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Slope Stability Analysis for Remediation Project Along the Catanduanes Circumferential Road Network System

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Slope Stability Analysis for Remediation Project Along the Catanduanes Circumferential Road Network System Slope Stability Analysis for Remediation Project Along the Catanduanes Circumferential Road Network System Dexter M. Toyado MSCE-Geotechnical University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines ABSTRACT This paper attempts to (1) Analyze Slope Stability, Landslide Susceptibility, and Soil Nails application, (2) Provide a numerical analyses, visual views and interpretation of Slope Stability problems and Factor of Safety, (3) Offer technical and comprehensive solutions of the identified unstable slopes confronting the road network system for remediation projects. The Landslide Susceptibility Map (LSM) along the Catanduanes Circumferential Road Network System (CCRNS) showed that Parts of Tubli-Dariao- Guiamblong Area, Hitoma Area and San Andres Area where the CCRNS is situated indicates moderate to high susceptibility to landslide. The Landslide Simulation along these areas shows that the Factor of Safety (FS) is highest in both the 30, 40 and 50 degrees slopes when the water level is just below the top layer and lowest when the water level is at the ground surface. When the water table is at the midpoint of the Top Layer, the FS in all areas has an average of 1.157, 0.972, and 0.934 in both 30, 40 and 50 degrees slopes, respectively. This safely suggests that the increment of water level or saturation of soil contribute to slope failure. It is evident that when the rainfall occurs and when it saturates the soil, a very high potential of slope failure will occur on the slopes along the CCRNS. The saturation on the soil type that is found in the province is about 50 mm per day at the average. Two consecutive days or an accumulated rainfall of 140 mm in 48 hours would result on slope failure. The simulation of the application of the Soil Nails at an appropriate intervals using 30 slope shows that Areas with Soil Reinforcement have higher Factor of Safety than Areas without Soil Reinforcement. Thus, To prevent slope failures along the CCRNS the application of Soil Reinforcements is necessary. This paper suggests a Soil Nail application and full Reforestation of the areas along the CCRNS to prevent occurrences of landslides. KEYWORDS: Factor of Safety, Slope Stability, Soil Nail, Landslide Susceptibility - 895 - Vol. 17 [2012], Bund. G 896 INTRODUCTION The hilly top portion of the more than 145 kilometer-stretch of the Circumferential Road Network System traverses nearly seventy (70) percent of the province’s eleven (11) municipalities is where landslides mostly happen when bad weather disturbance hit the Province of Catanduanes, Philippines. An average of twenty (20) landslides takes place every time heavy downpour or bad weather condition hit Catanduanes. Over a hundred lives in Catanduanes were lost already during the past calamities. The Island Province of Catanduanes is situated in the easternmost fringe of Luzon: 13.3 to 14.1 degrees north latitudes and between 124.1 to 124.3 degrees east longitudes. The island is bounded on the West by the Maqueda Channel, on the South by Lagunoy Gulf, and on the North and East by the Philippine Sea. Several islands compose the province, but majority of these are physically small to be of relative significance. Its aggregate land area totals approximately 1,511.5 square kilometers or 151,150 hectares. The coastlines, that stretches to almost 400 km (249 mi) (248.5 mi) are mostly embayed and coiffed. The rock type in the area is limestone, and granite rock of Cretaceous age comprising of conglomerate, sandstone and shale composite. Of the rock type the most predominant one is the medium course grained granite which comprises about 48% of the land area. In the granite terrain where the landslide event often took place, the surface soil of colluviums and sandstone is commonly in loose state, thus being of high permeability; it varies in thickness of 8m to 15m.The soil were classified as SC-SM, SM, and SP- SM . The Catanduanes Circumferential Road Network System (CCRNS) was constructed along the coastal and mountainous areas surrounding and around the Province of Catanduanes. A minor portion of the Road network is concreted, and the rest is still a third class road network, which is a part of the Provincial Road System in the Province. The occurrence of a yearly typhoon that hits the province always causes major landslides that could be brought to a minimum risk if mitigating actions/ projects be instituted to be able to stabilize sloppy areas along the CCRNS through a Slope Stability analyses methodology or approach in preventing more damages to the road network and improve the passability of the roads after each heavy rainfall caused by typhoons and similar climatic and weather conditions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analyses of the Slope Stability along the areas covered by the Circumferential Road Network System, to be able to provide the following results: (1) Determine the slope percentage/ coverage along the roadways of the Circumferential Road Network System covering 215 kilometres of rugged and mountainous terrains; (2) Provide a numerical analyses/ visual views and interpretation of Slope Stability utilizing a comprehensive range of features of SLIDE software in analyzing slope stability problems; (4) Provide a technical and comprehensive solutions of the identified unstable slopes confronting the road network system for remediation projects. Shou and Hsu in their work, separately studied the region’s landslide control factors with different geomaterials. The Instability Index method was applied with introduction of two new control factors, i.e., dip slope index and landslide rainfall index. And the results of analyses reveal that slope angle, NDVI, and Rainfall Index (Id) are the top three important control factors. The ultimate goal of Hong, et. al study is to provide landslide decision support tools that rapidly disseminate landslide potential alerts for disaster mitigation activities on a global basis for Vol. 17 [2012], Bund. G 897 end users. They foresee in the future, that increasing availability of improved, yet low-cost remote sensing products that can support GIS-based landslide models will likely benefit disaster prevention for landslide-prone regions. Given the fact that landslides usually occur after a period of heavy rainfall, a real-time landslide prediction system can be readily transformed into an early warning system by making use of the time lag between rainfall peak and slope failure. Morgenstem and Martin concentrates their work on recent advances that improve site characterization applied to landslide problems and they viewed that one of the most exciting developments is the growing potential for application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and that making GIS goetechnically smart is a transformative development. They have drawn attention to the application of LiDAR to delineate landslides more clearly than aerial photographs, and the role of Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)) to monitor ground movements over large areas with increasing accuracy. They conclude that Landslide data management and analysis of all kinds in GIS will be essential for future progress in landslide engineering as three- dimensional visualization and modeling capabilities improve. Gui and Han studied the behavior of two landslides in Malaysia after a heavy rainfall period in 1999 confirmed that confirmed that the landslides were indeed related to the long period rainfall. They concluded that the effect of intense rainfall on two landslides using a 42 days rainfall data, show that the stability of the two study slopes have been affected by this long rainfall period. The infiltration of rainfall would also increase the self-weight and, thus, mobilize shear stress of the slopes. A study made by Chen, Guo & Song, under Rainfall Action, concluded that Landslide due to rainfall is a complicated problem related to weather, hydrology, geology and mechanics. They set up a comparatively simple and general calculation method to assess the slope stability under rainfall so as to predict potential landslides rapidly. They gave a general conclusions according to the analysis and case study that “ For S-infiltration, not only matrix suction decrease but also positive pore water pressures increase occurs at the same time, while only matrix suction decrease without developing positive pore water pressures in U-infiltration”. In the study conducted by R.C. Bhandari, P. Srinivasa Gopalan & V.V.R.S. Krishna Murty of Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Private Limited, New Delhi, India, observed that, a land slide occurs when due to gravity forces the rock/soil mass moves down wards due to heavy precipitation, run off or ground saturation. The flow occurs generally during period of intense rainfall, on steep hill slopes where the rocks are tectonically disturbed. The flow/fall from many different sources can combine in channels, and their destructive power is greatly increased. In addition to the theory and findings stated above, this researcher presents the results of his study from visual views and numerical simulations. These were done in order to examine the (1) Factor of Safety (FS) of the different location/ sections of the CCRNS under different conditions and water levels, (2) Factor of Safety of Soil Nails Application with and without reinforcement from the different location of the study, (3) and the Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of the different areas of the study. Finally, this study expects to make notable contribution in the remediation projects that the Government may initiate to lessen the occurrence of landslide regularly confronting the CCRNS by providing analytical information of the slopes fronting the roadway of the circumferential road Vol. 17 [2012], Bund. G 898 network. The results of which will allow concerned agencies of the Provincial Engineering Office (PEO) and the Department of Public works and highways (DPWH) in coming up with a comprehensive plan for remediation projects/ works on areas prone to landslide cause by rainstorm and steep contours where the roadway is located.
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