness of Judea-Wady Kelt ("Brook Cherith "1...... , . 31 *26 Arabs and their tents in Wilderness of Tekoa; outlook north to Bethlehem ...... 32 27 In beautiful Lebanon-Mount Hermon and upper Jordan Valley fromthewest ...... 33 28 The snow-clad sr~mmitof Mount Hermon (yoso ft.), grandest height in Palestine ...... 33 3 PAGE Sources of the Jordan at Banias, southern base of Mt. Hermon. . . . 34 Down the upper Jordan Valley, southxest frum Caesarea I'hilippi on Mt.Hermon .. 34 Plain of the upper Jordan, north from ncar Lake Hulrh to Mount 1Iermon 34 West over Sea of Galilee from above Kersa (Gcrasa) to Horns of IIattin ...... 35 Plain of Gennesaret and the Sea, north from ahovc Magdala to Upper Galilee...... 35 South end of Sea of Galilec, southwest from near old Hippos to site of'rarichea ...... 36 Plain of Jericho from the northwest, looking toward Dead Sca and Moab ...... 37 The lower bed of the Jordan; northwest from Moab cliffs to Judean highlands ...... 37 On the north shore of thc Dcad Sea, looking southwest toward Hebron ...... 38 From lonely Machacrus, where John was imprisoncd, west across DeailSeatoJudca ...... 38 The ivil(1erncss south of thc Dead Sea,-northwest from Ain ct Beida to Jebel Usdum ...... 39 In the heart of the Arabah; caravan going north between Pctra and UeadSca ...... 40 South from Engedi along Dead Sea shore to Jellel Usdum (Salt Mountain) ...... 40 Damascus and its gardens from a Moslcm cemetery at the northwest ...... 42 Abana River, the life-giving "sweet u7atrrs" in a northern suburb of Damascus ...... 42 Jerash (Gcrasa) ;in eastern Gilead, looking northward over Roman ruins ...... 43 45 Thc brook Jabbok (Zerka, the Blue Iliver) at one of the main fords 44 *46 The fields of Moab (where the Moabitish Stune was found), north at old l)iLon ...... 44 47 A Dc(1ouin camp in the mountains of the Abarim, highlands of Moab 45 48 The deep valley of the Amon,-outlook north along trail to northern Moab ...... 45 49 Old stronghold of Kerak, southcrn hloa11.-view south over modern Turkishtown ...... 45 *so Narrow gateway to Petra iijd Isis temple seen through crevice in I cliffs ...... 46 51 Rock-hewn templc of Isis (the "Treasury "), probably of Hadrian's time; I'etra ...... 47 *52 Front view of great High Placc at Pctm, thc best prcserved one yet I founil ...... 47 *53 Great altars for burnt offerings and libations on High Place at Petra 48

*55 Jerusalem from the south, showing Tyropoean and Kidron valleys with Oohelbetween ...... 50 *56 Jerusalem from Mt. Scopus, at the northeast, showing nearly the whole city ...... 51 '57 Jerusalem on the west-view south from new tower over walls and Bethlehem road ...... 52 PAGE 58 Damascus Gate in north mall of Jerusalem.. south past Church of IIoiy Sepulchre ...... 52 $59 Samaria from the north. with its olive groves and encircling hills .. 53 60 Ancient acropolis of the royal city of Sarnaria. west from ruined St. John's Church ...... 53 *61 The mound of Gezer. from the northwest. site of Canaanite and hfaccabean forts ...... 55 62 Baalbek and great plain between tile Lebanons.- north from town to mountains ...... 55 *63 The mound of Megiddo from the southcast ...... 56 64 Ruincd houses and public buildings recently oxcavatcd at old Mcgiddo ...... 56 65 The brick store-chambers of Pithom. built by Hebrews; (looking ~iorth)...... 57 66 Mount Seir. the barren Arabah. and eastern borders of the South Country ...... 57 *67 Thc traditional hfount Sinai (southeast). towering above the I'lain of Assembly ...... 58 68 Bedouin gardens in the Sinai milderncss ...... 59 *hg Making bread in a Bcdouin tent ...... 59 70 Bedouin women churning milk..- typical interior of a big tent ..... 59 71 A powerful Bedouin Sheik (centre) and his liarciy warriors in old .Moab ...... 60

72 Mt. Neho. south from Wady Ayun Musa. showing ancicnt road that 1eadstoJordan ...... 61 *73 Ruins of Jericho. showing buildings (left) and city wall (right); west to Judean mountais~s...... SL 74 The outer wall of ancient Canaanite Jcricho with house ruins bc- yond ...... 62 75 Olrl road from Jericho to Ai-a westward view up among hills of 13enjamin ...... 62 *76 Hcbron. the home of Abraham. Isaac. and Jacob. from the cast .... 63 *77 Rocky Bethel and its olivc groves. from the south ...... 63 78 The Jordan's great spring at Dan ...... 6.4 *79 Iiiver Kishon and old battleground of IIcbrcws and Canaanites .... 65 80 Shiloh. scene of old religious asscmblics. from tlic southcast ...... 63 81 Southeast from the ruins at Shiloh to nricihhoring hills of Ucnjami11 65 82 From a housetop at Ramali. traditiorial home of Samucl. northcast towarrl Gilcad ...... 66 83 Gibeah of Saul. north from field bclow the little rnodcrn village .... 66 *84 The Pass of Upper Bcth-horon from the south.-scciic of IIebrcw victories ...... 67 '85 Scrnc of Jor~athan'svictory at hlichmash. head of ~~rccipilousWady cs Su\veiriit ...... 67 *86 David's city . Ucthlrhcm. southcast to Prank hIountni11 and heights of Moab beyosid Ilcad Sea ...... 68 87 A shepherd boy with his flock in a hillsidc pasturr near Ucthlehem 69 *88 Scene of the slaying of Goliath i~ithe vnllcy of Elah ...... 69 89 Sitr of priestly town of Nc.b. north of Jcrus:ilcm; outloolc cast to Olivet ...... 69 90 In the wilderness cast of Ziph. following a rough trail towards Hebron ...... 70 5 PAGE gr In one of the limestone caves at Endor, homc of the storied witch. . 70 92 The King's Pool-ancient reservoir in the heart of IIcbron...... 71 *n7 From Mizpah north over the terraced hill of Gibeon to distant Ramallah ...... 71

*gj Southern end of the Jcl~usitccity,-northeast ~mstOphel to Olivet, outside ~nodcrllJerusalcm...... 72

97 An oak in the land of Gilcad, near the scene of Absalom's death.. . . 73 nR Prom Jcrusalcm's south wall southeast ovcr valley sccnc of Adon- ijah'sconspiracy ...... 74 *99 Jerusalcm, "bcautiful for situation," northwest to sitc of Solomon's temple and palace...... 74 *roo The native rock in the TcrnpIc area, traditional site of the altar.. 75

*rod The Passover, as cclcbratcd by the Samaritans on Mount Gerizim 77

*rnX Will -it- nf aqcicnt klarcsha, SCC~I at southwest beyond modern t Jibrill ...... 79 *,on i\n-tlloth, Jeremiah's homc tow;^,-outlook i~orthcasttoward Jor- danand Cilead ...... 79 IIG Thc Jews' wailing glace, by the outcr wall of Solomon's temple.. 80

.I rl Assuan and thc Island of Elcphantinc, south from western cliffs abovc thc Xilc ...... 80

*r~z n-ov~.rown mound. site ni Voduin, home of Judas Rlaccabeus; southcast Loward Jcruszlcr.:...... Xz

I 14 Gatllcground of Bcthsura 11-1 old Hebron-Jcrusalcm highway . . . 82 *rrg Caesarca, north from near sitc of Hcrod's thcatrc to hnrl~orbrcali- watcr ...... 83 *I 16 Kazsrctli, the homc of Jcsus, from thc northeast...... 83 117 ,lncicilt Fou~ltainof the Virgin, where Mary carno for watcr. Naz- arcth ...... RJ *irS Bapti~ingin thi: Jordan; outlook southcast across a. bend of the rlvcr ...... 8~ *rro Ruins of 11oi11r.s at Cai~crtl:lu:n and c;~strvariloutlrlok across the Sc:~of(;alilcc...... ,...... 8.1 *I-o Puuntuin T;lljinhah anrl Gcnncs:~rctplain; southwest over Galilee to IIcirns uf Haltin...... , ...... 85 *~zr Sh;ttterod remnants of olcl Chorazin':; buildings; south ovcr Sca of Galilec ...... 86 Pi Beautiful site of old Bcthsaida beside Jordan; north end of Galilcc Fisherinen mending ncts at Jordan's entrance tu north end of Galilee ...... Bcthany, the home of Jesus' friends, south from eastern slopc of Olivet ...... Pilgrims in the old Temple courts; north-northwest from El Aksa tothc Donic ofthe Rock ...... Ancient olivc trccs. Gardcn of Gcthscmanc; outlook west to city

wall ...... The "new Calvary" outsidc the Damascus gate, seen from north wall of Jcrusalcrn...... Rock-hewn toinli in hillside north (if Jerusalem, probable placc of Jesus' burial...... Thc tomb of our Lord,-intcrior of rock sepulchre at thc "New Calvary" ...... Jaffa, the Joppa of Biblical times. cast from an anchored steam- ship ...... Antioch in Galatia (northwest), whcrc Paul preacbed to Jews and Gcntilcs ...... Turkish railway town of Koiiia (IJaul's "lcunium") with moun- tainsatwcst ...... Site i,E old Lystra, where I'aul taught: outlook south to Taurus molintains ...... Life. to-day (Jn ground of Dcrhc (souihwcst), whcrc I'aul and Bar- ilabnstaught ...... Looking northwcst over sandl~arrcdharbor of old Troas toward Maccdoiiia ...... Athr~~s,o11l and nc:w, snuthmcst from Lyknl~cttosover palaci. and acropolistotbcs~a...... Isthtiius of Cnrinth, cast-northeast from ancient acropolis toward ilibta!it zlttica...... Thc criat. thc:itrc at Eplicsus (northwcst). wlicre the mob chccrcd for Ilinna ...... hlilrtu.;, whrrr Paul callcd the convention. northwest from thcatrc ti~wandsca ...... Thc Ronian Forum, southeast from tlic Capitol to thc Colosseum

INTRODUCTION

The educational value of the stereograph is now widely recognizetl. The Underwood Travel System has already fouild a large ant1 permanesit place in hundreds of educational institutions and in tliou- sands of homes. It is important, however, that every one should clearly understand the optical principles t1po11 which the stereoscope is based i11 order to gain thc greatest grofit by its use. The stereograph is fundamentally different from the ordinary photograph, in being made on the prin- ciple of two-eye vision. That is, the ordinary plio- tograph is made by a camera with a single lens, like a person with one eye, while the stereograph is made hy a camera having two lenses set about as far apart as our two eyes. This stereoscnpic camera gives two slightly cliff crent photogray 11s. TV11en these arc mounted side 1,y sitle on a card and used in the stereoscope they serve as wintlows througll which to look. They not merely give us the appearance of space as in ordinary pictures, but, in accordance wit11 familiar optical principles, rnal)lc us to see with our ow11 eyes what we would have seen hat1 we stood where the stereoscopic camera (wit11 its two lcnses correspontling to our two cqcs) stood. Ohjects stand out it1 all three di- mensions as in nature. JVe also see ol~jectsand places in natural size ant1 at natural tliitrulces. 111 this coniicctiotl the following \tatcniet~t,rc- cently iignetl by certain of the lcatlinq piycholo- $.;ti an(l etluc;itor\ of Yale, Clarli, and other Uni- versities, is illnnlinat ing : "If a stereoscopic photograph of a place is used with certain accessories (as special maps which sliow one's location, direction and field of vision), it is possiblc for a person to lose all consciousness of his immetliate bodily surroundings, and to gain, for a short tinlc at least, a diitinct state of con- sciousncss or exl>cricnce of location in the place rclx~sciitcd. Taking into account certain ol~vious limitations, such as lack of color and motion, we can say that the experience a person can get in tliis way is such as he would get if he were carrietl unconsciously to the place in question and permit- ted to look at it. 111 other wortis, whilc this state of consciou.;ness lasts, it can be truly said that the person is in the place seen." The aim, tl~crcfore,in using these stereograph5 is to lose all coiisciousness of one's immediate bodily surroundings and to gain a distinct experience of being in the place itself. To facilitate the identifi- cation a patented map systcti~has been provitletl. (See maps inserted at end of this book.) By rhi~ means one is able to know at a glance at what part of thc country or city he ii looking, the direction in wl~ichhe is gazing, and his immediate surround- inqs. (See explanatio~lat foot of mapi.) How to use the Stereographs most profitably. 7'1ie following dircctioas are in~portar~t: (I) illways sit so that a strong, steady liqht fall5 on the face of tlie stereograph. It is well to lct thc light come over your slioulder. (2) Holtl the hood of the stereoscope close ;upinst the forclicatl, ili~lltirigoiit all

Slides of the same subjects). Inquiries in regard to prices, methods of ordering, and other details should be sent directlv to Underwood and Under- wood, 3 West Nineteentl~Street, New York City, or to Underwood and Underwood, 104 IIigh Hol- born, London, 'IY.C., Englancl. It is important to state whether stereographs or stereopticon slides, or both, are tiesiretl. They may be ordercci by number, provided the name of this book is given. Sixty of the most important places that may be visited repeatedly while considering different suh- jects and different events have been specially starred. THROUGlI TI-IE STEREOSCOPE 13

PLACES TO BE VISITED

NOTE: The map rejerenres are to maps inserted at the end of this present booklet. 'The page references (11. G. antl 11.) arc to Kent's Iliblical Geography antl History, ~tublished by Charles Scribner's Sons.

*I. Relief Map by the Palestine Exploration Society Map I. B. G. and H., p. 15. This gives at a glance the broad characteristics of the four great natural zones into which Palestine is divided. Sev- eral important places are numbered, and may be verified by notes on the back of the stereograph. 7,lhis relief map should constantly 11e nsecl to il- lustrate the characteristics of different parts of the land. In the north along the bIediterranean are the narrow coast plains of Phcenicia, scarcely distinguishable because the mountains come so close to the sea. The Ladder of Tyre stands out boldly, marking the northern end of the Plain of Acre, which in turn extends to Mount Carmel. South of Carmel the contour of the Plain of Sharon is clearly illustrated. Further south the rolling plain of Phil- istia broadens until it merges into the barren South Country. Between it and the ITighlantls may be distinguished the irregular Shephelah or Lowlands. Beginning again in the north, the student readily distinguishes the tliffercnt terraces by which the Lebanons descend to the hills of upper and lower Galilee and finally nearly touch sea level on the great plain of Esdraelon. That triangular plain, flanked on the west by Mount Cartnel and the Samaritan hills antl on the east by Gilboa, sends out its valleys in all directions. Ft~rthcrsouth the northwest and southeast trend of the northern Sa- maritan hills is evident. Ebal and Gerizim rise in the heart of Samaria; further south the Samaritan hills merge into the more rocky uplands of Judea, with their narrow valleys that sink on the east into the barren Wilderness of Judea. Still further south the characteristics of the wild, dry South Country may be clearly traced, antl the deep, regular wadies (valleys) running east and west, which protect the southern o~~tpostsof Judea. Again beginning in the far north, tlie eye distinguishes the broad valley between the Lebanons and the Anti-Lebanons, which merg-es further south into the deep rift of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. The marked characteristics of each of the divisions of this great zone, shut in on either side by steep cliffs antl ending in thc Dead Sea and the barren wastes of Arahah, are clearly revealetl. At the heact of the eastern zone stand the lofty peaks of Alount Hermon, continued sotlthwartl by the volcanic cones of tlie Jaulan. Those are flanked on the east by the great alluvial plain of the JTauran, which, in turn, is bounded on the east by the Druze Mountains. Further south the deep gorges of the Yarmuk and Jabbok and Arnon, with their confluents, can be clearly tlistin- guished. Gilead, with its high hills, and Moab, in- tersectecl by deep wadies leading down to the Dead Sea and with doors wide open to the desert, are the continuation of this eastern zone. It ends in the south with the barren heights of Mount Seir, cut like Moab by deep, cavernous ravines.

THE COAST PLAINS

2. Ruins of ancient Tyre, looking east across harbor to Galilee hills Map I. B. G. and H., p. 22. Turn now to map I at the end of this 1)ooklet-the general map of Pal- estine. Find Tyre on the seacoast a little north of 33'. The encircled number 2 is fount1 there connected with the apex of a retl V. It inclicates that our sccontl stereograph will enable us to stand at the apex of that V. The trend of tlic diverging lines tells us that we sliall face eastward, away from the open sea, having spread out before us the space which the map includes between those tliverging lines. Eviclenily we shall look across a cove of the sea ant1 off to some inland hills. Using the stereograph, we find the promise of the map precisely fulfilletl. Directly before us stands a fisherman who strikingly illustrates the ful- fillment of the prophecy recorclecl in Ezekiel 26, 27. The shore here is strewn with ruins of the monoliths that once supported the palace and temples of this ancient, opulent, commercial city. Further out are ruins of the old wall. Across the bay is the narrow strip of coast plain which furnished food for the ancient Tyrians. Eastward the hills rise in a series of terraces to the lofty heights of northern Galilee. On the right (beyond our present range of view) they run westward until they touch the sea at the Ladder of Tyre, while northward (on the left) they merge into the higher Lebanons. TIIROUQH TIIE STEREOSCOPE 17

3. Haifa and the plain of Akka, east from Mount Carmel Maps I and 2. B. G. and H., p. 24. Consult the general map and notice at Haifa, on the coast, the apex of an unsymmetrical V marked 3. We are to stand at the point of that V and face eastward, loolting over the space which is included between the arms of the V. The difference in the length of the lines indicates that we are to see consider- ably farther towartl the left than toward the right, our range on that side extending several miles up into Galilee. The red-linrd oblong marked off on the general map to include Haifa and part of Galilee indicates that we have a special map of that section of the country, on a larger scale-Map 2. Turning now to that map, we have the same position (3) set clown again, giving a more detailed understanding as to the character of the region we are to see- the shore, the inland plain beside Kishon, and the hills beyontl. In the immediate foreground is the embankment, flariketl by olive trees, which stands before the rnon- astery on the northwestern spur of Mount Carmel. Reyonti and a little to the right of what we see, a road leads from the convent down to the prosperous modern town of I-Iaifa. On the left is the narrow coast plain which skirts the northwestern end of Mount Carrnel and connects with the Plain of Sharon to the south. Along it in ancient times, through the site of the present town of Haifa, and around the bay to the northward across the Plain of Acre, ran the great coast highway. The present town of Haifa is the western terminus of the railway \vhicli runs across the Plain of Estlraelon and tllc Jlausa~lto 1)anlawus. IIcre is fount1 a large colony of Germans who are tlevelopi~igthe rich re- sotirces of the atljoining plains. T11 the tli>tance rise tlie motlntains of lower ant1 upper Galilee. 'Twenty miles away among tl~oseheights directly aheatl lies the little town of Nazareth. 4. "Roses of Sharon" on the plain of Sharon; east across caravan road Map I. B. G. and H., p. 24. See the general map, near thc seacoast, latitude 32'. 0~1sl~osition is about four miles north of Lytlda. At our feet is a field thickly tleclei of land ~ihic11characterize the I'lain of Sharon. Further eastward, but not distinguishable, are the hills of Samaria which look down over this plai11 to the sea. *5. Gaza, lowland stronghold of the Philistines, from the southeast Map r. B. G. and H., p. 26. This fifth position is at tlie southernmost limit of our mapped section of the seacoast. Our outlook is northwest from Jebel el-Muntor. In the immediate foreground are pro- ductive fields shut in by cactus hedges and shaded by olive and oak trees. In the distance lies the modern city of Gaza with its mosques and minarets. The present town, with thirty-five thousand in- hahitants, occupies only a part of tlic ancient city site. 'I'hc tlcscrtetl portion on the east and south can be distinguishctl in tlie mitlcllc-tlistance. A nearer view ~voultlreveal the rct~iainsof ancient walls which guartletl this metropolis of oltl T'hilis- tia. Gaza commanded the great coast road to Egypt, and therefore was the gateway that let1 from the land of the Nile to T'alcstine, I'hcenicia, ant1 Babylonia. Egyptian influence is still paramount here.

6. The Shephelah and Philistine plain west from Tell Sandahannah (Mareshah) Map I. B. G. and H., p. 26. The position is a few miles inland, ju5t north of 30". Remember that in each case we stand at the apex of the red V and look over the space includctl l~etxvcenthe arms of tlic V. For the sake of thc map's legibility it is oftcn necessary to set the itlcntifying nuln1)er at a little tlistance away, merely connecting it with the V in question. This view \vestward ovcr the Shephclnli lxtween tlle highlands and the I'hiliitine plain is ol)tai~ietl from the mount1 which to-(lay rcl~rcscntsthe ancient biblical city of L\.rareihaIi (cf. 108). The city of Deit Jil~rinis only a ~horttliitance to tlie north, but the dangerous character of this o~~tljingterri- tory is suggestctl I,y the anticjue musl\ct carrietl 1)y the native \\ho stantls at our right. In thc foreground are rocky chalk and limestone liilli, low ant1 intersectetl tvith caves tvl~ichcharacterilc this tviltl region. In the tli5tance the shallow valleyi of the Sliepl~elah gradually merge into the rich alluvial plain of Philistia. 2 0 BIBLE 1.ANI)S

GALILEE AND THE PLAIN OF ESDRAELON

(Repcatetl reference to our stercograpl~of the Re- lief &lap (I) will help in getting a clear understanding of this district.)

7. Highlands of Upper Galilee, N. E. past Safed, "a city that is set on an hill" Map I. B. G. and H., p. zg. See the general map, a few miles tlorth~x~~tof the Sea of Galilee. \Vc look northeast towartl Safetl, "a city set on an hill," which occupies a higher l~ointthan any other large town of I'aI~stine. It has to-day over thirty thou- saiitl iilhabitants, chiefly Jews. It was mentionetl ljy name for the firit time in the Talmtltl, ant1 was an important stronghold tluring the wars of the Crusaders. In front of the city a ruihing torrellt bursts from the side of thc hill atld irrixateq tlie fertile \.alley which we see below. The towtl it~clf gathers ahout the acropolis, crownetl with the ruiils of ail ancient castle. Eeyonrl, in the distance, ex- teiltls the lofty plateau of upper Galilee.

8. Lower Galilee northeast from Mt. Tabor, past Horns of Hattin to Upper Galilee Maps I and 2. B. G. and H., p. 30. Tlie little ef- fort recluiretl to fix clearly tllc situation and clirec- tion is -ivell rc\vartletl. hlap 2 tells ahout these with s~ecial~)lainness, though only the general map can identify the farthest points in sight. Nit. Tabor, you fiiitl (on Alap 21, l~etweenNazareth and the Sea of Galilce Fro111 it one pair of lines diverge northeastward (E'usition 8), and another pair southwest- opposite directions. This view (8) was tallen at sunset tltlring a heavy wintlstorm. Spread out at our feet is oiie of tlie I)ioatl, fertile, ~1111aiidplailis of lower Galilee. lie- low where we stand, runs tlie great highway from tlie l'lairi of Esdraelon to tlic l'lain of Gcunesarct- a road familiarly known to Jesus and the first clis- cil~lcs. It continues on to 1)amascus. Out on the 1)Iain I3efore us are prosperous little villages. In the mitltlle distance is one of the low volcanic cone5 wliich are characteristic feature5 in the 1antlsc;ipe in- mediately east of the Sea of Galilee. Further to the right may be distinguislied tlie volcanic ridge known as the Horns of Hattill ant1 itlentificci by late Christian tradition as tlie mountaiil of the 13e- atitudes. Tmmctliatcly l~cyontlit, tliougli not visil~le to 11s now, lies the Sea of (;alilcc. 011the distant horizon we see tlie lofty heights of tlic Jaulai~,and get just a glimpse of Mount l-lermon.

"9. South from Mt. Tabor to the Hill of Moreh and Mt. Gilboa Maps I and 2. B. G. and H., pp. 30, 152. Our stantlpoint now is on the same llcight as position 8, 1)ut we loolc in the ol)positc tlirectioll. 'The lines bo~intlin:,:our 1 iew reach to thc southcrn lilnits of the 111:1p ant1 are tl;ei-c numltcrecl 9. To kllow how far we are actually to scc, consult the gcncral ninl), 1 finct Alt. Tabor avtl tt-ncc the lines-one to the 1 Carmcl range ant1 the otlier nlmo~tto Mt. Ebal. f 1111 1 Relow lici the fcrtilc plain ~vliichruns from tlle Plaiil of ICvlt-aclon at our I i$:llt (weit). neyontl thc valley we see tlie IIill of Moreli, or Little IIer- mon, with the poverty-stricket~town of Nail1 at it< foot. ~lcrossthe valley and toward the left, on the brow of the low hill, to which thc black-robetl priest in the foregrou11cl is pointing, is the town of Endor, famous in the history of Saul. Through the valley to the right of the town came Saul arltl his followers to mal\e the tragic visit to the witch of Entlor. 13eyond Jlorcl~rises the bolt1 front of Mount C;ill)oa ; in the cliiu distance we see the lofty hills of norther11 Samaria. On the extrenle right, ovcr the heights of the Hill of hlorell, it is 1)ossil)le to catch a glimpse of the 1)old line of hlount Carrncl From our next position (10) we shall look back from Gilboa toward Tabor, on which we are now standing. "10. North from Gilboa over Jezreel plain to Horns of Hattin and Sea of Galilee Maps I and 2. B. G. and H., pp. 31, 152. Mt. Gilboa is set down near the soutl~eitllilvit of Map 2. Notice how the lines tliverging from 10 reach far out across C;alilce, one cxtentlillg to the northern limits of the map, the othcr ovcr near thc sea. ilt our feet lies the motlcrn \illage of Nuris anlong the northern foothills of Alount Gilboa. I:c- yontl these the I'lain of Je~reel1)cgini its eastwarti clesccnt toward thc Jorclan. 111 the ~nitl(lletlistalice at the left is the IIill of Rlorch, in front of which the Philistines rallietl to attack Saul. Further llortll we see the rou~ltIctl top of Alount Tabor. Tllosc rolling plaiils straight ahcad cxtc~ltltoward thc Sca of Galilee. 111 the tlistance ri~etile lofty hills of upper Galilee. Tt is n partict~larly1)eautiful o~~tlooliant1 full of llistoric suggestiveness. Besitles being associated with epoch-making cvcnts in Old Testament times, this part of the country spread out before us was intimately known to Jesus anti rnany of I-Iis disciples. People with homes in this district flocked to hear Him.

"11. Broad sunny plain of Esdraelon and Mt. Car- me1 west from Mt. Gilboa Maps I and 2. B. G. and He, pp. 32, 173. This position can be rnost satisfactorily fixed in tnind by using R4ap 2. Our stantlpoint is at the southern limits of the mall; the diverging lines show very clearly the exact range of our view over the river valley. In the immediate foreground lie the western foothills of Gillma, across wliich cuts the road from the south. It here divides, one branch running across the plain of Jezreel to the Jordan and the other northward toward the Sea of Galilee, and on to Damascus. In the mitl(1le distance is thc town of Zerin, antl hcyontl that stretches the rolling plain of Estlraclon etlclosctl I)y the hills of Sa- maria (right) antl Carme1 (left). Across this plain (unseen 1)ecause its I~edis cut so low) runs tl~c Kishon, wllich makes its way to tile sea through those seeiningly impenetrable highlands off there at the west

12. Northwest from Bethshean up the valley of Jezreel to the Hill of Moreh Map 2. B. G. and H., p. 33. The town of Reill- shean is locatetl on the general 111311, on the southcr~l 1)ortler of the Galilee section; hut our outlook from the town is marl

ground is a typical town of the plain. It is built on a slightly elevated plateau on the edge of the Wady Jalud. Beyoncl a broad gulch we see again the fertile Plain of Jezreel, which runs westward to join that of Esdraelon. In the distance at the right is the Hill of Moreh, ant1 further to the left may be distinguished the hills of Nazareth. It was along this valley that the Philistines, after the battle of Gilboa, drove the defeated followers of Saul; and on the walls of this ancient Canaanite town they hung the body of Israel's dead king. IIere, through all the centuries, the ancient heathen rites were re- tained, and here the Greek civilizatiotl early found root and developetl into the prosperous Hellenic city which in Roman times became the capital of the Decapolis. SAMARIA AND JUDEA

13. South from Gilboa to Mt. Ebal and hills of northern Samaria Map I. B. G. and H., p. 35. Now use once nlore the general nlap of I'alestine. Mt. Gill~oa,011 whicli wc take this thirteenth position, is crossetl I)y the 30" parallel. 'I'he tliverging lines that l~ountlour o~~tlookcan be traced without tlifficulty as they are both market1 13; one e11ds near Samaria, the other near Mt. Ehal. In the foreground appear the rocky foothills of Mount Gilboa. 13eyond is the soutlieastcrn extension of the plain of Estlraclon. Out on the plain at the left in the valley is Eeit Kad, the Ileth-eked (Shearing House) of I1 Icings 10: 12. 13cyont1, nestling close to the foot of the hills through which a pass let1 to central Samaria, is Jenin, the ancient En-gallnim. 1;urther on rise the Samaritan llills, ant1 in the distance at the left may be detected the rountled heights of Ebal.

14. Rocky gorge of Wady Farah, where a western branch descends to the Jordan B. G. and H., p. 35. This dnslling torrent in the rocky valley represents onc of the main western confl~tents of the Jordan. It is typical of the streams which cut their way tlown on the eastern side of Satnaria and Jutla11 ant1 quickly join the Jor- tian, contributing little to the irrigatio~lof the fields on the heights above. 15. The plain of Dothan west from Tell Dothan, where the town stood Map I. B. G. and H., p. 35. See the general map, a little S. E. of the southern end of the Carmel range. The broad plain, with its fertile fields, lies spread out below us. On the right it extends north- wart1 to the plain of Esdraelon. Across it runs one of the main roads from the plain of Sharon northward. The low, rounded hills, sparsely covered with trees, are those of northwestern Samaria. 16. The barley vale leading north toward Shechem; Gerizim and Ebal ahead Map I. B. G. and H., p. 35. See the general map at a point between Shechem and the 32" parallel. This is one of the chief valleys that cuts through the lieart of central Satnaria. The mountains ahead in the distance are Ebal and Gerizim, between which lies the city of Shechem. From the city of Samaria a hranch of the Barley Vale runs westward, connecting wit11 the branch from Shechem, thus pro- viding a broad highway to the Plain of Sharon. *17. Mt. Gerizim and the hills of southern Samaria; south from Mt. Ebal over Sychar Maps I and 3. B. G. and H., pp. 36, 241. This position is marked on the general map just east of Sliechem, the arms of the red V including between them a southern outlook of fifteen miles or therc- ahouts. The near-by portion of the outlook can bc better noted l~yreferring to the special map (3) of I the neighhorliood of Shechem. Map 3 shows in de- tail even the highways and buildings we are to see. Notice especially the position of Joseph's tomb ant1 Jacob's well. TIIROUGII THE STEREOSCOPE 2'1

The road which runs to the right leads directly to Shechem. The rounded peak above it on the right is Mount Gerizirn, on wliiclz was built ill ancient times the famous Samaritall temple. The road before us leads southward to Jerusalem, througli the open plain that skirts the eastern side of Geri- zim. In the tlistar~ceare tlie lofty heights of the southern Sanlaritan mountains, with Baal-IIazor in the backgrountl. 111 the valley iminecliately below us is the little town of Sycliar. Ahout it are fertile lands watered by the stream which coincs down from Shechem. To the east, down at the extreme I2ft of our range of view, is Jacob's Jliell, now encircled by a garden and walls.

18. Northeast from Mt. Gerizim over Jacob's well and Sychar to Mt. Ebal Maps I and 3. B. G. and H., pp. 36, 241. The clearest index of this position is on Map 3 (Sllec- hem), but only on the general map can the full range of the distant view be market1 by the diverging lines. One line reaches up allllost to Gilboa, the other to the hills bordering the Jordan valley. Our view is from the height of Gerizim, which from (17) appeared prominently just across the valley. The Well of Jacob is in the gartlen enclosetl by walls, below on the right. A little further to tlie left we see tlie town of Sychar. Beyontl it runs the highway which leads off northeastward through Ophrah, Gitlcon, Tirzab, P,ethslican, and tlie central Jordan valley. Ti1 the tlista~lceare the ridges of the Samaritan hills wliicli run from northwest to soutli- east tlown to the Jordan. 2 8 BIBLE IJANDS

19. Prosperous hill-country of Ephraim, northwest over 'Ain JebrQd from near Bethel Map I. B. G. and H., p. 37. Look for this position a little nortl~eastof Jerusalcn~. The nurnbcr 10, for convenie~~ccsake. is set insiclc the V. connected by a zigzag line with tlie apes, where we arc to stand. We face northwest. This is a typical scene among the hills of southern El>hraini. Across the valley is the town of 'Ain Ycl~rCd,past which runs the great Iiigh\vay from Jerusalem xiorthwarcl. It is only a short distalice soutlleast of Iietlicl, ant1 may possibly rcprcscnt the ancici~thi. On these Itills grow vines, fig and olive trees, and the prevailing spirit is that of peace and prosperity.

*20. Mizpah from the soutliwest, an old centre of Hebrew history Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 38, 192, 213. See the general map just ahove the letter 11 in "Jerusalem." IIere the rountled, fertile hills of Samaria begin to he replacctl by the rugged, austere hills of Jutlah. Traces of the ~iatural terraces whicli in ancient times were used for vineyards are apparent at every point. Most of the soil, however, has been washed dowt~into the narrow valleys, where are little fields and olive trees. Just over the nortliern side of this commantli~lgpeal.; is tlie motlcrn to\.vn of Ncbi Sarn- wil, where late XIoslein tradition places the tomb of the prophet Samuel. Later this norther11 outpost of Jerusalem was the capital of the little state over \vI~ichGetlaliah presitletl ill the days followil~gthe destrtlctioil of Jerusalenl by the I3a11ylonians. It was also the point where the valiant Jewish pa- triot, Jtldas Maccabeus, rallied his forces. Down THROUQH TI-IE STEREOSCOPE 29 I the rocky road in the foregrountl, and through the valley to the left, and 011 to the vicinity of I3* mmaus on the etlge of the coast plain he t1oul)tless led his warriors in that famous mitlnight march, when he eluded his Syrian pursuers and made the sudden and victorious attack upon their camp and followers.

21. Looking southeast from Mizpah to Jerusalem, four miles away. Olivet in the distant left Map I. B. G. and II., p. 38. Scc the general map just al~ole thc letter L in "Jerusalem." lie look off from tlie licigl~tof Mizpah that was seen in (20). Aqain the rugged, rocliy hills of Judah tlomi- nate the landscape. 011 those heights, four n1ilt.s away, we see the tops of builditlgs at Jcrusalein ant1 on the bTouiit of Olives. Through the valley beyond the nearer range of hills ran tlie great high- may northu~cstuard from Jerusalem pa5t C'I11 ,eon and dowi~the pass of Beth-boron to the plain of Sharon.

22. A barley harvest near Bethlehem B. G. and H., p. 38. This scene in the vicinity of 13cthlehem is stl-onqly suqgestive of the story of Rtith. In IJalcstine to-(lav, as in the past, the girls and women share in tl~elal~or of gathering the grain. Tlie rutlc sickle is the instrument used, and the tlonkcys or illules bear the grain to the thresh- ing floors. Tlie venerable patriarch to whom the field belonqs wears the long-rohed tunic which suggests that his task is that of watching rather than working. At tl:i. left, protected from the hot eastern sun. is a l~ahy, who5e mother is doubtless among the workers. *23. Hills and fields of Judea, north from Bethle- hem, showing road to Jerusalem Map I. B. G. and H., p. 38. There are two set5 of V lines extending from Bethlehem. This preseut outlook is indicated by the short-armed V reaching toward Jerusalem. We look from a high building in the town. Although the limestone rock crops out at every point, even among the fields about Eethlehem, and the stone walls are more prominent than the soil, the scene suggests fertility and prosperity. Vines, olive antl fig trees thrive among the rocks. Contrary to the custom in other parts of Palestine, the houses of this northern suburb of Uethlelicm are not crowded close together, but are scattered out over the open fields. Their stone walls and narrow windows indicate, however, that each house is built as a castle to protect its inhabitants from the hot sun ancl from thieves or marauders. The valleys of this watershed of central Judea are open antl shallow, antl are capable of cultivation. In the distance runs the maill highway from Hebron northward to Jerusalem.

24. From the Mount of Olives south over the Ju- dean wilderness to Frank Mountain Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 39, 243, 259. The position is of course just outside Jerusalem at the east; the identifying numher 24 coultl not be marked at the very apex of the V lines, but is connected with it by a zigzag link. Notice how one of the limit lines reaclles down near Hebron and the other to the Dead Sea's weitern shore. The white ribbon Lclo\v at the left is the road leading from Jerus;~lempait Bethany (which ii over THROUOI-I TRE STEREOSCOPE 31 the hill at the left) clown tllrough the Wilderness of Judea to Jericho. Beyond is the ICidron Valley, which cuts its deep furrow eastward toward the Dead Sea. Beyond the Kidron valley are the fields to the southeast of Jerusalem. They are bounded by rocky, treeless hills, which begin at this point, and grow ever barer until they reach the shores of the Dead Sea. The conical hill straight ahead on the horizon is the Herodium, once fortified by IIerod the Great (cf. 86), and now known as the Frank nilountain.

25. Marvellous gorge in the Wilderness of Judea- Wady Kelt ("Brook Cherith") Map 4. B. G. and H., pp. 39, 127, 258. See the sl)ecial Map (4) of Jericho and its surroundings. Our ~~o\itionis on t1:e edge of the gorge near the Jeru- salcm-Jericho highway ; we face northeast. This x:riltl rocky chasm is typical of the deep gorges which the rivers of eastern Judea cut clown through the steep cliffs above the Jordan and the Dead Sea. The rushing torrents have carried away practically all soil from these roundcd hills, leaving them naked or with only a sparse desert vegetation. Ex- cept where, as in the present case, a perennial stream has chiselled the rocks into picturesque forms, the lantlscape is roundetl and featureless. Ruilt into the great cavern that opens under the cliff before us is the Greek monastery of St. George. To this cheerless solitude are banished monks who, for any reason, have fallen under the discipline of the Church. 'The association of this particular place with Elijah's story is merely legendary. 3 2 BIBLE LARDS

*26. Arabs and their tents in the wilderness of Tekoa ; outlook north toward Bethlehem Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 40, 150. See oLtr general map, about midway between IIebron and the Dead Sea. JYe face northward. IIere the tlescrt and the cultivatetl uplands of eastern Judea meet and o~erlap,In the summer the intolcra1)lc hcat of thc Dead Sea valley drives the Lledouin to these heights above, where they en- camp-in tile preictit casc, near Tclcoa, withi11 sight of Rethlehem (ahcat1 at the left) up among the hllls of the centrnl plateau. It is a barren, inhospital~lc region whic11 supports only a poverty-stricken, no- madic people. The tents of the 1:etlo~iin wc se~' pitched in a circle, e~~enas werc those of Saul's followers, xvhcn Israel's first king in this same desert region owed his lifc simply to the magna~limityof the young 13etltlehen1ite whom he \\a\ puriuing. TI-IROUOII THE: GTEREOSCOPE 3 3

THE JORDAN AND THE DEAD SEA VALLEY 27. In beautiful Lebanon-Mount Hermon and the upper Jordan valley from the west Map I. B. G. and H., p. 46. Consult the general map. The position is far up to the north on a ritlge which forms the watershed between the Lit- any (Leontes) and IIasbany rivers. We face eastward. This view is over lofty foothills that hound the western flanks of Mount IIei-mon. In the foreground arc fcrtilc valleys and tree-clntl hills. I'lurn, cherry, almontl, ant1 pear trees flourish on the slopes of I-Iermon. Iliglier up the light-gray limestone, which is the prevailing stone, crops out and domi- nates the landscape. In the hollows upon the heights snow still remains, even though it is summer. From this point ITermon appears in its true character, like Carmel, a long mountain plateau.

28. The snow-clad summit of Mt. Hermon, the grandest height in Palestine Map I. B. G. and H., p. 46. We face nearly eastward. Here we are on top of the great mountain that commands the entire land of Palestine. On its nxthern side and in the ravines lies the snow that never entirely melts. These masses of melting snow are the perennial source from which Palestine's chief river, the Jordan, draws its rushing waters. From this point, about thirty miles away to the northeast a traveller sometimes sees Damascus, like 34 HInlE LANDS a pearl set in emeralds, etlcircled by the brown desert.

29. Sources of the Jordan at Banias, southern base of Mt. Hermon B. G. and H., p. 47. In the face of a sight like this it requires little imagination to bear the roar of the cold, crystal waters, as they break from the southern roots of Monnt ITcrrnon ant1 joyously begin their rapid plunge of over- fifteen hundred feet down to the Sea of IIIeath. On thc left we see a herd of :,leek, native cows, guided by a herdsman, picking their way up this rough highroail toward the village of Banias. *30. Down the upper Jordan valley, southwest from C~sareaPhilippi on Mt. Hermon 1 Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 47, 257. See the gen- cral map and notice how lines tlivcrging from 30 1 identify the particular part of the country we are to ( have spread out before us. Through the miits that often hang over this ( humid valley may be detected in the distance the ( abrupt western hills. Immediately before us lies ( ( the to~vnof Banias on the site of ancient Cxsarea Philippi. Encircling it are the fertile gardens irri- gated by the hradnraters of the Jordan that Lrealc from the mountain behind us. To the right of the I ( direction in which we are looking is the Mound of Dan. (

Map I. B. G. and H., p. 48. Be sure to note on the general map that this outlook from position 31 t reverses the view from 30. From the reeciy marshes at the northern entl of T,nke TTulcli we arc looking northwart1 towartl RTount Hermon. In the foreground are a tlrove of the strong Tndian buffaloes with which the natives till the fertile plain. In the cold waters of the Jortlnn they are finding welcome relief from the heat and flies. Out on the plain to the left two farmers are ploughing. The streak of black on the left, at the upper end of the plain, is the mound of ancient Dan. Above tower the cool heights of hlount Hermon.

*32. West over the Sea of Galilee, from above Kersa (Gerasa) to Horns of Hattin Maps I and 2. B. G. and H., pp. 48, 255. This position is marked both on the general map and on the special map (2) of Galilee. The latter gives more tletailetl itlentification of what is seen. Our view is from the Wady Semakh directly across the Sea of Galilee at its witlest point. Near the shore down on the right we see the little town of Iccrsa or Kursi; it probably represents the biblical town of Gerasa which gave its name to the Land of the Gerasenes. The banks here are more abrupt than at any other point along the lake. Seven miles away on the opposite shore is the Plain of Gen- 11csaret. About it rise the bold hills of eastern Galilee. On the left are the Horns of Hattin, and on the more distant horizon the lofty peaks of uppcr Galilee. *33. Plain of Gennesaret and Sea of Galilee, north from above Magdala to upper Galilee Map 2. B. G. and H., pp. 49, 247, 253. Otlr position is marked about halfway down the west bank of tlic 1,ake. l\'e lool< northward over the little town of llagtlaln l~esitlethe lake. At this point the great caravan roa(1 frot17 cctltral I'alestine reaches tlie Sea of Galilce and runs along the shore over the l'lain of Gennesaret that strctclles to the north. It is a great, fertile plain, fctl l,y many broolcs ant1 springs. The point that projects out into the sea as one follows the line of tlle lake shore is Tell Orcitneli, 1,esidc which is T

34. South end of Sea of Galilee, S. W. from near old Hippos to site of Tarichea Maps I and 2. B. G. and H., p. 49. This position is marlced on both tlie general map anti the Galilee map. See eastern shore of the Lalce. The point from \vliich we arc looking is Kulat el-ITustl, prohably ic!entical mritli or near the IIippos of later Jetrisl~history. Relow a watly cuts down from the r)lntcau of the Taulan. JVc are looly tlic streams whicli coine down fronl either side of tlie valley. In the distance may 1)c detected tlie cl~y banks of tlie Jortlaii, wliicl~here al~lxo;~c1icsto tlic eastern side of the valley ; itill further on we catch a qlini~)seof the northcrn entl of tlie 1)ead Sea, ant1 al)ove, con~pletcly filling tlie horizoi~, the steep hciglits of lioab.

36. The lower bed of the Jordan, northwest from Moab cliffs to Judean highlands Maps I and 4. B. G. and H., p. 50. IVc are on

I the Moah side of the river, facinq toward the hill t country of Ephrnitn. 'In tl~cforegrolind we see the r tanrny, coffee-cololeil Jortlnn as it pot~rsits r~ow r tcjtitl waters 11irou~lithe toi-rcilt 1)ctl which it has s cut along its cl;ly 1)arlIzi Oil citller side are the dense tropical tllicLcts of tarnarislis, willow^, and 38 BIBLE LANDS large poplars. In the distance are seen the steep clay banks of an older channel. Above on the right is the Monastery of St. John, built on the site of an earlier structure dating from the reign of the Emperor Justinian. Early tradition declares that in the grotto beneath lived John the Baptist. A little to our left, out of our present range of view, is the traditional scene of Jesus' baptism (cf. 118). There thousantls of pilgrims of every shade of Chtis- tian faith resort to be baptized in the sacreti waters of the Jordan. In the distance rise the bold cliffs of the Judean highlands.

37. On the north shore ol the Dead Sea, looking southwest toward Hebron Map I. B. G. and H., p. 51. See the general map. The identifying number 37 ic, set, for convenience sake, at some distance from the apex of the V to which it belongs. Our point of vision is on the north shore of the Sea, west of the Jordan outlet. In front are the quiet waters of tl~isdeep inland sea. The natives avoid venturing far from shore because, owing to the density of t!le water, they would float helplessly on its surface. We are looking southwest in the direction of FIebron and toward the steep hills of the Wiltlerness of Judea. No vegetation, but only sand or salt-incrusted drift- wood is found in this hot, sultry basin.

"38. From lonely Machzerus, where John was im- prisoned, west across Dead Sea to Judea Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 52, 230, 244. Our position is marked just eaqt of the I3eatl Sea. Tve are ' standing on the rounded, transverse hill that cuts across the broad valley that leads down rapidly to the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, three thousand feet below. On these heights a fierce, chill wind is blowing, but below the hurnitlg sun is sending lieavetlwartl the millions of tons of vapor that rise daily fro111 this great caltlron. Acrois tlie sea are the Judean hills, rountlccl and l~arrenexcept where a watly cuti al)ri~ptlytlow~l tlle sides of tlic cliffs. The view iq wilt1 ant1 l>arreri,1 et impressive, iugges- tive of the stern preacliing of the prophetic herald who, or1 tllii spot, fell a victiix to the treacherous hatrecl of Herotl ililtipas.

39. The wilderness south of the Dead Sea, northwest from 'Ain el-Beid2 to Jebel Usdum Map I. B. G. and H., p. 53. IVe are standing now near 'iZi11 el-l:citl2 ant1 looking northwest. Be- low are the tlccp crevaiscs of the castellated, rountlctl, natcr-norn niasici of clay and marl that marli the soutl~crlielid of tlie llead Sea. Beyond are marshes, co~elc~tlv+itll rcetli ant1 loxv trcei, flootletl in witlter anil il)ii~lgtime, but pa5~ahle (luring the rcmni~ltlct-of tllc year, tliat fringe its so~ithcrnend. Iiurther on, at tlic extreme right, rises the flat I~illlric. of 1'01 ant1 the tlc5truction of arc ' the cities of tllc l'lain. Yo qrcater corltrast coulcl he rlts imagined than I)etweeil this wild, deserted. spot ant1 40 BIBLE LANDS I the fertile gardens only about one hundred and fifty miles away, where the Jordan bursts from the foot of Mount Hermon. The Jordan-Dead Sea Valley furnishes some of the most varied and dramatic I scenery to be found anywhere on the earth's surface. I

40. In the heart of the Arabah ; caravan going north I 1 between Petra and the Dead Sea I R. G. and H., p. 53. This position is a little too far south to be marked on our general map. Here I we get a typical glimpse of the Arabah. It consists of miles of gravel, stone, and low rlesert bushes. A few brackish springs make possible travel through this desert region. Occasionally low, transverse hills cut across this clesert waste. The caravan in the foreground is hound northward frotn Petra to the Dead Sea, ant1 is travelling over the sasme highway along which Hebrew tratlers passed on their way to the Red Sea port of Ezion-geher. The hills on the left and in the middle distance are those of the South Country, almost as barren and cheerless as the Arabah itself.

41. South from Engedi along the Dead Sea shore to Jebel Usdum (Salt Mountain) Map I. B. G. and H., p. 53. This poiition can be readily identified on the western hank of the Sea, though iti nusnber hat1 to 1)e marLctl at isme tlistance irom tlie point of the V. In tlie foreground is I the one important perennial spring on the western side of the Ileati Sea. Tt i5 I>ciitlc. a wady which teari its way clown from tlieie steep hcights that rise on the right. In the eyes of the poverty- stricken nlen who inhabit thi5 region the trees and gardens about this spring are a veritable paradise. It is a little oasis hung on the side of the moutl- tains and encircled on every side by the barren I wildertless which cxtentls for miles to the south I arltl west ant1 north. From this point a narrow, twisting, steep trail leads up over the heights to 1 He1)ron and thc great central highway. We shall 1 1 latcr get a glimpse of that trail from position go. BIBLE LANDS

THE EAST JORDAN LAND

*42. Damascus and its gardens from a Moslem cemetery at the northwest Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 55, 169, 268. We arc standing on a lower slope of the Anti-Lebanons, looking toward Damascus froin the northwest. 111 the iminetliate foregrountl arc the queer, plasterctl, 3loslen1 tombs. The interior is arranged so that the corpse may sit upright when, 011 the second day after burial, his soul is tlen~antletlhy the an- gels. The hole in front is provided that they inay call down to him. The plastered mud town juit beyond the cemetery is Es-Silehiyell, the northern suburh of Damascus. Beyond are beautiful gardens that for miles stlrrountl thc town, ant1 in the middle distance lies the grcat city with its mosques, I palaces, and hazaars. It has to-day a population of about two huiitlretl thousant1 and still commnn(1s the trade of northern ibahia. ilbout the town stand gray, lirnestone mountains, ailtl then the white, encircling desert, which bring out strongly by contrast the tropical luxuriance of the gardens which are the glory and beauty of this ancient city.

43. Abana river, the life-giving "sweet waters," in a northern suburb of Damascus Map I. B. G. and H., p. 55. The source of thc life of Damascus is the Raratla river, known in bihljcal time5 ai the rll~aua,wliicli 1)ursts forth fro111 a great ipring, tlle 'i\iil T'ijeh. weit of tllc A2iiti- L,ebanons. It penetrates tl;esc inountain. throtigh a picturesque gorge, and then divides into seven THROUGII TIIE STEJlEOSCOI'3: 43 branches. Two of these supply the water in the public and private conduits within the city of Da- mascus, while the other five irrigate the encircling gardens. After crossing tlirough the city this river passes on out into the desert and loses itself ill the Meadow Lakes eighteen miles beyond. No Orien- tal city is as well supplied with water as Damascus. Besidc these flowing streams grow hugc walnut trees, apricots, pomegranates, ant1 luxuriant vines. The scene before us, with its cool waters and in- viting shade, suggests an English or American river rather than an oasis in the midst of an encircling desert.

"44. Jerash (Gerasa) in eastern Gilead, looking northward over Roman ruins Map I. B. G. and H., p. 59. This position is plainly indicated a little ahove the 32" parallel. The rtiins of ancient Gerasa 11efore ui lie 1,eiide the Wady Jerash, which four niiles further south joins the Jabhok. The vicw is froin the foi-ccourt of an ancient temple, northward over the hills of eastern Gileatl. Tllrough the dcprcssio~l on the horizon to the right comes the road from 1)amascus to Jerusalem ant1 Egypt. Prom the left comes another road from the Sea of Galilee and ~iorthern Palestine. On the surrountling hills ant1 valleys are fertile fields. These mountains, which now seem so barren, were prol)nl,ly once coveretl with trccs. From this grcat Forum a street of columns ran northward for fully h:tlf a milc. Ti1 tl~elatc TZoman period, when tllii tit) was ill iti glory, fifty-six Ionic columns encircletl thc I:orum. On thc left of the street of columns may be distinguished the ruins of the Trihuna. On the hill at the left arc still standing a few of the two l~undredand sisty huge columns that encircled tlie great terrace in front of the Temple of the Sun. These and otl~ercruin1)ling ruiiis still remain to testify to Rome's greatness even on this distant frontier on the borders of the tlesert.

45. The brook Jabbok (Zerka, the Blue River) at one of the main fords Map I. B. G. and H., p. 59. This is a characteristic view of one of the inain ford? of the Jal~l,ol<. Tt is a rushing, rippling river truc to its ancient name, the Struggler. To-(lay it is calletl Zcrka, the Blue River, because of its prevailing stecl l~lltecolor. Across the river are tlle canes and oleantlers which mark the course of these east-Jortlan streams. The hills that rise ahove are pasture lands with fertile fields crowning the heights.

"46. The fields of Moab (where the Moabite stone was found), north at old Dibon Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 60, 122, 170. See the general map alnlost exactly on the parallel of 31' 30'. From this point we are looliing northward across the rolling plateau of ?.!oal~ The tleprm\ion in the distancc is the LYatly IVnlcll, ~vhichjoins tl~c Arnon further west. In tllc forcqro~~~~tlarc tl~c scattered ruins of the oltl ;\Ioal)itc city of Ililton, sit- uated on the top of a rotuicletl Iiill tli\ itlctl l)y a low valley. Thc hill ii itrcwll \\it11 acre. of l~artially drei~ed ailcicnt Flcl~sc~wiand Rloahitc~madc their liomci. ?\t the riqlit of tlie view was fount1 the fatnc~u\ inscril)tioii of Ifesha, at a point in the eastern higlilands opposite Jericho. At almost every point in tllii east Lleatl Sea land may be seen the black tents of Kedar and their Eetlotiin inhal~itants,who are nearly as black and dirty as the tciits themselves. The hour is mid-clay. and most of the n~cmbcrsof the tribe are asleep or at rest. In front are the rough sterile mountains of the Abarim, which rise abruptly from the Ileacl Sea to the fertile fields of Moab on the heights above.

48. The deep valley of the Arnon; outlook north along trail to northern Moab Map I. B. G. and H., p. 61. See the general map at a point east of tlie mitltlle of the Dead Sea. We are looking nortliwartl across the famous pass that threads the deep valley of the Arnon and binds northern to southern 3Ioab. In tlie depths is the rushing stream of the Arnon, three thousand feet below the heights ahore, and beyond it is possible to trace the winding trail that twists and twines through the valleys as it gradually ascentls the cliffs on the opposite side. The sky line reveals the almost level, occasionally rolling plateau, which extends for miles to the north and south.

49. Old stronghold of Kerak, southern Moab, view south over modem Turkish town I Map I. B. G. and H., p. 62. The place is a little 46 BIBLE LANDS

east of the southern entl of the Dead Sea. We are here lool\ing southwartl across the deep gorge of IVatly ICerak. On the licigl~tsat the further end of the town rise the towcrs antl walls of the huge cru- sader castle that stands on the fountlations of the I older Roman citatlel. The city itself is surrounded by ancient walls with seven towers, antl is protected, like many ancient Palcstinian citics, by rapidly de- i scending valleys on every side. It is itself an almost impregnaljle castle. In earlier times its only entrance was through two tunnels that let1 up into the city. It has to-day a population of about twenty-two thousand, who livc in the mud hovels on the ncarer side of the town. Here are stationed eight 11untlrt.d Turkish infantry and three hundred and fifty cavalry, for it is in thc heart of the Bedouin country, ant1 from this strategic point the Turkish government endeavors to maintain its loose control over the wandering tribes that infest the surround- ing country. I "50. Narrow gateway to Petra, and the Isis temple, seen through a crevice in the cliff B. G. and H., pp. 62, 184. This position is a little too far south to l~eindicated on our general map. Through the soft, variegated sandstone of the range of mountains that shut in the Petra valley on the

terious entrance. The perpendicular, overhanging cliffs that rise from one hundred to one hundred and sixty feet almost touch above, at times completely shutting out the sky. The waters of this crystal mountain stream keep perennially clean and moist tllc itrange highway over which have passed Brtlot~inhortles, Ilebrew and Roman armies, and car:lvans from the East and the West. In the distance is the transverse valley, in the side of which is cut the marvellous temple that may he studied in (51).

3 51. Rock-hewn Temple of Isis ("The Treasury"), i probably of Hadrian's time ; Petra B. G. and H., p. 62. Before us is the most beautiful ancl bcst-preservetl architectural monument of the later Roman Empire. It is now lcnown as The Treasury. 1,ut it is in reality a temple of tlie Egyp- tian gotltless Isis. It was pro1)ably erected by the Emperor Haclrian, who visited the town in 131 A.D. All except the two central columns of tlie portico is hewn out of the gorgeously colorecl sandstone. The artiits so pln1111et1 their work that the rich reds, pinks, ancl browlis of tlie rock blend antl ~narvellous- ly enhance tlic l~eautyof the svhole. The facade is I sixty-five feet high. The portico hat1 six Corinthian columns, surmounted with capitals, cornice and pediment of exqniqite workmanship. At the right antl left of the entrance are carvecl figures of a man leading a horse. In front of the circular lantern that stands in the centre of the second story, between the two central columns, is a figure of Isis bearing a horn of plenty. To the right and left be- twern thc columns are niches containing figures re- sembling Amazons.

*52. Front view of a great High Place at Petra B. G. and H., pp. 62, 95. Before us is the best preserved High Place thus far cliscovered in the 45 BIBLE LARDS

Semitic worltl. It looks down upon the rock-cut streets, theatre, ant1 tombs of ancicnt l'etra, and commantl\ a wontlcrful \view of tlic encircling pealts of Mount Seir. Rcfore it is a great rock-cut court, forty-seven fcet long from north to south and twenty from east to west, in which the worshippers probably assembled. On one sitle is a small, raised platform of rock four inches high, on which possibly the votive offerings were presented to the deity. The great altar is three feet high ant1 approachetl 1)y steps, with a platform on which the officiating priest pro1nl)ly stootl. It is sep:~ratetlfrom the ad- joininq rock 11y a passageway about threc feet wide. On the lcft is another altar xvith steps and two peculiar openings on the side, in which was possibly stored the paraphernalia used for the sacrifice.

"53. Great altars for burnt offerings and libations on a High Place at Petra B. G. and H., pp. 62, 95. TVe are here looking from the north across the top of the two altars which were viewed from the front in (52). The open, rock-cut court is at the left, and on the right the rocks descend precipitously to the town below. In the foregrountl is the great rectangular altar nine feet long and six feet wide, with a rectangular hollow on the top prcsumal~lyintended for fire. Upon this the whole burnt offerings were probably con- sumed. Beyond is the other irregular-shaped altar, eleven feet nine inches frorn north to south and six- teen feet six inches from east to west. The circular depression in the centre is three feet ten inches in diameter, and was probably intended for libations. A little east of this is the rock-cut trough in THROUGH TIIE STEREOSCOPE 49

~vhichthe priests and possibly the worshippers per- formed their ablutions. Further soutli was a great rock-cut reservoir in which water was stored for use in connection with the sacrifice. These altars Lvere probably in use before the time of Christ, ant1 resemble closely those found at the high places throughout the land of Israel. BIBLE LANDS

JERUSALEM AND SAMARIA

"54. Valley of Kidron and southeast corner of Jeru- salem's lofty wall; view north past Siloah Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 64. Turn now to the special map (5) of Jerusalem ant1 its ilnmetliate surroundings. Our position is marked on tlie IIill of Evil Counsel near the southern litnits of the map. In the foreground are the gardens in tlie 1)etl of the I Kitlron Valley. On the left rises the hill of Opliel, and on the heights stands the temple area, over 1 which may he seen the top of the Mosqt~eof Omar. The road that comes tlown from the eastern corner of the temple area leads to the Virgin's Fot~nt, which is hitltlen by the itltervening slioulder of rock. On the right the other road leads up to the little town of Siloah. Through the valley in the di5tance can be seen the top of the so-called Tomb of Ab-

*55. Jerusalem from the south, showing Tyropcean and Kidron valleys with Ophel between 5. B. G. and H., pp. 65, 204. 011r point of Map t vision is a little too far south to come within the map limits; the apex of the V is lacking. You cat1 however, find the diverging lines (marked 55) at the southern edge of the map, and trace them northward to get the boundaries of our outlook. We are looking northeast towartl Jerusalem from the western side of the lower ICidron valley. Im- mediately before us the Valley of ITinnom joins the Kitlron, which leatls up past the village of Siloali. seen at the right of (54). The Valley of Hinnom can also 11e traced as it runs to the left around the soutllern and wester11 sides of the city. Opposite Siloah antl hetween us ant1 the space at the left of the temple area may be distingttished the shallow depression of the Tyropcean Valley. Between I the Tyropcean and the I

"56. Jerusalem from Mt. Scopus at the northeast, showing nearly the entire city Map 5. B. G. and H., pp. 67, 70, 202. See n-here our point of view is marl

58. Damascus Gate in north wall of Jerusalem- outlook S. past Church of the Holy Sepulchre Map 5. E. G. and H., p. 70. Iieference to the map will 11cll) itlentify the lantlmarks in sight. 'I'liii is the gateway I)y xv11ich the great northern roatl enters Jerusalem. 13efore us is a typical section of tlie grim, 1)icturestiue, ornate ~~~ralln liicli en- c~icles the ancient city. Its fountlatiotis go Ilack to Roman arul early Iicl~re~vtimes, I~utthe ~vallitsclf ic. ljuilt from the ruins of earlier xvalls and tlatcs only ft-om the days of Soliman, who raisetl Jcrusa- lern to its prcsent strength during the sixteenth century of the Christian era. The gate is flanked I)y two square towers. Above it is an ancient arcli. Beyond it arc the flat, irregular tops of the Jer~is:~- lem houses. On the lcft is the Rloslenl quarter, and THROI'GII TIIE STEREOSCOPE 5 3

on the right the Latin and i2rmcniai1; the roui~tlctl tloine of the traditioi~alCliurcll of the IIoly Scpul- cllrc is the nearest and most coxis~~icuousof all the

*:l;o. Samaria from the north with its olive groves I

aigain to the gciieral map. 'I'he point of view is just north of the city on a ~~cighl~oi-inghill. In tlie mitltlle tlista~icewe see tlie roundcd hill on which was built Korthcrn Israel's famous capital. 12t its apex tnay be distinguished the excavations being carried on hy the llarvard Expedition at tlie site of tllz I temple of Herocl and of tlie older palaces of Onlri and Ahab. Lower dowil oil tlie front face of tlic hill may 1)e traced the outlines of the great aml)lii- theatre constructed during the Roman period. Tlic I motlertl city lies on the other side of the hill (cf. 60). I 1n tlie tlistalice are the higlier hills that enc~i-clc Samaria. i1l)out it arc tlic fertile fields and broatl valleys tlint contril~utetl to the wealth and pros- pcritj- of this ancient capital. On the right is the I)roatl, fcrtile I

Map I. B. C. and I3., p. 71. TZ'e are now on

the ca\ter11 cillc ,)f tlic city loo1,iiig from the ruins of a Cliii~ti,in~11111-cli, over tl:c motlern town west- 54 BIBLE LANDS ward to the acropolis which crowns the Hill of Samaria. The cellar in the immediate foreground, with stairs leading down, was once the ancient Pool of Samaria that stood just outeitle the city wall. Near this point in all probability the dogs once licked up the blood of the wou~ldedilhab. The unlicmpt motlern town is in strilcing contrast to the sl)lendors of the lordly city that once crowned this which Herod encircled the imperial city that he here reared in honor of his patron Augustus. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY

"61. The mound of Gezer from the northwest, site of Canaanite and Maccabean forts Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 88, 224. Consult the geileral map; our position is rnarl

*63. The mound of Megiddo from the southeast I B. G. and H., pp. 98, 131. 'The Iiuge mound pro- 1 jecting out into the open plain proclaims at firit I glance its cornmn~ldingposition antl cllaracter. Its sidcs rise al)ru~)tlyon cl-cry side, euccpt the south- \ west, whcle the neclc of lint1 nleittiolletl in thc campaign of Thetinose 111 coilnccts with the Sainaritan hills. The steep~tessof it? sides is clue to the fact that the mud uralls which encircle it are covcretl at certain points to tlic tlcl)tli of only a few inchei hy the ddbris which has washcd tlown from al~ovc.The mount1 coinmantli a view of almost cvcry point on the Plain of Estlraelo~i,ant1 is prorniucnt on the I horizotl even when viewctl from the heights of lower Galilee.

I I 64. Ruined houses and public buildings excavated I at old Megiddo B. 6. and H., p. 99. We arc lookiitg 11~1-eout to- I m art1 the Plain of llegiddo to the nortbcast. 13~ low are the remains of the ancient Canaanite city of iilegidtlo, laitl l~archy thc German excavationr con- ducted by Schumacl~cr. Immecliately hclow arc tlic lower wall5 of the miniature houses once occupictl I by the ancient Canaanites. They are little morz I ?'IIItOTTCII TIIL hTI:lll OSCOI'I

than cuhicles aaiib lanci only two or three feet wide coniiectlng this rc\idcucc portion of tlie city. Rc- jontl arc the foiintlation wall5 of tl~clarger buildings, which 1)rol)al)ly inclutletl a palace ant1 a temple, on tlie right. Tlie ancient 1)illar is one of the sacrctl maccal~othavhicli stood I~eforeevery ancient Canaanite shrine. 65. The brick store-chambers of Pithom, built by Hebrews. Egypt I 110. I B. G. and EI., p. IIerc wc arc looliing north

I ovcr the ~iiutl-l~riclcstore-chaml~crs cxcavatetl by the 1Sfiy)t I

Country. In this region, which lies near the heart of the Bedouin country, are found many hold peaks that well satisfy the description of Sinai found it1 the earliest I-Iebrew narratives. Among the same hills to the west lies the spring of Kadesh-harnea, where the Hebrews established their central camp when they reverted to the life of the Bedouin wan- derers.

"67. The traditional Mount Sinai (S. E.) towering above the Plain of Assembly B. G. and H., p. 116. In the foreground, cropping the barren bushes of the desert, are a flock of sheep guarded by their Bedouin owners, reminders of Moses who guarded the flocks of Jethro, his father- in-law. Across the broad Wady er-Rgha, the traditional mountain of the law rises to the height of twenty-five hundred feet from the plain. According to very late Christian and Moslem traditions it was in the plain immediately in front of this mountain that the Hebrews assembled to receive the law from Moses. ITp a valley at the eastern side is the famous Monastery of St. Catherine. Of the three peaks in the foreground, that to the left is R9s Selaf, that in the centre is R9s Safsaf. The higher, sharp peak on the right is Jebel lfiisi, which rises to a height of seven thousand three hundred and sixty-three feet al~ovethe sea level. Even though the tradition is late that identifies this imposing mountain tnasi with Mount Sinai, it furnishes an impressive and suggestive setting for the events recorded in Exodus 19 and 20, for it was in the wild, barren atmosphere of the desert that the foundations of Israel's faith were laid. TIIROUGII THE STEREOSCOPE 59

68. Bedouin gardens in the Sinai wilderness B. G. and H., p. 117. Ccfore us is a typical scene in the wild, desert region that extends for hundreds of miles south of Palestine. It was in a wilderiless like this that the E-lebrews 1)ecatne iiiuretl to hartl- ship and devcloped those 1irrl)its of cntlurance, cour- age and dependence upon their God which, through all the centuries, have heen the striking characteristics of their race. The name garden is altnost a mis- nomer, for desert sands and rocks are everywherc in evidence. Here grow the trees which are able to strike their roots through the tlry soil to the moisture below. The Bedouin have constructed rude stone fences to separate their possessions, which they visit only when the fruit ripens. This occasion is for then1 a time of great rejoicing, for it gives them a pleasing relief from the cheerless marches through the barren deserts.

"69. Making bread in a Bedouin tent B. G. and H., p. 117. Rarely do western eyes look upon a scene such as is now before us. Those who have eaten Bedouin bread will recognize why it is so plentifully supplietl with small stones and sticks. It is first kneaded and flattened into thin layers, and then laid over a bowl similar to that which is now inverted over the smouldering fire. The smoke may be detected rising from this fire, which hardens if it does not thoroughly cook the bread. IYhcn done, the bread is slightly charred on the outside and often half-cooked on the inside. 70. Bedouin women churning milk B. G. and H., p. 117. Erentl, tlates, and cheese, or curds, are the chief foot1 of the tlwellers in the Redouin country to the south of Palestine. The portahle churn, with its rude support, made of the skin of a sheep, or goat, or donkey, is swung back and forth, as in the scene before us. Tl~edirt ant1 squalor that characterize the Bedouin life of to-day may 11e clearly seen. In the background of tlie tent are the coffee pots and also the brasicrs which arc sometinlcs used ill cooking ant1 in warming the tent on the cold nights when tlie wintls sweep through as well as over thesc tents that offer little protcctioll to their inmates. In the background are the rude heds and personal belongings of the family strewn in that picturesque disorder that character- izes the East.

71. A powerful Bedouin sheik and his hardy warriors B. G. and H., p. 117. Sitting in the centre of this group, with his robe tlrawn cloie about him, ii 1;rawan Evan Xlahometl LIajali, the sheik who ruletl i~omthe neat1 Sea eastward five hours' ridir?g out into the desert, ant1 frorn the rlrilon in the north to the Wady ITcsa on the south. He clain~ed to have untlcr lliill four thousand armed warriors, arltl utttil recently has ruletl over his wide territory alnioit undi\turbed Ily the 'L'urkish Government. The latest reports, however, indicate that as a pen- alty for the capture of ICeral< and resistance to the Turks, lie and seventy-two otlier sl~cikshave I~ceu shot. Mrlien he was made shcik of his tril~e,his fa- tlier had I-~eenl\illed by a rival tribe. Sun~moniilg his warriors, he inacle war upon 111s foes, ant1 com- pellet1 them, in l\ccj)inq ith the ancient law of blootl rc.\cn::c, to l~titto tltath t11c hc

himself with nlarvcllous facility and tact to the very different customs of the western worltl.

I I 72. Mount Nebo south from Wady 'AyGn MGs2, 1 showing ancient road that leads to Jordan 1 Map I. B. 6.and H., p. 124. See the general map of I'alestinc, at a point nearly due east from Jericho. We are looki~ig11p from the IVacly 'Ayiin Miis;, which onens into the Tortlan toward the rountled I

Tortlan ancl overlooks the mountains of the Abarim. 1

stretch of the central r~lxteauof Palestine, from the 1

in the distance. Down througll the valley which I

road through hloab to the fortls of the lower Jordan. I 62 BIBLE LANDS

It is probable that along this easy highway, with its sparkling springs and rivulets, the Hebrews found their way to the Jordan.

Map 4. B. G. and H., p. 125. See the special map of Jericho and its surroundings.. Below us, in the immediate foreground, is the deep trench sunk by the German excavators, tlisclosing the sloping wall of aticietit Jericho crowned Ily the softer mud wall on the too. On the left mav be distinguished the city. In the distance are the barren, rounded hills I of the Wilderness of Judea. I 74. The outer wall of ancient Canaanite Jericho with ruined houses beyond Map 4. B. G. and H., p. 126. This site is indi-

acter of the old wall of Jericho. The ~vallof dirt on the top was apparently used as a breastwork behind which the defenders coulcl easily repulse the attack of their foes. Reyond are the foundations of the small Canaanite houses, and above the mass of dPbris thrown up by the excavators.

Map I. B. G. and H., p. 127. See the general map just north of the red-lined oblot~gwhich distinguishes the Jericho district. THROUGH THE STEREOSCOPE 63

Here we are looking up into the hills of eastern Benjamin. The native limestone rock crops out at every point, but the soil is sufficient to support the gnarled olive trees antl a little vegetation. The road follows the narrow valley beside the rushing torrent that comes down from the heights above.

"76. Hebron, the first capital of the southern King- dom, from the east Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 128, 153. See the general map. The identifying number had to be set at a little distance. The present town of Hebron that lies before us runs northwesterly along the bottom of a narrow valley. It is a closely built town of stone, surrounded by fertile fields antl groves of olive and almond trees. To the right rises the minaret of the famous biosque of Machpelah, where, accortling to Jewish and ILIoslem tradition, is to be found the tomb of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Ancient Iicbron stood on a bold hill to the northwest, which may he seen beyond the modern town at the right. Huge walls and ruins still testify to its strength. IIcre the Judahites establishetl themselves in the south, ant1 here David was made king. After the exile IIebron became cne of the cllicf cities of the Idumeans.

*77. Rocky Bethel and its olive groves, from the south Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 129, 177. See the general map. The identifying number is not at the apex of the V, but is connected with it. The present town of I3eitin, usually identified with ancient Rctliel, crowns the top of the low hill across the valley. It is a small, poverty-stricken town, the in11;ll)itants of which clcpentl chiefly upon tlie fruit of the olive trees which encircle the hill ant1 tlie patches of rock soil \aliich they are able to cultivate. Over the hill to our left are fount1 traces of two great Roman roatls, and past it in earlier times probably ran one of the great highways from Jerusalem to the north. It must always have heen a small town, l~utthe tratlitions which gather about its sacred stones niacle it an object of pilgrimage from all tlie cities of central Israel. Here Amos, the sturdy prophet from Telcoa, proclaimetl his startling mes- sage that was destined in time to transform the re- ligiotls beliefs ant1 practices not only of Israel 1)ut of the whole human race.

78. The Jordan's great spring at Dan Map I. B. G. and H., p. 130. Closely associated with Iiethel in the religious history of Jirael \vas the northern sanctuary of Dan. The ccntrc of this ancient city was the famous spring, just l~cyontlthe trees in the foreground. I'lerc the Caliaanite colon- iits establiihed the city of Iaaiili ant1 pro1)'ll)ly a tcmplc in honor of the god of the spring. Later, when the Danites captured this picturesque site ant1 fountlcd the city of Dan, they also made it an im- portatlt sanctuary. The poplars and oaks which iurrountl the spring and cover tlie mountls are douhtlcss descendants of the trees that 1,clongetl to the sacretl 1,recincts of the ancient temple. At tht right is a broatl, low mount1 with traces of exten- sive ruins, which still awaits the spade of the exca- vator. TIIROCGIf TIIE STEItEOSCOPE 6 5

"79. River Kishon and old battleground of Hebrews and Canaanites Map 2. B. G. and H., p. 132. 1x1 the iinnlediate foregrountl is the ford by which the main roatl from Megiddo northn,artl to the Sea of Galilee and Da- mascus crosses the Kishon. In front we see the gradually rising plain on which the Hebrews took their stand to meet the advancing Canaanites. 111 the distance the valley cxtends to the vicinity of Mount Tallor and opens into many broad valleys throug11 which came thc valiant IIehrews for the great struggle against their oppressors.

80. Shiloh, scene of old religious assemblies, from the southeast Map I. B. G. and H., p. 141. See the general map just ahove the 32' parallel. The outlooks from positions 80 ant1 81 are in opposite directions. Across the valley we see the rounded hill covered with scattcred ruins of ancient Shiloli. A deep val- height of Jebel Rakhwit. In front of the hill of Shiloh is a little one-story mosque with a large tree growing out on its western side. The more prob- al~lesite of the FTeht-e~vsanctuary must be sought on the level terrace directly beyond the ruins of Shiloh.

81. Southeast from the ruins at Shiloh to neighboring hills of Benjamin Map I. B. G. and H., p. 141. Tn the foreground we see the foundations of the small houses in which lived ancient Hebrews. Eelow Is the humble 117131,E LANDS mosque n it11 its ovcrllanginq tree, antl Ijeyontl, eu- tending for fully tliiee milcs to tlie riyht, is tlic broatl, frrtile plain across which the pilgri~nscame from the south antl east. Still farther to the right, beyond tlic range of our view the Wady Seilun runs througl a broatl valley to tlie main ccntr.il highway from Damascus through Northern Israel.

82. From a housetop at Ramah, traditional home of Samuel, northeast toward Gilead Map I. B. G. and H., p. 142. See the general map at a point directly north of Jcrusalcm ant1 less than ten miles away. We are here on the lofty height of Ramah lool

83. Gibeah of Saul, north from a field below the modern village Map I. B. G. and H., p. 142. See the general map, just north of Jerusalem. Altho~~plione of the highest points in this part of Benjamin, the home of Saul, which lies before us, rests on a hill that rises only a few feet above the ellcircling hilli As TIIROUGII TI112 STEREOSCOPE 6'7 in the days of Sanl, it is a comparatively insignifi- cant town built of stone, surrountlctl 1)y fields, the home of farmers ant1 sheljherds, a type of the simple, pioneer period in which lie lived.

"84. The Pass of Upper Beth-horon from the south, scene of Hebrew victories Map I. B. G. and I-I., pp. 144, 212, 220. See the general map, just ahove the S in "Jerusalem." The villages of Beth-horon still hc~rtheir Ara1)ic natncs of Upper antl Lower. The one 1)efoi-e us is Upper Beth-horon, which stands at tlie heat1 of the pass that led down by a series of terraces from the heights of the central plateau to the lcvel Philistine Plain. The road which runs under the brow of the hill and is overshadowed by tlie rocky town above, here descends rapidly to Lower Beth-lioron. Along this highway the Philistines prohably advancecl to crush the rehcllion headed by Saul, and down this snmc path they rushed, pursued hy the victorious Iieljrcws. Pro1)ahly at this same point Judns RTac- cabet~srallied his valiant followers antl beat back the Syrian army, driving them in wild fright antl confusion out upon the open plain. A little to the left of our vision on a lower terrace Jutlas Macca- beus rallied his faint-hearted followers for the last fatal engagement with his Syrian foes.

*8g. Scene of Jonathan's victory at Michrnash, head of precipitous Wady es Suweinit B. G. and H., p. 145. This is the heat1 of the Wady Suweinit. A short distance beyond the road from Jerusalem northward to Bethel crosses the upper end of the gorge. On the right is the terraced cliff on nllicl~was probably stationed the 2liilistine gar- rison guarding thc liigl~wayto tlie north. Ilcyond is the present village of h.lichmasl~,1iiddc11 11y this rountlctl mass of rock. 011 its stccp face may be dctectetl the beginnings of the series of caves which line the sides of this wady ant1 offcred places of refuge for thc frightenet1 IIel~rews. Geba was on thc heights to thc soutli on the left side of the deep gorge. In all proba1,ility it was where the gorge narrows and is secmiilgly blockadctl by gribat boul- tlcrs that Jo~lathanand his armor-l)earer, dcicending frot-u the lcft, threatlctl tl~cirwny thrcngll the rocky watly ancl clitllbed the seemingl:~ inacccssil~lc heights on the right.

"86. David's city, Bethlehem, so~theastto Fra~lk Mountain and heights of Moab beyond Dead Sea I. and pp. 147, 233. The iclentify- Map B. G. H., 1 ing number 86 has to be set some distance away, I but the position is at Bethlehem itself; tlie diverg- I in^ view can be traced across the wilderness and the I sea. I We arc looking from a tower in the western part 1 of the town towartl the eastern ant1 tilain portion of modern Rctlilchcm. The low, round shaft before I us is the minaret of the liohan~metlanmosque. The tall, iqliarc tower to the right is that of the Church I of the Nativity, \vl~erc early Christian tradition places the birth of Jesus. In the distance rises the high conical top of the Frank Mountain, on which T-Ierod the Grcat reared his huge fortress, the Hero- dium. Beyond we look down into the deep basin of the Dead Sea, shut in by the lofty heights of Moab. I TIIROTJGII TRE STEREOSCOPE

87. A shepherd boy with his flock in a hillside pasture near Betl:lehcm B. 6. and M., p. 147. This view tells its own story, a1ttlou::ll tli~sl~cplierd latl is 1)y no means a type of thc stal~vartRethlehc~nite youth, who in carly tir1lc5 mas able to vanquisl~evcry foe, whether bear or lion or I'l~iliitinc giant. Tllc rocky ficlds, wit11 sparse hcr1,age l~etwccnthe stones, surrounded by wiltl, 1)arrcn hills, reveal the school in which Israel's future Iting receivctl his early training. In the story of Jesu5' birth the s11el)herds who were

*88. Scene of the slaying of Goliath in the valley of Elah; outlook northwest Map I. B. G. and H., p. 148. See the general map at a point almost due west of Bethlchcn~. Our vicw is northwrestward froin the heights on the southern side of the valley of Elah. The brown fieltls in the I valley are where the Philistine forces were drawn I "1). 'I'l~ey are bountled on the right by the torrcnt l)e(l through which Davicl advanced as 11e came I1 1 tlowtl from the sloping heights on the right where I I tlic i Iel~rewswere intrenched.

89. Site of the priestly town of Nob north of Jeru-

I Map 5. B. 6.. and H., p. 148. Scc special Jcru- salern map; positiol~ near norther11 litnits of the 1 city. ~ficarc lool,ing c

I- that risc to tl~et~ortllcait of Tc~-~ls:~lcnl.On the rixht is high toner- of the Ru5sinn 011hervatol-y 1,uilt 011 the nlo~lntoi Olivcs. Juit acroii this highway that leads northwarti from Jerusalem is the level plateau known as Ras el-Masherif. Its artificial character is suggested at a glance. It and the rounded heights ahove command a fine view of Jerusalem I~elow(cf. 56). Through the slight de- nation saw the Assyrians advancing upon Jerusalem (Is. 10 : 28-32). go. In the Wilderness east of Ziph, following a rough trail towards Hebron to FTehron. rln~ongthese wild cavcs antl fastnesses organij.ecl pursuit was impossible and it was easy for Davitl antl his followers to firltl secure places of refuge, even as tlitl later Jewish fugitives from tl~cpersecutions of rlntiochus Epi~)hencs. The problem of securing food, ho\vcvcr, among these ab- solutely Inrren roc!cs was alrnost too great even for n resourceful learlcr like Davitl, and explains why

91. In one of the limestone caves at Endor, home of the storied witch in this same cave-oncc playctl upon the over- wrought imnginntion of tl~cst~pcrstitious Snul. The peol~lc of I'nclor are fanlo~~sfor their fill11 :tri(l squxlor. and thc prcqellt scene confirmi tllat i:n- prcb5ion. The deep recesses of the limestone caves, TTIROIJGII TIIE STERl3OSCOI'E '7 1 that abound in the hillside on which Endor rests, furnished a favorable setting for tlie religious practices that were closely connected with caves and here long survived.

92. The King's Pool, ancient reservoir in the heart of Hebron Map I. B. G. and H., p. 154, We arc now near the midtllc of the town. About this great enclosed pool have been enacted the chief events of IIebron's long history. IIerc prol)al~lyIlavid was made king by the southern tri1)cs. IIere he received tlie mes- sengers who paid with their life for the unseenlly haste in announcing tl~eassassination of Saul's son, Ishhaal. Near 1)y is the presetit ~ovcrnmentbuild- ing. IIere the caravans that come in from the tlcscrt halt a11tl relieve the wearied animals just as they have done for three thousand years.

"93. From Mizpah north over the terraced hill of Gibeon to distant Ramallah Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 154, 213. Sec the general map just north of the letter L in "Jertr~alem." The identifying tlun1l)er 93 is at a little distance, connected 1)y a zigzag with the point where we stand. Refore us on the rounded hill that looks like a I~ugenative altar is the site of the ancient sacrctl city of the Gi1)eonite.s that nlnrketl the I~ortlcr line hetween the 1,in~doms of Davit1 ant1 1shl)nnl. On the lcvel rock terrace on the side of t!le hill in the forcyrountl 1111(lern Illiqc rnull~erl-ytree ha5 hccn foulit1 the great Iii[;li place. at Gibeon wlicrc Solomon nit11 Iiis cot1i.t xvcnt to sacrifice. R(>ck-c~t cisterns and channels for the blood ~roclailnthe character of this ancient place of sacrifice. About one hundred paces to the right of the village are a spring and a large reservoir. Either this or the second reservoir farther down the hill is the famous pool beside which Abner's men fought with those of Joab. In the valley beyond the hill runs the main northern road from Jerusalem dourn the pass of the Beth-horons to Joppa. Over Gibeon in the distance may be seen thc large town of Ramallah and faintly to the right El-Birah, beside the main central highway to the north.

*94. The valley of Rephaim, ancient Hebrew battleground, with Jerusalem at the northeast Map I. B. G. and H., p. 155. See the general map juct soutllwest of Jerusalen~. On the horizon, to the northeast the topsof certain of the huild- ings of Jerusalem are visible. The narrow tower straight aheatl is that of the Russian observatory on the hIount of Olives. The broad fertile plain in the foreground was admirably fitted for the movements of the ~vell-organizedPhilistine army. On this field David not only won itidependcnce for the Hebrews but also lait1 the foundations for that larger kingdom, which, with Jerusalem as its capital, soon grew into an empire.

"95. Southern end of the Jebusite city, northeast past Ophel to blivet, outside Jerusalem Map 5. B. G. and H., pp. 157, 162. See the Jeru- salem map. On the right is the valley of the I

96. The water-city of Rabbath-Ammon, E. N. E. along the Jabbok to the acropolis Map I. B. G. and H., p. 159. See the general map, far east of the Jordan near the 32' parailel. Before us is the rushing Jabhok, fctl by numerous springs that gush forth on its left bank. Further on is the span of an ancient bridge, and at the lcrt the ruins of at1 old Roman basilica. Beyond that we see the remains of large thermz. Above, in front, towers the eastern end of the lofty acropolis of Rab- bath-Ammon. It runs baclc to the left behind the towers and overlooks this valley, which is without mucll cloubt the ancient "Water-City."

97. An oak in the Land of Gilead near the scene of Absalom's death B. G. and H., p. 161. This majestic oak, with its low, overhanging branches is but one of the many that heautify the picturesq~telantlscape of Gilcati. It is not tlifficult to see how iIl).;alom, flecinq through a forest of oaks like this, woultl mect with the strange accident recordetl in TI Samuel 18. BIBLE LANDS

98. From Jerusalem's south wall, S. E. over the valley scene of Adonijah's conspiracy Map 5. B. G. and H., pp. 162, 219. Consult the Jerusalem map. We are loolcing southeast from the southern wall of modern Jerusalem down the Ty- ropccon Valley towarti the point where it joins thc Kidron. Across the vallcy is Kefr Silwan, probably the Caphersalama of I nllaccabees. At the point where the Tyropceon joins the Kidron is the Birket el-I-Iamra or lower Pool of Siloam which we saw in (95). Above it, near the tower, is the Pool of Siloam (107). To the left of our view, up the Kidron Vallcy, is the Gihotl spring where Solomo~l was proclaimed king. Further down the Icidron Valley, between the lower Pool of Siloam and the Well of Job (which is at the point where u7e can see the Valley of Ilinnom coming into the Icidron from the right) Adonijah assembled his followers. (For the reverse of this view see 55.)

*gg. Jerusalem, "beautiful for situation," northwest to site of Solomon's temple and palace Map 5. B. G. and H., pp. 164, 233, 260. Sce the Jerusalem map. IlTc stand outside the town on Olivet. We are Iooking from the ioutheast across the Icidron Vallfy upcn t1:e yreat tcr11plc area that extended so~ithwartlalong the hill of Ophel. The Dome of the Rock that stantls in tlle centre of the present area pro1)al)ly covers thc remains of the great rock-hewn altar that stood in front of Solo- mon's temple. \Vest of this raw tl!e tctnple itsclf. Tmrnediatelv soutli of tlic tc.mplc, rc\ting on the native rock that 112s 1)c.cn covcretl Ijy IIerod's exterl- siotl of the teinple platform, were the other build- TJIROUGIE TIIE STEREOSCOPE 75 ings of Solomon's palace. Even at this distance it is possible to distinguisl~the raised platform of native rock upon which the temples of Soloinon and IIerod stood and the steps that lead up to it froin the south.

*IOO. The native rock in the Temple area, traditional site of the altar, Jerusalem Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 164. See the Jerusalem map. No stranger sanctuary can he found in all the world than this gorgeous, octagonal building that covers an irregular mass of gray limestone rock. The original building was reared as early as the seventh Christian century, but the present \\a; erected in the eleventh century. The monoliths ill the clouhle row of columns that support the roof were taken from various heathen temples. The great rock in the centre is 58 feet long and 44 wide, and rises froin 4 to 6 1-2 feet allove the encircling pavement. 011t11e left or miester11 side are traces of a level platform and sevcral artificial indentations and cl~annelsmay be distinguished on its surface. Yndcr the southeaster11 (front, right hand) side of tlie rock are eleven steps Icading down to a cave. 'The round stone that covers its centre rings hollow, indicating that there is either a cistern or cavern 1,eneath. Possi1,ly this was the ancicnt cave that lctl the pre-Hebrew inhallitants of Palestine to re- qard the rock as sacred. Later it was probably used as a drain to carry off the water used in conrlection with t1.e sacrifices.

101. Shechem, where the Hebrew empire was divided; east past &It. Ebal Map 3. B. G. and H., p. 166. Sce the special map of Shechem and vicinity. The scene before us fully explains the history of Shec!iem. Rushi~igwaters, trecs, anti gardens reaching far up the side of Rirount Ehal to the north, all speak of prosperity. The open valley meant commercial opportunity, anti explains why thc modern Nablus, that here lies on its southern side, is one of the chief towns of Palestine. At the same time this open valley, with overlianging mountains, afforded no natural defence.

102. Rock of Elijah's altar on Mt. Carmel and outlook north over Plain of Esdraelon Maps I and 2. B. G. and H., p. 172. See either our general map or the special map of Galilee. Here we are looliing nearly north across the rolling plain of Esdraelotl. Ecyonrl rise the terraces first of Iowcr and then of upper Galilee. The straight line across the plain below is the modern railroad from Haifa to Damascus. ParaIIeI to it runs the ancient road from llegidtlo to Accho and the coast highway. n'carer, undcr the clirf, is the Kishon. Tradition places the site of Elijah's altar on the rock at the foot or tlic first clcsccilt, just where the man on a ~vliitelior~e is standing. ['TI- derneatll the trees 1)cyontl 11in1 is a spring. Thc little upland plain at the riglit offcrcd ample room for the assembled representatives of northern Israel.

*103. A Syrian shepherd with his flock in the home country of Amos, near Tekoa Map I. B. G. and H., p. 177. See the general map just below the AE of "Juclxa." Rcforc u5 are the small, lean sheep ant1 goats that fintl a scant pastt~r- age among thc grim limestone rocks. No trees break the monotony of tl~cserocliy, rountled hills. Water is almost as scarce as vcgetntion. 'The tla~igerof attack from hungry Ceclouin ro1)hers (cf. 71) is ever present. The chief task of the shephertl is from some bare height to ~vatc11carefully the valleys that lead up from the southeast, and, if he sees a ma- rauding band, to sound the alarm.

"104. The Passover, as celebrated by the Samari- tans on Mount Gerizim Map 3. B. G. and H., p. 181. Use the special Shcchem map. One week later than the Jews at Jrrusnlcm the survivors of the Samaritan nation, only al~outone huntlred and fifty in number, come

I up from the town of Nablus below, and here, near the site of their ancient temple, celebrate the Pass- over [cast. The tents in which they live for a week are visil~lcin the bacl

1anit)s are then laid on the coals antl banked with Ftraw ant1 sod. At mitlniqht the men, with ropes about their waists antl stave< in their hands, eat the feast with haste. Finally all the remnants are burnt in the fire. 105. The Samaritan high priest with the ancient Pentateuch roll at Shechem Map 3. B. C. and H., p. 181. See special map of Shechem for location of the synagogue. This is the famous Samaritan I:il)le, consisting of the first five books of the Old Testament, written in the Samari- tan characters on a roll of parchment. The case is of silver and with its rods requires two men to carry it. In this plain, white\vasl-red room the old synagogue worship is still carried on. The high priest Jacob reads from the roll, ant1 sways back and forth as he reads the service, while the people prostrate 1 themselves as their fathers have for thousands of I years. I

1a6. Records of the campaign of Shishak who took I Jerusalem; relief at Karnak, Egypt I I B. G. and H., p. 182. Before us is the south wall I of the pylon that stands at the entrance of the vast J temple of Amon, at Karnalc in upper Egypt. And there is the inscription of Sheshonk, the Shishak of the Old Testament, in ~vhichhe gives a list of the Palestinian cities that he captured in the days of Rehoboam. The tall figure in the middle is the god Amon. TTe has two tall plumes on his head, a sword in his extended right hand. In his left he Prasps a number of cords with which he is leading the long line of captives that are pictured below him. Each captive symbolizes the Palestinian city TIIROUQII TI3E STEREOSCOPE 79 the name of which is spelled out in Egyptian hiero- glypl~ics.

107. The upper Pool of Siloarn outside modern Jerusalem Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 185. Consult the Jerusa- lem map. This muddy pool at the foot of the Ophel, where the Tyropceon Valley joins the Kid- ron (cf. 98), is the outlet of the ancient, rock-hewn channel that leads under the Ophel at our left. In tlie days of Isaiah this pool was probably within the city walls. iZ few steps beyond is the Lower Pool of Siloam which Ahaz was possibly inspecting.

"108. Hill site of ancient Mareshah, seen at southwest beyond modern town of Beit-Jibrin Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 186, 198, 217, 226. See the general map a few miles nortliwest of ITebron. Before us is the nod ern town of Beit-Jibrin, whic11 lies in a hollo-w bet~veenthree hills. neyontl, to the southwest, rises the imposing mount1 c~fTell Sancla- Iiannah (cf. G), the Alareshah referred to I)y Rlicah. After the exile it becnme (under the name Marissa) the capital of the Idumean kingdom. Thc little town in wl~icliAIica11 lived was probably on some one of the hills to the left of this mound. Among fields like those bcfore us he mcditated upon the ad- vance of ilssyria and upon tI:e social evils that were undermining his nation.

"'109. Anathoth, Jeremiah's home town--outlook northeast toward Jordan and Gilead ?Xap I. B. G. and H., p. 189. See the general map just northeast of Jerusalem. The littlc town on the hill iq tlie 111nce here the great prophet Jere- miah was horn. The limestone roclts crop out on every side and other villages crowd it on every side, so that it was never large. Its houses are small ant1 grot~pcdclos~ly together on the top of the hill. Be- yond are the ranges of eastern Samaria that run I down to the Jortlan, and in the distance, on the right, we can detect the dim outlines of the lofty hills of Gilead.

110. The Jews' wailing place by the outer wall of Solomon's temple, Jerusalem Map 5. B, G. and H., p. 192. See the Jerusalem map at a point southwest of the open temple grountls. IVe are deep down in the upper Tyro- peon Valley. Before us is the lower part of the 1 western fottndation wall of the temple that rises above us fifty-nine feet. The native rock is as many feet below, covered hy the dChris of centuries. These huge stones were untloubtedly in the founda- I tion of Herod's temple and may come from the (lays I I of Solomon. The fine drafting on some of them , suggests Phenician work. The pathetic figures be- I fore us are Jews lamenting over the fall of their sa- 1 cred city and that exile which is still a grim reality for all of them, even tlzough they may live under the shadow of the site of their ancient temple. IIere every Friday and on other sacred days they gather in great numbers, as they have since the Mitlclle Ages, and read the book of Lamentatiolls or chant a litany that voices their woes ant1 their undying hope that Gocl will yet restore Zion's former glory.

III. Assuan and the Island of Elephantine south from western cliffs above the Nile, Egypt B. G. and H., p. 195. IVe are loolcing from the TIIROUGII TIIE STEREOSCOPE 81

western cliffs nearly southward across the Nile. The tri~of lan(1 on the rirht is the little Island of II

right, out of the range of view, is the first cataract. Across the river we sec the 1)uildings of Assuan, the S Teneof Jeremiah and Ezekiel. In the distance are tl,e rough, rocky desert and the Arabian mountains. Tlie 1)uiItlings on this end of thc Islantl of Elephan- tine are a hotel ant1 a T3ritish army hospital. At the further (soutlicrn) end, l~ehintlthe masses of

tier town passed the protlucts of Nubia: ebony, , gold, ostrich feathers, ant1 the ivory that gave its namc to the place. During the Persian period, on the western side of the town, was the large Jew- 1 ish colony, wit11 its ten11)le ant1 traditional cus- j toms-a little Judali nine hundred miles up the 1 Nile.

I 12. The crowded bazaar and thoroughfare of David St. ; east to tower on Olivet. Jerusalem Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 205. See the Jerusalem map. IVe are in one of the main thoroughfares of Tcrusalctn. In the tlistance rises the tower of the

I races that ii fount1 in Jerusalem; Jews, with t!leir

1 Above is one (~ithe many stone archways that span , 82 BIBLE LBWDS both sitles of the strcet are the little hazaars, in which various kinds of -roods are for sale

*II~.Overgrown mound, the site of Modein, home of Judas Maccabeus; S. E. toward Jerusalem Map I. B. G. and H., p. 211. See the general map at the rvestern edge of the Judean mountains just below the 32" parallel. To tlie southeast, acrocs the rocky fieltls, is the round, tree-clad mount1 of Rlodein. On the nearer side is the site of tlie lower town. To our extreme right, Iooking through under the olive tree, we may see the valley (IVatly) Mala- keli, which comes down from the other side of Modein. In the diqtance, over the ruined mound, are the bold, western hills of Judea.

114. Battleground of Bethsura and the old Hebron- Jerusalem highway Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 214, 223. See the general map just north of ITebron. Before us is the round hill 011 which stood the anciellt fortress of Bethzur. It is now crowned by a little village ant1 a ruined tower. Hewn stonc and fragments of columns on the top recall its former strength. Along its eastern side runs the road from Hebron to Jerusalem, following in general the course of an older Roman highway. Near where this road reaches its highest point on the hill another ancient road starts westward down the Judean hills through the Wady ei-Sur to the Philistine Plain. Near the point where the two roads part Judas and his followers won their famous victory over the I Syrians. TIIROUCIX TIIE STEllEOSCOPE 83

"115. Czsarea north from near site of Herod's theatre to harbor breakwater Map I. B. G. and H., pp. 233, 277. See the general map at a point on the seacoast between Haifa and Joppa. We are standing near the site of IIerod's great theatre that would accommodate twenty thousand spectators. It faced the sea and had two towers on the sea end. R~tnningout into the sea are the remains of the great breakwater that protected the southern side of the artificial harbor. The ruins on the land (to the right) are the remains of the metlixval town. Further inland, to tlie f right (east) of the point from which we are looking,

I was the great Roman hippotlromc. nack from the shore, covering an area of three l~untlrecl and seventy acres, was the imperial city of marl~le,resi- L- tlence of the Roman procurators and the scene of Paul's long imprisonment. 1- i e *116. Nazareth, the home of Jesus, from the north- 31 east ~tl Map 2. B. G. and I-I., p. 239. See the special 11- map of Galilee, near its centre. We are looking "g down from a hill on the northeastern side of the to town. The houses are built of stone, and those an higher up command glorious views of the pictur- #at1 esque landscape about. The windows are few ant1 :n t small, for the people live outside, ant1 the houses ills are simply for protection from tlie heat and storms it^. and the cold winds of night. In the distance, at the t nd left, is the southeastern end of Mount Carmel. the About the town are the gardens and the fields which support the infiaititants, who now numl~cr about eleven thousand. Of these four tllousa~ldare MOS- lems and tlie rest ljelong to the different Christian sects.

117. Ancient Fountain of the Virgin where Mary came for water. Nazareth Map 2. B. G. and H., p. 241. This view tells its ow11 fascinating story. Before us is the spot nilere the veil of comparative silence \vi~ich surrounds Jesus' early years is drawn back. In imagination we see the boy of Nazareth, in cIo5e touch with the life of his home antl neighl)ors, 1)y expericncc :untl Iceen, sympathetic insight learning \vl~:l.t was in the heart of man, amidst these simple surroundings lay- ing the foundation? for a work whicll was to influence all mankind.

*XI& Baptizing in the Jordan-outlook southeast across a bend of the river Map 4. B. G. and H., p. 243. Use the special map of Jericho antl vicinity. Very differe~ltis this muddy river before us from the sacred Jordan of song and story. To this spot, howcver, each year come thousands of pilgrim$ of inally ~hntles of Christian faith to 1)e baptizeti in its water?, even as thc one before us is allout to 11e immcrietl 1)y the dark-garbed priest. The met1 in the irnlnctliate fore- gro~intlare tlie natives ~vlrhocollect toll from the pilgrims. In the distance arc tlcnic tl~icl;c.ti,~vhilc before us rush the whirling, mutlcly waters of the Jordan. "119. Ruins of homes at Capernaum and eastward outlook across the Sea of Galilee Map 2. B. G. and H., p. 248. Use the special Galilee map; cxtr 1:ositioll i<- near the north entl of the lake. Iruincdiately I~eforcus arc thc scatterctl ruin\ of the oItl Rotnan ant1 i2rah city which cover the slol~i~igplaill for miles. The three white clomes with tlie great wall al~outthem represent the FI-an- ciscan monastery. Just 1)eyontl arc the ruins of the great marl~lesqnagoquc. IIcre tlie shore slopes gratlttally back from the lakc to the hills 1)chintl us. 011 tlie Icft, four illilcs away, is the mouth of the Jortlan, atid 011 the right, two 111ilci tlista~lt,is the

1)lainIy see the bluffs which form the edge of the Jaulan plateau.

*120. Fountain Tabighah and Gennesaret plain; southwest over Sea of Galilee to the Horns of Hattin Map 2. B. G. and H., p. 249. Use the Galilee map. The waters of the spritlg guih from the ground ant1 flow illto thc largc, liel)!agonal rcser- voir hrlow ui. One side hai been I)rol\c~i tlown, with tlie result that the watcrs flow forth I~efore they riie far froin the 1)ottom of tlic prcient 1,ool. Part of tlie water ii then c~i~tluct~tlI)y the aquetluct to :he I~ortlersof the lal\c \vlierc it pours forth its guihinq stream, warmiiig the xvatcri al~out. In thc liqlit of the statemellt of Joicpllus, fhii point marks tl~cwestcrn limit OF the far-extcntlinfi city of Ca- ~-crn;lun~a13d thc l~egi~iningof the I'lain of Gcn- I tiesarct, ~l~ic111,cgini (1x1 our riglit atitl cxteiltls along tile i~orthwe~terncntl of tl~clakc to tho\e moutitains in tlic tliitance. Chi the extreme right,

L ol-cr thc treci 1)c~itlethe lalie, may l)c 5cc11 Tc.11 t Oieirileh, the rocky hill that Iias uil~allyl~cell regarded as the northern limit of Gennesaret. Just l~eyondit is Iihan YZinych, somctinles identifietl with Capernaum. Beyond, the Plain of Gennesaret l)roadens, ant1 is furro~vetl1)y series of streams that cut down from the rocky watlies at the north and west. rlt the foot of the mountain at the farther end oE the plain is blagdala, three and one-half miles distant (33).

"121. Shattered remnants of old Chorazin's buildings; south over Sea of Galilee Map 2. B. G. and H., p. 250. See the (;alilee map at its cxtre~ncnorthern limit. In the distance, to the south, we look dowrl upon the Sea of Galilee and its western hills. From the lake a tleep volcanic gorge, aloilg which may l,e tracetl an ancient Roman road, leatls up to the plateau on wliicli we stand. To the right this rocby plateau overloolis the gorge atlcl conin~antlsthc roatl, which let1 northward to the "Way of the Sca." Before us in wild cotlfusiotl are the bla~li,hew~i, Imsaltic rocks. Most of them were oiicc a part of the synaqogue of Cho- razin. 0x1 several of thc pil1:ir.s can he sceil the ornate carving that characterizecl thc architectnrc of late Roman times. Tlie ~~nli~n~ptnative at tllc right is sitting on the pctlestal of one of the pillars that stootl in front of tlic synagogue. To-day tliic, spot I is a scene of a1)solutc loneliness and desolation.

*12z. Beautiful site of old Bethsaida beside Jordan at the north end of Galilee Map 2. B. 6. and H., p. 251. Uye the Galilee map again. We are facing cotith southcast. Again the woe that rests upon Choi-a~inis illustrated by tl~esurroundingi of ancient Uethsaitla. Before us tile Jortlan xvilitls and twists tl~rougll the delt,~ which it has matle on tlie northern end of the Sea of Galilce. On thc left, across the sea, we call dis- tinguisli the lofty hills of the plateau of the Jaulan, on which were the Greek cities of Hippos and Ca- mala. 1;urthcr south stood the opulent Roman city of Gadara. The ancient city of Uethsaida was across the river froin wllcre we stand, at the point where the Jortlan I~reshs throtlgh the encircling Irilli. Fiihermen's villages, hotc.ever, were probably 1)uilt nlony, the delta to the hortlers of the sea, and possibly the site of the homes of Jesus' three disciples who catrlc from Bethsaida were somewhere within our range of vision. 123. Fishermen mending nets where the Jordan enters the Sea of Galilee Map 2. B. G. and H., p. 251. Use the Galilee map. Vl'c are facing south, down the lake. We are at the point where the Jordan flows into the Sea of Galilee from the north. On the left may he secn a native standing on the tip of land across the river, which is usually fordable at this point. This is the hest fishing ground on the lake. Before us are a group of fishermen mending their nets. They are sturtly men, inured to hardship, and browned ant1 hlackenetl by tlie hot, sultry suns that beat down upon this tropical sea, in external appear- ances, at least, very similar to the fishertnen whom Jesus transformetl into fishers of men.

I *124. Bethany, the home of Jesus' friends, south from the eastern slope of Olivet 3. G. and H., p. 259. We are looking clown from

!1 88 BIBLE L,tNDS the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives upoil the modern, wretched little town of Bethany. Few towns of Palestine to-day are more filthy and poverty-stricken. The outcrop of rock suggests the prosimity of the neighboring IVilderness of Judea. In the days of Jesus it was apparently a prosperous suburb of Jerusalem, which now lies at our right.

Somewhere on this sloping hillsicte was Jesus' home I while in Judea. Modern tradition points to the large, ruined building on the extreme right as the house of Simon the leper, and the credulous are led to the home of Mary and Martha not far away. The quiet atmosphere and the noble vistas still remain, to help explain what attract-d the Master to this secluded village.

*125. Pilgrims in the old Temple courts; north northwest from El Aksa to the Dome of the Rock Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 260. See the JerusaIcln map, near the southeast corner of the temple area. We arc looking across the ancient court of the Gen- tiles north toward the Dome of the Rock (100). The multitudes that stream on every side arc Alas- lem pilgrims, ~~110regard this spot as second only in sanctity to llecca. Betweell the two tall cy- presses in the foreground is the top of an ancicnt reservoir, to which the water was once conductecl from the Pools of Solomon south of Jerusalem. In the foreground may he seen the stone steps leading tip to the platform of rock about ten feet above the geucral levcl of the temple area, on which stood tllc ancient temple. Also in the time of Jesus gate5 lecl up from the sottthern side of the temple platform. The main et~trance, however, was to the right (east). Over on the eastern side of the temple area was Solomon's I'orch, from whence the gate led up- ward to the court of the women, and through that westward to the great altar. To the left (west) of the present Dome of tlle Rock stootl the anciei~t temple with its great facade, etlcircled hy the series of buildings devoted to the various needs of the service.

126. Ancient olive trees, Garden of Gethsemane- outlook west to city wall of Jerusalem Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 261. See the Jerusalem map. Tradition has fixed upon this spot clown on the \vestern side of the ICidron Valley as the scene of Jesus' agony and arrest. hlo~~kishdevotiotl has transfor~lietlit into a formal garden wliere flourish most of the trees ant1 flowers kllowil to this part of Palestine. 111 the foreground, however, are the gnarled stumps of ancient olive trees that suggest the tlaine Cethsemane. In the tliitancc are tlie walls ant1 hattlemetlts of Jerusalem, gi-iin ant1 harsh, sym- l~olicof that relelltless hierarchy that thirsted for the blootl of the quiet teacher froin Galilee.

4:127. The "new Calvary" outside the Damascus gate, seen from northern wall of Jerusalem Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 262. See the Jcrusaleln map. TITc arc lookii~gfroin a housetop besitle the northern wall of Jerusalel~lacross the valley which 113s 1)cen cxca~atetl1)y tlie Ron~a~lsand later Mas- Icm rulers. IIere in this tlorthern extension of the te~uplcrock they folrntl the stones with which to rebuild the city. Viewed from certain angles this no BIBLE LANDS cliff?with its two caves beyond the standing figures, resembles a human skull wit11 its two eye-sockets. Above are white Moslem tombs. This ridge, even when it extended nearer to the city, was probably left in its present desolate state. Hence it is ex- ceedingly probable that on yonder hill, or 011 nearer rocks long since carried away by excavators, stootl the cross on which Jesus proclaimed his deathless love for mankind.

128. Rock-hewn tomb in a hillside north of Jerusa- lem, probable place of Jesus' burial Map 5. B. G. and H., p. 263. See the Jerusalenl map at a point just outside the city's north wall. Before us on the left is the door which leads into the next tomb, regarded by General Gordon, who visited Jerusalem in 1882, as tlie rock-hewn scpul- chre in which the body of Jesus was laid. Tlle s~mall wintlow that lights it may be seen a little above arid l~eyondthe entrance. Straight before us, only a few yards away, is Jeremiah's Grotto (cf. 127, Map 5). Jerusalenl lies directly to our right.

129. The tomb of our Lord-interior of the rock sepulchre at the "new Calvary" B. G. and H., p. 263. For location, see 128 on our Terusalem man. Before us and beyond the two Syrian maitlens clothed in white is the finiillcd tomb which many consider to he that of the JInc,- ter. All is cut froill the native litnesto~ierock. LII~,: many of t!ie totnbs on the northern sitlc of Jert~ia- Icm, it is intlectl a rock-cut rooin with a vestibule in the foreg-rountl, and is typical of the finer Iioman tombs that were used in Palestine in the days of Jesus. In the gardens to the northwest are many other similar tombs, some with a series of chambers.

130. Jaffa, the Joppa of Biblical times, east from an anchored steainship Map I. B. G. and H., p. 265. We are viewing the city from the tleclt of a stealrlcr at anchor in the open Mediterranean. On this rounded hill, which rises to the height of one hundred and fifteen feet from the shore, is a city wit11 over forty-five thousand inhabitants. In the fertile fields beyond are gardens ant1 the orange groves froin which come the famous Joppa oranges. Near tl~cshore on the left may be seen a few rocks that mark the reef and mole which once encircled the tiny harbor of Jopp~.

131. Antioch in Galatia, where Paul preached to Jews and Gentiles B. G. and H., p. 270. We arc looking here a little west of north over the rocky site of the ancient city. In the foregrountl are traces of Turltisll tligging for h~:il(linr: material from the Iioman ruins with wliich to construct the modern tow11 of Yalovach. Near by arc the cultivated fields from which the peoplc of this old Roman colotly drew their food supply.

*132. Turkish railway town of Konia (Paul's "Ico- nium") with mountains at the west B. G. and H., p. 270. On tl~iibroad, fertile plain, watcretl by the river whicll comes clown from thc wester11 mountains, is a city of over thirty thousancl inhal~itants. The encircling gnrtlens proclaim the fertility of the region. Iieyoutl the to~vi~we see tlie modern railroad station wlricll now connects this 92 IIIBLI*: LANDS distant scene of Paul's labors with Constantinople and the western world.

133. Site of old Lystra where Paul taught; outlook south to the Taurus mountains B. G. and H., p. 271. This motund narks the ruined site of ancient Lystra at xvl~icllPaul labored. About ant1 around it have been foui~dmany architectural remains that proclaim thc ~llagiiificenceof the former city, but they have ljeen largely carried away l)y the 'l7url<\ to 1)uiltl ai~othertown ncar 11y. At the foot of the nlound there is a spring, and close by it the fountlation of an old Cllristiar~ church. Against the sliyli~~ci\ the snow-capped range of the Taurus mountains.

134. Life to-day on the ground of Derbe where Paul and Barnabas taught B. G. and H., p. 271. We are looking here from the nortlicast toward the low mount1 on x\llich stood the ancieilt city of Dcr1)e. 'I'lle wall in the foregrou~idis built of stones quarrictl froin the ruins of the oltl city. As at the otl~crscenes of l'aul's labors, the Turks have largely torn tlo~viland carried away the old Roman structures, leaving on the surface few traces of Derbe's ancient glory.

135. Looking northwest over the sand-barred harbor of old Troas toward Macedonia B. G. and H., p. 272. Before us to the south is the ancient harbor of Troas, now blocked up by a sandl~arfully eighty yards witlc, which has been de- positctl here through the centuries that intervened since the days wlieil Paul set sail for Ncapolis and Philippi from this famous western port of Asia TIIROUGH TIIE STEREOSCOPS 9 3

Minor. Above it, upon the high bank, extending for some nziles inlantl, I~utnow overgrown by a forest of oak trees, lay the ancient city. Close exanz- ination reveals among the trees the remains of massive temples and other public buildings amidst which Paul had his great vision of the western world. *136. Athens, old and new, southwest from Lyka- bettos over palace and Acropolis to the sea B. G. and H., p. 274. \Ire are stantling on Lyka- l~ettoslooking southwest, with the modern town of Athens ill tlle foregrotintl. The great marble building at the left is the royal palace. In the centre rises the Acropolis crowned by that masterpiece of all architecture, the I'arthenon. The low, rocky hill at the right in~n~etliatelyto the west of the Acropo- lis is the Areol~agusor Mars Hill. The deep chasm that separated the two hills has been largely filled in, and through it runs a street which continues to the Piraus, \vhich we can see in the distance beside the sca. The ancient Agora was in front (north) of the Areopagus. On its summit in early tinles sat the court of the Areopagus, but when Paul was summoned 1)cforc it, its sessions were proljably hcltl in the Stoa Bnsileios. Ancient Atlicni encircletl the Acropolis, 11ut the greater part of the public huiltlingi were to the east (our left). Ilere xvas the home of that IIellenic culture which played such an important rble in later biblical lzis- tory. 137. Isthmus of Corinth, E. N. E. from ancient Acropolis toward distant Attica B. G. and H., p. 275. From this lofty acropolis to the southwest of ancient Corinth it is possible to see the waters of the Corinthiatl Gulf on the left and of the Saronic Gulf on the right. Before us stretches the comparati.iiely narrow Isthmus of Cor- inth, which separated the Aegean from the Aclri- atic. Across it passed a lnrgc part of the commerce of tlie ancient East ant1 TVest. Below, on the rocky terrace that rises slightly above the plain, was the ~vealthy,cosmopolitan, corrupt city of ancient Cor- inth, now a tlcsertetl ruin strewn with the reminders of its earlier splendor.

"138. The great theatre at Ephesus where the mob cheered for Diana B. G. and H., p. 276. We are facing northwest. Immediately below us is the theatre which was the pride of the pleasure-loving Ephesians. The present structure was probably not built until the days of Domitian, but it rested on the site of the theatre in which Paul was assailed by the frenzied tnulti- tude. The later Roman theatre hat1 sixty-six tiers of seats, rising nearly to the point from which we are loolting. The size of the man standing in the arena below suggests tlie vastness of the structure. Beyond liim are the three rows of pillars which sup- portetl the poclium. The 1,aclt of the stage was adorned with Pompeian figures and with statues, and all that the ornate art of the later Grxco-Ro- man period could suggest. Beyond, to the right, running out toward the sea, is the agora. At the end of the street are tlie ruins of an ancient gymna- sium and the wharves along; the shore of the inland basin now filled by the alluvial soil carried down by TIIBOUGIC TIIE STEREOSCOPE 9 5 the Cayster which fintls its way to the sea on the right.

139. Miletus, where Paul called the convention; northwest from the theatre toward the sea B. 6. and H., p. 277. We are looking westward 01 er the great Roman theatre of hiiletus. It was built in the days of Trsjan, but on the site of an oldcr Greek theatre which was stantling when I'aul set sail for Syria from the harbor that then lay in front of the town. An idea of tlie vastness of the theatre can be garnered by noting the size of the man 011 the marble seats on the other side. It is one of the best prcservetl theatres thtls far uncov- ered in the Grxco-Roman world. Beyond, at the right, ~vesee the Meantler River that once flowed tlirou~ltthe n~itlstof the plain in front of us. I11 tlle tli5tsnt horizon we catch a glimpse of the Island of Samos.

140. The Roman Forum, southeast from the Capi- tol to the Colosseum B. G. and H., p. 277. Rome was tlie goal toward which I'aul long hat1 looketl, ant1 tlle Forum was the lieart of Rome. The tall pillars immecliately before 1:s I~elongto the ancient tenlple of Saturn. 011 tlie right are the fountlations and pavements of the 1:asilica Julia. On the left of the pillars of the temple of Sntlirtl Inny 11e seen the worn stone pare- ment of the Romatl Forum, from which ran the Ap- pian Way soutlieastward straight before us to Pu- teoli. This spot before us, therefore, market1 the end of Paul's long journeyings. Beyond the Basi- lica Julia are three pillars of the little temple of Cas- tor ant1 Pollus, ant1 Ijcyond this was the a1)otle of the vestal virgins. In the middle distance may be seen the Arch of Titus, that commelnorates the fall of Jerusalenl anti the scattering ol the Je~vishrace. At its right is the Palatine I-Iill with the ruins of the palace of the cruel Nero to nrhorn traditicn im- putes the death of Paul. Beyontl, on the Palatine, mas the palace of Augustus, untlcr \vhose rule the Great Teacher of Nazareth was 1)orn. At the left it1 the distance rise the huge ruins of the Coloiseutn, where prohahly T'aul, with other Christian martyrs, fought his last victorious fight.