Accommodatievereisten Olympische Spelen

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Accommodatievereisten Olympische Spelen De Spelen in ’s-Hertogenbosch Een onderzoek naar de ruimtelijke voordelen die ’s-Hertogenbosch kan halen als de Olympische Spelen van 2028 naar Nederland komen Teun Borst S4001273 Opleiding Planologie Faculteit der Managementwetenschappen Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen 4 juli 2011 II De Spelen in ’s-Hertogenbosch Een onderzoek naar de ruimtelijke voordelen die ’s-Hertogenbosch kan halen als de Olympische Spelen van 2028 naar Nederland komen Uitgevoerd door: Teun Borst J. van der Waalsweg 54 5612 JC Eindhoven studentnummer: s4001273 e-mail: [email protected] tel: 06-24703758 Begeleider universiteit: Dr. Arnoud Lagendijk Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Faculteit der Managementwetenschappen Thomas van Aquinostraat 3.01.67 6525 GD Nijmegen e-mail: [email protected] tel: 024-3616204 / 3611925 Opdrachtgevers: Drs. Jules Goris Gemeente ‘s-Hertogenbosch hoofd Strategische Beleidsontwikkeling directielid Stadsontwikkeling Wolvenhoek 1 5211 HH ’s-Hertogenbosch e-mail: [email protected] tel : 073-6155669/ 06-51408112 Drs. Corniel Groenen Gemeente 's-Hertogenbosch hoofd Sport en Recreatie Wolvenhoek 1 5211 HH ’s-Hertogenbosch e-mail: [email protected] tel : 073-6159722 Onderzoeksperiode: 1 februari 2011 - 30 juni 2011 III IV 0BVoorwoord Als ik de afgelopen maanden aan mensen vertelde wat het onderwerp van mijn thesis was, werd ik toch vaak wat vragend aangekeken. ‘Wat moet ’s-Hertogenbosch met de Spelen? Je kunt beter wat anders onderzoeken.’ Anderen wilden het alleen maar onderzocht hebben om al die dromers met hun onrealistische Olympische ideeën de mond te kunnen snoeren. En weer anderen geloofden wel degelijk in de kansen van ’s-Hertogenbosch. Mij persoonlijk maakte het niet zoveel uit wie er gelijk had. Het feit dat er onenigheid bestond, was voor mij in elk geval het bewijs dat mijn onderzoek zinvol was. Bovendien maakte de discussie mij nieuwsgierig of ’s-Hertogenbosch nou wel of niet van de Spelen zou kunnen profiteren. Vanuit die nieuwsgierigheid heb ik me verdiept in de Spelen, de structuur, de financiën en natuurlijk de accommodaties. Dat heb ik met plezier gedaan. Het onderwerp boeide me en de werkomgeving op de gemeente ’s-Hertogenbosch was heel prettig. In de resultaten van mijn onderzoek kan denk ik iedereen zich wel vinden. De critici zullen zeggen: zie je nou wel dat ’s-Hertogenbosch geen dure grote accommodaties voor het Olympische basketbal of hockey moet bouwen en voor alle Bosschenaren die niets liever willen dan de Spelen in hun stad biedt het paardrijden toch nog mooie en vooral minder kostbare kansen. Zelf ben ik blij dat in de eeuwig durende discussie of de Spelen goed zijn voor een stad, ik mijn standpunt niet langer hoef te baseren op meningen en beweringen van anderen, maar op eigen onderzoek. Ik bedank de heer Lagendijk voor zijn begeleiding vanuit de Radboud Universiteit en de heer Goris en de heer Groenen van de gemeente ’s-Hertogenbosch voor de interessante opdracht en de fijne werkplek. Daarnaast bedank ik alle andere medewerkers van de gemeente ’s-Hertogenbosch die me geholpen hebben en/of voor de prettige sfeer zorgden. En tot slot iedereen die ik in het kader van mijn onderzoek geïnterviewd heb. Teun Borst V VI 1BSamenvatting Aanleiding De kans bestaat dat Nederland de Olympische Spelen van 2028 gaat organiseren. In dat geval zal Amsterdam of Rotterdam de organiserende stad zijn, maar daarnaast willen andere steden graag een bijdrage leveren en mee profiteren. Ook ‘s-Hertogenbosch wil graag weten wat de Spelen de gemeente kan bieden. ‘s-Hertogenbosch zou graag speelstad te worden van een of meerdere sporten. Daarbij wordt met name gedacht aan basketbal, gymnastiek, hockey en paardensport. Om deze sporten daadwerkelijk te kunnen onderbrengen, zijn accommodaties nodig van Olympisch niveau, waarvoor ruimtelijke investeringen gedaan moeten worden en wellicht nu al ontwikkelingen in gang gezet moeten worden. Maar welke, en waar? En is ‘s-Hertogenbosch wel in staat accommodaties van Olympisch formaat ook buiten/na de Spelen rendabel te exploiteren? In dit onderzoek wordt een antwoord gegeven op deze vragen. Doel Het uiteindelijke doel van het onderzoek is om de gemeente ’s-Hertogenbosch te kunnen adviseren over ruimtelijke ontwikkelingen die in gang gezet moeten worden om in 2028 gastheer te kunnen zijn van het Olympische basketbal-, gymnastiek-, hockey- en/of paardensporttoernooi, op een zodanige manier dat de stad op de lange termijn voordeel blijft houden van de gedane investeringen. Om dat advies te kunnen geven, moet het antwoord gevonden worden op de volgende centrale vraag en deelvragen: Centrale vraag ‘Hoe kan de gemeente ’s-Hertogenbosch met haar ruimtelijk beleid anticiperen op de eventuele organisatie van het Olympische basketbal-, hockey-, gymnastiek- en/of paardensporttoernooi, zodat de stad op de lange termijn voordeel haalt uit de benodigde investeringen.’ Deelvragen • Welke ruimtelijke eisen stelt de Olympische Spelen aan accommodaties voor basketbal, gymnastiek, hockey en paardensport? • Welke factoren kunnen een positieve en negatieve invloed hebben op de mogelijkheid om dergelijke accommodaties op de lange termijn succesvol te kunnen exploiteren? • Welke mogelijkheden zijn er, gezien de vereisten en gevonden succesfactoren, voor Olympische sporten in ‘s-Hertogenbosch? • Hoe kunnen de mogelijkheden voor Olympische sporten worden ingepast in de bestaande ruimtelijke plannen zodat de gemeente ’s-Hertogenbosch kan profiteren van de ruimtelijke investeringen? Aanpak Om de centrale vraag en de deelvragen te kunnen beantwoorden is eerst de opzet van de Olympische Spelen bekeken en met name de eisen die aan de accommodaties worden gesteld. Door middel van desk research zijn van de vier geselecteerde Olympische sporten de richtlijnen ten aanzien van de toeschouwerscapaciteit onderzocht. Ook is er gekeken naar de accommodaties die bij de afgelopen vier Spelen zijn gebruikt. De hoofdstukken 3 en 4 vormen het conceptuele kader van de thesis. Daarin wordt een lijst opgesteld van factoren die het meest bepalend zijn voor het succes van Olympische accommodaties op de lange termijn. In hoofdstuk 3 komt op basis van desk research een eerste aanzet tot die lijst tot stand. In hoofdstuk 4 wordt die voorlopige lijst verder verfijnd op basis van informatie uit interviews met managers van sportaccommodaties. De definitieve lijst dient vervolgens als een toetsingsinstrument om in hoofdstuk 5 de mogelijkheden in ’s-Hertogenbosch te beoordelen. In hoofdstuk 6 wordt bekeken of de gevonden mogelijkheden vallen in te passen in ruimtelijke plannen zodat de gemeente er ruimtelijk gezien ook echt van kan profiteren. VII Structuur Olympische Spelen De centrale rol van elke Spelen wordt vervuld door het OCOS, Organisatie Comité van de Olympische Spelen. Dit is een speciale rechtsfiguur die voor de Spelen wordt opgericht en na afloop weer wordt ontmanteld. De OCOS krijgt haar inkomsten uit entreegelden, nationale sponsorinkomsten en IOC-gelden, die op hun beurt afkomstig zijn van uitzendrechten en inkomsten van topsponsoren. Het OCOS betaalt de volledige organisatiekosten, zoals administratiekosten en beveiliging. De kosten van de benodigde infrastructuur (accommodaties, verkeersinfrastructuur, stadsverfraaiingen) worden slechts deels door het OCOS betaald. De nationale overheid en private partijen betalen hier aan mee. In ’s-Hertogenbosch kan bijvoorbeeld een bijdrage verlangd worden van Libéma, de moedermaatschappij van de Brabanthallen. Strikt genomen wordt het Olympisch budget alleen aangesproken voor infrastructurele werken die puur en alleen voor de Spelen moeten worden gerealiseerd. Daarbij kan gedacht worden aan tijdelijke tribunes, persruimtes, omheiningen, toegangspoortjes, tijdelijk sanitair, enzovoorts. Ruimtelijke eisen Spelen Omdat bij de eventuele komst van de Spelen Amsterdam of Rotterdam de hoofdlocatie wordt en ’s- Hertogenbosch slechts een nevenlocatie, zijn veel eisen niet op ’s-Hertogenbosch van toepassing. Wel moeten nevenlocaties op 45 minuten van de hoofdlocatie liggen en bij voorkeur zowel over de weg als per openbaar vervoer goed bereikbaar zijn. Ook gelden op de nevenlocaties -net als op de hoofdlocatie- hoge eisen ten aanzien van de toeschouwerscapaciteit. Het Olympische basketbal vraagt volgens de NOC*NSF-normen om een grote hal voor achttienduizend toeschouwers en een tweede zaal voor vijftienduizend toeschouwers. Gymnastiek heeft hallen nodig met een capaciteit van respectievelijk vijftienduizend en zevenduizend. Hockey vraagt om een stadion met vijftienduizend zitplaatsen en een tweede veld met vijfduizend plaatsen. Voor het paardrijden tot slot moet een tijdelijke arena gebouwd worden voor zestienduizend toeschouwers op een terrein ter grootte van minimaal dertig hectare. Succesfactoren accommodaties Het succes van een sportaccommodatie hangt af van het doel dat je ermee hebt. Olympische sportaccommodaties zijn zo groot dat ze niet geschikt zijn voor breedtesport, maar alleen rendabel geëxploiteerd kunnen worden als er activiteiten plaatsvinden die veel publiek trekken, zoals popconcerten en sportwedstrijden op topniveau. Zowel externe factoren, basisvoorwaarden, kritische succesfactoren als aanvullende factoren kunnen het succes van dergelijke accommodaties beïnvloeden. Externe factoren zijn de factoren die buiten de invloed van de onderneming liggen; aan de basisvoorwaarden moet een accommodatie sowieso voldoen; met kritische succesfactoren kan men zich onderscheiden en tot slot zijn er dan nog aanvullende factoren, die niet cruciaal zijn voor het succes, maar er
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