DOCSLIB.ORG

Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment Sequencing Peace in Bougainville

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment Sequencing Peace in Bougainville Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment Sequencing peace in Bougainville Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment Sequencing peace in Bougainville John Braithwaite, Hilary Charlesworth, Peter Reddy and Leah Dunn THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E P R E S S  E P R E S S Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/??_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Reconciliation and architectures of commitment : sequencing peace in Bougainville / John Braithwaite ... [et al.]. ISBN: 9781921666681 (pbk.) 9781921666698 (ebook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: Bougainville Crisis, Papua New Guinea, 1988- Women and peace--Papua New Guinea--Bougainville Island. Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea)--History. Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea)--Autonomy and independence movements. Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea)--Politics and government. Other Authors/Contributors: Braithwaite, John. Dewey Number: 327.172099592 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: Children of Resistance and Bougainville Revolutionary Army sides of the conflict arrive at the signing of the Bougainville Ceasefire Agreement in Arawa wearing traditional upi headdresses. Photo: AAP/AFP Torsten Blackwood Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2010 ANU E Press iv  Contents Acknowledgments vii Advisory Panel ix Glossary xi Map of Bougainville xiii 1. Peacebuilding Compared and the Bougainville conflict 1 2. Historical background to the conflict 9 3. Descent into civil war 23 4. Peacemaking on, off and finally back on track 35 5. The architecture of the peace 51 6. Reconciliation and reintegration 67 7. The cost of the conflict 83 8. Layers of identity involved in the conflict 93 9. Interpreting the conflict in summary 103 10. Deep and shallow restorative peace 133 Appendix 141 References 143 Index 153 v  vi Acknowledgments Australian Research Council (ARC) Federation Fellowships at The Australian National University supported John Braithwaite and Hilary Charlesworth to plan and read for the Peacebuilding Compared project. ARC Discovery grants then funded its execution. Our thanks are due to Kate Macfarlane who has done a splendid job in taking over from Leah Dunn as manager of the Peacebuilding Compared project. Kate’s careful research and data-management contributions were vital to getting the job finished, as were those of Celeste Ecuyer, Charlie Beauchamp-Wood, Scott Rutar, Karina Pelling and Nick Kitchin. Leah Dunn is a co-author of this book, though she also must be thanked for serving generously in the same capacity as Kate Macfarlane for many years. She participated in two fieldwork trips to Bougainville in which, among other things, she organised a Peacebuilding Conference on the occasion of the second anniversary of the Autonomous Bougainville Government in 2007. The conference was attended throughout two days plus preparatory meetings by the then President, Joseph Kabui, and his successor, President James Tanis, and also by the then Papua New Guinea Minister for Bougainville Affairs, Sir Peter Barter. These leaders have been iterative contributors to this research and to the peace in Bougainville. The conference was also graced by the participation of senior Me’ekamui participants who agreed to a most constructive communiqué drafted consultatively by President Tanis. Leah’s video of the entire proceedings of the conference can be viewed online at <http://peacebuilding.anu.edu.au/ videolib/index.php>. Thanks to our ANU E Press series editor, Margaret Thornton, managers Lorena Kanellopoulos and Duncan Beard, and copy editor, Jan Borrie. Their wonderful publishing model means this book is available free on the Internet and also at a modest price as a handsome hardcopy. This is a special virtue for research of which the important readers are in developing countries. We are also grateful to the helpful suggestions made by the anonymous referees. Our Advisory Panel members were invaluable in assisting with contacts to interview, publications to read and providing sophisticated commentary on drafts as well as other forms of advice. Many were extraordinarily generous with their time. Of course, they bear no responsibility for the interpretive and factual errors that remain in the final text. Fieldwork for the book was conducted by John Braithwaite with Peter Reddy in 2006, building on earlier fieldwork on Peter’s PhD on Bougainville (not included vii ReconciliationandArchitecturesofCommitment in the summary of the types of interviews listed in the Appendix; Reddy 2006) and by John Braithwaite with Leah Dunn and Hilary Charlesworth in two subsequent trips to Bougainville and Port Moresby in 2007. Peacekeepers and other international players were also interviewed in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu between 2005 and 2010. Our deepest thanks are to many Bougainvilleans and other Papua New Guineans on all sides of the conflict who generously gave their time and shared their insights, often on multiple occasions, in anonymous interviews. We thank the entire present and former staff of the Peace Foundation Melanesia, all of whom were particularly helpful in assisting us to meet key players, but special thanks to Clarence Dency and John Latu. Thanks also to the PNG Government, the Autonomous Bougainville Government, the Buka Open Campus of the University of Papua New Guinea (particularly Albert Nukuitu) and to the National Research Institute (particularly Jim Robins). We benefited from participation in the wonderful Melanesian research community in Australia and at The Australian National University. Particular thanks to two of John Braithwaite’s PhD students who worked on Bougainville theses, Kylie McKenna and Peter Reddy. We enjoyed many stimulating conversations with both of them. Peter is a co-author of this book because he participated in the first wave of data collection for a month in Bougainville, whereas Kylie was at an earlier stage of her work when the writing was substantially complete. We are grateful to Kylie for insights from her 2010 fieldwork in Bougainville, which was completed just before this book went to press. Among our many generous colleagues, we single out Anthony Regan as a mentor to us throughout this research process. We were fortunate that all three of our major fieldwork trips overlapped with periods when Anthony was in Bougainville. Many were the evenings after our fieldwork when Anthony was able to correct what we thought were great insights acquired in the course of the day. He was also a gracious and wise colleague back in Canberra and an admirable contributor to the peace in Bougainville. Anthony’s own most up- to-date contribution, Light Intervention: Lessons from Bougainville, will be published soon by the US Institute of Peace Press. We recommend it as the single most informative source on the past, present and future of the Bougainville peace process. John Braithwaite and Hilary Charlesworth The Australian National University June 2010 viii Advisory Panel for the Bougainville case of Peacebuilding Compared Dr Volker Boege, University of Queensland Dr Bob Breen, The Australian National University Anthony Regan, The Australian National University Dr Ruth Saovana-Spriggs, The Australian National University Professor Edward Wolfers, University of Wollongong ix Glossary ABG Autonomous Bougainville Government AusAID Australian Agency for International Development BCL Bougainville Copper Limited BIG Bougainville Interim Government BLF Buka Liberation Front BRA Bougainville Revolutionary Army BRF Bougainville Resistance Forces BTG Bougainville Transitional Government IMF International Monetary Fund NGO non-governmental organisation PMG Peace Monitoring Group PNG Papua New Guinea PNGDF Papua New Guinea Defence Force TMG Truce Monitoring Group UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNOMB United Nations Observer Mission Bougainville UNPOB United Nations Political Office Bougainville xi Map of Bougainville xiii 1. Peacebuilding Compared and the Bougainville conflict The story in brief Bougainville suffered a terrible civil war for a decade from 1988 that pitted separatist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) against the national military and police of Papua New Guinea. The fighting evolved to set Bougainville factions against one another in the worst killing. This book argues that peacebuilding in Bougainville was shaped by bottom-up traditional and Christian reconciliation practices and a carefully crafted top-down political settlement. These two processes operated in symbiotic fashion, each making space for, and reinforcing, the other. There are important lessons in how each was designed and how one was connected to the other. For the student of peacebuilding, there is much to learn from the genius of this symbiosis between a top-down architecture of credible commitment and bottom-up reconciliation. It has been a peace that has progressively become more resilient since 1998. The sequential sustaining of the peace has been patient—what Volker Boege (2006) has called
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Charles Lepani I
    Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies AN INITIATIVE OF THE WOODROW WILSON SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND THE BOBST CENTER FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies Series: Governance Traps Interview no.: P2 Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies Interviewee: Charles Lepani Interviewer: Matthew Devlin Date of Interview: 15 March 2009 Location: Canberra, Australia Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies Innovations for Successful Societies, Bobst Center for Peace and Justice Princeton University, 83 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties Use of this transcript is governed by ISS Terms of Use, available at www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties DEVLIN: Today is March 15th, 2010. We’re in Canberra, Australia, with His Excellency Charles Lepani, Papua New Guinea’s high commissioner to Australia. The high commissioner was one of Papua New Guinea’s top public servants during the years we’ll be discussing today and has a rather unique insight into both the political dynamics that shaped those events and the administrative aspects of the implementation of Papua New Guinea’s decentralization. Mr. High Commissioner, thank you for joining us. LEPANI: Thank you. DEVLIN: If you don’t mind, I’d like to begin by first asking you how you came to enter the public service, and what positions you held over the years of your governmental career. LEPANI: I started off as a trained trade unionist. After high school in Queensland, Australia, I spent two years at the University of Papua New Guinea in 1967-68.
    [Show full text]
  • Pol I T Ical Reviews ‡ Melanesia 491 Papua New Guinea
    pol i t ical reviews melanesia 491 $LUNR3DSXDKWWSZZZSDSXDEDUDWQHZV swaps in ministerial portfolios, the FRP replacement of two deputy prime min- Pembebasan PapuaKWWSSHPEHEDVDQ isters, and a constitutional blunder in SDSXDEORJVSRWFRP the reelection of the governor-general. In spite of the political rollercoaster, 3ROLWLN,QGRQHVLDKWWSZZZ .politikindonesia.com the Somare government successfully thwarted numerous attempts by the Presiden Republik Indonesia. Opposition to remove Sir Michael KWWSZZZSUHVLGHQULJRLG Somare as prime minister, thus making Radio Republik Indonesia. the government more confident than KWWSZZZUULFRLG ever to assert its grip on power until Rakyat Merdeka. Daily. Jakarta. Online at the national elections in 2012. It was KWWSZZZUDN\DWPHUGHNDFRLG also a year of legal battles and protests on controversial constitutional amend- 5HSXEOLNDFRLGKWWSZZZUHSXEOLND FRLG ments and environmental issues. The concerned public, landowner groups, Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. and nongovernmental organizations KWWSZZZVHWNDEJRLG have become a fortified mouthpiece of Suara Pembaruan. Daily. Jakarta. Online the people on issues of human rights, DWKWWSZZZVXDUDSHPEDUXDQFRP equality, environment, and the consti- Survival: The Movement for Tribal tutionality of amendments to laws that 3HRSOHVKWWSZZZVXUYLYDOLQWHUQDWLRQDO seem to favor politicians and multina- RUJ tional companies over people’s rights. Tabloid Jubi Online: An Alternative Media Unlike in previous years, these interest LQ7DQDK3DSXDKWWSWDEORLGMXELFRP groups showed the government
    [Show full text]
  • The Bougainville Bulletin Edition 11 2017
    Edition 11 - December 2017 Free copy, not for sale Our voice, Our image, Our place Email: [email protected] | us AutonomousBougainvilleGovernment | www.abg.gov.pg BOUGAINVILLE TO BE MAJOR BOUGAINVILLE ECONOMIC DECLARED PROJECTS UPDATE DEVELOPMENT WEAPONS-FREE Page 6 Page 10 Page 14 AROB-PNG Women unite leaders talk Women of Bougainville have met on the 16th anniversary of the signing of the Peace referendum Agreement to discuss unification and their leadership role in Bougainville’s future. he long deferred TJoint Supervisory Body (JSB) meeting between the Autonomous B o u g a i n v i l l e Government and the National Government has been scheduled for the 14-15 December. In a special parliament convened on 22 November President Chief Dr John Momis said some of the agendas are outstanding from previous JSB meetings, while others are focused on referendum preparations. A key issue for discussion will be the eputy Speaker • Discuss unification “In the early part of the recent formation of the DFrancesca Semoso, and solidarity to promote peace process you risked Bougainville R e f e r has brought Bougainville women’s empowerment and your lives going into the e n d u m Commission women together to discuss advance their participation jungles to persuade your and the urgency to their leadership role as in political processes. husbands, children and operationalize it. the region prepares for Ms Semoso said women relatives to put down “We need to appoint referendum. Held at should be educated about weapons and join the peace Commissioners, agree Parliament House, Speaker the roles of the parliament, process,” Hon Hamal said.
    [Show full text]
  • English/Publish/Download/Vrf/Pdf/492.Pdf
    GEF/E/C.59/01 November 11, 2020 59th GEF Council December 7-10, 2020 Virtual Meeting Agenda Item 09 EVALUATION OF GEF SUPPORT IN FRAGILE AND CONFLICT-AFFECTED SITUATIONS (Prepared by the Independent Evaluation Office of the GEF) Recommended Council Decision The Council, having reviewed document GEF/E/C.59/01, Evaluation of GEF Support in Fragile and Conflict- Affected Situations, and the Management Response, endorses the following recommendations: 1. The GEF Secretariat should use the project review process to provide feedback to Agencies to identify conflict and fragility-related risks to a proposed project and develop measures to mitigate those risks. 2. To improve conflict-sensitive programming while also providing flexibility to Agencies and projects, the GEF Secretariat could develop guidance for conflict-sensitive programming. 3. To improve conflict-sensitive design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of GEF projects, the GEF Secretariat together with the Agencies should leverage existing platforms for learning, exchange, and technical assistance. 4. The current GEF Environmental and Social Safeguards could be expanded to provide more details so that GEF projects address key conflict-sensitive considerations. 5. The GEF Secretariat could consider revising its policies and procedures so that GEF-supported projects can better adapt to rapid and substantial changes common in fragile and conflict-affected situations ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download a PDF of the Oil Search Presentation
    Sydney Mining Club | 6 June 2019 OIL SEARCH LIMITED | ARBN 055 079 868 | ASX: OSH | POMSoX: OSH | US ADR: OISHY www.oilsearch.com DISCLAIMER While every effort is made to provide accurate aNd complete iNformatioN, Oil Search Limited does Not warraNt that the iNformatioN iN this preseNtatioN is free from errors or omissioNs or is suitable for its inteNded use. Subject to aNy terms implied by law which caNNot be excluded, Oil Search Limited accepts no responsibility for any loss, damage, cost or expense (whether direct or indirect) incurred by you as a result of any error, omission or misrepresentation in information in this presentation. All informatioN in this preseNtatioN is subject to change without notice. This preseNtatioN also coNtaiNs forward-looking statemeNts which are subject to particular risks associated with the oil and gas industry. Oil Search Limited believes there are reasonable grounds for the expectatioNs oN which the statemeNts are based. However actual outcomes could differ materially due to a range of factors including oil and gas prices, demand for oil, currency fluctuations, drilling results, field performaNce, the timiNg of well work-overs and field development, reserves depletion, progress on gas commercialisation and fiscal and other government issues and approvals. Sydney Mining Club – 6 June, 2019 | PAGE 2 TALK OUTLINE OIL SEARCH – A NINETY YEAR JOURNEY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA OIL SEARCH 90 YEARS ON DRIVERS FOR GROWTH OVER THE LAST 25 YEARS THE PNG OPERATING ENVIRONMENT v Politics v BusiNess aNd social issues THE
    [Show full text]
  • Political Reviews
    Political Reviews The Region in Review: International Issues and Events, 2017 nic maclellan Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, 2017 volker boege, mathias chauchat, alumita durutalo, joseph daniel foukona, budi hernawan, michael leach, james stiefvater The Contemporary Pacic, Volume 30, Number 2, 461–547 © 2018 by University of Hawai‘i Press 461 Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, 2017 Vanuatu is not reviewed in this issue. As a consequence, disgruntled young Bougainvilleans brought the mine to a Bougainville standstill through acts of sabotage in In 2017, the Autonomous Region of late 1988. The GoPNG sent its police Bougainville in Papua New Guinea riot squads and later its military to the (PNG) entered its final and decisive island and declared a state of emer- stage of peacebuilding, with prepara- gency on Bougainville in June 1989. tions for a referendum on the future Opponents of the mine established political status of the region com- the Bougainville Revolutionary Army mencing in earnest. Peacebuilding on (bra), which took up the fight against Bougainville began in the late 1990s the PNG security forces. Fighting that after a decade-long violent conflict. started in central Bougainville soon During the conflict, Bougainvilleans spread across the whole island. The suffered from the collapse of basic bra adopted a secessionist stance and services such as health and education called for political independence for and the breakdown of infrastructure Bougainville. bra fighters managed and public administration. Out of the to overrun and shut down the mine almost 20,000 Bougainvilleans who at an early stage of the war, and it has lost their lives, only a minority were remained closed ever since.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges of Autonomy in Papua New Guinea's Autonomous Regioq of Bougainville
    Challenges of autonomy in Papua New Guinea's Autonomous RegioQ of Bougainville Edward P Wo!fers WITH THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT AND LEGISLATURE and the swearing-in of the Ministers of the Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG) in June 2005, peace-building in Bougainville entered a new phase. Bougainville has been officially renamed the 'Autonomous Region of Bougainville'. The ABG has replaced the ad hoc arrangements through which Bougainville factions whose leaders had signed the Bougainville Peace Agreement in 2001 had previously consulted and cooperated with each other and with the National Government of Papua New Guinea in making and building peace. Together, the ABG and the National Government now face the multiple challenges involved in establishing, operating and developing the agreed arrangements for Bougainville autonomy, and in making a difference to the lives of people in Bougainville through practical peace-building on the ground. However, even now (more than five years after the Bougainville Peace Agreement was signed, and over two years since the ABG took office), the Bougainville peace process is still incomplete. It does not include all of the people and area of Bougainville: the hard-core of the late Francis Ona's closest supporters around Panguna remains outside (with travel and communications made difficult by the road-block at Morgan Junction, outside Arawa); and The Journal of Pacific Studies, Volume 30, 2007, 1- 22 © 2007 by JPacS Editorial board (USP) 2 The Journal ofPadftc Studies, Volume 302007 communities around Tonu in Siwai, South Bougainville, have been cut off since late 2005 as a result of the presence and activities of Noah Musingku and others, including armed men, associated with the illegal U-Vistract pyramid 'fast-money' scheme.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legitimacy of Bougainville Secession from Papua New Guinea
    https://doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i1.4564.59-72 The Legitimacy of Bougainville Secession from Papua New Guinea Muhammad Sandy Ilmi Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Indonesia, [email protected] ABSTRACT What started as a movement to demand a distributive justice in mining revenue in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, the conflict turned into the struggle for secession. From 1970’s the demand for secession have been rife and despite early agreement for more autonomy and more mining revenue for the autonomous region, the demand never faded. Under Francis Ona’s Bougainville Revolutionary Army, the movement take a new heights. Bougainville Revolutionary Army took coercive measure to push the government to acknowledge their demands by taking over the mine at Panguna. Papua New Guinean government response was also combative and further exacerbate the issue. Papua New Guinean Defense Force involvement adding the issue of human rights into the discourse. This paper will seek to analyze the normative question surrounding the legitimacy of the right to secession in Bougainville Island. The protracted conflict has halted any form of development in the once the most prosperous province of Papua New Guinea and should Bougainville Island become independent, several challenges will be waiting for Bougainvilleans. Keywords: Bougainville secession; Papua New Guinea conflict; mining injustice; human rights violation ABSTRAK Berawal dari bentuk perlawanan untuk mencapai keadilan dalam pembagian keuntungan dari sektor pertambangan, kemudian berubah menjadi perjuangan untuk memisahkan diri dari Papua Nugini. Sejak 1970an, dukungan untuk pemisahan diri telah mendominasi diskursus politik di Bougainville dan walaupun perjanjian sempat tercapai, keinginan untuk pemisahan diri tidak pernah padam.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Years of Building Peace
    25 YEARS OF BUILDING PEACE Annual Review 2019 Conflict is difficult, complex and political. The world ABOUT urgently needs to find different ways to respond. Conciliation Resources is an international organisation CONCILIATION committed to stopping violent conflict and creating more peaceful societies. We work with people impacted by war RESOURCES and violence, bringing diverse voices together to make change that lasts. We connect the views of people on the ground with political processes, and share experience and expertise so others can find creative responses to conflict. We make peace possible. OUR VISION OUR VALUES Our vision is to transform the way the COLLABORATION world resolves violent conflict so that people work together to build peaceful We work in partnership to tackle and inclusive societies. violence, exclusion, injustice and inequality. OUR PURPOSE CREATIVITY Our purpose is to bring people together We are imaginative and resourceful to find creative and sustainable paths in how we influence change. to peace. CHALLENGE We are not afraid to face difficult conversations and defy convention. COMMITMENT We are dedicated and resilient in the long journey to lasting peace. 2 | CONCILIATION RESOURCES WELCOME I am proud to share Conciliation Resources’ 2019 Annual Review, which marks our 25th year. We started out with two second hand computers and a vision to support people working to bring peace to their war-torn societies. We have grown into an organisation of over 60 skilled and committed staff, with a network of more than 80 partners, that is integrated into a global community of peer organisations – people who every day make building better peace a reality.
    [Show full text]
  • LETTER from CANBERRA OM Canberraand Beyond
    LETTERSavingLETTERSaving you you time. time.LETTERSaving A A monthly monthly you time. newsletter newsletter A monthly distilling distilling newsletter public FROMpublicFROM distilling policy policy and andpublicFROM government government policy and decisions decisions government CANBERRACANBERRA which which decisions affect affect CANBERRA business businesswhich affect opportunities opportunities business in opportunitiesin Australia Australia and and in beyond. Australiabeyond. and beyond. LETTERSaving you time. A monthly newsletter distilling publicFROM policy and government decisions CANBERRA which affect business opportunities in Australia and beyond. 2323 JULY JULY to to 2313 13 JULYAugust August to 201013 2010 August Issue Issue 2010 No. No. 27: 27:Issue Campaign Campaign No. 27: EditionCampaign Edition Edition This week’s Morgan Polls suggest LetterLetter from from Canberra, Canberra,Letter established establishedfrom Canberra, 2008, 2008, established is is a asister sister publication 2008,publication is a sisterof of Leter Leter publication From From Melbourne, Melbourne, of Leter Fromestablished established Melbourne, 1994 1994 established 1994 ‘hung’ Parliament - Pages 9 - 12 OOUURR EXPECTATIONS EXPECTATIONSOUR EXPECTATIONS INSIINSIDDEE INSIDE EditorialEditorial by by Alistair AlistairEditorial Urquhart Urquhart by Alistair Urquhart PunchPunch and and counter counterPunch punch. andpunch. counter punch. WeWe have have raced raced to Weto get get have this this raced edition edition to to getto you you this at at editionthe the start start to of you of the the at last thelast week start week of of thethis this last five five week weekweek of federal thisfederal five election election week federalcampaign. campaign. election campaign. GillardGillard regains regainsGillard miner miner regains poll poll miner poll ThisThis edition edition could couldThis well well edition become become could something something well become of of a a keep-sake.something keep-sake.
    [Show full text]
  • ALL the QUEEN's AGENTS & CORPORATIONS the Queen's
    ALL THE QUEEN’S AGENTS & CORPORATIONS The Queen’s Prerogative English law prohibits questioning the Monarchy about their personal holdings and business. This is true of most of Europe’s royalty, whether enthroned or not. The wealth of the Monarchies is held outside of the countries that made the wealth. The British Crown’s offshore banks hold the greatest personal wealth in the world estimated at $35 trillion. Perhaps the British Crown still owns and controls its Commonwealth Nations, including the American “colonies.” Monarchies are not supposed to be warlord bankers who create conflict and chaos to turn a profit or destabilize an economy for personal gain. But they have been for some time now, and history is a string of immoral wars caused by monarchies, the Vatican and other religions. Untold millions have died while kings and popes lived on to grab the wealth through well-established institutions that were created to control the people of the Earth. The Commonwealth of Nations, headed by Queen Elizabeth II, is made up of 53 nations, spanning the globe, accounting for one-fifth of the land mass of the Earth, and a very high percentage of its strategic resources and population. The Queen is a Knight of Malta and has vowed allegiance to the Pope through the largest insider trading club on the planet. The British Crown Agents are, in fact, also agents of the Vatican’s Knights of Malta. The Queen is a Knight of Malta The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) took control of the power and wealth of the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon from within the Roman system.
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging Iran Australian and Canadian Relations with the Islamic Republic Engaging Iran Australian and Canadian Relations with the Islamic Republic
    Engaging Iran Australian and Canadian Relations with the Islamic Republic Engaging Iran Australian and Canadian Relations with the Islamic Republic Robert J. Bookmiller Gulf Research Center i_m(#ÆAk pA'v@uB Dubai, United Arab Emirates (_}A' !_g B/9lu( s{4'1q {xA' 1_{4 b|5 )smdA'c (uA'f'1_B%­'=¡(/ *_D |w@_> TBMFT!HSDBF¡CEudA'sGu( XXXHSDBFeCudC­'?B uG_GAE#­'c`}A' i_m(#ÆAk pA'v@uB9f1s{5 )smdA'c (uA'f'1_B%­'cAE/ i_m(#ÆAk pA'v@uBª E#'Gvp*E#'B!v,¢#'E#'1's{5%­''tDu{xC)/_9%_(n{wGL­i_m(#ÆAk pA'v@uAc8mBmA' , ¡dA'E#'c>EuA'&_{3A'B¢#'c}{3'(E#'c j{w*E#'cGuG{y*E#'c A"'E#'c CEudA%'eC_@c {3EE#'{4¢#_(9_,ud{3' i_m(#ÆAk pA'v@uBB`{wB¡}.0%'9{ymA'E/B`d{wA'¡>ismd{wd{3 *4#/b_dA{w{wdA'¡A_A'?uA' k pA'v@uBuCc,E9)1Eu{zA_(u`*­E @1_{xA'!'1"'9u`*1's{5%­''tD¡>)/1'==A'uA'f_,E i_m(#ÆA Gulf Research Center 187 Oud Metha Tower, 11th Floor, 303 Sheikh Rashid Road, P. O. Box 80758, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Tel.: +971 4 324 7770 Fax: +971 3 324 7771 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.grc.ae First published 2009 i_m(#ÆAk pA'v@uB Gulf Research Center (_}A' !_g B/9lu( Dubai, United Arab Emirates s{4'1q {xA' 1_{4 b|5 )smdA'c (uA'f'1_B%­'=¡(/ © Gulf Research Center 2009 *_D All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in |w@_> a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, TBMFT!HSDBF¡CEudA'sGu( XXXHSDBFeCudC­'?B mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Gulf Research Center.
    [Show full text]