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Translation and Cultural Change <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Translation and Cultural Change: Studies in history, norms and image-projection"SUBJECT "Benjamins Translation Library, Volume 61"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "240"WIDTH "160"VOFFSET "4"> Translation and Cultural Change Benjamins Translation Library The Benjamins Translation Library aims to stimulate research and training in translation and interpreting studies. The Library provides a forum for a variety of approaches (which may sometimes be conflicting) in a socio-cultural, historical, theoretical, applied and pedagogical context. The Library includes scholarly works, reference works, post-graduate text books and readers in the English language. EST Subseries The European Society for Translation Studies (EST) Subseries is a publication channel within the Library to optimize EST’s function as a forum for the translation and interpreting research community. It promotes new trends in research, gives more visibility to young scholars’ work, publicizes new research methods, makes available documents from EST, and reissues classical works in translation studies which do not exist in English or which are now out of print. General editor Associate editor Gideon Toury Miriam Shlesinger Tel Aviv University Bar Ilan University Advisory board Marilyn Gaddis Rose Alet Kruger Mary Snell-Hornby Binghamton University UNISA University of Vienna Yves Gambier José Lambert Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit Turku University Catholic University of Leuven University of Joensuu Daniel Gile Franz Pöchhacker Lawrence Venuti Université Lumière Lyon 2 University of Vienna Temple University Ulrich Heid Rosa Rabadán Wolfram Wilss University of Stuttgart University of León University of Saarbrücken W. John Hutchins Roda Roberts Judith Woodsworth University of East Anglia University of Ottawa Mt. Saint Vincent University Halifax Zuzana Jettmarová Juan C. Sager Sue Ellen Wright Charles University of Prague UMIST Manchester Kent State University Werner Koller Bergen University Volume 61 Translation and Cultural Change: Studies in history, norms and image-projection Edited by Eva Hung Translation and Cultural Change Studies in history, norms and image-projection Edited by Eva Hung The Chinese University of Hong Kong John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Translation and Cultural Change : Studies in history, norms and image-projection / edited by Eva Hung. p. cm. (Benjamins Translation Library, issn 0929–7316 ; v. 61) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Translating and interpreting. 2. Language and culture. 3. Social change. P306.2.T7359 2005 418’.02--dc22 2004062772 isbn 90 272 1667 3 (Eur.) / 1 58811 627 1 (US) (Hb; alk. paper) © 2005 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Contents Editor’s preface vii Notes on contributors xiii Translation as an agent for change Enhancing cultural changes by means of fictitious translations 3 Gideon Toury Translation and cultural transformation: Thecase of the Afrikaans bible translations 19 Jacobus A. Naudé Cultural borderlands in China’s translation history 43 Eva Hung Cultural perception and translation Translating China to the American Sout h: Baptist missionaries and Imperial China, 1845–1911 65 Ray Granade and Tom Greer Translating the concept of “identity” 9 Eva Richter and Bailin Song Translation and national cultures: A case study in theatrical translation Alain Piette TheJapanese experience Thereconceptionization of translation from Chinese in 18th-century Japan 9 Judy Wakabayashi Translationese in Japan 47 Yuri Furuno vi Contents The selection of texts for translation in postwar Japan: An examination of one aspect of polysystem theory 6 Noriko Matsunaga-W atson Case studies from China Translation in transition: Variables and invariables 75 Lin Wusun On annotation in translation 83 Han Jiaming Index 9 Editor’s preface Translation and interpreting as human activities may be as old as human civ- ilization, but these activities did not come under the purvey of intellectual in- vestigation or systematic research until the second half of the 20th century. Granted, translation has always had an academic role in the teaching of lan- guages: from the old Latin classes in European schools to the learning of Eng- lish in present-day China. But this role only served to create the impression of translation as a rudimentary tool for the unpolished learner. It concen- trated attention on fragments of texts as linear sequences of units which can be switched into another language without reference to contexts and purpose. At the other end of the scale, we have religious translation work which pen- etrated the lives of ordinary people and should have aroused more awareness of inter-lingual activities. But the nature of religious translation itself called for the downplaying or obliteration of the translators’ existence to facilitate the il- lusion that the Almighty and the prophets speak directly to the faithful. Thus, despite the frequent contact people had with translation work through religion, they were not always aware it. Given this background, it was only natural that translation was thought of, if at all, as a secondary and rather lowly pursuit. Nor does it surprise us that in the early days when translation aroused certain intellectual interest it was sub- sumed under applied linguistics, and that until the 1970s the theoretical explo- rations were all along the lines of linguistic theories. One of the main concerns was to establish the exact mechanism of linguistic transcoding/transference so that the task of translating could be both understood and carried out smoothly and flawlessly. The belief that understanding the process of translation would lead to the unveiling of the secrets of ‘the translator’s black box’ (i.e. her mind) is still with us as part of the process-oriented approach in translation and inter- preting research. This belief assumes that if the precise process and procedures can be mapped, analyzed and replicated, then trainees need only be taught how to replicate this process for them to become fully competent translators and interpreters. Even more importantly, perhaps, precisely replicable processes will facilitate the development of programmes for computer translation which will produce texts that are qualitatively comparable to those done by the best human translators, but at much quicker speed and less cost. viii Preface The research orientations described above are grounded in the practical needs of translation and interpreting as a job to be done, and the focus, perhaps naturally, is on how the job should be accomplished. But history tells us that translation played a part in the development of all cultures. In the cases where translated works had an impact on their host cultures, that impact was not de- pendent so much on how the work was done as on how they were conceived prior to the translation act and how they were received after it. Moreover, histor- ical cases also show us repeatedly that the idealized concept of a ‘good transla- tion’ (one that conveys the contents of the original without omission, addition, or deviation, and in a style which a bilingual person would find appropriately reminiscent of the original’s) bears no direct relationship to the impact a trans- lation has on its host culture. After all, translations which had such cultural im- pact were used by people who were not bilingual, and who were much more interested in how the work fit into their own agenda than how it functioned in its original culture. The awareness of such phenomena aroused our intellectual curiosity to explore and explain them, and in that lay the seed of the discipline now called Translation Studies. In terms of the development of translation as an intellectual discipline, a de- marcation line was drawn by James Holmes in 1972 with his mapping of the dis- cipline and his proposal of its name.¹ This led to a rapid expansion of our lines of enquiry from the text-oriented (often source-text oriented) to a multitude of foci, and to the development of new theories based on socio-cultural, rather than linguistic, considerations. In the last quarter century, skopos theory, pol- ysystems, and the descriptive investigation of translation norms have become standard points of reference for the translation researcher in many parts of the world. The new thinking drew inspiration from such disciplines as communica- tion theory, comparative literature and literary theories, anthropology, history and, most recently, gender studies and cultural studies. The new emphasis is on context rather than text. However, one context which rarely comes under investigation is how the ac- ademic enquiries now called Translation Studies are themselves subject to the cultural environment and social structures that govern them in different coun- tries and regions of the world. For example, a country with a strong tradition of written literature would be naturally predisposed to place literary translation in a central position, this despite the fact the most
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