DOCSLIB.ORG

Kenneth T. So (So Khong Thay)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kenneth T. So (So Khong Thay) BOOK I 1ST CENTURY TO 1595: FUNAN, CHENLA, ANGKOR, AND LONGVEK PERIODS អម�លក� រងែខរ� �ពះម�ក��តែខ�រ�ំងអស់ Kenneth T. So (So Khong Thay) េ絒 ខុង ៃថ 蘇康泰 DatASIA Press www.DatASIA.us About the Cover and the artistic creation of the special scripts My drawing of Suryavarman II shown on the front cover was based on the bas-relief of Paramavishnuloka at the Angkor Wat, South Gallery, West Wing. The front and back covers were designed by Jacqueline So. The font for the title shown herein as was inspired Khmer characters, albeit flipped around and/or manipulated to look like particular Roman letters. Kenneth T. So The Khmer Kings and The History of Cambodia Book I 1st Century to 1595: Funan, Chenla, Angkor, and Longvek Periods Copyright © 2017 Kenneth T. So [email protected] All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part and in any form or by any means without the written permission from the author. DatASIA Press ─ www.DatASIA.us First Edition ISBN 978-1-934431-36-8 Library of Congress Pre-Assigned Control Number: 2017949243 To my family: Theany, Elizabeth, Jacqueline, and Angelica Your steadfast support and encouragement gave me the strength to work tirelessly, and it is for this reason that I enjoyed writing this book so much. The achievement of a man is not measured by what he has accomplished during his lifetime, but by what he has left as his legacy after he has departed the world. Catvāry Ārya Satyāni (Sanskrit) Cattāri Ariyo Saccāni (Pali) Chatuk Arei Sachak/ចតុអរ�យសច�: (Khmer) The Four Noble Truths (English) Dukkha (ទុក�: Suffering): All lives are subject to Dukkha Cause of Dukkha (សមុទយ: Samudaya): Desire (ត��) is the root causes of Dukkha Cessation of Dukkha (និេ�ធ: Nirhodha): Eliminate desire Steps to eliminate desire (មគ�: Magga): Apply the Noble Eightfold Path [Ārya Astanga Marga (Sanskrit)/Ariyo Aṭṭhaṅgiko Maggo (Pāli)] • Right Understanding • Right Thought • Right Speech • Right Conduct/Action • Right Livelihood • Right Effort • Right Attentiveness/Mindfulness • Right Concentration/Meditation CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLE ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xii GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES xiii OFFICIAL TITLES xix GLOSSARY xxi PREFACE xxii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT-DAY CAMBODIA xxxiii SUMMARY xxxvi CHAPTER 1 GENESIS 1 HISTORICAL RECORDS, LEGENDS, SYMBOLISM, AND SETTLEMENT 1 CHAPTER 2 WHERE DID THE KHMERS COME FROM? 8 THE LANGUAGE AND THE PEOPLE 8 CHAPTER 3 KHMER TRADITIONAL CALENDAR 16 THE METHODOLOGY AND THE DIFFERENT CALENDAR SYSTEMS 16 CHAPTER 4 THE FUNAN PERIOD (1st CENTURY ─ CIRCA 540) 30 THE MEANING OF FUNAN AND THE LOCATION OF ITS CAPITAL 30 THE LUNAR DYNASTY 33 viii Contents CHAPTER 5 THE CHENLA PERIOD (CIRCA 540-802) 44 THE MEANING OF CHENLA AND ITS RISE TO POWER 44 THE SOLAR DYNASTY 46 THE UNIFICATION OF THE LUNAR AND SOLAR DYNASTIES 49 THE DIVISION OF CHENLA (707-802) 58 CHAPTER 6 THE ANGKOR PERIOD (KAMBUJA PERIOD): 802-1431 65 THE FIRST ANGKOR DYNASTY (802-1080) 68 THE SECOND ANGKOR/MAHIDHARAPURA DYNASTY (1080-1160) 95 THE THIRD ANGKOR DYNASTY (1160-1368) 124 THE AMBIGUOUS PERIOD OF THE MID 14TH-15TH CENTURIES 161 THE FALL OF ANGKOR 189 CHAPTER 7 REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF ANGKOR 193 CHAPTER 8 THE ORIGIN OF THE THAI 197 THE TAI MIGRATION AND STATES FORMATION 198 THE FOUNDATION OF SUKHOTHAI 204 THE FOUNDATION OF AYUTTHAYA AND MODERN THAILAND 213 CHAPTER 9 POST ANGKOR TO LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1594/1595) 227 THE PRE-LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1525) 228 THE LONGVEK PERIOD (1525-1594) 257 AYUTTHAYA’S OCCUPATION OF CAMBODIA (1594-1595) 292 REFERENCE 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 INSCRIPTION 299 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 302 APPENDIX 1 306 APPENDIX 2 307 APPENDIX 3 309 APPENDIX 4 310 INDEX 313 LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1 Convention Prescribed by Savaros (Pou) Lewitz for the Transliteration of xxviii Khmer Names 2 Khmer Ethnic Population from the Province of Ratanakiri 13 3 Khmer Scripts Evolution from the 6th Century to the Present Day 15 4 Conversion from Common Era to Other Eras Used in Cambodia 17 5 Metonic 19-Year Cycle and Khmer 10-Year Cycle Systems 19 6 Lunar Months and Lunar Days 21 7 Gregorian Months and Correspondence with the Khmer Lunar Months 22 8 Truncated Version Showing the Correlation between Gregorian, Saka, Cula, 23 and Buddhist Years in Relationship to the 12-Year Animal Signs and Khmer 10-Year Cycle System 9 Reigns of Nippean Bat and Ponhea Yat Extracted from Various Sources 162 10a-10b Names and Royal Styles of Khmer Kings Mentioned in the Chinese History 174-175 of the Ming Dynasty (Ming Shih-lu) 11 Correlation Between Khmer and Ayutthayan Kings in the 14th and 15th 177 Centuries 12a Kings of Ayutthaya (1351-1448) 214 12b Kings of Ayutthaya (1448-1569) 215 12c Kings of Ayutthaya (1569-1656) 216 12d Kings of Ayutthaya (1656-1758) 217 12e Kings of Ayutthya (1758-1767) and of Siam (1767-1925) 218 12f Kings of Siam (1925-1935/1946) and of Thailand (1935/1946-Present) 219 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Page 1 Map of Cambodia xxxiii 2 Climate and Rice Cultivation during Wet and Dry Seasons in Cambodia xxxiv 3 Funan Coin of Angkor Borei 5 4 Funan Coin Found at O Keo (Oc Eo) 7 5 The Migration of Môns and Khmers to Southeast Asia in the Early Period 11 6 Map of the Môn-Khmer Languages Spoken in South Asia 12 7 Example of Script ta Evolution in Southeast Asia Originated from the Indian 15 Pallava Abugidary 8 Correspondence between 2540-2541 BE and 1997 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 25 9 Correspondence between 2558-2559 BE and 2015 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 26 10 Correspondence between 2559-2560 BE and 2016 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 27 11 The Funan Empire and its Vassal State Chenla 33 12 Genealogy of Funan Kings of the Lunar Dynasty (Later Part of 1st Century-540) 43 13 Representation of Mukhalinga Sandstone at Vat Po Metrei in Takeo 46 14 Genealogy of Chenla Kings and Queens of the Solar Dynasty before the Division to 48 Upper and Lower Chenla in 707 AD 15 Gold Coin Discovered at Angkor Borei 54 16 The Chenla Empire before the Breakup with Funan as its Vassal State (540-707) 58 17 The Division of Chenla (707-802) 59 18 Genealogy of the Land Chenla Kings and Queens after the Division of Chenla (707-802) 64 19 Image of Apsara on the Wall of Angkor 67 20 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 89 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 1) 21 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 90 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 2) 22 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 91 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 3) 23 The Temple of Preah Vihear Perched on a Triangular Promontory 92 24 Genealogy of Khmer Kings for the Funan, Chenla, and End of the First 96-97 Angkor Dynasty List of Illustrations xi 25 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Coedès, Briggs, 98 Leclère, and Chakravarti 26 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Adhir Chakravarti 98 27 View of Angkor Wat from the Main Entrance 105 28 Floor Plan of Angkor Wat Bas-Reliefs Carved on the Third Enclosure 107 29 Bas-Relief Depiction of Paramavishnuloka, Posthumous name of Suryavarman II 115 (1113-1150), at the Angkor Wat, South Gallery, West Wing 30 Comparing Eleanor Mannikka and Kenneth So’s Proposed Measurement of 119 Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Eras in the Hindu Cosmology 31 An Alternative Measurement of Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Periods in 119 the Hindu Cosmology Proposed by Kenneth So 32 Genealogy of the First, Second, and Third Angkor Dynasties 125 33 Statue of Jayavarman VII Sitting in a Virasana Position 128 34 Khmer Empire Reached its Apogee under Jayavarman VII 133 35 The Temple and Library of Preah Khan 135 36 Map of Angkor Thom in Relationship to Angkor Wat and other Angkor Monuments 136 37 Floor Plan of Neak Pean 137 38 General Floor Plan of Banteay Chhmar 139 39 Grouping Pattern of the Major Angkor Temples Shows Remarkable Resemblance to 140 the View of the Draco Constellation 40 Carving of Jayarajadevi (Left) and Indradevi (Right) on the Wall of Preah Khan 142 41 Presumed Statue of Jayarajadevi ─ Based on its Resemblance of the Prayerful Term 142 of Prajñāpāramitā or Tara 42 Itinerary of Zhou Daguan from China to Angkor in 1296 160 43 The Author’s Proposed Timelines of the Khmer Kings who Reigned during the 181 Uncertainty Period from 1327 to 1431 44 Genealogy of Khmer Kings Proposed by the Author during the Uncertainty Period 182 from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Thommasoka 45 Genealogy of Khmer Kings from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Ponhea Yat 192 46 Tai Migration Routes during the 1st through 14th Centuries 199 47 Comparison of Khmer, Thai, Cham, and Burmese Scripts 211 48 Inscription of Wat Chiang Man in Chiang Mai (dated 1581) 212 49 Relationships between Ayutthayan and Khmer Kings Discussed in the Luang 230 Praseut Chronicle, Cambodian Chronicles, Chinese Dynastic Annals Ming-Shi-lu, and 2/k.125 Fragment of the National Library of Thailand in Bangkok 50 The Ancestry of Ponhea Yat According to the Luang Praseut Chronicle and the 234 2/k.125 Fragment 51 The 1747 Dutch Map of the Citadel of Longvek 261 52 Plan of the Citadel of Longvek as Interpreted by the Author 263 53 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for the Support of CETF 304 54 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Contribution to the Projects 304 of Lunar Base and ECLSS 55 NASA Certificate of Recognition for the Development of a Technical Innovation 304 56 Rockwell International Award for Outstanding Achievement
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Echoes of Memory Volume 9
    Echoes of Memory Volume 9 CONTENTS JACQUELINE MENDELS BIRN MICHEL MARGOSIS The Violins of Hope ...................................................2 In Transit, Spain ........................................................ 28 RUTH COHEN HARRY MARKOWICZ Life Is Good ....................................................................3 A Letter to the Late Mademoiselle Jeanne ..... 34 Sunday Lunch at Charlotte’s House ................... 36 GIDEON FRIEDER True Faith........................................................................5 ALFRED MÜNZER Days of Remembrance in Rymanow ..................40 ALBERT GARIH Reunion in Ebensee ................................................. 43 Flory ..................................................................................8 My Mother ..................................................................... 9 HALINA YASHAROFF PEABODY Lying ..............................................................................46 PETER GOROG A Gravestone for Those Who Have None .........12 ALFRED TRAUM A Three-Year-Old Saves His Mother ..................14 The S.S. Zion ...............................................................49 The Death Certificate That Saved Vienna, Chanukah 1938 ...........................................52 Our Lives ..................................................................................... 16 SUSAN WARSINGER JULIE KEEFER Bringing the Lessons Home ................................. 54 Did He Know I Was Jewish? ...................................18 Feeling Good ...............................................................55
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhism and Responses to Disability, Mental Disorders and Deafness in Asia
    Buddhism and Responses to Disability, Mental Disorders and Deafness in Asia. A bibliography of historical and modern texts with introduction and partial annotation, and some echoes in Western countries. [This annotated bibliography of 220 items suggests the range and major themes of how Buddhism and people influenced by Buddhism have responded to disability in Asia through two millennia, with cultural background. Titles of the materials may be skimmed through in an hour, or the titles and annotations read in a day. The works listed might take half a year to find and read.] M. Miles (compiler and annotator) West Midlands, UK. November 2013 Available at: http://www.independentliving.org/miles2014a and http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/bibliography/buddhism/index.php Some terms used in this bibliography Buddhist terms and people. Buddhism, Bouddhisme, Buddhismus, suffering, compassion, caring response, loving kindness, dharma, dukkha, evil, heaven, hell, ignorance, impermanence, kamma, karma, karuna, metta, noble truths, eightfold path, rebirth, reincarnation, soul, spirit, spirituality, transcendent, self, attachment, clinging, delusion, grasping, buddha, bodhisatta, nirvana; bhikkhu, bhikksu, bhikkhuni, samgha, sangha, monastery, refuge, sutra, sutta, bonze, friar, biwa hoshi, priest, monk, nun, alms, begging; healing, therapy, mindfulness, meditation, Gautama, Gotama, Maitreya, Shakyamuni, Siddhartha, Tathagata, Amida, Amita, Amitabha, Atisha, Avalokiteshvara, Guanyin, Kannon, Kuan-yin, Kukai, Samantabhadra, Santideva, Asoka, Bhaddiya, Khujjuttara,
    [Show full text]
  • 1 X 56 Or 1 X 74
    1 x 56 or 1 x 74 In this fascinating documentary, historian Bettany Hughes travels to the seven wonders of the Buddhist world and offers a unique insight into one of the most ancient belief systems still practiced today. Buddhism began 2,500 years ago when one man had an amazing inter- nal revelation underneath a peepul tree in India. Today it is practiced by over 350 million people worldwide, with numbers continuing to grow year after year. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of the different beliefs and 1 x 56 or 1 x 74 practices that form the core of the Buddhist philosophy, and investigate how Buddhism started and where it travelled to, Hughes visits some of the most CONTACT spectacular monuments built by Buddhists across the globe. Tom Koch, Vice President PBS International Her journey begins at the Mahabodhi Temple in India, where Buddhism 10 Guest Street was born; here Hughes examines the foundations of the belief system—the Boston, MA 02135 USA three jewels. TEL: +1-617-208-0735 At Nepal’s Boudhanath Stupa, she looks deeper into the concept of FAX: +1-617-208-0783 dharma—the teaching of Buddha, and at the Temple of the Tooth in Sri [email protected] pbsinternational.org Lanka, Bettany explores karma, the idea that our intentional acts will be mir- rored in the future. At Wat Pho Temple in Thailand, Hughes explores samsara, the endless cycle of birth and death that Buddhists seek to end by achieving enlighten- ment, before travelling to Angkor Wat in Cambodia to learn more about the practice of meditation.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia
    KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA Nation-Religion-King THE CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA This Constitution was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly in Phnom Penh on September 21, 1993 at its 2nd Plenary Session. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA This Constitution was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly in Phnom Penh on September 21, 1993 at its 2nd Plenary Session. PREAMBLE ***** WE, THE PEOPLE OF CAMBODIA Having known a grand civilization of a prosperous, powerful, and glorious nation whose prestige radiates like a diamond, Having endured sufferings and destructions and having experienced a tragic decline in the course of the two decades, awakened, stood up with a resolute determination to strengthen the national unity, to preserve and defend Cambodia’s territory and its precious sovereignty and the prestige of Angkor civilization, and to restore Cambodia into an "Island of Peace" based on a multi-party liberal democratic regime guaranteeing human rights and the respect of law, and responsible for the destiny of the nation always evolving toward progress, development, prosperity, and glory, WITH THIS RESOLUTE WILL We inscribe the following as the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia: CHAPTER I: SOVEREIGNTY CHAPTER II: THE KING CHAPTER III: THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF KHMER CITIZENS CHAPTER IV: ON POLICY CHAPTER V: ECONOMY CHAPTER VI: EDUCATION, CULTURE, SOCIAL AFFAIRS CHAPTER VII: THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY NEW CHAPTER VIII: THE SENATE NEW CHAPTER IX: THE CONGRESS OF THE ASSEMBLY AND SENATE NEW CHAPTER X: THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT NEW CHAPTER XI: THE JUDICIARY NEW CHAPTER XII: THE CONSTITUTIONAL COUNCIL NEW CHAPTER XIII: THE ADMINISTRATION NEW CHAPTER XIV: THE NATIONAL CONGRESS NEW CHAPTER XV: EFFECTS, REVISION AND AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION NEW CHAPTER XVI: TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS CHAPTER I: SOVEREIGNTY 2 Article 1: Cambodia is a Kingdom with a King who shall rule according to the Constitution and to the principles of liberal democracy and pluralism.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 3. Discussion Chapter 1
    Part 3. Discussion Chapter 1. The Ceramics Unearthed from Longvek and Krang Kor Yuni Sato Department of Planning and Coordination, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties 1. Introduction Conventionally, archeological studies of Cambodia focused mainly on the prehistoric times and the Angkor period, and the post-Angkor period were virtually ignored. This “post-Angkor period” points to the approximately 430-year timeframe be- tween the fall of Angkor in 1431 until 1863 when the French colonial rule began. These 430 years had been cloaked in mystery for a long time. In has only been in recent years that first steps in archeological research of the said period was started mainly by the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties (Nara 2008). Research was conducted at Longvek, the royal capital of the post-Angkor period, and Krang Kor, a site at which burials was discovered, and many artifacts were excavated there. The unearthed artifacts serve an important role in explaining Cambodia during the post-Angkor period. This chapter will look back on the ceramics, which were excavated at both of the sites, and discuss their characteristics and significance. 2. Ceramics Excavated at the Krang Kor Site As explained in Part 1, the archaeological research of the Krang Kor site can be considered an important case, as two burials were discovered in good condition and a large volume of assemblage that are highly likely connected with each other had been excavated. Of imported ceramics, Si Satchanalai celadon, Chinese celadon, and Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain were all given the general dates of mid-15th century to early 16th century (Chart 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Post/Colonial Discourses on the Cambodian Court Dance
    Kyoto University Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 42, No. 4, 東南アジア研究 March 2005 42巻 4 号 Post/colonial Discourses on the Cambodian Court Dance SASAGAWA Hideo* Abstract Under the reign of King Ang Duong in the middle of nineteenth century, Cambodia was under the influence of Siamese culture. Although Cambodia was colonized by France in 1863, the royal troupe of the dance still performed Siamese repertoires. It was not until the cession of the Angkor monuments from Siam in 1907 that Angkor began to play a central role in French colonial discourse. George Groslier’s works inter alia were instrumental in historicizing the court dance as a “tradition” handed down from the Angkorean era. Groslier appealed to the colonial authorities for the protection of this “tradition” which had allegedly been on the “decline” owing to the influence of French culture. In the latter half of the 1920s the Résident Supérieur au Cambodge temporarily succeeded in transferring the royal troupe to Groslier’s control. In the 1930s members of the royal family set out to reconstruct the troupe, and the Minister of Palace named Thiounn wrote a book in which he described the court dance as Angkorean “tradition.” His book can be considered to be an attempt to appropriate colonial discourse and to construct a new narrative for the Khmers. After independence in 1953 French colonial discourse on Angkor was incorporated into Cam- bodian nationalism. While new repertoires such as Apsara Dance, modeled on the relief of the monuments, were created, the Buddhist Institute in Phnom Penh reprinted Thiounn’s book. Though the civil war was prolonged for 20 years and the Pol Pot regime rejected Cambodian cul- ture with the exception of the Angkor monuments, French colonial discourse is still alive in Cam- bodia today.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Christian Pastoral Approach to Cambodian Culture
    Thesis Title: Towards a Christian Pastoral Approach to Cambodian Culture In fulfilment of the requirements of Master’s in Theology (Missiology) Submitted by: Gerard G. Ravasco Supervised by: Dr. Bill Domeris, Ph D March, 2004 Towards a Christian Pastoral Approach to Cambodian Culture Table of Contents Page Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The world we live in 1 1.2 The particular world we live in 1 1.3 Our target location: Cambodia 2 1.4 Our Particular Challenge: Cambodian Culture 2 1.5 An Invitation to Inculturation 3 1.6 My Personal Context 4 1.6.1 My Objectives 4 1.6.2 My Limitations 5 1.6.3 My Methodology 5 Chapter 2 2.0 Religious Influences in Early Cambodian History 6 2.1 The Beginnings of a People 6 2.2 Early Cambodian Kingdoms 7 2.3 Funan 8 2.4 Zhen-la 10 2.5 The Founding of Angkor 12 2.6 Angkorean Kingship 15 2.7 Theravada Buddhism and the Post Angkorean Crisis 18 2.8 An Overview of Christianity 19 2.9 Conclusion 20 Chapter 3 3.0 Religions that influenced Cambodian Culture 22 3.1 Animism 22 3.1.1 Animism as a Philosophical Theory 22 3.1.2 Animism as an Anthropological Theory 23 3.1.2.1 Tylor’s Theory 23 3.1.2.2 Counter Theories 24 3.1.2.3 An Animistic World View 24 3.1.2.4 Ancestor Veneration 25 3.1.2.5 Shamanism 26 3.1.3 Animism in Cambodian Culture 27 3.1.3.1 Spirits reside with us 27 3.1.3.2 Spirits intervene in daily life 28 3.1.3.3 Spirit’s power outside Cambodia 29 3.2 Brahmanism 30 3.2.1 Brahmanism and Hinduism 30 3.2.2 Brahmin Texts 31 3.2.3 Early Brahmanism or Vedism 32 3.2.4 Popular Brahmanism 33 3.2.5 Pantheistic Brahmanism
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix Appendix
    APPENDIX APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS, WITH GOVERNORS AND GOVERNORS-GENERAL Burma and Arakan: A. Rulers of Pagan before 1044 B. The Pagan dynasty, 1044-1287 C. Myinsaing and Pinya, 1298-1364 D. Sagaing, 1315-64 E. Ava, 1364-1555 F. The Toungoo dynasty, 1486-1752 G. The Alaungpaya or Konbaung dynasty, 1752- 1885 H. Mon rulers of Hanthawaddy (Pegu) I. Arakan Cambodia: A. Funan B. Chenla C. The Angkor monarchy D. The post-Angkor period Champa: A. Linyi B. Champa Indonesia and Malaya: A. Java, Pre-Muslim period B. Java, Muslim period C. Malacca D. Acheh (Achin) E. Governors-General of the Netherlands East Indies Tai Dynasties: A. Sukhot'ai B. Ayut'ia C. Bangkok D. Muong Swa E. Lang Chang F. Vien Chang (Vientiane) G. Luang Prabang 954 APPENDIX 955 Vietnam: A. The Hong-Bang, 2879-258 B.c. B. The Thuc, 257-208 B.C. C. The Trieu, 207-I I I B.C. D. The Earlier Li, A.D. 544-602 E. The Ngo, 939-54 F. The Dinh, 968-79 G. The Earlier Le, 980-I009 H. The Later Li, I009-I225 I. The Tran, 1225-I400 J. The Ho, I400-I407 K. The restored Tran, I407-I8 L. The Later Le, I4I8-I8o4 M. The Mac, I527-I677 N. The Trinh, I539-I787 0. The Tay-Son, I778-I8o2 P. The Nguyen Q. Governors and governors-general of French Indo­ China APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS BURMA AND ARAKAN A. RULERS OF PAGAN BEFORE IOH (According to the Burmese chronicles) dat~ of accusion 1. Pyusawti 167 2. Timinyi, son of I 242 3· Yimminpaik, son of 2 299 4· Paikthili, son of 3 .
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Cambodia – Analysing the Role and Influence of Women in Rural Cambodian Society with a Special Focus on Forming Religious Identity
    WOMEN IN CAMBODIA – ANALYSING THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF WOMEN IN RURAL CAMBODIAN SOCIETY WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON FORMING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY by URSULA WEKEMANN submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR D C SOMMER CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF R W NEL FEBRUARY 2016 1 ABSTRACT This study analyses the role and influence of rural Khmer women on their families and society, focusing on their formation of religious identity. Based on literature research, the role and influence of Khmer women is examined from the perspectives of history, the belief systems that shape Cambodian culture and thinking, and Cambodian social structure. The findings show that although very few Cambodian women are in high leadership positions, they do have considerable influence, particularly within the household and extended family. Along the lines of their natural relationships they have many opportunities to influence the formation of religious identity, through sharing their lives and faith in words and deeds with the people around them. A model based on Bible storying is proposed as a suitable strategy to strengthen the natural influence of rural Khmer women on forming religious identity and use it intentionally for the spreading of the gospel in Cambodia. KEY WORDS Women, Cambodia, rural Khmer, gender, social structure, family, religious formation, folk-Buddhism, evangelization. 2 Student number: 4899-167-8 I declare that WOMEN IN CAMBODIA – ANALYSING THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF WOMEN IN RURAL CAMBODIAN SOCIETY WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON FORMING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.
    [Show full text]
  • Prince Sihanouk: the Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2013 Prince Sihanouk: The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970 Weena Yong Trinity College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Architectural History and Criticism Commons, Asian Art and Architecture Commons, Asian History Commons, Environmental Design Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, National Security Law Commons, South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Yong, Weena, "Prince Sihanouk: The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2013. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/309 Prince Norodom Sihanouk Prince Norodom The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia 1953-1970 by Prince Sihanouk: The Model of Absolute Monarchy in Cambodia By Weena Yong Advised by Michael Lestz Janet Bauer Zayde Gordon Antrim A Thesis Submitted to the International Studies Program of Trinity College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree © May 2013 1 For my parents, MiOk Mun and Yong Inn Hoe, My brothers, KeeSing Benjamin and KeeHup Arie, My sister, Lenna XingMei And to all my advisors and friends, Whom have inspired and supported me Every day. 2 Abstract This thesis addresses Prince Sihanouk and the model of absolute monarchy in Cambodia during his ‘golden era.’ What is the legacy bequeathed to his country that emanated from his years as his country’s autocratic leader (1954-1970)? What did he leave behind? My original hypothesis was that Sihanouk was a libertine and ruthless god-king who had immense pride for his country.
    [Show full text]
  • NAA of Brown-Glaze Stoneware from Longvek, 15Th–17Th Centuries
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Consumption and exchange in Early Modern Cambodia: NAA of brown-glaze stoneware from Longvek, 15th±17th centuries 1 1 1 Martin PolkinghorneID *, Catherine Amy Morton , Amy Roberts , Rachel S. Popelka- 2 3 4 5 6 FilcoffID , Yuni Sato , Voeun Vuthy , Pariwat Thammapreechakorn , Attila Stopic , Peter Grave7, Don Hein5, Leng Vitou4 1 Archaeology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 2 College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 3 Department of Planning and a1111111111 Coordination, The Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan, a1111111111 4 Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, a1111111111 Cambodia, 5 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., United States of a1111111111 America, 6 Reactor Irradiations, Radioisotopes and Radiotracers, Australian Nuclear Science and a1111111111 Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia, 7 Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Polkinghorne M, Morton CA, Roberts A, Popelka-Filcoff RS, Sato Y, Vuthy V, et al. (2019) An evaluation of the geochemical characteristics of 102 storage jar sherds by k -neutron Consumption and exchange in Early Modern 0 Cambodia: NAA of brown-glaze stoneware from activation analysis (k0-NAA) from archaeological contexts in Cambodia and reference sam- Longvek, 15th±17th centuries. PLoS ONE 14(5): ples from stoneware production centres in Thailand provides a new perspective on regional e0216895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. and global trade in mainland Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Reclamation and Regeneration of the Ancient Baray
    RECLAMATION AND REGENERATION OF THE ANCIENT BARAY A Proposal for Phimai Historical Park Olmtong Ektanitphong December 2014 Submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Architecture Degree. School of Architecture University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Doctorate Project Committee Kazi K. Ashraf, Chairperson William R. Chapman, Committee Member Pornthum Thumwimol, Committee Member ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Kazi K. Ashraf, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and convincingly a spirit of adventure in regard to research and the design, and excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor William R. Chapman and Dr. Pornthum Thumwimol, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for archaeological aspects of Khmer and Thai culture. They supported me immensely throughout the period of my dissertation. Their valuable advice and discussions guided me to the end-result of this study. I highly appreciated for their generally being a good uncle and brother as well as a supervisor. In addition, a thank you to the director, archaeologists, academic officers and administration staff at Phimai Historical Park and at the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who gave me such valuable information and discussion. Specially, thank you to Mr. Teerachat veerayuttanond, my supervisor during internship with The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who first introduced me to Phimai Town and took me on the site survey at Phimai Town. Last but not least, I would like to thank University of Hawaii for giving me the opportunity for my study research and design.
    [Show full text]