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BOOK I 1ST CENTURY TO 1595: FUNAN, CHENLA, ANGKOR, AND LONGVEK PERIODS អម�លក� រងែខរ� �ពះម�ក��តែខ�រ�ំងអស់ Kenneth T. So (So Khong Thay) េ絒 ខុង ៃថ 蘇康泰 DatASIA Press www.DatASIA.us About the Cover and the artistic creation of the special scripts My drawing of Suryavarman II shown on the front cover was based on the bas-relief of Paramavishnuloka at the Angkor Wat, South Gallery, West Wing. The front and back covers were designed by Jacqueline So. The font for the title shown herein as was inspired Khmer characters, albeit flipped around and/or manipulated to look like particular Roman letters. Kenneth T. So The Khmer Kings and The History of Cambodia Book I 1st Century to 1595: Funan, Chenla, Angkor, and Longvek Periods Copyright © 2017 Kenneth T. So [email protected] All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part and in any form or by any means without the written permission from the author. DatASIA Press ─ www.DatASIA.us First Edition ISBN 978-1-934431-36-8 Library of Congress Pre-Assigned Control Number: 2017949243 To my family: Theany, Elizabeth, Jacqueline, and Angelica Your steadfast support and encouragement gave me the strength to work tirelessly, and it is for this reason that I enjoyed writing this book so much. The achievement of a man is not measured by what he has accomplished during his lifetime, but by what he has left as his legacy after he has departed the world. Catvāry Ārya Satyāni (Sanskrit) Cattāri Ariyo Saccāni (Pali) Chatuk Arei Sachak/ចតុអរ�យសច�: (Khmer) The Four Noble Truths (English) Dukkha (ទុក�: Suffering): All lives are subject to Dukkha Cause of Dukkha (សមុទយ: Samudaya): Desire (ត��) is the root causes of Dukkha Cessation of Dukkha (និេ�ធ: Nirhodha): Eliminate desire Steps to eliminate desire (មគ�: Magga): Apply the Noble Eightfold Path [Ārya Astanga Marga (Sanskrit)/Ariyo Aṭṭhaṅgiko Maggo (Pāli)] • Right Understanding • Right Thought • Right Speech • Right Conduct/Action • Right Livelihood • Right Effort • Right Attentiveness/Mindfulness • Right Concentration/Meditation CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLE ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xii GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES xiii OFFICIAL TITLES xix GLOSSARY xxi PREFACE xxii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT-DAY CAMBODIA xxxiii SUMMARY xxxvi CHAPTER 1 GENESIS 1 HISTORICAL RECORDS, LEGENDS, SYMBOLISM, AND SETTLEMENT 1 CHAPTER 2 WHERE DID THE KHMERS COME FROM? 8 THE LANGUAGE AND THE PEOPLE 8 CHAPTER 3 KHMER TRADITIONAL CALENDAR 16 THE METHODOLOGY AND THE DIFFERENT CALENDAR SYSTEMS 16 CHAPTER 4 THE FUNAN PERIOD (1st CENTURY ─ CIRCA 540) 30 THE MEANING OF FUNAN AND THE LOCATION OF ITS CAPITAL 30 THE LUNAR DYNASTY 33 viii Contents CHAPTER 5 THE CHENLA PERIOD (CIRCA 540-802) 44 THE MEANING OF CHENLA AND ITS RISE TO POWER 44 THE SOLAR DYNASTY 46 THE UNIFICATION OF THE LUNAR AND SOLAR DYNASTIES 49 THE DIVISION OF CHENLA (707-802) 58 CHAPTER 6 THE ANGKOR PERIOD (KAMBUJA PERIOD): 802-1431 65 THE FIRST ANGKOR DYNASTY (802-1080) 68 THE SECOND ANGKOR/MAHIDHARAPURA DYNASTY (1080-1160) 95 THE THIRD ANGKOR DYNASTY (1160-1368) 124 THE AMBIGUOUS PERIOD OF THE MID 14TH-15TH CENTURIES 161 THE FALL OF ANGKOR 189 CHAPTER 7 REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF ANGKOR 193 CHAPTER 8 THE ORIGIN OF THE THAI 197 THE TAI MIGRATION AND STATES FORMATION 198 THE FOUNDATION OF SUKHOTHAI 204 THE FOUNDATION OF AYUTTHAYA AND MODERN THAILAND 213 CHAPTER 9 POST ANGKOR TO LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1594/1595) 227 THE PRE-LONGVEK PERIOD (1432-1525) 228 THE LONGVEK PERIOD (1525-1594) 257 AYUTTHAYA’S OCCUPATION OF CAMBODIA (1594-1595) 292 REFERENCE 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 INSCRIPTION 299 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 302 APPENDIX 1 306 APPENDIX 2 307 APPENDIX 3 309 APPENDIX 4 310 INDEX 313 LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1 Convention Prescribed by Savaros (Pou) Lewitz for the Transliteration of xxviii Khmer Names 2 Khmer Ethnic Population from the Province of Ratanakiri 13 3 Khmer Scripts Evolution from the 6th Century to the Present Day 15 4 Conversion from Common Era to Other Eras Used in Cambodia 17 5 Metonic 19-Year Cycle and Khmer 10-Year Cycle Systems 19 6 Lunar Months and Lunar Days 21 7 Gregorian Months and Correspondence with the Khmer Lunar Months 22 8 Truncated Version Showing the Correlation between Gregorian, Saka, Cula, 23 and Buddhist Years in Relationship to the 12-Year Animal Signs and Khmer 10-Year Cycle System 9 Reigns of Nippean Bat and Ponhea Yat Extracted from Various Sources 162 10a-10b Names and Royal Styles of Khmer Kings Mentioned in the Chinese History 174-175 of the Ming Dynasty (Ming Shih-lu) 11 Correlation Between Khmer and Ayutthayan Kings in the 14th and 15th 177 Centuries 12a Kings of Ayutthaya (1351-1448) 214 12b Kings of Ayutthaya (1448-1569) 215 12c Kings of Ayutthaya (1569-1656) 216 12d Kings of Ayutthaya (1656-1758) 217 12e Kings of Ayutthya (1758-1767) and of Siam (1767-1925) 218 12f Kings of Siam (1925-1935/1946) and of Thailand (1935/1946-Present) 219 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Page 1 Map of Cambodia xxxiii 2 Climate and Rice Cultivation during Wet and Dry Seasons in Cambodia xxxiv 3 Funan Coin of Angkor Borei 5 4 Funan Coin Found at O Keo (Oc Eo) 7 5 The Migration of Môns and Khmers to Southeast Asia in the Early Period 11 6 Map of the Môn-Khmer Languages Spoken in South Asia 12 7 Example of Script ta Evolution in Southeast Asia Originated from the Indian 15 Pallava Abugidary 8 Correspondence between 2540-2541 BE and 1997 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 25 9 Correspondence between 2558-2559 BE and 2015 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 26 10 Correspondence between 2559-2560 BE and 2016 AD in Khmer Lunisolar Calendar 27 11 The Funan Empire and its Vassal State Chenla 33 12 Genealogy of Funan Kings of the Lunar Dynasty (Later Part of 1st Century-540) 43 13 Representation of Mukhalinga Sandstone at Vat Po Metrei in Takeo 46 14 Genealogy of Chenla Kings and Queens of the Solar Dynasty before the Division to 48 Upper and Lower Chenla in 707 AD 15 Gold Coin Discovered at Angkor Borei 54 16 The Chenla Empire before the Breakup with Funan as its Vassal State (540-707) 58 17 The Division of Chenla (707-802) 59 18 Genealogy of the Land Chenla Kings and Queens after the Division of Chenla (707-802) 64 19 Image of Apsara on the Wall of Angkor 67 20 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 89 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 1) 21 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 90 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 2) 22 Genealogy of the Khmer Kings during the First Angkor Dynasty (from Jayavarman 91 II (802) to Harshavarman III (1080) – Part 3) 23 The Temple of Preah Vihear Perched on a Triangular Promontory 92 24 Genealogy of Khmer Kings for the Funan, Chenla, and End of the First 96-97 Angkor Dynasty List of Illustrations xi 25 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Coedès, Briggs, 98 Leclère, and Chakravarti 26 Genealogy of the Mahidharapura Dynasty (1107-1160) Based on Adhir Chakravarti 98 27 View of Angkor Wat from the Main Entrance 105 28 Floor Plan of Angkor Wat Bas-Reliefs Carved on the Third Enclosure 107 29 Bas-Relief Depiction of Paramavishnuloka, Posthumous name of Suryavarman II 115 (1113-1150), at the Angkor Wat, South Gallery, West Wing 30 Comparing Eleanor Mannikka and Kenneth So’s Proposed Measurement of 119 Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Eras in the Hindu Cosmology 31 An Alternative Measurement of Angkor Wat in Relation to the Yuga Periods in 119 the Hindu Cosmology Proposed by Kenneth So 32 Genealogy of the First, Second, and Third Angkor Dynasties 125 33 Statue of Jayavarman VII Sitting in a Virasana Position 128 34 Khmer Empire Reached its Apogee under Jayavarman VII 133 35 The Temple and Library of Preah Khan 135 36 Map of Angkor Thom in Relationship to Angkor Wat and other Angkor Monuments 136 37 Floor Plan of Neak Pean 137 38 General Floor Plan of Banteay Chhmar 139 39 Grouping Pattern of the Major Angkor Temples Shows Remarkable Resemblance to 140 the View of the Draco Constellation 40 Carving of Jayarajadevi (Left) and Indradevi (Right) on the Wall of Preah Khan 142 41 Presumed Statue of Jayarajadevi ─ Based on its Resemblance of the Prayerful Term 142 of Prajñāpāramitā or Tara 42 Itinerary of Zhou Daguan from China to Angkor in 1296 160 43 The Author’s Proposed Timelines of the Khmer Kings who Reigned during the 181 Uncertainty Period from 1327 to 1431 44 Genealogy of Khmer Kings Proposed by the Author during the Uncertainty Period 182 from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Thommasoka 45 Genealogy of Khmer Kings from Jayavarman Paramesvara to Ponhea Yat 192 46 Tai Migration Routes during the 1st through 14th Centuries 199 47 Comparison of Khmer, Thai, Cham, and Burmese Scripts 211 48 Inscription of Wat Chiang Man in Chiang Mai (dated 1581) 212 49 Relationships between Ayutthayan and Khmer Kings Discussed in the Luang 230 Praseut Chronicle, Cambodian Chronicles, Chinese Dynastic Annals Ming-Shi-lu, and 2/k.125 Fragment of the National Library of Thailand in Bangkok 50 The Ancestry of Ponhea Yat According to the Luang Praseut Chronicle and the 234 2/k.125 Fragment 51 The 1747 Dutch Map of the Citadel of Longvek 261 52 Plan of the Citadel of Longvek as Interpreted by the Author 263 53 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for the Support of CETF 304 54 NASA LaRC Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Contribution to the Projects 304 of Lunar Base and ECLSS 55 NASA Certificate of Recognition for the Development of a Technical Innovation 304 56 Rockwell International Award for Outstanding Achievement
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  • Reclamation and Regeneration of the Ancient Baray

    Reclamation and Regeneration of the Ancient Baray

    RECLAMATION AND REGENERATION OF THE ANCIENT BARAY A Proposal for Phimai Historical Park Olmtong Ektanitphong December 2014 Submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Architecture Degree. School of Architecture University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Doctorate Project Committee Kazi K. Ashraf, Chairperson William R. Chapman, Committee Member Pornthum Thumwimol, Committee Member ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Kazi K. Ashraf, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and convincingly a spirit of adventure in regard to research and the design, and excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor William R. Chapman and Dr. Pornthum Thumwimol, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for archaeological aspects of Khmer and Thai culture. They supported me immensely throughout the period of my dissertation. Their valuable advice and discussions guided me to the end-result of this study. I highly appreciated for their generally being a good uncle and brother as well as a supervisor. In addition, a thank you to the director, archaeologists, academic officers and administration staff at Phimai Historical Park and at the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who gave me such valuable information and discussion. Specially, thank you to Mr. Teerachat veerayuttanond, my supervisor during internship with The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who first introduced me to Phimai Town and took me on the site survey at Phimai Town. Last but not least, I would like to thank University of Hawaii for giving me the opportunity for my study research and design.