ALL Photo by PH1 R. W. Beno ALL WIND6 MAGAZINE OF THE U.S. NAVY - 54th YEAR OF PUBLICATION DECEMBER 1976 NUMBER 719

Features 4 TWO YEARS IN THE BRIG... AND NOW An insight into the Navy's Clemency Program.

8 SURVIVAL FOR PENSACOLA SCOUTS Youngsters learn to live off the land.

Page 1 11 ANGLES AND DANGLES: LIFE ABOARD PUFFER The daily routineaboard an operating sub.

., 18 ARCTIC MYSTERIES-NAVAL ARCTIC RESEARCH LAB -1 Scientists studying at the top of theworld. 22 KATHLEEN-STORM IMPERIAL Navy people helping storm victims.

28 MAC-THE MILITARY AIRLINE Some facts about the military's air carrier. .* JI 32 THE CARE AND FEEDING OF YOUR CAMERA Second part of a two-part feature. .. . 36 THE NAVAL OBSERVATORY From clocks and charts to tracking the stars.

45 'SHIPSHAPE' OR SHIP OUT Are you overweight or just plump? Departments 2 Currents 24 Bearings 44 Rights and Benefits - Retirement 46 MailBuoy 48 Grains of Salt Covers: Front: Christmas at Norfolk, Va. (Photo by PHC B. Anderson) Back: CNO visits Western Pacific, (Photos by Dave Wilson)

Chief d Navel Opiretions: Admiral James L. Holloway 111 Staff: LTJG Bill Ray JOC Bob Rainvilla Chid of Information: Rur Admiral David M. Coonay JO1 Jerry Atchison OIC Navy Internal Relations Activity: CapIain Edward 0. McQrath JO1 (SI)Paar Sundbrp Director. Print Media Division: Limutanam Commander D. McCurrach DM1 Uoyd Manhdl pH2 Tory Mitchdl Editor: John F. Coleman PHZ M. LuDumond Production Editor. LT John Alarundar JOZ Dan Wheeler Research Editor: Ann Harubuy JOZ David. Manham JOIN Francis Bir Layout Editor: E. L. Fast Edward Janlcin8 Page 36 Art Editor: Michael TutRi Elaine McNoiI Currents

Long Delayed Honor Conferred on John Paul Jones. In ceremonies held in the crypt of the Naval Academy Chapel, posthumous knighthood was conferred upon John Paul Jones by the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem. King LouisXVI of France wished to confer the knight- hood upon Jones in 1779 after the Battle of Flamborough Head, but could not because the Order was Roman Catholic and Jones was Presbyterian. Today, however, the orderis ecumenical; the knight- hood was bestowed by the order in marking the American Bicenten- nial.

Military Per Diem Rates Increased. The Secretariesof the Uniformed Services and the Assistant Secretary of Defense have approved an increase in military per diem rates in the continental United States, and for travel from theU.S. to overseas areas. The rates were increased from $33 to $35. Per diem rates for high cost areas have also been proportionately in- creased. Also, Philadelphia, Penn., and Newark, N.J., have been added to the list ofhigh cost areas. Per diemis a sum paid to person- nel on military ordersto cover personal expenses. Detailed informa- tion is contained in AlNav 076/76.

San Diego NASAP Underway. San Diego began operation of its Navy Alcohol Safety Action Program (NASAP) recently with classes designed to help alcohol abusers before their abuse progressesto a state of alcoholism. It also treats those whose condition has become chronic. The San Diego program’s initial efforts are being aimed at helping personnel convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) by the San Diego municipal courts. (See All Hands June ‘76 issue, “Combating the Evils of Demon Rum.”)

Scholarships Available For Navy Dependents. If you have children attending or aboutto en- ter college, they may be eligible to compete in the Dependents’ Scholarship Program for 1977. The program, managed by the Chief of Naval Personnel, includes more than 20 scholarship programs made available by Navy-oriented clubs and associations. Scholarships are awarded on the basis of financial need, scholastic record and students’ character. All material concerning the Dependents’ Scholar- ship Program, including application forms, is available from the Chief of Naval Personnel (Pers-731 l),Navy Department, Washington, D.C. 20370. Deadline for applications and school transcripts to reach BuPers (Pers-73 11) is March 15, 1977.

ALL HANDS Winners of the 1976 All-Navy Cartoon Contest. Our panel of judges in this year’sAll-Navy CartoonContest interrupted their chortling and chuckling long enough to tell us the namesof this year’s winning entries. Congratu- lations to Illustrator Draftsman ThirdClass Daryl J. Talbot of Fleet Intelligence Center, Norfolk. Daryl’s winning entry appears on page 26 of this issue. Next month look for the second place winner by Master Chief Yeoman Gerald M. Avera and third place cartoon, also by Daryl. Honorable mentions, which will appear in succeeding issues of All Hands, went to DM1 Edwin E. Markham Jr., George C. Geisler, GMT1 James S. Little and EW2 Robert E. Poulk. Master Chief Avera also picked up one honorable mention.

Replenishment Ship Roanoke Commissioned. The Navy’s seventh and last Wichita-class re- plenishment oiler, USS Roanoke (AOR 7), was commissioned at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard, Long Beach, Calif. Roanoke is 659 feet longand displaces 37,000 tons. Ship’s cargo capacity is about 150,000 barrels of fuel oil, 365 tons of ordnance and more than 360 tons of dry and refrigerated stores.

Naval District Commands to be Cut. TheNavy is reducing the number ofNaval District head- quarters commands from the present 12, to four “primary” naval districts. Headquarters of the primary districts will be at Phila- delphia, Washington, D.C., Seattle and Great Lakes, Ill. Responsi- bilities of the other eight district commandantswill be assumed as additional duties by other commands within the shore establishment. The change is a result of legislation reducing the funds available for administration of the naval districts and is designed to streamline their management.

USS Jonas Ingram Rescues Seven Finns in Baltic. The Finnish ambassador to Sweden con- veyed the thanks of his country to USS Jonas Ingram (DD 938) for her rescue of the crew of a Finnishvessel that sank in the Baltic Sea. “The lives of these people were in the gravest peril and weresaved only through your alertness and good seamanship,” said the ambas- sador. The rescue occurred October 3 when a lookout on Ingram sighted a red flare from a liferaft carrying three men, two women and two boys, the crew of the 370-ton Anja. The Anja crewmembers were brought aboard Ingram and taken to Karlskrona, Sweden.

Mediterranean NATO Exercise Ends. The 13th activation of the NATO “Naval On-Call Force Mediterranean,” an exercise called “Daylight Forty,” was conducted during October and November. Ships from Italy, Turkey, the United Kingdom. and the United States operated together during the.month- long exercise. “Daylight Forty” was designedto test and refine Al- lied Command Europe’s responsein areas such as troop movement, supply and logistics. It also provided an opportunity to exercise Communications, Command and Control (C3) procedures.

DECEMBER 1976 3 4 ALL HANDS Two years in the brig

00000000000 and now

Story by J02 Susan Fisher “Thiscourt sentences you tobe confined athard laborfor two years, tobe awarded adishonorable discharge, to be reduced in pay grade to E-1 and to forfeit all pay and allowances.” The judge paused in his address to the young sailor standing before him, then continued, “By the way you havepresented yourself in thiscourt . . . I feel you are dreadyon theroad to rehabilitation.The Navy has a clemency and parole system that is there for your use-use it.” “I knew from that moment on that someday I would

DECEMBER 1976 5 be returned to full duty,” said Petty OfficerBob late for workevery day. My quarterly marks nose- Brown (not his real name), who is currently assigned dived and I was finally busted for being UA and re- to a West Coast Air Squadron. duced to third class when things didn’t improve. In January 1974, whileserving as a second class “I wanted to quit because my nerveswere shot. I petty officer at Naval Station Cubi Point, Republic of developed tremendous headaches, couldn’tsleep and the Philippines, Brown was arrested and charged with nearly had a nervous breakdown. I figuredI’d better black-marketing and counterfeiting identification and lay off.” ration cards used in the scheme. But two months later hedecided to do onemore Most would feel that a court-martial would be the deal. It washis last. There would beno more 23- low point of one’slife. But Brown says he gained hour days. He got caught. strength in a new set of values and began a successful During hisconfinement, he began to think about two-year quest to be granted clemency and returned to what he had done. “At first I couldn’t figure out that full duty in the Navy. what I did was wrong, but soon I had it broken down “It was a blessing in disguise,” he said, “and marked to where I knewit was not onlymorally wrong, but a turning point in my life.” also it was legally wrong. The biggest factor was that Nevermind the reasons why Browngot into the it destroyed the confidence and trust that the Navy had black market, the fact is he did it, he got caught and placed in me as a petty officer.” he got busted. He knew trouble would come even- Brown was sent to the Treasure Island, Calif. Cor- tually. “Humannature says, ‘I’ll deal with the con- rectional Center and from there transferred to the sequences later.’ Youcan let youremotions overrule Navy Correctional Center at Norfolk, Va., to serve your intellect,” he said. histwo-year sentence. His wifeand children were Toward the end, hisillegal activities and hisNavy still in the Philippines-hehadn’t been able while in iob often forced him to work 23 hours a day. “I was iail to arrange for their passports and move.

6 ALL HANDS “I wasn’t getting paid, so they were living on what little savings we had.That was the most trying time in my life,” he said. At Norfolk, Brownbegan the long struggle back. His attitude was soon noticed by his superiors and he was granted base parolee status, the highest a confinee can receive. He was permitted on-base liberty during certain hours of the week. A chief who had known Brown in the Philippines and now worked at Norfolk was impressed with his steps toward rehabilitation and arranged a job for him with the master-at-arms. He caught a bus to the base every morning and re- turned to the correctional center at night. His job included working with disciplinary action people, many with whom he was serving time. As his weekly evaluations rose he was permitted to attend college on base in the evenings. Every two weeks he got a weekend of liberty, to be spent within the city limits of Norfolk. Six months after his court-martial, Brown applied for clemency. “I wanted to return to duty, not to be sent home. I felt I could benefit myself and the Navy “not necessarily in that order-by staying in.” That request was turned down. According to Brown, “They didn’twant to make a mistake.” He still had more to prove to the Navy. Undaunted by the denial of clemency,Brown con- tinued to work and prove himself. Whm he once again asked for clemency, the center’sClemency and Parole Board endorsed his request for release and sub- sequent return to duty. “(Brown) has adjusted to confinement as a model confinee (and it is) strongly recommended (he be given) immediate release from confinement and restora- tion to duty,” the report stated. “Theboard . . . feels that Seaman Recruit Brown would be a credit to himself and the Navy if allowed to return.’’ Brown was allowed to return. He was reinstated as E-3 and directed to serve in probationary status for one year, at whichtime the dishonorable discharge would be dropped. “It took me 15 minutes to pack and leave the cor- “Before, I was always looking for a challenge, a fast rectional center,’’ Brown said. buck, anything to prove to myself that I was better Today he is serving with anotherair squadron on than others. I don’tneed that any more. Now I have the West Coast. Thus far he doesn’t feel a conviction confidmce in myself, I know I can do the job. The and prison record have hindered his progress. opportunities are there; it’s up to me to succeed.” “The squadron gave Brown a chance to prove him- self and he has done just that,” said his present com- manding officer. Today, Brown’s plans include retiring from the Navy as a chief petty officer and returning to college for a degree in sociology. In July, Brown’s probation ended and his dishon- orable discharge was dropped.

DECEMBER 1976 7 I- 0 Civ I up Pizza tor Rattlesnakes

Story and Photos by PH2 consume giant combination pizzas Dwain Patton and quaff gallons of root beer. There’s a BoyScout camp in Pensacola’sBoy Scouts have no Southern Iowa that enjoys tremen- such luck, particularly a group of dous popularity because it’s just fellows from Troop 642. They took down theroad from an all-night part recently in a segment of train- pizza shop. Duringthe summer ing atthe Navy Aviation Survival monthsthe place is packed with School. Not only did they not get scouts tired of burnt-on-the-outside- pizza that weekend, but alsothey raw-in-the-inside hot dogs and ham- didn’t have any food to burn. The burgers. Convincedthey have suf- order of the day was to go into the fered enough for their cooking merit woods and swamps, and forage badges, the lads eagerly order and through the countryside for food.

8 ALL HANDS 0.0 Survival for Pensacola Scouts

DECEMBER 1976 9 Theweekend .. got off to an ausplclous start If, by some quirk, they had been able to make a pizza that weekend, the ingredients might have included rattlesnake meat, palmetto plant and prickly pear cactus, not the traditional pepperoniand mush- room varieties. Harry Salzer, a retired chief hos- pital corpsman, is leader of the 11- boy Troop 642 which made the trip. Makingarrangements for the event, he contacted BoilerTechni- cian First Class Raymond Lamarche I who teaches the Navy’s aviation of- ficer candidates how to survive in I the wilds. Lamarche agreed to guide the kids in the woods. After the weekend-long experi- ence the Boy Scouts returned to civilization perhaps a few pounds lighter andwith a few comments about living off the land. “I gothungry but itwas a lot of fun.” “I gothungry and stayed hun- gry.”

10 The next morningfl dawned on a group ot soggy, yet stalwart lads

“I didn’t get hungry-I had some Rain and wind pelted the campers candy bars in my pack.” all night, put out the fire, threatened The weekendgot off toan in- to demolish their tent andsweep auspicious start. The boyswere them all into the Gulf of Mexico. shown by Lamarche how to prepare The nextmorning dawned on a jerky. This is a process of slicing group of soggyyet stalwart lads. and drying meat either inthe sun They seemed stalwart, that is, until or over a slow fire for at least five it struck them that they would not hours. be starting the day with their usual They set up a tent for drying the eggs and bacon. Their food, they meat, got a smolderingfire going discovered,was in the dilapidated inside, and sat back. tent; Lamarchebrought out the Butthat’s when the deluge hit. small strips of dried meat. (-+) Boys and

I

.- 11 I “It tastes like jerky,” said Scott Wilson, “But it’s got sand in it.” Charley Tyson, however,was busy cramming his pockets full of the dried beef. “I got a feeling I’ll need this later,” he said. After “breakfast,” the boys gath- ered around Lamarche andgot their first lesson in using a compass and in map reading. So armed, the scouts set out on a trek through the woods and a survival lesson. They had gone no farther than five steps when they spotted an undersized rattlesnake. Using aforked stick, Lamarche showed the boys how to pinthe snake and cut off its head. He ex- plained the rattlers’ habits (they spend a great deal of time sunning themselves) and how to handle them without “getting bit.” He also men- tioned casually that rattlers were a prime source of food in a survival situation. He droppedthe snake Throughoutthat day andthe Forthe boys the weekendwas into a can and the march resumed. next the boys traveled from check- not just a lesson in survival. Three Lamarchecontinued to point out pointto checkpoint on the map, of them earned survival merit important food sources as a prickly occasionally stopping to cool off in badges and two others earned scout- pear cactus-agood source of a. stream. As one scout jumped in ing’s trail merit badge. And, of starch,and a bull neddle plant- the cold water, his leap disturbed a course, they all tasted prickly pear tasting much like a carrot. turtle which, in turn, scared theboy. carrot, or was it cactus? &

DECEMBER 1976 13 A GLIMPSE OF DAYLIGHT

Top: USS Puffer (SSN 652). Above: Two officersdetermine rangeand bearing of a mock snrfacetarget.

14 ALL HANDS Whenmost Navy ships return from a long deploy- Jones recalled. “Duty aboard a diesel boat was no picnic ment, there is frequently a good deal of fanfare-bands and. after a run, I guess we looked as though we were playing, wives and children waving and holding signs of on the verge of going stir crazy. Compared to the old welcome. At home, the sailors indulge in telling endless diesel boats, the nukes are luxury liners.” sea stories about their travels. Puffer is not a luxury liner, but her immaculate inter- The lot of the submariner isdifferent. The bands ior reflects the crew’s desire to keep their environment and fanfareare notalways present to greetunits of as pleaTant as possible. the “Silent Service.” Deployment in a submarine often Puffer isfilled with some of the mostsophisticated means long and lonely patrols, with a minimum of visits detection,communications, navigation, propulsion and to foreign ports and faraway lands. The nature of their computerizedweapons systems yet devised by Navy mission,mixed perhaps with an inbred penchant for scientists, but their effectiveness still depends primarily secrecy, sharply restricts the information and entertain- on Puffer’s crew. While on patrol, the sub’s crew stands ment value of a submariner’s sea stories. All of which watches on a rotating shift of six hours on and 12 hours raises an interesting question: What’s life like out there, off for the durationof the patrol. or should we say “under there?” “Stand watches,sleep, and eat . . . that’s the way While much of the answer may remain a mystery to the uninitiate’d, the following report from one attack submarine may shed some light. The fast attack submarine uss Puffer (SSN 652) is designed to operate against enemy submarines and sur- faceships should the needarise. In addition to her attack capabilities, PufJer can also perform reconnais- sance, lay mines, support UDT operations, transport troops and equipment, coordinate withsurface ships and aircraftin conducting antisubmarine operations, and carry out at-sea rescue missions. FAST ATTACK- Weeks may pass before the modern attack submarine pops to the surface where her crew can catch a glimpse of daylight after practicing with other ships or operating ANGLES entirely on her own. Puffer, in fact, spent the entire 1975 Christmas holi- dayssubmerged. The crew’sfirst view of 1976 came nearly a month later when the nuclear-powered sub sur- faced after a 45-day patrol. The “feel” of a fastattack submarine underway is DANGLES not dissimilar to that of an airplane. A pair of controls, similar to those of an aircraft, tilt diving planes in the sub’s sail and stern, causing the boat to rise or sink. A turn to port or starboard involves a roll similar to that of an aircraft. “About the only time you experience any noticeable sensation of movement is when there is a sharp change in course, which we call ‘angles and dangles,’ or when we are near the surface and the sea is choppy,” said Chief Quartermaster Joe Ada. “Other than the fact that PufJer is not quite as ma- neuverable as an airplane, it’s a fairly smooth ride,” he added. “They used to callus ‘steely-eyed creeps of the deep’,’’Mess Management Specialist First Class Tom

DECEMBER 1976 75 it goes,” saysMachinist’s Mate SecondClass P. Scott (Scotty) Mitchell. “Wereally look forward to chow time. Our food is served‘family style,’ he said, “and it’s almost asgood as any home-cooked meal.” One of Scotty’s shipmates, Chief Interior Communi- cations Electrician Robert Oberting claims that most of the PufJer crewmen tell the time of day by the meal be- IF IT’S BACON ing served. “If it’s a snack-type meal, like soup and sandwiches, then it is probably midrats. If it’s bacon and eggs, then you know it’s morning,” he said. & EGGS What of off-duty time not spent eating or sleeping? According to Electronics Technician Second Class Tim Polich, “We read, listen to music, watch movies, write e.. YOU KNOW letters and play games-cribbage, acey-deucey, chess, checkers and dominoes among others.” , “And we study, study, study,” Lieutenant Command- IT’S MORNING er Gary Satterfield added. “To become nuclear quali- fied, you literally have to know every system on the sub, whether it directly pertains to your job or not. You never know when your knowledge might be tested in a crucial situation. “You can’t know enough,” Satterfield stressed. “We These occasional port calls allow the crew a chance are constantly breaking outthe manuals and having to “recharge their batteries,” said Chief Joynes. “As brainstorming sessions about the systems.” with all sailors, we like our liberty and our visits to Machinist’s Mate First Class Henry Lemieux added, foreign ports.” “The older, experienced crewmen are more than willing Perhaps the relaxed livingstyle, the best food the to help the newcomers learn the tricks of the trade. In Navy has to offer, and up to $200 a month extra pay this business you have to be able to take advice as well are incentive enough to volunteer for and stay with as give it.” submarines. Maybe the compensation is enough for the About the only reason Puffer has to visit a port is to extra days in confinement. One major compensation restock her pantries. “The only limitation in the ‘Silent the submariners have is the close-knit camaraderie on Service’ is that the crew itselfis not nuclear-powered. the subs which is well known throughout the Navy. Human beings can’t stay down indefinitely,” said Chief The fanfare and the bands are usually missing when Mess Management Specialist Edward Joynes, the man Puffer returns from patrol but then, her officers and who heads Puffer’sfood services department. men are used to doing things quietly.

16 ALL HANDS Opposite page: A Puffer crewman selects a choice cut of meat.

Above: Electronics Technician Third Class Albert C. Williams reads during off-duty time.

Left:Crewmen monitor various dials, gauges anfl meters.

E

DECEMBER 1976 17 r

18 ALL HANDS I By J02 Dan Wheeler nearly 200 scientists, military mem- The AuroraBorealis-those eerie bers and civilian support employees. northern lights that appear to shine The facilities consist of 116 perma- down on the remote Arctic-illumi- nent and semipermanent structures nate a land of contrasts. housing every type of research from It’s a land whose terra firma has oceanography to veterinary medi- never been seen-permanentsnow cine. and ice cover the highlands and Largest facility of its kind for shrubs and grassesgrow in a mix- Arctic research inthe U.S., NARL ture of ice andearth in the low- supplies information and direct sup- lands. Across the Alaskan plains port to several government agencies to the south stretches theNorth and private institutions both Ameri- American Tundra, a wasteland per- canand foreign. Amongthe do- manently frozen to a depth of 1300 mesticagencies using thelabora- feet except for a fewinches of tories are the AirForce; Coast permafrost that thaws ever so brief- Guard;Environmental Protection ly during the summer. Agency; and Department of the In- The sun sets in November. Tem- terior. Additionally, NARL operates peratures plummet to minus 50 de- a far-flung network of field stations grees Fahrenheitanddarkness and Distant Early Warning (DEW) covers the ice. In January daylight Line sites of varying sizes and capa- returns. bilities. During the three months of con- Afloat, thelaboratory has sup- tinuous summer sunshine, tempera- ported a number of passive ocean- tures soar to 60 degrees. Caribou ographic platforms utilizing ice floes make their annual trek to the feed- to gather information enhancing our ing grounds with their ancient foes, knowledge about marine geology, the wolves, tracking closely behind. geophysics,biology and hydra- This bleak region has been the acoustics about the Deep Arctic home of the Naval Arctic Research Basin. Laboratory (NARL) for nearly 30 All research conducted at Barrow years. Under the command of the contributes to scientificknowledge, Office of Naval Research, this con- providing data that maysome day tractor-operated research facilityis benefit the Navy and mankinddi- located in Barrow, Alaska, some rectly.Among the more interesting 300 milesinside the Arctic Circle. NARL projects. NARL was established to collect data Data is constantly being gath- about the Arctic environment for ered about how ice grows and de- usein Navy polar operations. Ad- cays under the influences of atmos- ditionally, scientists search for clues phere and Ocean stresses, andthe whichwill unlock secrets that will effects of ice movement on ambient provide an understanding of the noises, currents, salinity and tem- ecological chain which enables Arc- perature.This type of research, tic animals to thrive under condi- coupled directly with acoustic stud- tions impossible for human survival. ies, is essential to the understanding Beginningwith a staffof six of how sound reacts in Arctic wa- scientists working in a single labora- ters-a must for submariners who

tory, NARL today is the home of depend Igreatly on sound to deter-

DECEMBER 1976 19 mine ranges, bearings and position. longas needed for study and then cold, extreme day/night cycles, and 0 NARL pioneered the operation- released. This proved an expensive stresses encountered while living in al use of aircraft in polar regions procedure, andan uncertain one remote regions. anddeveloped techniques for ice since the animal supply was dictated Knowledge gained from these ex- landings forboth light and heavy by Arctic seasonal conditions. In periments was used recently to im- aircraft. These developments made 1963, NARL established its own fa- prove conditions encountered by oil it possible to gather data from both cilities to keep indigenous Arctic hdustry employees engaged in lay- the Arctic Basin and the North species on a permanent basis mak- ing the trans-Alaskan pipeline. “One Slope of Alaska. C-46s havebeen ingthem available to researchers only had towitness the turnover replaced by C-117s and a small year-round. Currently the Arctic rate of workers at remote Arctic fleet of newer,specialized aircraft, animal compound houses about 20 sites, despite high wages, to realize but the landings are still made by species of Arctic animals including the potential value of this type of flying a coastline approach to run- wolves, a lynx,golden eagles, a environmental adjustmentresearch,” ways constructed of pierced-metal polar bear, and a variety of smaller said one Navy scientist. The Navy, matting laid on coarse beach gravel. mammals. of course, constantly applies this NARL’S aircraft are used for trans- 0 Research continues seeking information since it maintains sev- porting fuel, food, equipmentand ways to make adaptation to Arctic eral remote stations. people into Barrow. climate easier for men from tem- Navy scientists are tackling the 0 Animal physiology has always perate regions or urban areas. In problem of oil contaminationon been an important mainstay of the order for large-scale development land through a program of research biological research program. In the of Arctic resources to be effected, which anticipates the consequences lab’s early days, Arctic animals re- men must learn the secrets of grap- of a break in the trans-Alaskan quired for study were kept only as plingwith extremeand prolonged pipeline and resultingflooding of

20 ALL HANDS pollutant nature or not) has any effect on solar radiation levels. If these tests prove that solar radiation is affected, scientists want to know what that effect has to do with weather conditions on earth. These studies represent but a few of many areas inwhich scientists are delving. NARL has madescien- tific research not onlypossible in the Arctic under optimumcondi- tions, but through the years has also introduced improvements to time- tested techniques and equipment. Because ‘of the facilities at Bar- row,scientists .don’t have to be “Arctic heroes” as in days past to perform in their respective fields in the Arctic Circle. Through Navy initiative, Arctic science has become more attractive to larger numbers of skilledspecialists who, in turn, are searching for ways to improve men’s living conditions and knowledge of the planet on which they live. J, Far left: Gary Seiler feeds wolf pack. Left: Drums of fuel are loaded aboard an aircraft for delivery to research site. Below: Dr. Michael Philo (left) conducts immunization program. the tundra withoil. So far, seven years of research into this problem has beenconducted and continues because of widespread applicability in other parts of the world. Cur- rently, the Navy has a patent pend- ing on a recently developed “ferti- lizer”which will microbiologically, destroy crude oil spilled on ice, wa- ter or soil. Inroads are also being made into curbing air pollution and clean- ing the air once it is polluted. This research wasgiven impetus when pilots flying over Barrow reported a recurring band of yellowish-brown haze like that foundover metro- politan areas. Whether the haze is a natural phenomenon or pollution is not known at this time, but vac- uum pumps are collectingsamples for study.Scientists are trying to determine if the haze (whether of a

DECEMBER 1976 21 cl KATHLEEN I I

~ Storm Imperial

Photos by PHC Ken A. George and PHAN Pat Sweeney Early Friday morning, September teered assistance and moved in to 10, a devastating storm whipped help with 20 four-wheel drive through Imperial Valley, Calif., vehicles and three aircraft. Braving killing three people and injuring storm waters and mud, these Navy several more as ravaging flood- men and women became heroes waters followed in its wake. Homes to the unfortunate residents as they were torn from their foundations labored side by side during the and automobiles were tossed about next week. like toy boats. Seventy per cent They shoveled mud from living of the small community of Ocotillo rooms, pumped water from base- was buried under 10 feet of mud. ments and did everything possible By late afternoon Typhoon to restore a sense of normality to Kathleen had passed and Ocotillo’s the community. residents-mostly senior citizens- “I just don’t believe it,” said began the grueling task of digging one grateful resident. “Three days out debris and restoring their homes. ago I wished I had been washed Sailors from the nearby National away with my possessions but, now, Parachute Test Range in ElCentro I should be able to move back (which also was flooded) volun- home thanks to the Navy’s help.”&

22 ALL HANDS DECEMBER 1976 23 c Bearings Among the Best

694 Honors Submarine Capital

After launchingmore than 150 theGroton shipbuilders. During submarines, Groton, Conn., finally World War 11, the shipyard launch- hasone it can call its own-SSN ed one submarine every two weeks. 694 has been named after Groton. In recent years it has built more The boat was christened and sent than a third of the Navy’s opera- splashing into the Thames River- tional nuclear submarine fleet. ,A lLmTerryBreckford) where else but at the Submarine Thereare now 14 submarines The Legion of Merit is the second Capital of the World. under construction in Groton in- highest peacetimeaward andis Groton is the 49th nuclear-pow- cluding Ohio, lead ship of a new given “for exceptionally meritorious ered submarine to belaunched by class of Trident missile submarines. conduct in the performance of out- standing services.” One whore- cently received this award is Boiler Technician First Class Andrew Gal- lagher for his actions aboard uss Belknap (CG 26) during the Belk- nap/uss John F. Kennedy (CV 67) collision in November 1975. Gallagher, nowassigned tothe Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek, Va., wassupervisor of the watchin Belknap’s number two after boiler room at the time of the collision. He directed and assisted the men of his watch section in se- curing the fuel oil closing valve and fuel oil service pump in the burning boiler room, thus preventing the ship’s fuel from feeding the fire. He then directed the men to safety. By remaining behind toensure that everyonegot out of the com- partment, Gallagher suffered severe injuries and, as a result, washos- pitalized for three months. He is still required to wearelbow-length gloves as a cover for his bums. As a result of his actions, Galla- gher was credited with greatly lim- iting thedamage to Belknap and with saving the lives of many crew- members. In addition to the Legion of Merit, he wasmeritoriously ad- vanced to first class.

24 ALL HANDS Recruiter’s Windfall

Small-town recruiting is nothing new to mostNavy recruiters. But when five young men from the Indi- anacommunity of Windfall, pop- ulation 1150, optedfor enlistment within days of each other, they rep- resented areal windfall for the recruiting station at nearbyKoko- mo. Windfall provided a real windfall for Navy Recruiter Aviation Elec- tronics Technician Second James E. White. His new recruits were: Rex E. Long, Robert H. Whitehead, Jr., Kevin R. Richards, Dave R. Hall and Kim E. Ford. (Photo by JOC John D. Burlage.)

squadron personnel. The person make an individual more responsi- Pairit-by-Numbers signing out for the equipmenthas ble? Cost Effectiveness total responsibility. “I believe it does,”says Carter. There’s no such thing as an in- “I’ve hadpeople make comments There’s a sailor at NAS Lemoore, expensivepiece of ground support like ‘does anMEPP cost that Calif., who number paints on equipment.Prices rangefrom much’? You could buy a nice house ground support equipment (GSE). $1200 for a tow bar to $47,000 for for that. Consequently, theybegin He’s not an artist, and he’s not an MEPP. But does the simple act to be more careful with it, proving painting by-the-numbers. The num- of spray-painting a piece of gear the program works.’’ bers he paints represent the cost of (Photo by PH3 Phil Knouf) the pieces of equipment. The idea is to remindpeople that they’re handling expensive gear, paid for by American taxpayers. All this is the brainchild of Avia- tion Machinist’s MateFirst Class Mike Carter. “To save the Navy and the squad- ronmoney I thought we needed a program to combat neglect and abuse,” said Carter, VA-122’s GSE division supervisor. “We think of it as a low-cost program with a high potential bene- fit.” The squadron’s GSE personnel handle from 2000 to 4000 items of support gear a month, including tow bars, nobile electric power plants (MEPP) and several different kinds of trucks. Under GSEs supervision, the gear ischecked in and out to

DECEMBER 1976 25 “Wewin too often,” he said “They told me I could become a He’d Give His Teeth recently. “We prefer to lose. Losing seaman. But seamen don’t fly and I To Fly. . . and He Did means the fleet’sdefensive capa- was determined to fly,” he said. “Winning is depressing,” said bility is 100 per cent. There would Penn wenthome toPeru, Ind. Commander Buddie Penn, skipper of be no way for the enemy to pene- and into the office of an orthodontist Tactical Electronic Warfare Squad- trate our defenses.” who said he could correct the prob- ron (VAQ) 33 at Naval Air Station CDR Penn,a decorated veteran lem with braces but it would take Norfolk. of the air war in Vietnam, is no three years. Instead, Perm had six CDR Penn, and his squadron ful- loser himself.But he hassuffered teeth pulled and in six months went fill a unique role as the Navy’s “pro- losses before to get what he wanted. back to the Navy and Pensacola. fessional enemy,” conducting air at- Take those six teeth he used to “You can do anything if you want tacks against fleet air and surface have. it badly enough and I wanted to be defenses. When he went to Naval Aviation a Navy pilot. The Navy people “Our job is to train the ships Officer Candidate School at Pensa- were absolutely amazed I would and aircraft of the Navy to operate cola to ask about becoming a Navy pull my teeth to get intothe pro- effectivelyin an electronic warfare pilot, he was told by a medical gram.” situation. When we lose, it means officer he couldn’t be a pilot or even Today, CDR Penn-minus those that we are accomplishing our pri- receive a commission because his six teeth-is actively engaged in the mary tasks.” backteeth didn’t meet correctly. “depressing” business of winning. FirstDM3 Place: Daryl Talbot 1976 All-Navy Cartoon Contest

~~THEREYNO’SUCH UNIFORM AS SUMMER CASUAL!”

26 ALL HANDS Y arnell Visits According to Graham Hall, direc- against teams from University of tor of sailing, Midshipman Kotov- Delaware, Pcnn State, Dowling, Romanian City sky, at 5 feet, 3% inches, is a per- Villanova and Franklin and Mar- fect size to sail dinghies in the mod- shall. Amid the thunder of a 21 -gun erate winds of the east coast. After the regatta, Kotovsky and salute, uss Harry E. Yarnell (CG Midshipman Kotovskywas crew her skipper received the traditional 17), the second Navy ship to visit for First Classman Skip McVay in a sailor’s dunking-a toss into the Romania in more than 50 years, sailing meetin September atthe Delaware River by their competitors steamed into Constanta for a four- University of .Delaware. They won and teammates. J, day visit in September. Few American sailors get the op- portunity to sail the Black Sea and even fewer make liberty calls there. Despite a Romanian law prohibiting its citizensfrom fraternizing with foreigners, a desire to communicate and a curiosity for anything Ameri- can was evident as more than 3500 visited Yarnell. Besidesofficial dinners and re- ceptions in honor of the visit, the Romanian Navy provided tours for the crew to resort areas, and to archaeological sites and museums. Unfortunately, Dracula’s Castle was too distant to reach by bus, but a wide range of sights close by Con- stanta were more than anyone could cover in the four days. Yarnell left on the morning of the fourth day amid the same pomp and formality that marked her ar- rival. Her crew carried back to Norfolk sea stories of an adventure few sailors experience-a visit to a Warsaw Pact nation on the Black Sea. Dinky Size All Right For Sailing Dinghies Determination and agility are two important prerequisites of crewing on the small, sloop-riggeddinghies that are most common to college sailing. Naval Academy Midship- man Janet Kotovsky, the first wom- an to compete on an Academy varsity team, possesses those two characteristics, and one other-her small size.

DECEMBER 1976 27 MAC. Space-Available Travel

There are no Pucci-dressed flight attendants to ask if you’d like cham- pagne with your breakfast.In- stead of the carefully coordinated plaids and florals of most airplane interiors,the cabin isplain. A pallet of cargo is securely netted into the spot where the movie screen should be,and the few seatsare facing backwards. Then why are military personnel willing to wait sometimes days for a flight, readingpaperback books, eatingat the cafeteria, and taking catnaps in ahard chair? Because theairline is theMilitary Airlift Command (MAC) andthe flights are free.But flying freeon MAC aircraft isn’t aright, it’s a benefit that is a by-product of military mis- sions that may have unused space

28 ALL HANDS after hard mission requirements are can be obtained by checking the customer relations. The classes met. ForeignClearance Guide at your have been received enthusiastically It’s possible for military person- local personnel or transportation by terminal peopleand by all ac- nel and their families to fly to Ha- offices. counts havehelped them to better waii, Okinawa, Germany, Australia, The photo lab at some naval in- “MAC does not try in fact, nearly anywhere that MAC stallations is able to take passport . . . flies, for the cost of a couple of box photos, or theymay beobtained to competewith the lunches from the inflight kitchen. from a commercial photographer. airlines.” The Military Airlift Command, To reenter the United States assist the hundreds of travelers they operated by the Air Force, runs after your trip, you should have had see daily. scheduled and unscheduled military a smallpox vaccination. Other im- To aid the military traveler, flights and charters commercial munizationsare recommended for MAC has also produced several in- planes for transporting personnel particular countries. Mostnaval formative pamphlets which canbe and cargo. After cargo and all the hospitals can give the inoculations. obtainedthrough administrative military passengers on official orders Make sure you get an immunization channels or at terminals. TRAVEL are on board, if any space is left record and make sure it is kept up TIPS, Air ForcePamphlet (AFP) over, space-available hitchhikers to date. It is required for reentry 76-34, lists telephone numbersfor get their chance. Most flights depart into the United States and for entry billeting and flight information at Travis AFB, Calif.; NortonAFB, into some foreign countries. the five major stateside terminals, Calif.; McGuireAFB, N. J.; and You’ll probablywant to visit a and it includes addresses and phone Charleston AFB, S. C. travel agent to arrange for visas numbers of major shipping facilities Unless your passport, visasand and for a return ticket. Unless you usedby PCS travelers. It also ex- immunizations are upto date, Space have unlimited leave,you’ll want plains dress requirements, baggage A trips take some planning. An a guaranteed return. It’susually allowances and check-in procedures. AirForce pamphlet (AFP 76-37) more difficult to hitch a ride back Two other AFPs-76-36 and 76- can help you. It is available to the United States Space A than 37-offer information on interna- through administrative channels or to get to a foreign country; however, tional space-available travel to at any MAC aerial port. The pam- if you’relucky and don’t have to senior officers and regular passen- phlet provides information on regis- use your return ticket the cost is gers, respectively. tering for flights, passport, visa and refundable in most cases. Since MAC’S primary mission is immunization requirements, travel After you have yourpassport, im- strategic and tactical airlift, it does priorities, customsand prohibited munization record, visas, leave not try to compete with the airlines’ items. papersand luggage in hand,you plush interiors and terminals, but Unlessyou’re going to Hawaii, head for the Air Force base from it hopes to make up through service the first thing you’ll probably need which your flight departs and settle whatit lacks in amenities. Should “. . . if you’re a gam- down to wait. If waiting andun- you be one of the 25 per cent of certainty are traumatic for you, take passengers selected to fill out a bler at heart, waiting some good light reading material or questionnaire, thePassenger Serv- is half the fun.” something to occupytime, or take ice Committee will be happy to re- is a passport. Passport applications acommercial flight. But if you’re ceive your suggestions to improve are available at county courthouses. a gambler at heart, waiting is half service. (4) The application must be returned the fun. with a certified copy of your birth Free snacks are provided on all certificate, available by writing to scheduled C- 141 Starlifter overseas the Recorder’s Office of the county passengermissions. These are lim- in whichyou were born, andtwo ited items, not the type foundin passport photos. Have additional purchased box lunches. photos made ifyou’re planning to Reduced check-in times. An visit countries which require visas. hourand a halfversus the old A visa is a permit for entrance into two hours prior to departure. a country and requires photos also. MAC Passenger Service people Entry requirements to any country are receiving special training in

DECEMBER 1976 29 Your Ideas May flexibility. Ideally youshould have visas for every place you’re willing Fly High with MAC to go, and for all the countries in whichyou might wish to stop en route. You can sign up for a max- imum offive destinations, and it is advisable to take the first flight for which your name is called. If you passup a seat onan unscheduled flight to wait for a particular sched- uled flight, you may hear the com- mon announcement, “There will be no seats for Space-Availablepas- I sengers on thisflight.” Your next turn may come up in a few hours or a few days or, on occasion, longer. If, however, you elect not to travel on a scheduled flight or you are not in the terminal at the time a seat be- comes available, your name will be removed from the list and you will have to start over again. The singlemilitary traveler has the best chance of getting on a free I flight. The next best chance is for By ‘SSGT W. Ray Huesman checks havebeen installed atthe two militarytravelers, and then a larger terminals. military sponsor and a dependent. While Military Airlift Command 0 Roving passenger ambassadors The more people in a group or (MAC)flights aren’t capable of have been assigned to all major air family, the smaller the chances of competing withcivilian airlines in terminals to help passengers. staying together. If a couple or terms of luxury, manyimprove- 0 Families traveling overseas are family are determined to get to a ments have been made in 1976. In given more desirable departure destination, theymight consider January, the MAC Passenger Serv- times, whenever possible. splitting up, with the sponsor taking iceImprovement Committee re- 0 Passengers can now select seat- as many in the family as he or she ceivedspecial emphasis within the ing in smokingor nonsmoking areas. can,and the rest taking a com- command. 0 Somemilitary aircraft used mercialflight. Dependents cannot The committeeis headed by for passenger flights have been im- fly space available unless accompa- MAC’S deputy chief of staff for proved by adding better lighting, nied by their sponsor. AirTransportation, Brig. Gen. carpeting, coat racks, separating SpaceA flights are among the Charles B. Knudson, and it has been passengers from cargo areas and im- best privileges available to military acting on suggestions submitted by proving cabin temperature control. personnel. But, itis important to the users of MAC aircraft. These National magazines are avail- remember that the flights do not suggestions come from 25 per cent able on all passenger flights. These exist to take leave-status passengers of all passengers who are asked to includethose normally found on on vacations. They have a military fill out critiques. Common prob- newsstands throughout the United mission.Space A is a gamble and lems are thenidentified and acted States dealingwith family life, there’s no guarantee you’llwin. So on. homes, sports and children’s read- be prepared to pay for your return Some of the improvements cur- ing.Service magazines such as trip, and lookat any leg on which rently underway are: SOLDIERS, AIRMAN, and ALL HANDS you can fly MAC as a favor, not a 0 X-ray machines to speed bag- are available. right. If you’relucky, you can fly gageprocessing through security The key to Space A travel is the friendly skies of MAC. &

30 ALL HANDS from the desk of the It is true that at present the pay difference is not great Master Chief between E-3 and E-4, butthe only route to second and first class petty officer is through third. Petty Officer As you advance through the rates you will have a of the Navy chance to develop and exercise your leadership ability. And, regardless of whether or not you remain in the Navy for an entire career, every organization will de- Advancement - mand to some extent that you display leadership. You must also consider the personal reward of knowing The Need for leaders you can advance and succeed. The Navy wants you to Remembering that the quality of the Navy to a great advance. It needs skilled petty degree is dependentupon the quality of its petty officers in today’s technical officers, you should want to advance. The Navy cannot Navy to operate and maintain be more efficient, more ready for action or more re- its ships and supportive tech- sponsive to its members than are its people in positions nology; to handleits planes; of authority-positions .that begin with the third class to feed its sailors and care for petty officer. Also, if you wish to have the Navy’s ex- them medically; to construct isting regulations applied as equitably as possible, you itsbuildings; to play its mu- must become part of the system that administers them. sic; to take its photographs; to The Navy’sneed for leaders andyour desire for do its counseling. Skilled petty the benefits, tangible and intangible, thatcan be de- officers are essential in all the MCPoNRobert J.Wa’ker rived from advancing complementeach other well. Navy’s ratings-from Aerographer’s Mate to Yeoman But, much of the responsibility to encourage and assist -for without themit cannot function. The Navyis Navy men and women to advance lies with their sen- more than hardware, it is people. iors. Our young sailors cannot all be expected to take In addition to know-how,petty officers must have the proper steps foradvancement without someone the ability to lead people. Leadership is a necessary showing themthe way to succeed. Leading petty characteristic of all petty officerswho wish to move officers can show by example what it means to be in up the advancement ladder. a position of authority and leadership. I strongly urge The first step in the succession of advancement from all leading petty officers to encourage sailors to take the E-3 to E-9 is the third class petty officer. Obviously, required correspondence courses, perform the practical onedoes not advance to higher levels of leadership factors and participate in the Navywide examinations and responsibility without attaining positions of leader- for advancement. ship and responsibility at the lower levels. Advance- Historically, one of the primary leadership traits ment to all petty officer grades requires successful hasbeen concern of leaders for their people. I feel completion of a Navy wide examination; however, the there is no better way for leaders to demonstrate that final decision as to whether or not a person will be ad- concern than by showing their sailors the way to suc- vanced rests with the commanding officer. Based on his cess through advancement.J, or her experience, the commander determinesif an indi- vidual has the ability to workeffectively in the next higher pay grade. The newly advanced third class petty officer encoun- ters a variety of new experiences. He or she gains the Reminder- necessary authority to perform duties requiring more responsibility and expertise, the petty officer becomes All aliens must a leader and can gain the respect, prestige and satis- faction of being a good one. register during Also,benefits and entitlements are more attractive the month of January. for the E-4. For example, if you have over two years of serviceyou are entitled to government paid trans- portation fordependents and dislocation allowance.

DECEMBER 1976 31 THE CARE AND FEEDING OF YOUR CAMERA Thisis the secondpart of afeature designed to assist Navypeople in thepurchase, care and proper use of cameras.See November 1976 All Hands - “Buying A Camera That Will Deliver The Goods.” By PH2 Terry C. Mitchell except for the lenses. Hard-to-reach spots are easy to When was the last time you “exercised” your cam- get to by using a cotton swab on a stick. era? Yes,that’s right-“exercised” your camera. Next, check the battery. This is the heartbeat in Cameras, like other good mechanical instruments, need many of the new cameras today. If it is not upto to be exercised periodically to increase their reliability. snuff, replace it. If it checks out okay, keep it. One But how do you “exercise” a camera? tip here is to remove the battery from the compartment Easy. Select the sloweslt shutter speed and fire the and gentlypolish it with the eraser from a pencil. camera a few times, gradually moving up to the fastest Check the contacts in the camera to make sure they speeds, until you have fired a few at each speed. Then are bright and shiny. After polishing the battery, wipe turn the f/stop ring back .and forth a few times. Put- it off with a clean, dry cloth (not your new handker- ting the camerathrough thesepaces will evenly dis- tribute the internal lubricants. But exercising your camera is just a small part of keeping it in an “up” status. The overall picture is preventive maintenance. Sure, preventive maintenance just like that performed on a gun mount or an anchor windlass or even, for that matter, your own teeth. The primary rule issimple-Keep It Clean! Dirt, dust and even oil from your hands are some of the camera’s worst enemies.Keeping your camera clean involves a very.small investment in time and money. Whenyou purchased your camera, whetherfrom the NavyExchange or in a foreign port, you should have purchased these additional items: a linen hand- kerchief, a bottle of lens-cleaning solution, a soft cam- el’s hair brush (preferably with rubber squeeze bulb) and a skylight or ultraviolet filter for each lens. Take the newhandkerchief and wash it repeatedly (do it yourself4on’t sendit to the ship’s laundry) in soap and water until it will dry soft. The handker- chief will serve in place of (scratchy) lens tissue. Now Camel’shair brush, soft handkerchief, bottle of lens-cleaning you are ready to start preventive maintenance on your solution and a pencil are essential camera accessories. ca’mera. First remove that roll of film that has been in there chief)and replace the battery in the compartment, for thepast three months. You should have sent it using the cloth to handle the battery. The acids in to the processor immediately after taking the pictures, your hand oils may affect the battery casing. butthat is another whole story in itself.While you Now that you have the camerabody pretty much have the camera back open, use the brush to remove in shape, move on to thelens mount area. In single- any dust or film chips inside the camera. Use extreme lensreflex cameras, the mirror for the viewfindersys- caution here-avoid brushing the shutter curtain at tem is here, immediately behind where the lens would all times. Injury to this delicate membrane could ruin be. This mirror is coated and will scratch veryeasily, your camera, and cause a staggering repair billlater. so use your blower brush to remove dust or lint. Once So if there is any dust on the shutter curtain, gently- this area is clean, place the camera face down on a repeat-gently blow it away. clean surface. After making sure all dust and film chips are re- Now turn your attention to thelenses. With the moved, close the camera back. Now turn your attention lens caps on, wipe down the lens barrel with the same to the exterior. That dust and dirt on top could work cloth you used on the camera body. In order to clean theirway intoshutter controls and rewind cranks, the whole barrel, turn the focusing ring until the lens Take a lightlydampened cloth (not yournew hand- extends to itsmaximum length. Oncethe barrel is kerchief) and wipe down the outside of the camera cleaned, remove the lens caps and useyour blower brush to removeany dust or dirt from the glass sur- faces. If the lens has a fingerprint or smudge on it, Left:Camera cases come with foam that can be cut to suit place a drop of cleaning solution on yournew, soft your needs. handkerchief. Using the handkerchief, polish the lens

DECEMBER 1976 33 Left: A camel’shair brush removes dust or filmchips from inside the camera; use extreme caution in the area of the shut- tercurtain. Below: Polish thebattery contacts witha pencil eraser to ensure good electrical connection with the camera contacts.Right: Many manufacturers make a foul weather jacket for cameras; you can improvise by using a clear plastic bag.

surface lightly until it is absolutely clean. For foul weather photography or as a means to keep Never put the lens-cleaning solution directly on the outsome of the dust and dirt, make a raincoat for lens! The solution may seep into the lens mounts in your cameraout of a transparent plasticbag. That the barrel anddestroy the cementsused to hold the bag your blues came in from the dry-cleaners is ideal lens elements in place. and cheap. Position the bag on a hanger. Cut one hole Put the clean lens aside for a momentand clean approximately the size of your lens in the front of the the interior of the lens cap. Put the cap back on the bag. Put your camera in the bag, with the lens pro- lens to keep out dust until the next step. Take that new truding from the hole in the front. Coveryour arms skylight or UV filter and clean it the same way as the with the bag, and bring the camera to your eye as if lenssurfaces. Once the filteris cleaned, remove the to focus. Mark where the eyepiece is on the bag and lens cap andinstall the filtersemipermanently. The then cut a U-shaped flap at that mark. filterwill protect the lens surface from dust and dirt The flap should be hinged atthe top in order to and is much cheaper to replace than a new lens if keepout rain. Lift the flapaway fromthe eyepiece scratched. to focus or the plastic may affect your visibility. Okay, that takes care of the front of the lens, but If you plan to do a lot of shooting in foul weather how about the back? or in dusty areas and you think the bag isn’t durable Simple;use the same procedure, only this time enough, your camera’s manufacturer may offer a pro- twist the focusing ring until the rear lens elements are tective cover of thicker gauge plastic as an accessory. extended. Once the lens is cleaned, check the mount When leave or TAD puts you aboard an airplane, for signs of dirt or wear. If everything is okay, install takeyour camera bag withyou as carry-on luggage. the lens on the camera body. Despite many assurances and fragile stickers, baggage The camera is now clean and you prefer to keep it that goes into the luggage compartment can get rough that way.Sometimes this is hard todo on a ship, treatment and your camera could be damaged. with the salt spray in the air, or at a naval air station When going through the security check at the termi- withsand and grit being whipped around the flight nal gate, insist on a hand search; don’t subject your line. Again, a little prevention and protection will help. cameraand flm to the x-raymachine. Eventhough First, use that ever-readycase thatcame with the one pass through the machine may not fog the film, camera. The case will cover most of the camera, keep- repeated exposure will. ing out dust and dirt, andit will absorb some of the As your camera system expands with each purchase, hard knocks that are sometimes hard to avoid. you may decide that you can’t go on carrying it all in

34 ALL HANDS a brownpaper bag.Buy a large camera case. When in your storage area has a particularly high humidity, you do buy a case for yoursystem, consider these place a small package of dessicant (silica gel) in the three things; protection, longevity and expansion. How plastic bag with the camera. wellwill the case protect your equipment? Will the During the storage period, “exercise” the camera at case you are considering be large enough for future least once a month or arrange for someone to do it.for expansion of your equipment?Is the case durable you. Also, install a fresh battery and subject the cam- enough to ,last until youdeem it necessary to buy erameter to varyinglighting conditions so that the another one? needle will move the full scale. Many cases come withfoam rubber which canbe Remberthat your camera is a precision machine ’ cut and fitted to your particular needs. The foam is with a carefully designed andmanufactured optical easy to replace when worn out or you need to expand system. Treat it as suchand it will reward youwith some more. long and faithful service. But what if youdon’t want totake your camera The best prescription for its care is the proverbial along with you on deployment or extended TAD and ounce of prevention. 9, you must store it for a while? Simplygive it the goodcleaning it deserves first. “Exercise” thecamera to distribute the lubricants, but make sure that you don’t leave the shutter cocked. (Tension on the shutter springs over a long period of time couldcause gross errors in shutter speeds after youremove the camerafrom storage.) Thenremove the camera’s battery. Over a long period of time, many batteries will deteriorate and leak chemicals into the compartment. This could cause corrosion and perman- ent damage to the camera. With the camera in its case, carefully wrap a plastic bag around the entire assembly. Care should be taken that the camera is not stored in an area that will be subjected to abnormally high or low temperatures, Normal room temperatures are best. If the climate

DECEMBER 1976 35 NAVAL OBSERVATORY The Wation’s Timekeepers

LCDR Wm. McAllister, USNR-R Photos by pH2 Terry C. Mitchell In one division, workers spend their days watching the clock. In another, workerslie down on the job, and in a third, as often as not, workers prepare a publication that is no sooner used than it is torn apart. .. Does the Navy tolerate such behavior? .. Not onlyis such behavior tolerated, but itis wel- comed at asmall, little-publicized Navy command in , . .*. , . : Washington,D.C. At the Naval Observatory, each of thosetasks is essential to the nation’sdefense efforts and to fleet operations. The clock watchers are the Navy’s-and the na- tion’s-official timekeepers. The people lying down on the job are astronomers, whooften have to liedown I on small couches as they peer through telescopes and plot the stars and planets. And the Navy publication that is frequently ripped apart-as it is used-is the Nautical Almanac which, with its sister publication, the Air Almanac, is essential to ship or aircraft navigation. These functions are often taken for granted by members of the fleet. They are performed with scien- tific precision and detailed accuracy by the staff of the Naval Observatory. It is located on a tree-covered knoll Above:Sombrero Nebula galaxy, 14 million light-years along Embassy Row in northwest Washington. from earth, is 25 light-years in diameter. Right: Twenty- To mostWashingtonians, the observatory is best inch refractor at the Naval Observatory is used to study known, now, as the official residence of the Vice Presi- double stars.

36 ALL HANDS I dent. VicePresident Nelson Rockefeller moved onto the observatory grounds last year, occupying the hand- some, white Victorian house that was for years the official residence of the Chief of Naval Operations. Although the observatory boasts of being the oldest scientific organizationin the Navy, itsfunctions are unknown to the majority of naval personnel. “Most people think we have something to dowith meteorology and astrology,” chuckles Commander James R. Wa- chob, USN, the observatory’s deputysuperintendent. Despite its age (the observatory traces its origin to the establishment in 1830 of the Navy Depot of Charts

Dome at Naval Observatory(right) houses 20-inch refractor telescope (below). Another building houses the six-inch trnnsit circle (far right)used by astronomers to determine position of stars in the sky.

7

a ”

ALL HANDS I andInstruments at the Washington Navy Yard),its civilian supervisor at the observatory says his main functionsactually became morecrucial as the Navy worry is that the staff will spend all its time watching moved to more sophisticated navigation and weapons the decimal points after the seconds and forget towatch systems. Today’s modern navigation, weapons systems the second hand. and high-speed satellite communications depend on ac- The observatory has been designated by the Defense curate timekeeping. Department as its keeper of “precise time.” The exact Observatorysuperintendent, Captain S. J. Sleeper, time supplied by the observatory is used as source for notes no one keeps better time than the Naval Obser- all standard time in the country. vatory. Indeed, the time kept by the Navy is so accurate Precise time is required for sending high-speed mes- that clocks at the facility are measured to the nearest sages around the world, thereby avoiding jamming by millionth of a second. enemy forces. With time as precise as that kept by the So accurate are the Navy’s clock watchers that one observatory, “it’s virtually impossible tojam” mes-

40 ALL HANDS I sages that are being sent between two communicating religions. Moslem holidays, for instance, aredictated stations at predeterminedtimes. by the phases of the moon and thus the observatory’s Suchsystems arevital for fleet communications, astronomersare helpful in calculatingthe dates. especially for submarines which must operate with an Astronomersare, of course,the backbone of the almost-total communications blackout. observatory’s staff, supplying the data from which cal- But no ship in the Navy, and very few ships in the culationson the precise locations of thestars and world, in fact, can operate without some of the infor- planets may be based. Observations of thestars are mation produced by the Naval Observatory. madenot only from telescopes atthe observatory’s For example, the Nautical Almanac is used by navi- Washington grounds, butalso from the observatory’s gators to pinpoint their positions as they journey across largest telescope near Flagstaff, Ariz.. the sea. The almanac contains the positions of the sun, Navalobservatory astronomers have been instru- moon andall the visible planets which are used for mental in major astronomical discoveries, but emphasis navigation for every hour of the year. There are tables today is placed onexploratory development efforts for calculating the times of sunrise and sunset, moon- and not new research. Today the Naval Observatory is rise and moonset as well asfor twilight. In addi- engaged inupdating and purifying long-standing hy- tion, thereis a list of correctionfactors for sextant potheses about the proper motion of planets and stars observations. so precise navigational informationcan be given to Todaycomputers assist NavalObservatory astron- units of the fleet. omers in predicting the locations of the major stars in This does not mean that the observatory’s scientific the celestial sphereat anygiven time anddate. The observatory’s almanac staff compiles celestial data four years in advance of theprinting of theNautical and Air Almanacs, assuring that the publications will be in the fleet well in advance of the dates they are needed. The observatory publications, which include“The American Ephemerisand Nautical Almanac” for as- tronomers and for land surveyors, are printed annually by theGovernment Printing Office andare among GPO’s best sellers. The printing run of theNautical Almanac numbers about 30,000 copies and it can be found on the bridges and in chart houses of all U.S. ships along with those of other nations. Under cooperative agreements, theNaval Observa- tory and the Royal Greenwich Observatory supply many nations, including the Soviet Union, with advance sheets of thepublications. The other’countries often reprintthe material, changing thelanguage of the heading and explanation and adding information about local conditions andholidays. Because calendars are an essential part of timekeep- ing, theNaval Observatory not only serves asthe nation’s official timekeeper, but also asits calendar setter. Civil holidays, such as Labor Day and Memorial Day, are established by Congressional acts, but dates of religious holidays often vary. The observatory’s almanac office calculates the dates on which these events will occur four years in advance, using time-honored rules established by the various

Left:Photographed with a40-inch RileyCritien telescope, Lagoon Nebula looks closer than 2,500 light-years from earth. Right: Astronomer tracks a star.

DECEMBER 1976 41 staff is not engaged in research. On the contrary, many observations before they can consider a project com- staff members devote long hours of their time in the pleted. enhancement of their professional development,Wa- Often the work is lonely, performed from midnight chob notes. to seven a.m. in an unheated telescope dome with the Astronomers’ work is often “not glamorous” agrees stars as their only companions. (Telescopebuildings Dr. B. L. Klock, head of tke Observatory’s Northern have to be unheated to prevent heat distortion of the Transit Division. The 11 astronomers who work under images received by the telescopes). In winter, observers Dr. Klockmust spend five to seven years making at the facilities wear special thermal suits to fight off the cold. Below:The Observatory’s library contains more than 75,000 Still, the work is rewarding and visitors to the obser- volumes, some dating back to the 15th century. Right: Master clock room’where time signals are monitored from around vatory find the workers interjecting pride in their ac- the world to ensure keeping of exact time. complishments during most conversations. “Our time

.42 is the best time in the world," CAPT Sleepertells a visitor. An international association that keeps the

DECEMBER 1976 43 Rights &Benefits Retirement Samuel L. Peabody, age 65, recently retired after 43 presentation of the retired ID card, DD Form 2 (Gray). years of punchingthe clock at a majorcorporation MAC flights within the continental United States are whose location hasn’t changed in 75 years. He now reserved for retirees only, on a space-available basis, looks forward to spending time reading about faraway and not for dependents. (See page 28.) places he willnever see, fishing occasionally as his 0 Dependent enrollment in overseas dependent budget and health permit, cashing his monthly retire- schools on a space-available basis. ment check to which he contributed 2236 times, and Use of naval correspondence courses if taken to telling time by his gold watch inscribed “To Sam- 43 maintain professional proficiency. years’ service.” Educational benefits as provided by the GI Bill. Senior Chief ElectronicsTechnician Brian Salty, 0 VA benefits including VA-guaranteed home loans USN, age 41, alsoretired recently after 20 years of and Veterans GroupLife Insurance. traveling, living in various foreign countriesand Disabled veterans receive disability compensation throughout the US, and working at a profession that from the VA if the member was disabled by injury or offered growth and management opportunities. He now disease incurred in, or aggravated by, active service in looks forward to opening his own radio and TV sales the line of duty. In addition to compensation, disabled andrepair business, revisiting. some of thecountries veterans are eligible to receive: vocational rehabilita- he’s seen, and investing his retirement check in his new tion; specially equipped automobiles; “wheelchair” business. He didn’t receive a gold watch at his retire- home allowance; aid for the blind; prosthetic devices; ment ceremony, but he did become heir to numerous andeducational assistance forchildren or spouses if benefits. membersare permanently and totally disabledas a Some of his entitlements as a Navy veteran include: result of service. Exchange, commissary, theaterand recreational 0 Social Security benefits including Medicare, retire- facility privileges. Retirees may alsofrequent clubs ment payments and disability payments. and messes subject to limitations set by facilities (use 0 Burial in a national cemetery. The VA will pro- of foreign commissaries and exchanges is limited ac- vide an American flag to drape the coffin of a deceased cording to applicable Status of Forces agreements). veteran. Free medical care at Uniformed Services facilities. 0 Military legal assistance on a space-available Medical careis also available from civilian sources basis. under the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Use of military titles inconnection with com- Uniformed Services until age 65, and extension of mercial enterprises as long as their use in no way casts CHAMPUS benefits after age 65 if the member can pro- discredit on the military service or the Department of vide certification from the Social Security Administra- Defense. Such useis prohibited in connection with tion of non-entitlement to hospital insurance benefits. commercial enterprises when it gives rise, with or with- These medical benefits apply also to dependents. out intention to mislead, to any appearance of sponsor- Retired pay unless waived to receive compensation ship, endorsement, sanction or approval by the Navy or pension from theVeterans Administration or to or DoD. Themilitary departments may restrict re credit active military service under the CivilService tired personnel from using military titles in connection Retirement Act. with public appearances in overseas areas. An opportunity to leave a portion of retired pay Wearing of the Navy uniform displaying the rank to survivors under the Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP) at held at retirement and that which appears on the re- a reasonable cost. tirement list. The uniform may be worn only on ap- Shipment of household effects upon retirement to propriate occasions and not in connection with nonmiIi- home of selection and payment of a travel allowance tary, personal or civilian enterprises, or activities of a to his new home. civilian nature. Free travel on board MAC flights to overseas lo- As you can see, your Navy career is much more than cations for the member and his dependents (providing a day-today job with pay; it’s a vocation whose bene- dependentsare accompanied by their sponsor)upon fits extend as long as you live. &

44 ALL HANDS ahere’s more to physical fitness given the opportunity to lose weight appearance can be as fun and pain- than pressing your ownweight or realistically andis taught how to less as you want it to be. Aerobics, running 10 miles aday. Anything maintain an acceptable weight level designed stimulateto cardiovas- thatprevents you from efficiently once the program is completed. cular activity, could bethe answer performing your job makes you un- The firsttwo Navy Shipshape to your weight problem. The aero- fit. groups were established in October bics program isn’tnew butit has “There’s noquestion that the 1974, based onthe guidelines of person who keeps himself in good Overeaters Anonymous. This organi- physical condition will bebetter zation,a national group, is much Males Females (regardless of age) (regardless of age) preparedtohandle stress,” said like Alcoholics Anonymous with Height Weight Height Weight Secretary of the Navy J. William special adaptations to solve the over- (inches) Min Max (inches) Min Max Middendorf 11, “whetherit be in eating problem.The Navy-sponsored 60100 140 5890 121 61 10261145 59 92 123 peacetime orunder combat condi- groups make the sameadvantages 62103 150 60 94125 tions. Obesity causes depression, in- convenient to Navy personnel. More 63104 155 6196127 hibits performance of duty, results in than 50 Shipshape groups arecur- 64 105160 6298 129 65106 165 63100 135 a sloppy appearance, and can mean rently in operation overseas and in 66107 170 64 102136 the end of a Navy career.” the U.S. Operation Shipshape guide- 67 111 17565104 140 Throughout the military establish- lines are contained in joint BuPers- 68 115 18166106 144 69119 186 67109 147 ment, physical fitness generally is an Inst6110.2/BuMedInst 61 10.10 70123 192 68112 152 individual thing. Therefore, to ben- series. 71127 197 69 115 158 efit fromit, you must challenge An individual who exceeds the 72131 203 70 118 162 73135 209 71 122 168 yourself, both physically and men- weight standardsas listed here, 74139 214 72125 171 tally. But, many individuals have will not automatically be declared 75143 219 passed the “overweight and out of fatand a candidate for Operation 76147 225 77 151 230 shape”stage and are either fat or Shipshape. Determination of obesity 78153 235 heading in that direction. will be tied toa medical examination In an effort to help the fat sailor, which will include consideration of the Navy encourages and, in certain body build, muscular development been updated.OpNavInst 6100.1 instances, will order a man to parti- and bone structure. outlinesthe basics of theprogram cipate in Operation Shipshape, a 90- Maintaining a condition of physi- and includes “pointcharts” for a day program of continuing diet and cal fitness that will enable you to wide variety of sports and exercises. exercise. Duringthis medically perform your duties and, at thesame Try it-what have you got to supervised program,the sailor is time, present a sharp, trim, military lose, besides weight? .$

DECEMBER 1976 45 Ships of Ice? SIR: After readingabout a ship withwooden Mail Buoy cannons in “For the Navy Buff’ in the June issue, I decided that my question wouldn’t soundas foolish as I first thought. Is ittrue that during World War I1 the Navy actually built, or thought about building, a ship made of ice cubes?- LT J. R. R.

It sounds like one for Ripley’s Believe It Or Not, but it’s true. In late 1942, British, Canadian and U. S. Navy shipdesigners collaborated to build an “aircraft carrier” made of icecubes to combat the German submarinethreat in the North Atlantic. The icewas to be kept solid by refrigerationmachinery installed in the ship’s hull and was to be made from a combination of water and wood pulp called “pykrete.” The chief advantage of an icy ship was a predicted ability to withstandtorpedo attack-it being estimated that a “tin fish” exploding against its frozen hull would dig only a three-foot crater. Although the full-sized carrier was never built, a prototype named Habbakuk was constructed in Canada. The modelwas 60 feetlong, 30 feet wide and 20 feet deep. In December 1943, however, the plan was put on ice (so to speak) because the U-boatthreat was considerably less than at the plan’s concep- tion. Unlike the wooden guns you mentioned though, our sources indicate thatHabbakuk would havebeen functional in antisubmarine warfare. -ED.

Bicentennial Medal SIR:Some time ago ALL HANDSprinted infor- Why OnlyFour Stars? mation about how to obtain a Navy Bicentennial SIR: I noticed that the photos you printed in Medal. Could you reprintthat information?- “The Midway Story” (June 1976) depict Henry LCDR F. L. Languell. Fonda portraying Admiral Nimitz at the Battle of The medal was shown on the back cover of Midway, yet Fonda iswearing only fourstars. ourMay 1976 issue. The medal is available at I believe ADM Nimitz was a fleet admiral during Bureau of the Mint sales outlets in Philadelphia, World War I1 and entitled to wear five stars. Is Pa.; Washington, D.C.; Denver, Colo.; and San this correct?-HT1 T. Gearhart Francisco, Calif., for $6. For mail orders,. listquantity desired and specify Admiral Nimitz was a four-star admiral at U. S. Navy medal number 534. Include check or the Battle of Midway; he was promoted to five- money order (not cash) for $6.25 each, payable to star rank later in the war-December 14, 1944. Bureau of the Mint, 55 Mint Street, San Francisco, -ED. CA. 941 75.E~.

ALL HANDS Promotion Barrier? Are We Penalized?

SIR: It has been alleged-even stated quietly SIR:My husband and I are both in the Navy by the NavSup Op “Road Show”-that no Supply stationedin the same area, and wellsatisfied Corps officer canbe promoted to commander except forone thing: when he goes to sea, we unless he has served at least one tour of indepen- lose money.Why are we penalized just because dent duty. Is this correct?-LCDR A. E. Overfelt both of us are in the service? We both collecl single BAQ. But we lose his when he is gone fol The Secretary of the Navy has not directed more than 30 days. A man whose wife is not ir any Supply Corps selectionboard to consider a the service, though, continues to receive full BAC tour of independent duty as a prerequisite to se- when hehas to go to sea. Additionally, we re lection; therefore, no suchpolicy exists.-& ceive noseparation pay and I am expected tc maintain a household on about one-half of OUI housing income. This simply is not fair.-TD? J. Love Wants a Waiver

SIR:I was advanced to E-5 in February 1974. The BAQ inequity has been long recognize4 Shortly after I made therate, requirements for by the Navy and attempts havebeen made tc advancement to E-6 were modified so that mem- change the laws prohibiting payment of BAQ tc bers. are now required to have six years’ time-in- members without dependents and tomemben service. Since I made the rate before the change in yoursituation. To date these attempts havt was made, can I get a waiver allowing me to take been unsuccessful. However, the Navy stillcon- the next E-6 exam or must I wait until February siderscorrection of the inequity a high priorit) 1978?-RM2 M. Laude item. Regulationsgoverning BAQ entitlements for Sorry, wehave been informed that the re- marriedservice members arebased on two sec- vised time-in-service criterion of six years for pay- tions of public law. While a spouse may normall) grade E4 is a requirement for all E-6 candidates. be considered a dependent under one of the sec- Waivers of this requirement are not granted be- tions, there is another (Title 37, Unite1 cause a member was advanced to E-5 before the States Code, Section 420) whichstates that “d change was made.-ED. member of the uniformed service may not bc paid an increased allowance :. . on account of d dependent for anyperiod during which the de SouvenirHunting pendent is entitled to basic pay . . .” Therefore neither married member can receive BAQ at th, SIR: Regarding your August ’76 article, “Au- “with dependents”rate since this constitutes ar thorized Souvenir Hunting,’’ I recallreading an increase in allowances. article about 10 years ago about an ATF going Another section of the United States Code pro through refresher training that required a part for hibits payment of BAQ to members without de its antiquated main battery. The gunner on board pendents while on sea duty. Consequently, you recommended the Amphibious Museum display husband does not receive BAQ while at sea sincl as just what he needed and, with much publicity he is treated as a member without dependents.

1011 someone’s part, received permission to can- The same laws also prohibit payment of sep nibalize the gun. I would venture it was a bushing aration allowance in your situation, since to do st he needed.-LCDR G. H. Coshow wouldresult in an increase in allowances re ceived by your husband.-ED. &

DECEMBER 1976 47 Stern

Nobody knows who tied the first knot, nor in most cases how specific hots received their names. However, the word “knot” itself comes from Old English, asdid the word “bend.” Regardless of how they were named, knots play an important part in daily shipboard routine. Identify the various knots on this page by matching the number of the knot to the name. Answers are inside front cover.

‘\ -Man Harness -Marling n3 Masthead -Wall

~ Anchor Bend -Packer‘s -French Bowline -Surgeon’s Back Splice -Round Seizing Double Blackwall -Belaying

If youhave an idea for Stern Shotssend it to:Editor All Hands,Crystal Plaza 6, Room 1044, 2221 Jefferson Davis Highway, Washington, D. C. 20360.

48 ALL HAMDS GRAINS of SALT ”The other fellow just blinked“

By LT Tom Davis Startling an unsuspecting nation, President John F. locations and movements of all Soviet Bloc shipping. Kennedy told the American people on Oct. 22, Sixty-three ships at one time or another participated 1962 that Soviet missile bases had been constructed in in the Naval Quarantine Force, part of the 183 U. S. Cuba, a mere 90 miles from our mainland. To combat Navyships in the Atlantic and Caribbean during the this “unacceptable military threat,” he established the operation. These U. S. shipswere reinforced by ships U. S. Naval Quarantine Force to blockade Cuba and of the navies of Argentina, Venezuela and the Domini- prevent the continued delivery of aggressive armaments, can Republic. The quarantine itselfwent remarkably particularly intercontinental ballistic missiles and long- smoothly; ships of many nations were stopped, boarded range bombers, to that island country. and inspected without serious incident. On that very day, ships of the U. S. Navy got under- Encounters with Soviet vessels went well also, even way for an indefinite period to form the Naval Quaran- tothe point of friendlygreetings between the Soviet tine Force. These navalunits quickly began recalling and American vessels. men from liberty and leave, loading supplies and equip- In spite of the cooperative attitude prevailing on the ment, and making all necessary preparations for carry- quarantine line,everyone knew that a life-and-death ing out the President’s orders. issue was being decided. Six days after the quarantine’s By themorning of the 24th, Navywarships had establishment, the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle its formed a 500-mile arc extending from the eastern tip of bases in Cuba and remove its missiles and bombers. Cuba out into the ocean. Twenty-fiveSoviet ships Secretary of State Dean Rusk’sassessment of the turned back after encountering the blockade. tense situation was succinct but accurate, “We’reeye- During the next month, two powerful attack carrier ball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked.” groupswith destroyer screens and supply shipswere ByNovember 8, all known offensivemissiles had dispatched south of Cuba while the Atlantic Fleet Ma- been removed, and the naval quarantine was lifted No- rine Force embarked aboard amphibiousassault ships vember 20 when the Soviets agreed to withdraw all jet and put to sea. Navy dependents were evacuated from bombers within 30 days. the Naval Station atGuantanamo as U. S. Marine This dramatic performance of the United States Navy defensive units reinforced the base. Antisubmarine ele- in the establishment and maintenance of the Cuban ments of the U. S. Navylocated and tracked Soviet quarantine served notice to the world that seapower re- submarines and merchant shipswhile airborne Navy mains a dominant force in international affairs, and that patrol forcesmaintained surveillance over the ocean the U. S. Navy stands ready and able to carry out the areas between Cubaand Europe, reporting upon the policies of its government. &