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Home , Angkor Wat, Ang Duong, Ang Eng, Jayavarman II, Jayavarman VII, Jayavarman VIII

BOOK I 1ST CENTURY TO 1595: , , , AND PERIODS

អម�លក� រងែខរ� �ពះម�ក��តែខ�រ�ំងអស់

Kenneth T. So (So Khong Thay)

េ絒 ខុង ៃថ 蘇康泰

DatASIA Press www.DatASIA.us About the Cover and the artistic creation of the special scripts My drawing of Suryavarman II shown on the front cover was based on the bas- of Paramavishnuloka at the Angkor , South Gallery, West Wing. The front and back covers were designed by Jacqueline So. The font for the shown herein as was inspired characters, albeit flipped around and/or manipulated to look like particular Roman letters.

Kenneth T. So The Khmer and The History of Book I 1st Century to 1595: Funan, Chenla, Angkor, and Longvek Periods

Copyright © 2017 Kenneth T. So [email protected]

All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part and in any form or by any means without the written permission from the author.

DatASIA Press ─ www.DatASIA.us First Edition ISBN 978-1-934431-36-8 Library of Congress Pre-Assigned Control Number: 2017949243 To my family: Theany, Elizabeth, Jacqueline, and Angelica

Your steadfast support and encouragement gave me the strength to work tirelessly, and it is for this reason that I enjoyed writing this book so much. The achievement of a man is not measured by what he has accomplished during his lifetime, but by what he has left as his legacy after he has departed the world.

Catvāry Ārya Satyāni () Cattāri Ariyo Saccāni ()

Chatuk Arei Sachak/ចតុអរ�យសច�: (Khmer) The (English) Dukkha (ទុក�: Suffering): All lives are subject to Dukkha

Cause of Dukkha (សមុទយ: Samudaya): Desire (ត��) is the causes of Dukkha

Cessation of Dukkha (និេ�ធ: Nirhodha): Eliminate desire

Steps to eliminate desire (មគ�: Magga): Apply the [Ārya Astanga Marga (Sanskrit)/Ariyo Aṭṭhaṅgiko Maggo (Pāli)] • Right Understanding • Right Thought • Right Speech • Right Conduct/Action • Right Livelihood • Right Effort • Right Attentiveness/ • Right Concentration/Meditation CONTENTS

Page LIST OF TABLE ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xii GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES xiii OFFICIAL xix GLOSSARY xxi PREFACE xxii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT-DAY CAMBODIA xxxiii SUMMARY xxxvi

CHAPTER 1 GENESIS 1 HISTORICAL RECORDS, LEGENDS, SYMBOLISM, AND SETTLEMENT 1

CHAPTER 2 WHERE DID THE KHMERS COME FROM? 8 THE LANGUAGE AND THE PEOPLE 8

CHAPTER 3 KHMER TRADITIONAL CALENDAR 16 THE METHODOLOGY AND THE DIFFERENT CALENDAR SYSTEMS 16

CHAPTER 4 THE FUNAN PERIOD (1st CENTURY ─ CIRCA 540) 30 THE MEANING OF FUNAN AND THE LOCATION OF ITS CAPITAL 30 THE LUNAR 33 viii Contents

CHAPTER 5 THE CHENLA PERIOD (CIRCA 540-802) 44 THE MEANING OF CHENLA AND ITS RISE TO POWER 44 THE SOLAR DYNASTY 46 THE UNIFICATION OF THE LUNAR AND SOLAR 49 THE DIVISION OF CHENLA (707-802) 58

CHAPTER 6 THE ANGKOR PERIOD (KAMBUJA PERIOD): 802-1431 65 THE FIRST ANGKOR DYNASTY (802-1080) 68 THE SECOND ANGKOR/MAHIDHARAPURA DYNASTY (1080-1160) 95 THE THIRD ANGKOR DYNASTY (1160-1368) 124 THE AMBIGUOUS PERIOD OF THE MID 14TH-15TH CENTURIES 161 THE FALL OF ANGKOR 189

CHAPTER 7 REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF ANGKOR 193

CHAPTER 8 THE ORIGIN OF THE THAI 197 THE TAI MIGRATION AND STATES FORMATION 198 THE FOUNDATION OF SUKHOTHAI 204 THE FOUNDATION OF AYUTTHAYA AND MODERN 213

CHAPTER 9 POST ANGKOR TO LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1594/1595) 227 THE PRE-LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1525) 228 THE LONGVEK PERIOD (1525-1594) 257 AYUTTHAYA’S OCCUPATION OF CAMBODIA (1594-1595) 292

REFERENCE 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 INSCRIPTION 299 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 302 APPENDIX 1 306 APPENDIX 2 307 APPENDIX 3 309 APPENDIX 4 310 INDEX 313 LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

1 Convention Prescribed by Savaros (Pou) Lewitz for the Transliteration of xxviii Khmer Names 2 Khmer Ethnic Population from the Province of Ratanakiri 13 3 Khmer Scripts Evolution from the 6th Century to the Present Day 15 4 Conversion from Common Era to Other Eras Used in Cambodia 17 5 Metonic 19-Year Cycle and Khmer 10-Year Cycle Systems 19 6 Lunar Months and Lunar Days 21 7 Gregorian Months and Correspondence with the Khmer Lunar Months 22 8 Truncated Version Showing the Correlation between Gregorian, Saka, Cula, 23 and Buddhist Years in Relationship to the 12-Year Animal Signs and Khmer 10-Year Cycle System 9 Reigns of Nippean Bat and Extracted from Various Sources 162 10a-10b Names and Royal Styles of Khmer Kings Mentioned in the Chinese History 174-175 of the Ming Dynasty (Ming Shih-lu) 11 Correlation Between Khmer and Ayutthayan Kings in the 14th and 15th 177 Centuries 12a Kings of Ayutthaya (1351-1448) 214 12b Kings of Ayutthaya (1448-1569) 215 12c Kings of Ayutthaya (1569-1656) 216 12d Kings of Ayutthaya (1656-1758) 217 12e Kings of Ayutthya (1758-1767) and of Siam (1767-1925) 218 12f Kings of Siam (1925-1935/1946) and of Thailand (1935/1946-Present) 219 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures Page

1 Map of Cambodia xxxiii 2 Climate and Rice Cultivation during Wet and Dry Seasons in Cambodia xxxiv 3 Funan Coin of Angkor Borei 5 4 Funan Coin Found at O Keo (Oc Eo) 7 5 The Migration of Môns and Khmers to Southeast in the Early Period 11 6 Map of the Môn-Khmer Languages Spoken in South Asia 12 7 Example of Script ta Evolution in Originated from the Indian 15 Pallava Abugidary 8 Correspondence between 2540-2541 BE and 1997 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 25 9 Correspondence between 2558-2559 BE and 2015 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 26 10 Correspondence between 2559-2560 BE and 2016 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 27 11 The Funan Empire and its Vassal State Chenla 33 12 Genealogy of Funan Kings of the Lunar Dynasty (Later Part of 1st Century-540) 43 13 Representation of Mukhalinga Sandstone at Vat Po Metrei in Takeo 46 14 Genealogy of Chenla Kings and Queens of the Solar Dynasty before the Division to 48 Upper and Lower Chenla in 707 AD 15 Gold Coin Discovered at Angkor Borei 54 16 The Chenla Empire before the Breakup with Funan as its Vassal State (540-707) 58 17 The Division of Chenla (707-802) 59 18 Genealogy of the Land Chenla Kings and Queens after the Division of Chenla (707-802) 64 19 Image of on the Wall of Angkor 67 20 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 89 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 1) 21 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 90 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 2) 22 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 91 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 3) 23 The Temple of Preah Vihear Perched on a Triangular Promontory 92 24 Genealogy of Khmer Kings for the Funan, Chenla, and End of the First 96-97 Angkor Dynasty List of Illustrations xi

25 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Coedès, Briggs, 98 Leclère, and Chakravarti 26 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Adhir Chakravarti 98 27 View of from the Main Entrance 105 28 Floor Plan of Angkor Wat Bas-Reliefs Carved on the Third Enclosure 107 29 Bas-Relief Depiction of Paramavishnuloka, Posthumous name of Suryavarman II 115 (1113-1150), at the Angkor Wat, South Gallery, West Wing 30 Comparing Eleanor Mannikka and Kenneth So’s Proposed Measurement of 119 Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Eras in the Hindu Cosmology 31 An Alternative Measurement of Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Periods in 119 the Hindu Cosmology Proposed by Kenneth So 32 Genealogy of the First, Second, and Third Angkor Dynasties 125 33 Statue of Jayavarman VII Sitting in a Virasana Position 128 34 Reached its Apogee under Jayavarman VII 133 35 The Temple and Library of 135 36 Map of in Relationship to Angkor Wat and other Angkor Monuments 136 37 Floor Plan of 137 38 General Floor Plan of 139 39 Grouping Pattern of the Major Angkor Temples Shows Remarkable Resemblance to 140 the View of the Draco Constellation 40 Carving of Jayarajadevi (Left) and Indradevi (Right) on the Wall of Preah Khan 142 41 Presumed Statue of Jayarajadevi ─ Based on its Resemblance of the Prayerful Term 142 of Prajñāpāramitā or 42 Itinerary of from to Angkor in 1296 160 43 The Author’s Proposed Timelines of the Khmer Kings who Reigned during the 181 Uncertainty Period from 1327 to 1431 44 Genealogy of Khmer Kings Proposed by the Author during the Uncertainty Period 182 from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Thommasoka 45 Genealogy of Khmer Kings from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Ponhea Yat 192 46 Tai Migration Routes during the 1st through 14th Centuries 199 47 Comparison of Khmer, Thai, Cham, and Burmese Scripts 211 48 Inscription of Wat Chiang Man in Chiang Mai (dated 1581) 212 49 Relationships between Ayutthayan and Khmer Kings Discussed in the Luang 230 Praseut Chronicle, Cambodian Chronicles, Chinese Dynastic Annals Ming-Shi-lu, and 2/k.125 Fragment of the National Library of Thailand in 50 The Ancestry of Ponhea Yat According to the Luang Praseut Chronicle and the 234 2/k.125 Fragment 51 The 1747 Dutch Map of the Citadel of Longvek 261 52 Plan of the Citadel of Longvek as Interpreted by the Author 263 53 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for the Support of CETF 304 54 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Contribution to the Projects 304 of Lunar Base and ECLSS 55 NASA Certificate of Recognition for the Development of a Technical Innovation 304 56 Rockwell International Award for Outstanding Achievement for ACRV Project 304 57 Cambodia Town Founding Members 305 58 Letter Submitted to the Long Beach City Council for the Official Recognition of 305 Cambodia Town INDEX

2/k.125 Fragment, xxv-xxvi, 155, 163, 172, 176, 179-80, Apogee of the Khmer Empire and the edification of 187-92, 220, 228-32, 234, 239, 267 temples, 128-140 Clue for the fall of Angkor mentioned in, 190 Angkor Thom, 135 Banteay Chhmar, 138-39 A Baray of Preah Khan with Neak Pean, 137-38 AEF (see also Fragment), xii, 161 , 136-37 Amarendrapura, xiii, 68, 71 Grouping of main temples near Angkor Wat, 140 Ambilateral descent system, xxiv, xli, 66, 78-80, 93-94, Preah Khan, 134 124-26, 181, 185 , 140 Amoghapura, xiii, 53-54 , 134 (see also VIII), 226 APSARA, xii, xxxv, 136 Ang Chan, 241, 245, 249-57 Apsara, xxi, xxxix, 46-47, 66-67 I (also Ang Chan. See also Chan Kreas Reachea, Chan Arahant, xix, 266 Reachea, and Borom Reachea III), xvi-xviii, xxvi, Asantuk, xiii, 242, 253, 265, 270-71, 278 xxxvi, 3, 18, 22, 109-10, 121, 241, 257-60, , xix, 108-12, 118, 120, 126, 135-36, 138-39 264-69, 281 Aubaret, G., 59 II (see also Reachea IV), xii, 161 Author’s proposed timeline, 181 Ang Chan’s search for a location to build the royal palace, Aymonier, Étienne, xxix, 31-32, 53, 58-59, 82, 114, 121, 259 124, 148, 154, 169, 206-07 Ang Chan’s escape out of Ayutthaya, 251-53 Ayutthaya(n), xiii, xxv-xvii, xli-xlii, 68, 145, 148-49, 151, (see also Harirak Reamea Thipadei), xix, 155 155-56, 159-61, 162-67, 172-73, 176, 178-83, Ang Eng Fragment, xii, xxvii, 161, 231 185-92, 194-98, 200, 208-09, 213-25, 228-42, 248- Ang Non II (see also Reamea Thipadei III), 225 53, 257-60, 265-74, 276-84, 286-87, 289-92 Ang Nou (see also Srei Thommo Reachea II), 224 army, xviii, xxvi, 110, 162, 172, 180, 183, 188, 228, Angkor Borei, xiii, xviii, 2, 4, 14, 32-34, 36-42, 53-56, 231-32, 237, 240, 257-61, 268, 278-81, 283-86, 59-60, 63, 299, 307-08 289-92, 299 Angkor Inscription(s), xxxviii, 57, 122, 138, 196 astrologer(s), 192 Angkor Thom, xiii-xiv, xviii-xix, 65, 68, 71, 75-76, 88, chronicle(s), xxv, 148, 159, 163, 165-67, 176, 178, 180, 104, 120, 128-29, 134-36, 138-39, 146-51, 153-55, 182, 187-89, 220, 241 157-58, 163-64, 170, 183-87, 189, 191, 193,195-96, invasion(s)/occupation, xl, 180, 227, 232, 282, 292, 206, 220, 230-31 (s), xxv, 162, 165-67, 172, 176, 189, 191, 224, 231, Angkor Wat, xviii, xxxii, xxxv, xl, 3, 12, 66-67, 101, 239-42, 250-53, 257-60, 266-70, 272-74, 284, 290 104-07, 112, 115-22, 135-36, 140, 150, 154, 157-58, Lost Chronicle of, xxv, 163, 172, 179 178, 182, 196, 201, 261-62, 269-71 prince(s), 165, 189, 220, 230, 241, 252, 277 Angkor Wat Bas-Relief , 105-116 rule, 189 Battle of , 113-114 Battle of : Rama and , 112 B Churning of the of Milk, 108-109 Ba Phnom, xiii, xvii-xviii, 31-32, 34, 36-42, 53, 59,172, Royal Procession and the Grand Army, 114 237, 240, 247-48, 251-52, 273, 279, 281 Victory of over : Battle of Bakou(s), xix, 121, 156, 164-65 Shonitapura, 110-111 Baladityapura, xiii, 51-53, 57, 60-61, 63, 69-70, 73, 200 Victory of over the : Battle of Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty, xxvii, 223-24 Pragiyotisha, 109-10 Banteay Prey Nokor, xiii, 32, 56, 60, 68-69 Vishnu and his Army of Devas Fighting against Baray Teuk Thla, xiii, 88 Kalanemi and his Army of Asuras: The Baschimborei, xiii, 166, 186, 236-37, 270, 272, 279 Tarakamaya War, 111-112 Bati, xiv, xviii, 243, 248, 264, 266, 269, 273, 281, 283, Yama Judgment: Consignment to and , 286 115-116 Battle of royal elephants and campaign against Ayutthaya Angkor Wat in relation to precession, 120-22 to retake lost Khmer provinces, 269-273 Angkor Wat in relation to space and time, 116-19 Bayon, xxxv, 66, 75-76, 85, 88, 110, 120, 126, 128, 130, Aninditapura, xiii, 52-53, 57, 65, 73, 80, 126, 129, 300-01 134-39, 147-48, 156-58, 178, 182, 196, 268, 299 Apaiwongs, 226 Bèn, 225 Betrayal of Yasovarman II’s High Official, 127 314 Index

Bhavavarman, xix, 49-50, 55 Chey Chetha, 275, 279-83, 286-88, 290-91 I, xxix, xxxix, 45, 49-55, 59, 200 I (also Chey Chetha), 192, 257-58, 276, 291, 309 II, 55-56 III (see also Ang So II), 270, 290 Bhimapura, xiv, 53-54, 150 Chiao Chi (or Chiao Chou), xiv, 69 (see also Rama IX), 226 China’s alliance with Chenla, 200-01 Birth of , 259-260 Chinese Imperial Annals (Records), xii, xiv-xvii, xxiv- Bloodline not related to Lunar or Solar Dynasty, 95 xxv, xxxvii-xxxix, 1, 6, 29, 35, 102, 158, 161, 171 Boeung Tea, xiv, 243, 246 Chinese Imperail Court, 41, 43, 46, 60, 183, 200-01 Boribaur, xiv, 256, 260, 279-80, 283, 286-87 Chitrasena, xxix, 44-45, 50-52, 55, 69 Borom Reachea (also Borom Reachea), 176, 182, 187, Chok Gargyar, xiv-xv, 77-80 267 Chronicle of the (Preah Keo Morakot), II (see also Ponhea Yat), 228 144-45 III (see also Ang Chan I and Chan Reachea), xviii, 257, Chronology of Khmer kings by Adémard Leclère, 259, 268-69 162-168 IV, 259-60, 269-73, 275 Interreign (1394-1401), 167 Borom Reamea, xxvi, 176, 178, 182, 187 Obaréach Srey-Sauryotey (1353), 164 , 223-24 Préah Barommasoka (1417), 168 Borommaracha (see also Pha-ngua), xxv, 162-67, 178, Préah Borom Rama (1366-1373), 166 180, 189, 232 Préah Nipéan-bat(1340-1346), 163 I (also Borommaracha), xiii, xxvi, 172, 183, 189, 229, Préah Sithéant-réachéa(1346-1347), 163 230, 261 Préah Srey Sauryovongs (1401-1417), 168 II, xxvi, 165, 176, 187-92, 195, 208, 220, 229-32, 235, Préah Srey-Sauryopéar or Chauponhéa Yéat (1394- 239, 267 1431), 168 III, 189, 221, 229, 235 Préah Thommasoka (1373-1394), 166-67 IV, 221, 265-66 Préah-srey Lompongsa-réach (1347-1353), 163-64 V, xxvii, 224 Srey-Sauryovongs (1357-1366), 165-66 Borommatrailokanat (see also Ramesuan II), xxv, 188, Ta Chey (Ta Trasâk Paêm), 163 220-21, 229-30, 239-42, 251-52, 268, 286 The occupation of Angkor by Three Ayutthayan Princes Braḥ Nagar Hluoṅ, xiv, 189-90, 231 from 1353 to 1357, 165 Brahmapurohita, xix, 164 (see also Rama V), 226 Briggs, Lawrence Palmer, xxxvi, 8, 32, 43, 50, 53, 55-57, Citadel of 60-63, 68, 70-71, 74, 76, 78, 84, 86-87, 93, 98, 105, Banteay Chhmar, 138 123-24, 126, 129, 136, 141, 150, 155-56, 158-61, Banteay Meanchey, 259-60 176, 179, 182, 185, 187, 193, 200, 227 Basan, 286 , 284 C Boribaur, 260, 279-80, 283, 285-87 Cady, John F., 44, 86-87, 139, 219, 258, 276, 289, 291 Longvek, xvii, xxxii, 257-64, 270, 273-74, 280, 282-83, Cakrankapura, xiv, 53-54 286-87, 289, 299 Caturmukh, xiv, 163, 185, 188 Pursat, 253, 259 Cetiya(s), xxi, 210, 212, 234, 312 Srâlop Pichey Neak, 256 Chairacha, xxvi, 221, 265-68 Thnot, 283 Chakkraphat, 221, 268-69, 277 Coe, Michael D., xxxvi Chakravarti, Adhir, 43, 57, 72-73, 82-84, 86-87, 93, 98, Coedès, George, xxiv, xxxii, 11, 13, 16, 30-37, 39-45, 47, 101-02, 123-24, 129 49-51, 53, 55-57, 59-60, 62-63, 69-70, 74, 76, 78, Chakravatin, xix, xl, 50, 66, 71 82-84, 86-87, 88, 90, 93, 95, 98, 101-02, 104-105, and the emergence of modern Thailand, 109-10, 114, 121, 123-24, 126, 128-30, 136, 138, 225-26 141-43, 146-47, 150-52, 155, 157, 158-59, 162, 171, Chaktomouk, xiv, xvi, xxvi, xxxiii, 31, 176, 179, 185, 176, 178-79, 182, 184, 187, 203, 205-07, 219, 229, 188, 195, 220, 228-29, 231, 233, 235, 239, 244-45 258, 274, 278, 299-300 Bopear, xvi, xxvi, 233 believed Buddhist Javanese Sailendra kings could be River, 185, 220 the descendants of Buddhist Funan kings escaped Cham Invasion, 127 from Chenla takeover, 69 Chamberlain, James R., 209 believed built Preah Khan of Kampong Champassak, 4, 291 Svay, 88 Chan Reachea (see also Ang Chan I and Borom Reachea believed U-Thong belonged to a family of Môn or III), 259, 267 Khmer origin, xiii, xxv, 162 Chandler, David, 257-58, 273 discovered the earliest inscription of the number zero at Chau Ponhea Yat, xxiv-xxvi, 163, 178-79, 188-89, 228, Angkor, 16, 57 267 Index 315

identified Tomu and/or Vyadhapura as Ba Phnom, xvii, Escape of Ponhea Yat and defeat of Ayutthayan army, 31, 53 231-33 mentioned that sent a small army to Ethnic tribes, 11-14 Cambodia in 1283 via , 151 Eyntapath (see also Moha Nokor), xiv, 155, 163, 166-68, said came from the northwestern (of India) by 184-87 sea and settled on the east coast of Southeast Asia around 0-500 BC, 8 F said Naga legend had its origin in the court of the Fall of Angkor, xlii, 65, 110, 161, 176, 180-81, 189-91, Pallavas, 5 193-95 said Pali appeared in Cambodia for the first time in Fan, 39 1309, 13-14 Shih Man, xxxvii, xxxix, 14, 31, 33-34, 36-38 said Sri Sodharapura to be Sri which Chin Sheng, xxxvii, 34, 37 was Angkor Thom, xix, 151, 155, 206 Chan, xxxvii, 33-34, 38-39 stated that the Vietnamese language was of Môn-Khmer Chang, xxxvii, 38 origin, 11 Tang, 41 Controversy of Inscription, 14, 208-12 Xun, xxxvii, 1-2, 14, 38-39 Converting Non-Gregorian Era to Gregorian or Common Yang Mai, 40 Era, 17-18 Filliozat, Jean, 14 Coup (d’état) First Angkor Dynasty, xl, 68, 89-91, 129 against Borommaracha by Bañā Kaev and Bañā Dai, Fo-hsuen, xiv, 154-55 191 Fraticidal war and ambiguous origins, 235 against Fan Chang by Fan Xun, 38 Funan against King on 24 June 1932 by and its earliest exchanged of embassies with China, Banomyong and Phibunsongkhram, 226 xxxviii, 37-40, 43, 53, 55 against Jayavarman by Fan Tang, 41 and its connection to , xxxvi against Jayavarman VIII by Srindravarman, 152 and its contribution to the spread of , 41-42 against Mangrai by his oldest son, 203 and its music had an impact on China, 6 against Ramesuan by Phan-ngua, 229 as seafaring/maritime country, xxxvi, 31 against Yasovarman II by Tribhuvanaditya, 127 recorded as an empire by the Chinese, 30, 34, 36-37 Cravath, Paul, 34, 66 ship, xxxvi was annexed by Chenla, 72 D , 63, 69-70 G Dharanindradevi, 70-72 Gerrand, James, xxxi De Lagrée, Doudart, 161 GLT, xii, xxxvii Decline of Khmer empire, 146 God-King, xix, xl, 71, 197, 220, 219, 302 Defeat and end of Sdach Kân’s reign, 256-57 God of Chao Muang Sri Sodharapura, 149, 151, 206 Delaporte, Louis, 105, 258 Groslier, Georges, 53, 138-39, 148, 258, 276 Determining the year of the Khmer 10-year cycle for a Grouping of main temples near Angkor Wat, 140 given Cula or Moha Sakaraj, 18-20 Gunavarman, 41-43 , xix, xl-xli, 66, 71-72, 75, 77-78, 94, 121, 143, 193, 206 H and its concept introduced by Jayavarman II, xli, 66, 72 , xix, 108, 112 ceremony/ritual, xli, 71, 75, 77-78, 94, 121, 146, 193 , xiv, 68, 71-75 Dharanindravarman, 3, 102 Harshavarman, 85, 123 I (also Dharanindravarman), 98, 100-02 I, 66, 76-81, 85, 87, 95, 153-54 II, xli-xlii, 3, 65, 95, 98, 121, 123-24, 126, 128-29, 134, II, 78-80, 95, 132, 301 141, 144-46, 194 III, xl, 65, 89-91, 93-95, 99, 100-02, 122-23, 129 Discovery of hidden and coronation of IV, 101-02, 123-24, 129 Ang Chan I, 264-69 Hindu cosmology, 75, 116-19 Dvaravati, xiv, xvii, 11, 46, 52-53, 87, 144-45, 201, 219 Hiranyadama, xl, 71, 75 Dviradapura, xiv, 70 Hiranyavarman, xl, 65, 95, 98-99, 100-01 Hu-êrh-na, 171-73, 178, 180, 183 E Hun P’an Huang, xxxvii, 35-36 École Française d’Extrême-Orient (see also EFEO), xii, Hun P’an P’an, 36-37 xxxiv, xxxviii, 11, 34, 55 Hun Tien, xv, xxiv, xxxvii-xxxviii, xxxix, 1-2, 33-36, 39- EFEO, xii, xxxvi, 10 40, 50-52, 65, 95 Ekathosarot, 221, 276-77 Hun Tien-Liu Yeh Bloodline, 34 Emergence of Lan Na, 201-04 316 Index

I , xiii, xvi, 2, 56, 69, 231, 237, 249-50, Indian Settlement in the Funan and delta, 3, 6-7 273, 291 Indrajayavarman, 14, 157, 197 Kampong Krasang, 269-70 Indraprashta, xiv, xxxix, 3-4, 34, 36 Kân (Sdach), xix, xxix, 242-53, 256-57, 259, 269 Indravarman, 186, 299-301 Kân’s origin and manipulative plan to raise an army to I (also Indravarman), xl, 66, 70, 73-75, 78, 80, 87, 95, take over power, 249-50 300 Kân proclaimed himself king and built himself a palace II, xxiv, 146-50, 195, 219 fortress, 250-51 III, xxviii, xli, 14, 147, 153-54, 156-57, 170 Kaundinya, xxiv, xxix, xxxvii-xxxix, 3-4, 33-36, 39-41, Intharacha (see also Nakhon In), xxv-xxvi, 163, 165-67, 52, 80, 95, 300-01 178, 185-86, 189, 220, 229, 231, 233, 239 II, 34-35, 39-40 I (also Intharacha), 229-30 Jayavarman, 14, 35-36, 41-42, 69, 124 II, 189, 221, 229-31, 235, 251 Kelvin So (also Khong Leng), xxxi Isanapura, xiv, xvi, 32, 51-54, 56 Khin Sok, 18, 121, 162, 228, 232-33, 241-42, 248, 250- Isanavarman, xix, xl, 44-45, 52-54 52, 254, 257-58, 264, 267, 273-74, 276, 278-79, I (also Isanavarman), 52-56 282, 291-92, 299 II, 77-79, 85, 87, 95 Khmer Calendar System, 16-17 Khmer Legend, xxxix, 1-2, 34, 45, 155, 157, 168 J Khmer Lunar Days/Months, 20 Jacques, Claude, xxiv, 54, 69, 72, 75-76, 111, 116, 126, Khmer prince becoming king of Sri Lanka, 145 147-48 Khom, xxi, 143, 152, 201, 206 Jaya Indravarman Khvav Preah Theatuk, 243-44 III, 102-03 King of Thonbury, 225 IV, 127, 130-32 Kok Thlok, xiv-xv, 2-5, 59 V, 132 Krâng, xv, 238, 253, 256 Jayadevi, 45, 57-58, 60-61, 76-80, 150, 299-300 Kreang Leav, xv-xvi Jayarajadevi, xxix, 128-29, 141-43 Kublai Khan, 29, 146, 151-53 Jayarajadevi and Indradevi, xxix, 141 Kulaprabhavati, 41-43 Jayavarman, 3, 35, 60, 69-70, 299 I (also Jayavarman), xiv, xvi, xl, 32, 46, 55-57, 60, 63, L 70, 72, 150, 299 Lan Na, xv, 195, 198, 201-04, 219, 220-21, 224, 229-30, I bis, 68, 70 260 II, xv, xl-xlii, 61, 63, 65-66, 68-75, 79, 87, 89-91, 94-95, , xv, 144, 158-59, 178, 180, 204, 213, 270 101, 102, 121, 128, 153-56, 193-95, 201, 206, Land Chenla or Upper Chenla, xv-xvi, xviii, xl, 45, 58, 300-01 60-61, 95, 101, 200-01 III, xli, 72-74, 300-01 Lavarattha, xv, 201-02 IV, 66, 76-80, 299 Lavo (also Louvo or Lo-ho, see also ), xiii, xv, V, 71, 81, 84-86, 88, 151, 154, 201 83, 87, 104, 114, 124, 130, 133, 142, 145-47, 153, VI, xviii, xli, 3, 65, 95, 97-101, 123, 129 200-01, 219 VII, xvi, xxi, xxiv, xxviii, xxix, xli-xlii, 65-68, 104-05, Leclère, Adhémard, xxiv-xxv, 3, 13, 82, 86-87, 98, 155, 120, 123-24, 126-37, 139-51, 194-95, 201, 204, 162-63, 168, 171, 176, 178, 187, 228, 231, 250, 252, 212, 219, 229 256, 258, 260, 270, 276-77, 282, 290-92 VIII, xix, 147-53, 170, 205-07 Legend of Khun Borom, 198-200 IX (also Paramesvara), xli, 12, 65, 158, 160-61, 168 Legend of Neak Ta Kleang Moeung, 254-56 Paramesvara (also IX), xxiv, xli, 65, 154, 158-61, Legendary Khmer Kings between Jayavarman 168, 170, 176, 178-83, 185, 192, 309 Paramesvara and Ponhea Yat, 168 Jayavarman VII and his duties as a Buddhist King, 140 Preah Allasa Reach, 168 Jayavarman VII’s sons, 142 Preah Sénaka Reach, 168 Preah Sihanu Reach, 168 K Preah Volék Reach, 168 K.127 inscription, 12, 16, 32 Ta Chey (Ta Trasâk Paêm), 168-69 K5, 41 Ta Trasâk Paêm Version Circulated Among the Masses, Kambu-Mera, 46-47, 50, 65, 81 168 Kambu Svayambhuva, xxxix, 45-47, 129 Ta Trasâk Paêm Version Remembered by the Samrè Kambuja(s), xiv-xv, xxi, xxxix, xl, 44, 50, 65, 68-71, Tribe, 169 73-75, 80-82, 86, 94, 123-24, 131, 143-46, 156, 158, Unnamed King, 168 172-73, 180, 183-84, 267, 285, 289 Lewitz, (Pou) Savaros, xxvii-xxviii Kambujadesa, xxxiv, xl, 69, 131, 172-73, 180, 183 LIDAR, xii, 72, 122 Kampong Hav, xiv, 271 Lingapura (see also Chok Gargyar), xiv-xv, 78 Index 317

Liu Yeh, xxxix, 2, 33-36, 65, 95 Muang Rat, xv, xvii, xix, 151, 205, 207 Lobok Srot, xv, 60, 70 Lo-ho (see also Lavo, Louvo, and Lopburi), xv, 46, 104, N 133 Nafuna, xv, 32, 50, 69 Lopburi (see also Lavo, Louvo, and Lo-ho), xv-xvii, xxvi, Nakhon In, xxv-xxvi, 166-67, 185, 189, 220, 229 83, 87, 104, 134, 142, 145-47, 154, 160, 195, 197, Nakhong Luang, xv, 220 201-202, 219-20, 222, 229 Nangklao (see also Rama III), 225 Lompong Reachea, xxvi, 176, 178-79, 185-87 , xlii, 221, 257-58, 273-84, 285-90, 292, 299 Longvek, xiv, xvi-xvii, xxii, xxv-xxvi, xxxii, xlii, 70, 95, defeated the Burmese with the help of the Khmer army, 192, 221, 227-28, 231, 238, 253, 257-65, 268-71, 277 273-75, 277-80, 282-83, 286-87, 289-92, 299 employed two fake monks to poison the mind of Satah I, attack/siege of, 221, 257-58, 273, 299 273-74 construction, 259-60 had the head of a Burmese prisoner cut off, 277 fall of, xlii, 258, 273-75, 289-91 launched 2nd campaign against Cambodia, 257-58, inscription of, 95 281 Louvo (see also Lavo, Lo-ho, Lopburi), xv, 104 prepared four years to conquer Cambodia, 279 LP, xii, xxvi, 187-92, 229-33 started his campaign against Cambodia, 282 LPC, xii, xxv Neak Ta, xx, 255, 281 Luang Praseut Chronicle, xii, xxv, 162, 185, 220, 230, Dambang Dek, 41-42 234 Kleang Moeung, xxiv, 254-55, 280-81 Lunar Dynasty, xxxix, 3, 33-34, 36, 40, 43, 49-51, 53, 55, Neang Rong (see also Buriram), 165, 237-38, 252, 270, 57, 60-61, 65, 80, 82, 126, 129 290 Luzhenla, xv, xl, 45, 58 Neang Rong Angk Reach, 165 Neareay Reachea I, 235-37, 240-41 M New Bloodlines, 36, 65 Ma Duanlin, xiv, 35, 52, 55, 102, 131-33 NC, xii, 161 Madhyadesa, xv, 93 Nippean Bat, xli, 151, 154, 161-63, 168, 170-71, 176, Maharaja (of Zabag), xxiv, 61-63, 68-69, 72-73, 128 178-82, 184-86 Maha Thammaracha, 221, 272, 274-78 Nong Chronicle, xii, 161 Mahavishnuloka, 109-10 NMTCN (see also Nusantao), xxxxvi-xxxvii , xx, 51-52, 69, 79-80, 300-01 Nokor, xl, 105, 265 Mahidharaditya, 123 Kok Thlok (see also Kok Thlok), xv, 2-3 Mahipativarman, 45, 61, 63, 69-70, 72-73, 75, 300 Luong, xiv, 155 Mahin, 221, 269 Noyok, 278-79 Mak Phoeun, xxix, xxxi, 162, 179, 187, 228 Reach Seima, xv, 165-66, 186, 236, 252, 270, 272, Makara, xxi, 256 278-79, 282 Mandrasena, 42, 124 Srei Thommareach, 282 Mandra Thera, 42 Nom Van Inscription, 114 Mannikka, Eleanor, 116-20 Nom Van monastery/temple, xv, 79, 99 Maspero, Georges, 2, 14, 37, 72, 76, 93, 132 Norodom, xii Me Smeung, xx, 254-55 Sihanouk, xxxi, 306 Meaning of Chenla, 44-46 , 4 Merging of the Mahidharapura Dynasty with the Old , xxxi, xxxiii, 4, 306 Lunar and Solar Dynasties, 124 , xxi, xxxi, 306 Ming Shi-lu (see also MSL), xii, xxiv, xxix, 161, 171, Nusantao, xxxvi-xxxvii 179, 205 Mlu Prey, xiii, xv, xl, 265 O Mofu, xv, 2, 34-35 O Keo (see also Oc Eo), xv, 6, 31, 45 Moha Nokor (see also Eyntapath), xiv, 155, 163, 184-87 Oath of Loyalty, 86 (see also Rama IV), xii, 208-10, 220, 225, 274, Oc Eo (see also O Keo), xv, 6, 30-31, 45 276 Occupation of Angkor by three Ayutthayan princes from Môn-Khmer(s), xxvi-xxvii, xxxvii-xxxix, 4, 8-13, 30-32, 1353 to 1357, 165 35-36, 40, 93 Okhna, xx, 235, 255, 270, 283-84 Môn-, 8-13, 30 Botes Reach, 269 Mouhot, Henri, xxxiv, 12, 66 Bovor Niyuk, 279, 283 Mount Mahendra, xv, 68, 71-72, 121 Chakrei, xx, 236-37, 253, 255, 257, 272, 279, 286 Moura, Jean, 161, 169, 176, 179, 182, 185, 260 Decho, 255 MSL (see also Ming Shi-lu), xii, xxvi-xxv, 161-62, Kosa Thipadei, 287 171-73, 175-84, 186, 205 Kralahom, xx, 236, 283 318 Index

Meun, 250 Ponhea Yat (see also Borom Reachea II), xxiv-xxvii, xli, Meun Sneha, xxix, 244 161-64, 168, 171, 176, 179-82, 184-85, 188, 190, Mnometrei, 237, 253, 279, 283-84 192, 213, 228, 232, 236, 239, 241, 267, 281 Moha Montrei, 286 , 233 Moha Sena, 269 acceded to the throne, 162 Moha Thireach, 269 accession of, xxvi, 161-63, 176, 179, 228 (Moha) Yuthea Sangkream, 269, 287 arrived in Chaktomouk, xxv Outeythireach, 253 commissioned for the chronology of Khmer kings prior Phikmuth, 286 to his accession, 176 Preah Khleang, 278 escaped from Ayutthaya, 162, 231 Reach Decho, 286 established his capital at Basan, 172, 176, 179, 220, Sena Sangkream, 255 232-33 Senathipadei, 255 established his capital in , 179, 233-35 Sren Khang Hva, 279 decreed to rename Prā Jhām to Chaktomouk, 188, 229, Suorkealoka, 253, 255, 285 233 Thireach Vongsa, 288 defeated the Ayutthayan army, 232 Thommo Decho, 272 most sensible date for his accession, 179 Veang, xx, 257 origin of, xxiv, 189, 228-31, 239, 267 Vibolreach, 283, 285 passed away, 273 Vongsa Sarapech, xii, 161 reconquered Angkor, 189, 191, 228, 232 Vongsa Thipadei, 287 took the name of Suryavarman upon his accession, 179 Olivier, Georges, xxxvi, 11 P'o-p'i-ya, 161, 173, 176, 178-81, 183-85 Origin of Ponhea Yat, xxiv, 228-31 Post Angkor, xxiv, xliii, 189, 225 Prajadhipok (see also Rama VII), 226 P Prāp Cām (see also Prāp Jhām), xvi Padāgūcām, xvi, xxv, 185, 220, 229, 253 Prāp Jhām, xv-xvi, xxv, 185, 188, 220, 229, 233 Pallavaxxxix, 5, 53 Dynasty, 222 dynasty/king, xxxix, 5 Pre-Angkor(ian), 30, 53-54 legend, xxxix Preah Khan, xv, xvi, xxxv, 128, 134-35, 137-38, 140-43, script/abugidary, xxxix, 2, 14, 40, 70, 75 146, 149, 170, 196 P’an-P’an, xvi, 34-37, 39-40, 76 Preah Khan inscription, 134, 139, 142, 146 Panangkaran, 62, 69 Preah Khan of Kampong Svay, xvi, 82, 88, 104-05, 128, Pao-p’i-yeh, 173, 180, 183-84 130, 134 Paramavishnuloka, 101, 109, 114-16, 121 Preah Khan Reach, xxi, 72, 134, 153-54, 188, 238, 246, Passing of Prince Yuos, 260 264-69, 282, 302 Pegu, xvi, 200, 202, 206, 220, 269, 274, 276 Preah Nokor Luong, xiv, 155 Pelliot, Paul, xv, xxi, xxxviii, 2, 14, 30, 34-35, 47, 53, Preah Theat Preah Srei, xvi, 60, 70 58-59, 152, 154-56 Preah Thkal (see also Vrah Thkval), xviii, 100 Period of usurpations and fraticidal war: three kings Preah Thong, xxxix, 3-5, 33-34 reigning simultaneously, 235 Preah Vihear, xv-xvi, xxxv, xl, 12, 76, 80, 87-88, 104, Pha-ngua (see also Borommaracha), xiii, xxv-xxvi, 129, 302 162-63, 180, 183, 219, 229, 230, 267 Prey Ngo-nguy, xvi, 260 Phibunsongkhram, xxvii, 226 Prey Puon, xv-xvi, 273 Phnom Banan, xvi, 246, 282 Prohm Borohet, xx, xl, 164-65, 167 Phnom Ksach Sâ, xvi, 31, 59 Purohita, xx, xl, xlii, 68, 71-75, 77-81, 84-85, 87, 93-95, Phnom Preah Reach Troap, xvi, 266 99, 106, 128, 146-47, 149, 153, 164, 194, 243, 262- , 223-24 63 Phum Tean, xvi, xxviii, 266 Purported evidence of Suryavarman I being of Malay Phutthaloetla (see also Rama II), 225 origin not credible, 86-87 P’ing-ya, 161, 173-74, 176, 178-81, 183-85 Pursat, xiv, xvi, 154-55, 231, 236, 238, 242-53, 258-59, Piriya Krairiksh, xxvi, 14, 205, 209 265, 271, 278-81, 283, 285-86 Polonnaruwa, xvi, 146 Puth Oream, xvi-xvii, 266 Polou, xvi, xli, 45, 58 Ponhea An (see also Borom Reachea VI), 269, 279, 281, Q 283, 286-87, 291 Quiroga, Gabriel de San Antonio, 105, 258, 282, 287, Ponhea Tan (see also Borom Reachea V), 275, 279, 289, 291-92 286-87, 290-91 Index 319

R I (also Satha. See also Mahind Reachea), 258, 268, Rajendravarman, xxxix, 61, 63, 75, 79, 99, 114 275-76, 282, 286-87, 290-91 I (see also Rajendravarman), 300 Sawankhalok, xvii, xxvi, 152, 206, 208, 252, 268, 270 II, 78-81, 86-88, 139, 299-300 , 16, 57 Rama, xxxix, 106, 112, 225 Sisowath Yutevong, 302 I (see also Ramathibodi), xxvii, 161, 225 Sithean Reachea, 163, 168-69, 176, 178-79, 185, 228, II (see also Phutthaloetla), 225 240, 252, 268 III (see also Nangklao), 225 Sivakaivalya, xl, xlii, 68, 71-5, 85, 87, 93-95, 99, 121, IV (see also Mongkut), 225 156, 193 V (see also Chulalongkorn), 226 Sivasoma, 73-75, 301 VI (see also ), xxvi, 208, 226 Snam Khsach (Koukhan), xvii, 165-66, 186 VII (see also Prajadhipok), 226 Solar Dynasty, xxxix, xl, 46-49, 51, 57, 60, 66, 72, 81-82, VIII (see also Ananda Mahidol), 226 95 IX (see all Bhumibol Adulyadej), 226 Soma, xxxix, 3-4, 33-35, 40, 50-52, 61 X (see also ), 226 Soriyotei, 176, 185-86 Ramaracha, xxv-xxvi, 163, 166-67, 178, 184-86, 220, Soriyovong, 176, 178, 186-87, 228, 234 228-30, 233, 239, 267 Srah Preah Thommoker, xvii, 266 Ramathibodi (see also U-Thong and/or ), xxv- Srei Chey Cheth III (see also Ang Non II and Reamea xxvii, 159-60, 162-63, 165-66, 172, 176, 178, 180, Thipadei III), 225 183, 220, 225, 229-30 Srei Indravarman, 40 II, xxvi, 110, 162, 221, 240, 251, 259, 265-68 Srei Reachea, xxv, 228, 233, 235-42, 252, 268, 286 III (also ), 222 Srei Sâ Chhor, xvii, 237, 245, 271, 283, 286-87, 290-91 Ramesuan, 163, 166, 172-73, 176, 178, 180, 183, 220-21, Srei Santhor, xvii-xviii, 151, 172, 179, 183, 228, 232, 229 237, 239-40, 243, 245, 249-51, 258, 283, 287 Ramesuan II (see also Borommatrailokanat), 239 Srei Sokonthor Bat, xvii-xviii, xxix, 241-45, 248-57, 269, Ratsada, 221, 265 286 Ravana, xx, 108, 112 Srei Sokonthor Bat’s favorite concubine and Sdach Kân’s Reamea Thipadei, 264, 269 usurpation of power, 242 Reappearance of the Emerald Buddha, 210, 212 Srei Soriyopor (see also Borom Reachea VII), 17, 258, Recent discovery of structures around Angkor Wat, 122 269, 271-83, 285-90, 292 Reconstruction of lost records, xli, 176 Srei Soriyotei, xxv, 235, 237-42 Relocation of the Khmer capital to Basan, 232-33 Srei Soriyovong, 17, 179, 228 Relocation of the Khmer capital to Phnom Penh, 233-35 Srei Thommo Reachea II (see also Ang Nou), 224 Rémusat, Abel, 154, 161, 171-72 Sreshthavarman, 45, 48-49, 50 Rolea Pha-ea, xv-xvi Sri, 87 , xxix, 34, 42-43, 49-51, 53, 69, 70 Ayudhaya (also Ayutthaya), 176, 179, 267 Rudravarman IV, 103, 300-01 Bhadresvara, 99 Ruiz, Blas, 291, 258, 280, 289, 291-92 , 124, 139 Dharadevapura, 126, 139 S Dharanindravarman, 102 Sacerdotal family/house of, xl, 68, 81, 84-87, 95, 99-100, Dharmaraja, 149 121 Indraditya, 152, 205-08, 210, 219 Sailendra, 62-63, 69-72 Indrapatīndrāditya , xix, 151-52, 205-07 Sambhupura, xvi, 32, 57, 59-61, 70, 72, 94, 200, 300 Indravarman, 146, 148 , xx Jaya Indravarman, 131 Chaovea Mohareach, 225 Jaya Trivikrama-Devesvari, 150 Preah Eysei Phoat, 243, 248 Jaya Trivikrama-Mahanathha, 150 Preah Moha Prohm Moni, 272 Jayasinhavarman, 78 Preah Pheakavatei (Pheakavadei), 264, 269 Jayavarmadiparamesvara, 158 Preah Reamea Thipadei, 264 Jayendrapandita, 85, 87, 93-94, 106 Preah Sukunthea Thipadei, 244 Kambu, 72 Preah Sangkhareach, xxii, 272 Lanka, xv-xvi, xxi, 17, 31, 123-24, 142-49, 158-59, 195, Preah Thommo Reacheathireach Reameathipadei, 241 204, 213, 233 Sanghavarman, 42, 124 Mahidharaditya, 100 Sanghapala (Thera), 42, 124 Narapatindralakshmi, 85 Sangrama Dhananjaya, 63 Nirpasinhavarma, 126 Sanjaya, 62, 69-70 Nissankamalla, 145-47 Satha, 271, 274-80, 282, 286-88, 290-92 Paramarudraloka, 76 Prabha, 150 320 Index

Rattanalankadipa, 151 Thong Chan, 166-67, 220, 229 Rudraloka, 76 Tomu, xvii, 31, 53 Sarvani, 54-55 Trapeang Phlong, xvii, 231 Satchanalai (also Sajjanalai), 152, 206 Treang, xvii, 165, 241, 265, 269, 273, 279, 281, 283, 286 Sodararajadhani, 152 Tun-Sun, xvii, 11, 30, 53 Sodharapura, xix, 149, 151, 155, 205-06 Tuol Kreang, xvii, 273 Sradharajaculamuni (Sri Rattanalankadipa Mahasami pen chao), 206 U Sreshthavarman, 49 Udayadityavarman, 202 Srindrabhupesvara, 150 I (also Udayadityavarman), xxiv, 71, 81-86 Srindravarman, 153 II, 3, 83, 93-95, 99, 106, 122, 299 Surija Vans’a Rama Radjadhirāja, 207-08 Uthumphon, 224 Suryalakshmi, 153-54 U-Thong (see also Ramathibodi), xiii, xxv-xxvii, 160, Suryavarmadeva, 85-86 162-63, 183, 195, 197, 213, 219-20, 222, 228-30, Suryavarman, 100, 102 239, 267 Thama So Karat, 207-08 U-Thong and Suphanburi dynasties and their connections Thammarat, 143 to Khmer royal bloodlines, 219 Vardhana, 126, 139 Vidyanandana, 130 V Vijayendralakshmi, 100 Vajiravudh (see also Rama VI), xxvi, 208 Virendradhipativarman, 114 Vajiralongkorn (see also Rama X), 226 Yasodharapura, xvii, xix, 149, 151, 155 Various sources concerning timeline for the uncertainty Yasovarmadeva, 124, 126 periods, 176-82 Srijaya, xiv, xvii, xl, 62-63, 70 Vat Sriyasodharapura, xix, 151, 206 Boramanivet, 207 Srutavarman, xx, xxxix, 47-49, 81 Chakret, 53, 76, 78 Stark, Mariam T., 189 Hā, 300 Stung Raung Touk, xvii, 266 Kandal, 300 Stung Saen, xvii, 243, 248 Kok Khpous, 153, 157 Sukhothai, xv, xvii, xix, xxv-xxvi, 151-52, 155, 159, Mahadhatu, xix, 52, 151-52, 155, 205-06 194-95, 198, 201-02, 204-10, 212, 218, 220, 229, Mè Ban (also Mae Ban), 245 231-32, 252, 260, 268, 270 Phnom, 45, 104 Suryavarman, 3, 100, 101, 107 Phu, xvii-xviii, 32, 45-49, 53, 56, 59, 71, 87, 99, 100, I (also Suryavarman), xxiv, xxvii, xl, xlii, 71, 82-88, 102-03, 105, 200 93-95, 99-100, 105, 121, 146, 195, 201-02 Po Metrei, 46 II, xli, 3, 65-66, 98, 100-06, 110, 114-18, 120-23, 129, Podhivong Loeu, 56 201 Preah Nippean, xviii, 244-45 Sweet cucumber, xli, 12, 163, 168-70, 178 Preah Eynt Tep Nimitt (or short for Preah Eynt Tep), Symbol of the Seven-Headed Naga, 5-6 xvii, 266, 280 Preah Puth Leay Leakhana, xviii, 260 T Prey Bang, xviii, 244-45 Ta Chey (also Ta Trasâk Paêm), 163-64, 168-69, 171, Romlok, 279, 299 176, 180-81, 183-84 Thipdei B, 87 Ta Trasâk Paêm, xiii, xvi, xxix, xli, 12, 154, 163, 168-71, Traleng Keng, xviii, 265, 280-81 176, 178, 180-81, 183-85, 228 Veloso, Diego, 258, 280, 291-92 version circulated among the masses, 169 Vickery, Michael, xiii, xv-xvi, xviii, xx, xxiv-xxv, xxix, version remembered by the Samrè tribe, 169 xxxvi-xxxviii, xli, 2, 14, 30-33, 35, 37, 39, 47, 66, , xxvii, 213, 225 69, 74, 138, 159-60, 162-63, 172, 176, 179-80, Tambralinga, xvii, 83, 87, 133, 143, 149 183-85, 187-88, 190-92, 205, 209, 220, 228-29, 231, Tamrapura, xvii, 53 233-34 Tep Maha Nokor, xvii, 251-53 Victory over Ayutthayan army and birth of Siem Reap, Third Angkor Dynasty, xl, 124 259-60 Thbong Khmum, xv, xvii, 60, 70, 237, 240, 249-50, 265, Violation of the royal protocol led to instability and fall of 269, 273, 279, 281 Longvek, 273-75 Thommasoka, xxvi, 145, 164, 166-68, 176, 178, 180, 182, Vishnuloka, 72, 105 184-85, 187, 188-89, 191, 194, 212-13, 220, 228, Vong Sotheara, xxxi, 56 230 Vrah kamrateng añ, xix-xx, 94, 106 Thommo Reachea, xvii, xxv, 228, 233, 236-44, 259, 266, Vrah , xviii, 104 286 Vrah Thkval, xviii, 90, 99, 104 Index 321

Vyadhapura, xviii, 31-32, 34, 36-42, 50, 53, 55-57, 59-61, Wilaiwan Khanittanan, xiii, xxv, 162, 180, 183, 197, 205, 69, 200, 300 219 Woravongsa, 221 W Wolters, Olivier William, xxiv, 161-62, 171-73, 179, 180, Wat 183-84 Asokarem, 143 Wyatt, David K., xxv, 162, 172, 176, 178, 185, 197, 200, Bodhilom (or Unnalom), 233 203, 205, 208, 212, 221, 232, 268, 274, 276, 278 Buddhaghosachar, 233 Chen Dom Dek, 233 Y Chiang Man, 211-12 Yama, xx, 108, 111, 113, 115-16, 148 Dhammalankara, 233 Yasodharapura, xvii-xviii, xix, 74-75, 77, 79-81, 84-85, Khmer San Jose, xxxii 88, 93, 95, 99-101, 121, 124-27, 149, 151, 155, 206 Keo, 160 Yasovarman, 70, 76, 300 Khok Phraya, 222 I (also Yasovarman), xli, 56, 61, 66, 74-80, 87-88, 126, Koh, 233 129, 139, 201, 299-300 Lanka, 233 II, xli, 66, 124, 126-27, 129, 139, 142, 146, 301 Mahathat (also called Mahadhatu), 208 Yot Fa, 220 Pheam Phlom, 233 Yuga period/era/cycle/epoch, 106, 108, 110-12, 114-19 Phnom, 234 Dvapara, 106, 112, 114, 117-18 Phra Kaew (also called Phra Keo), 213 , 106, 114-18 Preah Po/Puth Mean Bon, xviii Krita (or ), 106, 108, 116-17 Takon (also called Ta Kuan or Trakuan), 208 Treta (or Tretya), 106, 110-12, 117-18 Toap Poat Chambak, xviii, 266 Yai, 206, 208 Z Water Chenla or Lower Chenla, xvii, xl, 45, 58, 60-63, Zhou Daguan, xiv-xv, xvii, xxi, 5, 8, 7-9, 120, 133, 147, 63-64, 66, 69, 72-73, 75, 95 151-56, 160, 169, 246 Wendan, xviii, xl, 45, 58, 201 Wiang Chaiprakan, xviii, 202