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Estudio De La Evolución Técnica De Los Veleros a Lo Largo De La Historia

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Estudio De La Evolución Técnica De Los Veleros a Lo Largo De La Historia Estudio de la evolución técnica de los veleros a lo largo de la historia Trabajo Final de Máster Facultat de Nàutica de Barcelona Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Trabajo realizado por: María del Mar Fuentes Sánchez Dirigido por: Benjamín Pleguezuelos Casino Marcel·la Castells Sanabra Máster en Ingeniería Naval y Oceánica Barcelona, 8 de octubre 2019 Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería Náutica y Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos i Estudio de la evolución técnica de los veleros a lo largo de la historia ii Agradecimientos Me gustaría mencionar especialmente a los profesores Benjamín Pleguezuelos y Marcel·la Castells, como tutor y co-tutora del trabajo, por su dedicación, apoyo y trato recibido a lo largo de la realización de este. A su vez, quisiera agradecerles toda la ayuda y consejos recibidos durante estos meses. Con sus explicaciones y aclaraciones he conseguido adquirir nuevos conocimientos sobre la evolución que han experimentado los veleros, los materiales y las técnicas de construcción naval que se han desarrollado a lo largo de la historia. También, mi agradecimiento al personal de la Biblioteca del Museo Marítimo de Barcelona por su ayuda y amabilidad en la búsqueda de materiales bibliográficos relacionados con el contenido del trabajo. Por último, quisiera agradecer a todos los profesores que he tenido a lo largo de estos dos cursos del Máster en Ingeniería Naval y Oceánica por transmitirnos sus conocimientos y experiencia. iii Estudio de la evolución técnica de los veleros a lo largo de la historia iv Resumen La navegación marítima ha sido un factor de gran relevancia para el desarrollo de las sociedades a lo largo de la historia. Para ello, fue necesario la construcción de embarcaciones que se adaptaran a las circunstancias y necesidades de cada momento. Por este motivo, la evolución de la construcción naval siempre ha estado íntimamente relacionada con la evolución de la sociedad. Desde el Antiguo Egipto hasta la actualidad los barcos han experimentado una gran variedad de modificaciones relativas a sus formas, tamaños, funciones y sistema de propulsión que derivaron en la construcción de una gran variedad de barcos. Al mismo tiempo, estos barcos también estaban sujetos a otros factores como la situación geográfica. Este hecho se debe a que dependiendo de las condiciones marítimas de esta (navegación fluvial u oceánica, corrientes marítimas, viento…) los requisitos que debía presentar el barco discrepaban. Entre los tipos de barcos construidos encontramos a los veleros. Esta clase de embarcaciones constituyó el único medio de transporte por vía marítima durante gran parte de la historia. A raíz de su elevada utilización, este conjunto de barcos ha experimentado una gran evolución a lo largo de los años. De manera que, dependiendo de la época y de la situación geográfica, podemos apreciar un gran número de veleros con diversidad de formas, aparejos, tamaños, usos, entre otros. De manera simultánea a la evolución de los veleros, también tuvo lugar el desarrollo de los materiales utilizados para su construcción. Con el paso de los años, se fueron adquiriendo mayores conocimientos a la vez que se produjeron avances tecnológicos que permitieron la construcción de barcos con mejores prestaciones en el mar. Del mismo modo que los materiales, las técnicas constructivas ideadas para la construcción de los veleros también experimentaron un gran progreso. Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de la obra viva y obra muerta que presentaban los veleros, los materiales que se empleaban en cada una de las épocas estudiadas para su construcción y las distintas técnicas utilizadas a lo largo de la historia para su construcción. Concretamente, aquellos que se han decidido estudiar y de los que se han realizado un modelo de sus respectivos cascos en 3D son los que se desarrollaron en las siguientes épocas: Edad Antigua (barca de Keops), Edad Media (Gokstad, el barco del tesoro de Zheng He y la nao Santa María), Edad Moderna (navíos de línea) y Edad Contemporánea (Cutty Sark y el velero de competición Azzam). v Estudio de la evolución técnica de los veleros a lo largo de la historia Abstract Maritime navigation has been a major factor in the development of societies throughout history. To do this, it was required the construction of vessels that adapted to the circumstances and needs of each moment. For this reason, the evolution of shipbuilding has always been closely related to the evolution of society. From Ancient Egypt until now, vessels have undergone a wide variety of modifications related to hers forms, dimensions, functions and propulsion systems that resulted in the construction of a great variety of boats. At the same time, these ships were also subject to other factors such as geographical location. This fact is caused because depending on the maritime conditions of the zone (inland waterway or ocean navigation, ocean currents, wind…) the requirements to be met by the vessel differed. Among the types of ships built we find the sailing vessels. This type of vessel was the only means of transport by sea for much of history. Due to her high use, this group of vessels has experienced a great evolution over the years. Therefore, depending on the era and geographical location, we can appreciate a large number of sailing vessels with diversity of shapes, rigging, dimensions, functions, among others. In parallel with the evolution of the sailing vessels, the development of the materials used for their construction also took place. With the passage of the years, greater knowledge was acquired at the same time that technological advances were produced. As a result, those advances allowed the construction of better-performing ships at sea. In the same way as materials, the construction techniques devised for shipbuilding also experienced great progress. This project focuses on the study of the living work and dead works presented by sailing vessels, the materials used in each of the periods studied for her construction and the different techniques adopted throughout history for her construction. Specifically, those who have decided to study and of those who have made a model of their respective 3D hulls are those who developed in the following eras: Ancient Age (Keops boat), Middle Ages (Gokstad, Zheng He’s treasure ship and the nao Santa María), Modern Age (ship of line) and Contemporary Age (Cutty Sark and the racing sailboat Azzam). vi Tabla de contenidos AGRADECIMIENTOS III RESUMEN V ABSTRACT VI TABLA DE CONTENIDOS VII INTRODUCCIÓN 1 CAPÍTULO 1. ANTIGUO EGIPTO: BARCA DE KEOPS 3 1.1 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO 3 1.2 DIMENSIONES PRINCIPALES 6 1.3 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA Y OBRA MUERTA 9 1.3.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA 9 1.3.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA MUERTA 11 1.4 PROCESO DE REALIZACIÓN DEL MODELO DEL CASCO EN 3D 14 1.4.1 DESARROLLO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON AUTOCAD® 14 1.4.2 MODELADO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON RHINOCEROS® 16 1.5 MATERIALES Y TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL 18 1.5.1 MATERIALES UTILIZADOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN 18 1.5.2 TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN 19 CAPÍTULO 2. ÉPOCA VIKINGA: GOKSTAD 23 2.1 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO 23 2.2 DIMENSIONES PRINCIPALES 24 2.3 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA Y OBRA MUERTA 26 2.3.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA 26 2.3.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA MUERTA 28 2.4 PROCESO DE REALIZACIÓN DEL MODELO DEL CASCO EN 3D 31 2.4.1 DESARROLLO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON AUTOCAD® 31 2.4.2 MODELADO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON RHINOCEROS® 33 2.5 MATERIALES Y TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL 35 2.5.1 MATERIALES UTILIZADOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN 35 2.5.2 TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN 37 vii Estudio de la evolución técnica de los veleros a lo largo de la historia CAPÍTULO 3. JUNCOS CHINOS: BARCO DEL TESORO DE ZHENG HE 41 3.1 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO 41 3.2 DIMENSIONES PRINCIPALES 44 3.3 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA Y OBRA MUERTA 46 3.3.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA 47 3.3.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA MUERTA 49 3.4 PROCESO DE REALIZACIÓN DEL MODELO DEL CASCO EN 3D 52 3.4.1 DESARROLLO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON AUTOCAD® 53 3.4.2 MODELADO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON RHINOCEROS® 55 3.5 MATERIALES Y TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL 57 3.5.1 MATERIALES UTILIZADOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN 58 3.5.2 TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN 59 CAPÍTULO 4. SIGLOS XV-XVI: NAO SANTA MARÍA 61 4.1 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO 61 4.2 DIMENSIONES PRINCIPALES 63 4.3 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA Y OBRA MUERTA 66 4.3.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA 66 4.3.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA MUERTA 70 4.4 PROCESO DE REALIZACIÓN DEL MODELO DEL CASCO EN 3D 74 4.4.1 DESARROLLO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON AUTOCAD® 74 4.4.2 MODELADO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON RHINOCEROS® 76 4.5 MATERIALES Y TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL 78 4.5.1 MATERIALES UTILIZADOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN 78 4.5.2 TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN 80 CAPÍTULO 5. SIGLOS XVII-XVIII: NAVÍO DE LÍNEA DE 60 CAÑONES 83 5.1 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO 83 5.2 DIMENSIONES PRINCIPALES 86 5.3 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA Y OBRA MUERTA 88 5.3.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA VIVA 89 5.3.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OBRA MUERTA 94 5.4 PROCESO DE REALIZACIÓN DEL MODELO DEL CASCO EN 3D 105 5.4.1 DESARROLLO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON AUTOCAD® 105 5.4.2 MODELADO DEL CASCO EN 3D CON RHINOCEROS® 107 5.5 MATERIALES Y TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL 110 5.5.1 MATERIALES UTILIZADOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN 111 5.5.2 TÉCNICAS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN 113 viii CAPÍTULO 6.
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