International Workshop on Cl
imate and Oceanic Fisheries, October 3-5 2011, Cook Islands SeasonalitySeasonality ofof commerciallycommercially importantimportant pelagicpelagic fishesfishes inin thethe Philippines:Philippines: overfishingoverfishing oror climateclimate change?change?
Mudjekeewis D. Santos, Ph.D. Scientist I and OIC, Marine Fisheries Research Division National Fisheries Research and Development Institute Metro Manila, Philippines Outline
• Philippines and the issue of climate change
• Philippine fisheries and marine ecosystem profiles
• Data source: National Stock Assessment Program
• Pelagic species composition and seasonality
• Summary and conclusion Climate change policy in the Philippines
Philippine Republic Act 9729: • Climate Change Commission “Climate Change Act of 2009”
National Framework Strategy CLIMATE CHANGE on Climate Change • Increasing temperature • Changing rainfall pattern • Sea level rise • Extreme climate events
VISION IMPACTS AND CLIMATE PROCESS DRIVERS A climate resilient Philippines with healthy, VULNERABILITY • Energy safe, prosperous and self‐reliant • Ecosystems (River basin, coastal • and marine, biodiversity) Framework and strategies in • Transport • Land Use Change & Forestry communities, and thriving and productive • Food security • • Agriculture ecosystems Water resources • Human health • Waste • Infrastructure SUSTAINABLE • Energy DEVELOPMENT • Human society Goal: To build the adaptive SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT place capacity of communities and increase the resilience of natural ecosystems to climate change and optimize mitigation opportunities towards ECONOMY sustainable development
MITIGATION ADAPTATION • Energy efficiency and conservation • Enhance Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment • Sustainable infrastructure • Integrated Ecosystem –based Management • Renewable energy • Climate Responsive Agriculture • Adaptation is priority • Environmentally sustainable transport • Water Governance and Management • National REDD+ Strategy • Climate Responsive Health Sector • Waste Management • Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Capacity Knowledge IEC Gender Research and Development Multi‐stakeholders Policy, Planning and Financing Valuation Development Management Advocacy Mainstreaming Technology Transfer Partnership Mainstreaming CROSS‐CUTTING STRATEGIES MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
CO 2 EmissionsEmissionsCO 2 perper Capita Capita 1 (tons)(tons) Philippine Fisheries and Climate Change
• Consistently one of the top 10 countries predicted to be adversely affected by CC
• About 70% lives in coastal areas
• About 70% of protein requirement comes from fish
• Low levels of socio-economic capacities in many of these coastal communities Some Philippine Climate Change-Related Data
Sea surface level, 1950 - 1990
Yanagi and Akaki 1994 David, 2010 Philippine Fisheries Profile
66th amongamong thethe toptop fishfish producingproducing Fish Production, 1980‐2009 countriescountries inin thethe worldworld Aquaculture
6,000,000 3.12% of the total world
ton 5,000,000
catch/harvest of fish, 4,000,000
3,000,000 metric crustaceans, mollusks, and in 2,000,000
aquatic plants 1,000,000
- 9th in the world in terms of 9 in the world in terms of Year aquacultureaquaculture productionproduction 1.4% of total global aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans and mollusks
33rd largestlargest producerproducer ofof seaweedsseaweeds 10.6% of the total world seaweeds production Fisheries is critical to the country Philippines epicenter of marine biodiversity in the world
1736-1693 (top 2.5%) 1692-1650 (5-2.5%) 1649-1606 (7.5-5%) 1563-1605 (10-7.5%)
Carpenter & Springer, 2004 Allen, 2007 (2,983 maps, seaweeds to mammals) (4,000 Indo‐Pacific reef fishes)
Also hottest of the hotspots for conservation ! Philippines has many biogeographic regions
Vietnam Philippines
Malaysia
Indonesia
Carpenter et al., 2010 (CT‐PIRE Project) using connectivity of different marine organisms Philippines has many biogeographic regions
?
Santos MD, 2011 (NFRDI) Sardinella gibbosa Thomas R., Wilette D., and Santos MD. 2011 Stock Structure in the Philippines using genetic data Sardinella
Sardinella lemuru One stock species stocks, Different Interpreting National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) (since 1996)
• To create a standardized, specific and time‐series information on marine capture fisheries around the country for management purposes
• To develop and institutionalize the capability of the 16 regional offices in fishery stock assessment
• Included in Philippine GAA National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) (Landed Catch and Effort Monitoring by FAO)
Orientation and • Catch estimates Training • Gear inventories
• Catch per unit effort (CPUE) Implementation • Species composition and seasonality
• Length frequencies, Population parameters Reporting • Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), Potential Yield (PY), Exploitation Ratios etc. National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) (Database) Things to remember
• Multi‐species, multi‐gear fishery
• Different biogeographic regions and stocks
• Very limited specific historical data on fisheries
• Limited historical meteorological data
• Major ENSO events in 1997‐1998 and 2009‐2010 OceanicOceanic TunasTunas (Family(Family Scombridae)Scombridae)
Percentage (%) Catch in Philippine Waters = 213,442 MT
Region 2 BIGEYE 5% 2 Region 1 YELLOWFIN 33% SKIPJACK Region 3
62% NCR Region 4A
Region 5
Region 8 Region 6 Region2 4B Region 7 Region 10
CARAGA
Region 9 Region 11
ARMM Region 12 1
Source: WCPFC Yearbook 2009; 2010 data preliminary -WCPFC-SC7-2011/ST IP-1 SardinesSardines (Family(Family Clupeidae)Clupeidae)
Sardine Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007, kg.
= 11,225.74 Batanes Waters Region Fishing Ground SARDINES % MT 6 & 7 Visayan Sea 32,489,089.25 41.98 Region 2 10 Macajalar Bay 18,042,796.84 23.31 Cagayan 10 Iligan Bay 10,671,547.69 13.79 Waters 4A Tayabas Bay 9,945,682.79 12.85 Region 1 2 Cagayan Waters 1,906,065.19 2.46 10 Camiguin Waters 1,550,314.06 2.00 Region 3 5 Sorsogon Bay 778,346.35 1.01 Zambales NCR 11 Davao Gulf 759,147.10 0.98 Coast Region 4A 4B Honda Bay 568,378.51 0.73 Tayabas Bay Lagonoy1 ARMM Illana Region 5 Gulf Sorsogon Bay
Visayan Bay 171,073.77 0.22 Sea Region 8 Cuyo East Region 6 7 Camotes Sea 151,223.73 0.20 Pass Leyte Gulf 3 Camotes CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 133,000.39 0.17 Region 4B Sea Region 7 Honda Bay Hinatuan Passage 8 Leyte Gulf 77,739.71 0.10 Iligan Bay 5 Lagonoy Gulf 38,610.01 0.05 2 MacajarRegion 10 Camiguin Bay Waters CARAGA 6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 27,440.0 Region 9 Region 11 0 0.04 Illana Bay Sulu Sea 3 Zambales Coast 3,529.50 0.00 Davao Moro Gulf Gulf 12 Moro Gulf 811.91 0.00 ARMM * Fishing Ground in green color, Region 12 ARMM Sulu Sea 86,132.59 0.11with less than 1% share Total 77,400,929.39 100.00 Distribution of Sardines (Sardinella & Amblygaster spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007 RoundscadsRoundscads (Family(Family Carangidae)Carangidae)
Roundscad Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007, kg. 3 = 11,225.74 Batanes Waters Region Fishing Ground Kg % MT 10 Iligan Bay 37,003,473.41 33.61 Region 2 10 Macajalar Bay 25,176,719.11 22.87 Cagayan 2 Batanes Waters 15,789,039.93 14.34 Waters 11 Davao Gulf 9,031,787.27 8.20 3 Zambales Coast 7,368,798.43 6.69 Region 1 2 Cagayan Waters 4,359,452.16 3.96 6 & 7 Visayan Sea 3,995,017.85 3.63 Region 3 Zambales NCR 7 Camotes Sea 2,860,672.41 2.60 Coast Region 4A 4A Tayabas Bay 1,976,354.38 1.80 Tayabas Bay 12 Lagonoy Region 5 Gulf 1 Visayan Moro Gulf 763,003.50 0.69 Sea Region 8 Cuyo East Region 6 10 Camiguin Waters 749,384.30 0.68 Pass Leyte Gulf Camotes Region 4B Sea 5 Lagonoy Gulf 236,824.17 0.22 Region 7 Honda Bay Hinatuan 2 Passage 6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 212,142.75 0.19 Iligan Bay MacajarRegion 10 CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 184,678.38 0.17 Camiguin Bay Waters 4B Honda Bay 110,129.86 0.10 CARAGA Region 9 8 Leyte Gulf 74,998.45 0.07 Region 11 Illana Bay 12 & ARMM Illana Bay 33,025.02 0.03 Sulu Sea Davao Moro Gulf Gulf ARMM Sulu Sea 156,632.60 0.14 ARMM
Total 110,082,133.99 * Fishing100.00 Ground in green color, Region 12 with less than 1% share
Distribution of Roundscads (Decapterus spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007 MackerelsMackerels (Family(Family Scombridae)Scombridae)
Mackerel Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007, kg. Region Fishing Ground Kg= 11,225.74 % MT 6 & 7 Visayan Sea 11,225,737.94 59.52 4A Tayabas Bay 2,504,416.86 13.28 Region 2
11 Davao Gulf 1,738,039.94 9.21 Cagayan 2 Cagayan Waters 1,220,974.40 6.47 Waters 10 Iligan Bay 592,432.28 3.14 Region 1 5 Lagonoy Gulf 235,921.64 1.25 CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 231,592.74 1.23 4B Honda Bay 227,619.57 1.21Region 3 Zambales NCR 10 Macajalar Bay 196,252.05 1.04Coast Region 2 7 4A Tayabas Bay Lagonoy Region 5 Gulf Sorsogon Bay 1
Visayan Camotes Sea 159,765.52 0.85 Sea Region 8 Cuyo East Region 6 10 Camiguin Waters 128,992.82 0.68 Pass Leyte Gulf Camotes 8 Leyte Gulf 127,986.66 0.68 Region 4B Sea Region 7 3 Zambales Coast 55,902.14 0.30 Honda Bay Hinatuan Passage Iligan Bay 12 Moro Gulf 39,370.96 0.21 MacajarRegion 10 Camiguin Bay ARMM Illana Bay 3,953.33 0.02 Waters CARAGA 5 Sorsogon Bay 2,929.61 0.02 3 Region 9 Region 11 6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 2,771.00 0.01 Illana Bay Sulu Sea ARMM Sulu Sea 166,912.18 0.88 Davao Moro Gulf Gulf Total 18,861,571.62 100.00 ARMM
* Fishing Ground in green color, Region 12 with less than 1% share
Distribution of Mackerels (Rastrelliger spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007 AnchoviesAnchovies (Family(Family Engraulidae)Engraulidae)
Anchovy Production in NSAP monitored fishing grounds, 2004‐2007
= 10,728.38 1 Batanes Waters Region Fishing Ground KgMT % 2 Batanes Waters 10,728,381.12 55.30 3 Region 2 4A Tayabas Bay 3,363,787.00 17.34 Cagayan 2 Cagayan Waters 1,700,162.58 8.76 Waters 6 Visayan Sea 1,590,950.65 8.20 5 Lagonoy Gulf 900,664.09 Region4.64 1 8 Leyte Gulf 440,349.17 2.27
4B Honda Bay 218,970.87 Region 3 1.13 Zambales NCR 2 3 Zambales Coast 109,488.63 Coast 0.56 Region 4A CARAGA Hinatuan Passage 96,668.8 Tayabas Bay Lagonoy Region 5 Gulf Sorsogon Bay
Visayan Sea Region 8 Cuyo East Region 6 6 0.50 Pass Leyte Gulf 11 Davao Gulf 67,468.44 0.35 Region 4B Honda Bay Hinatuan Passage 10 Iligan Bay 63,900.76 0.33 Region 7 Iligan Bay MacajarRegion 10 10 Macajalar Bay 61,086.68 0.31 Camiguin Bay 10 Camiguin Waters 31,215.79 0.1 Waters CARAGA
Region 9 Region 11 Illana Bay 6 Davao 5 Sorsogon Bay 23,130.52 0.12 ARMM Gulf
6 Cuyo East Pass (Antique) 3,657.50 0.02* Fishing Ground in green color, Region 12 with less than 1% share Total 19,399,882.66 100.00
Distribution of Anchovies (Stolephorus & Encrasicholina spp.) in NSAP monitored fishing grounds of the Philippines, 2004-2007 Pasaleng Bay, Region 1 (2000 - 2009)
7000 Selarcrumenopthalmus Bigeye scad 6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 JMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSN
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
14,000
12,000 Katsuwonuspelamis Skipjack
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
- JMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSN
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Bangui Bay, Region 1 (2000 - 2009)
5
4.5 Roundscad Decapterus macrosoma Bigeye scad Selar crumenopthalmu s 4
3.5
3
2.5
2 Yield (‘000 MT)
1.5
1
0.5
0 JMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSN
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 30000.00
25000.00
20000.00 Babuyan Channel, Region II (1999-2008)
15000.0025000
10000.00 Big-eyed scad 20000 monitored production production monitored ) kg ( 5000.00
15000
0.00 r-04 r-05 r-06 r-07 r-99 r-00 r-01 r-02 r-03 p p p p p p p p p A Jul-04 Jul-05 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jul-02 Jul-03 Oct-04 Oct-05 Oct-06 Oct-07 Oct-99 Oct-00 Oct-01 Oct-02 Oct-03 Jan-05 A Jan-06 A Jan-07 A Jan-08 Jan-00 A Jan-01 A Jan-02 A Jan-03 A Jan-04 A 10000
Dolphin fish monitored production (kg) production monitored
5000
0 r-99 r-00 r-01 r-02 r-03 r-04 r-05 r-06 r-07 p p p p p p p p p A Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jul-02 Jul-03 Jul-04 Jul-05 Jul-06 Jul-07 Oct-99 Oct-00 Oct-01 Oct-02 Oct-03 Oct-04 Oct-05 Oct-06 Oct-07 Jan-00 A Jan-01 A Jan-02 A Jan-03 A Jan-04 A Jan-05 A Jan-06 A Jan-07 A Jan-08 4000 Zambales Coast, Region III (2003-2007)3500 3000
2500
2000 Skipjack 1500 Yellowfin
1000
Catch (MT) 1600 500 1400 0 JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1200 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year 1000
800 Roundscad 600
400 Catch (mt) 200
0 JFM A MJ J A SOND J FM A MJ J A SONDJ FM A MJ J A SONDJ FM A MJ J A SONDJ FM A MJ J A SOND
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Lagonoy Gulf, Region V (1998-2007)
Skipjack Anchovies
120
100 F J 80 M M O
60 A Catch (mt)
40
20
0 FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASOND JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Bigeyed scad Roundscad J O 20 S
J A J O 15 J S J A JA Catch (mt) A AS S J J J 10 MA J J J
5
0
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJA JSONDJFMAMJA JSONDJFMAMJA JSONDJFMAMJA JSONDJFMAMJA JSONDJFMAMJA JSOND
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Visayan Sea, Regions V, VI, VII (2003-2007) 450
400
350 Rastrelliger kanagurta Mackerel
300 Sardinella fimbriata Sardine 250 (MT)
200 Catch 150
100
50
‐ JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Camotes Sea, Regions VII (1998-2007)
Roundscads
Decapterus macrosomaDecapterus kurroides
120000
100000
80000 Catch (kg) Catch
60000
40000
20000
0 J FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ JASONDJ FMAMJ JASONDJDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND FMAMJ JASON
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Leyte Gulf, Regions VIII (1998 - 2009)
100
90
80 Gazza minuta Rastrelliger kanagurta
70 Slipmouth Bigeye scad
60
50
40 Catch(mt)
30
20
10
- J MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SNJ MMJ SN South Sulu Sea, Regions IX (2005 - 2010)
4,500.00
Sardinella lemuru 4,000.00 Sardines Sardinella gibbosa
3,500.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
500.00
- JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 180
160
Camiguin140 Waters, Regions X (1998 - 2010) 120
100
80 120 Anchovy Oxyporhamphus micropterus 60
100 40 Catch (MT) Catch
20 80
0 JMMJ SN JMMJ SN JMMJ SN JMMJ SN JMMJ SN JMMJ SNJMMJ SN JMMJ SN JMMJ SN JMMJ SN JMMJ SNJMMJ SN JMMJ SN 60 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Skipjack Katsuwons pelamis 40
Catch (MT) 20
0 JAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJOJAJO
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Davao Gulf, Regions XI (1998 - 2008)
160 Bigeyed scad Selar crumenophthalmus 140 120 100 80 60
Catch (mt.) Catch 40 20 0 JMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SNJMMJ SN
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
120 Auxis rochei 100 Bullet tuna 80 (mt.)
60
Catch 40
20
0 JMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSN
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hinatuan Passage, CARAGA Region (1998 - 2007)
S. crumenopthalmu s R kana gurta
16 Bigeye scad Mackerel
14
12
10
Catch 8 MT
6
4
2
- JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND
199 8 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200 6 2007 Fish seasonality map
no change
change Summary
• Diversity and variability abounds in the Philippines
• Different areas have different dominant species composition
• Different areas show different species seasonality patterns
• Suggest a play of fishing or climate or both fishing and climate, add analysis and data
Message: It’s complicated! Localized management! Acknowledgement
Noel C. Barut, Deputy Director, NFRDI
NSAP Regional Project Leaders and staff, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Vertebrate Section, Marine Fisheries Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
Demian Willete, CTI-PIRE Project
Fisherfolks and fishing companies
www.nfrdi.da.gov.ph