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The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2007 The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation Ralph K. Hawkins Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons, and the Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Hawkins, Ralph K., "The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and Interpretation" (2007). Dissertations. 64. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/64 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary THE IRON AGE I STRUCTURE ON MOUNT EBAL: EXCAVATION AND INTERPRETATION A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Ralph K. Hawkins December 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3299645 Copyright 2008 by Hawkins, Ralph K. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3299645 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © Copyright by Ralph K. Hawkins 2008 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE IRON AGE I STRUCTURE ON MT. EBAL EXCAVATION AND INTERPRETATION A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy by Ralph K. Hawkins APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE: / __ Faculty Adviser, / / Director, Ph.D./Th.D. Program Randall W. Younker Roy E. Gane Professor o f Old Testament and Biblical Archaeology IMv __________ PI/'S Richard M. Davidson Dean, SDA Theological Seminary Professor oLQldTestament J. H. Denis Fortin CY?( ^ LaBianca of Anthropology P. David Merling Research Associate, Institute of Archeology Date approved Richard Hess Professor of Old Testament and Semitic Languages Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT THE IRON AGE I STRUCTURE ON MOUNT EBAL: EXCAVATION AND INTERPRETATION by Ralph K. Hawkins Adviser: Randall W. Younker Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE IRON AGE I STRUCTURE ON MOUNT EBAL: EXCAVATION AND INTERPRETATION Name of researcher: Ralph K. Hawkins Name and degree of faculty chair: Randall W. Younker, Ph.D. Date completed: December 2007 Problem The Iron Age I site on Mt. Ebal, discovered in 1980 by Adam Zertal and excavated between 1982 and 1989, has remained largely unknown by both the scholarly community and the public. No scholarly congress or colloquium has ever been held regarding the Mt. Ebal excavations. The Mt. Ebal excavations, however, may have important implications for reconstructing Israelite origins. This present study investigates the Mt. Ebal excavation and its results. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Method My study uses the comparative method and is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 serves as in introduction, giving an overview of the investigation to be carried out in subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 analyzes the archaeological data from the Mt. Ebal site and compares it with both cultic and non-cultic materials in order to assess the nature of the site. Chapter 3 considers physical parallels for the Ebal site. Chapter 4 compares each of the physical elements of the Ebal site with biblical and other literary data relevant to a cultic interpretation. Chapter 5 examines the site in its historical and sociological position among the new settlement sites of the central hill- country in Iron Age I. Chapter 6 provides a summary and draws conclusions based on the overall study. Results The Mt. Ebal site appears to fit the criteria for a cultic site from archaeological remains and also the general picture in terms of the biblical accounts. When the Ebal site is set on the larger stage of the Israelite settlement, its origin seems to be consistent with the dramatic settlement activity in the central hill-country during the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age I. Conclusions The Mt. Ebal site may have served an important role in the early religious life of the central hill-country settlers. Altars played an important role in centralizing peoples in the ancient world. In light of the claim of the biblical tradition that a cultic site located on Mt. Ebal played a centralizing role in the process of the Israelite Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. sedentarization, it does not seem unreasonable to suppose that a single site may have functioned in a central capacity. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. □ I K 1? iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... xiii PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ xv Chapter I. DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION OF THE EBAL STRUCTURE . I Overview of the Survey of M anasseh ...................................................... 1 Overview of the Discovery and Excavation of the Mt. Ebal Complex ............................................................................... 5 Stratum II ................................................................................................ 7 Stratum IB ............................................................................................. 9 Stratum IA ............................................................................................. 12 Overview of Zertal's Conclusions Regarding the Ebal Site ................ 12 Methodology and Criteria for the Identification of the Site ............. 18 II. ANALYSIS OF THE EBAL IN ST A L L A T IO N .......................................... 34 Location and Layout of the Site ............................................................... 34 Location of the Site ............................................................................. 34 Layout of the S ite .................................................................................. 36 Stratum II ....................................................................................................... 36 Area A .................................................................................................... 36 Area B .................................................................................................... 44 Stratum IB .................................................................................................... 46 Area A .................................................................................................... 46 The Central Structure .................................................................... 46 The Surrounding Wall Complex ................................................. 53 The Courtyards ................................................................................ 54 The Double Wall ("Ramps") Between the Courtyards 55 The Installations ............................................................................. 57 Area B: Courtyard 139 and Entrance Structure 220 .......................... 61 A r e a C ....................................................................................................... 63 Stratum IA ..................................................................................................... 68 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. 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