Classification and Naming Taxonomy: Classification and naming of organisms. Classification and Naming A very necessary discipline in biology. of “Those who spend their time putting living things into Plants and Especially Fungi pigeonholes, a low but necessary form of scientific endeavor" Christensen (1961)
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Knowledge is Iron Knowledge is important in important in our daily lives: our daily lives: Nails Golf clubs Driver
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Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Knowledge is important in Knowledge is important in our daily lives: our daily lives: Tires Eating utensils Dessert Relish Salad Mud & Snow Dinner High Performance Cold Cuts Serving All Season
1 Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Thus, concept of taxonomy Common names are not used in biological research. important. Scientific name of organism: Why? Consist of two parts, genus Plantago and specific epithet, e.g. major homo sapien. Binomial Each species has only one valid scientific name.
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Common names are not Common names are not used in biological research. used in biological research. Plantago major Misleading 45 common names in English “Spanish Moss” common 11 common names in French name for Ramalina 75 common names in Dutch menziesii and Tillandsia usneoides. 106 common names in German
Ramalina menziesii, is a lichen Tillandsia usneioides is a flowering plant
2 Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Common names are not used Common name utilized by in biological research. laypeople. Misleading First names used to identify Neither species is plants. “Spanish” nor a “moss”. Taxonomy began as a necessity during Paleolithic (Stone) Age: Poison vs edible plants Psychoactive plants?
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming With the beginning of Theophrastus (3rd Century agriculture, civilization began. B.C.): Earliest known attempt Common names used locally. at classifying plants, scientifically. Classified 500 Differed from community to species of plants. community. Reason for large number of Classified according to trees, common names. shrubs and herbs, and flower and leaf characteristics.
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Dioscorides (1st Century A.D.): Greek physicians. Dark (Middle) Ages Wrote De Materia Medica. Authority and Revelation Described and illustrated prevailed in Western 600 species of plants. cultures. Between 200-1200 Little original science or became sole source of observations occurred during medicinal information. this period. Repeatedly copied and Ancient works were translated - herbals repeatedly copied.
3 Classification and Naming Classification and Naming During 15th-17th Century During 15th-17th Century proliferation of knowledge proliferation of knowledge began. began. Printing press. Phrase names for plants. Invention of Microscope Binomial name began with and telescope. Gaspar Bauhin, 1623, in Old knowledge questioned. Pinax theatri botanici. Age of herbalist. Concept of genus by Tournefort in 1700.
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming During 15th-17th Century During 15th-17th Century proliferation of knowledge proliferation of knowledge began. began. Modification of phrase Example of genus-phrase names. name: Genus followed by short Spearmint Plant was Latin description (12 words referred to as: Mentha or less). floribus spicatis, foliis oblongis serratis. Not practical!
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming During 15th-17th Century During 15th-17th Century proliferation of knowledge proliferation of knowledge began. began. Example of genus-phrase Linnean period name: Such advancements in Before entire name was botany set stage for Latin phrase name. Linnaeus.
4 Classification and Naming Linnaeus’ contributions
1753 published Species MENTHA. spicata. 2. MENTHA floribus spicatis, foliis oblongis serratis. Plantarum. Hort. ups. 168. Mentha sylvestris, longioribus nigrioribus & minus in- Actually used genus- canis foliis. Baub. Pin. 227. piperata. 4. MENTHA floribus capitatis, foliis lanceolatis serratis phrase name. subpetiolatis. Mentha spicis brevioribus & habitoribus, foliis menthae In margin, next to suscae, sapore servido piperis. Raj. angl. 3. p. 234 t. 10. f. 2. corner = “short cut”. Habitat in Anglia.
Classification and Naming Linnaeus wrote on sexuality of plants: Linnaeus’ contributions 1753 published Species "The actual petals of a flower Plantarum. contribute nothing to generation, serving only as the bridal bed which Contemporaries followed the great Creator has so gloriously Linnaeus! Why? prepared, adorned with such precious bedcurtains, and perfumed with so Well known botanist. many sweet scents in order that the Popularized botany with bridegroom and bride may therein celebrate their nuptuals with the SEX! greater solemnity."
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Linnaeus’ contributions Linnaeus’ contributions Wrote in metaphorical terms: Critics of Linnaeus’ writings: “Five husbands in the “Loathsome harlotry as same marriage". several males with one "husbands live with wives female would not be and concubines“ permitted in the “Equal polygamy consists vegetable kingdom by the of many marriages with Creator!" promiscuous intercourse”
5 Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Linnaeus’ contributions Linnaeus’ contributions Critics of Linnaeus’ writings: Critics of Linnaeus’ writings: "Who would have thought "A literal translation of that bluebells and lilies the first principles of and onions could be up to Linnaean botany is such immorality? How enough to shock female could so licentious a modesty.” method be taught to the young without offense?"
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Today, all species names International Code of Botanical follow Linnaeus’ binomial Nomenclature (ICBN). First system. meeting in 1867. Some examples of proper Meets every seven years, species citation: during Botanical Congress. Name of author placed after Naming and changing of species, Mentha spicatis L. names of plants. Change in genus, Agaricus What names valid. bisporus (Lange) Imbach.
Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Example of rules: Priority of Example of rules: Priority of names, i.e., If more than one names, i.e., If more than one scientific name for species, scientific name for species, which is valid? which is valid? If in Species Plantarum, will Christian Hendrick Persoon, be earliest name valid. 1801, Synopsis Methodica Elias Fries, 1821, Systema Fungorum, for rusts and Mycologicum for most fungi, smuts. especially fleshy fungi.
6 Classification and Naming Classification and Naming Use of Latin! Linnaeus’ contributions Used extensively in Made possible the taxonomy, e.g. new species identification of unknown described in Latin, names plants: are in Latin or latinized. Divided plants into 24 Why? classes, based on floral Originally for ease of parts. communication. Dead language.
Classification and Naming How Does Hierarchy Work? Linnaeus’ contributions Made possible the identification of unknown plants: Criticism against system was not “natural”, i.e. did not classify related plants, in same group. Lead to hierarchy of Chlorophyllum molybdites Massee classification.
Classification Hierarchy Classification Hierarchy Kingdom Kingdom: Fungi Phylum Phylum: Basidiomycota Class Class: Hymenomycetes Order Order: Agaricales speciesspecies namename == Family Family: Lepiotaceae scientificscientific namename Genus Genus: Chlorophyllum Species Species: Chlorophyllum molybdites MostMost inclusiveinclusive • Chlorophyllum molybdites Massee. “King Philip came out from • Chlorophyllum molybdites Massee. “King Philip came out from Massee is author of species Greece,Greece, singing.”singing.”
7 Classification Hierarchy Development of Hierarchy Traditionally, two kingdoms Analogous to your address: recognized: Plant and George Wong Animal 1390 Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822 96822 (Kingdom), HI (Phylum), Honolulu (Order), 1390 Maile Way (Family), George (Genus), George Wong (Species).
Development of Hierarchy Development of Hierarchy Simple dichotomy: Not so simple: Plants lacked mobility, Most microscopic do not consume food. organisms do not fit Cell wall. these categories Animals could move and For example, Euglena eat their food. No cell wall. Still used!
Development of Hierarchy Additional Kingdoms Attempts to remedy Three “biological” kingdoms: problem: John Hogg (1860) Proposed Additional kingdoms the kingdom Protoctista to proposed. include unicellular and multicellular organisms, e.g. algae, protozoans, etc. His other kingdoms were Plant, Animal and Minerals, after Linnaeus.
8 Additional Kingdoms Additional Kingdoms Also three Haeckel: kingdoms was: Proposed kingdoms: Ernst Haeckel Protista included 1866 Proposed protozoans, microscopic the kingdom algae, bacteria, slime molds Protista to and sponges. accommodate Plantae included kelps and plant-animal fungi. intermediates. Animalia include infusoria.
Additional Kingdoms Additional Kingdoms Haeckel: Haeckel: Revised kingdoms in 1894: Protista, a boundary kingom, Protista: Lacked sexual between plants and animals. reproduction. Cyanobacteria Plants and animals derived and fungi moved from Plant from bacteria. Kingdom. Plantae: Moved colonial algae from Protista. Animalia: Blastula stage during embryo development.
Additional Kingdoms Additional Kingdoms Four kingdoms: Four Kingdoms: Herbert Copeland (1938) Copeland’s Kingdoms: added kingdom Monera. Monera: Included bacteria Renamed Protista to and blue green algae. Nucleus absent. Protocista (eukaryotes that are not plants or animals. Plantae: Presence of chlorophyll a + b, Delimitation of kingdoms carotene, xanthophyll and more precise. starch as storage. Included Chlorophyta!
9 Additional Kingdoms Additional Kingdoms Modern Era of Classification Five kingdoms: Copeland’s Kingdoms: Robert Whitaker (1969) Animalia: Development of recognized five kingdoms, blastula stage during including Mycetae (=Fungi). embryo stage. Protista, initially included Protoctista: Remaining only unicellular organisms. organisms left over, Plants, animals and fungi including fungi, other classified according to mode algae, protozoans, etc. of nutrition.
Additional Kingdoms Additional Kingdoms Five kingdoms Five kingdoms Whitaker (1969) Whitaker’s system presently Plantae Mycetae Animalia used in most text books. But for how long? Photosynthesis Ingestion Absorption Protista Monera
Proposal of Additional Proposal of Additional Kingdoms Kingdoms
10 Curtis Gates Lloyd A few words: Despised formal Curtis Gates nomenclature associated Lloyd with correct citation of species names. Did not agree with placement of authors after species names.
Curtis Gates Lloyd Curtis Gates Lloyd A few words: A few words: Independently wealthy and Professor M.J. McGinty, published his own journal: Pumkinville Polymorphic Mycological Notes. Institute, Lycoperdon In his journal he often made anthropomorphous . fun of “name jugglers”. Never married, lived in his Described a number of new museum and never owned a species and found he had to house. juggle names.
Curtis Gates Lloyd The True “Fungi” A few words: Phylum: Eccentric to the very end. Chytridiomycota Four years before he died. Zygomycota Lloyd erected monument to Ascomycota himself: Basidiomycota Deuteromycota
11 Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Chytrids Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a parasite on Aquatic, with flagellated amphibians. stages, i.e. they can swim. Threatens many species to Some soil inhabiting. extinction. Some are parasites.
ca 1000 species
Zygomycota Zygospore Zygote Fungi Zygospores borne during sexual reproduction. Soil inhabiting fungi. Some are parasites and can grow on stored food. Zygospores ca 600 species Suspensor
Zygomycota Ascomycota Sac Fungi (Morels and Truffles). Asexual “Body” is yeast and/or mycelium. spores borne Decomposers and pathogens in sporangia. Yeast needed in making beer. Knowledge known for more than 6000 years. Yeast needed in making wine. Knowledge known for more than 8000 years.
ca 30,000 species
12 Ascomycota Truffles
Yeast cells reproducing:
Sexual truffletruffle hunterhunter spores: withwith truffletruffle pigpig Ascus trufflestruffles costcost upup Ascospores toto $800/lb!$800/lb!
Fruiting Bodies Ergot of Rye
Composed of mycelium
Ergot
Basidiomycota “Mushrooms” Club fungi (mushrooms) Sexual spores basidiospores borne on basidium. Used as food. Some cause plant diseases.
ca 25,000 species
13 “Mushrooms” Basidium and Basidiospores
Basidiospores
Basidium
Deuteromycota Some Examples
Imperfect Fungi Penicillium source of penicillin. Sexual reproduction unknown in this group. Because sexual reproduction is unknown, these often unrelated to one another.
Some Examples Some Examples Helminthosporium maydis Botrytis cinerea: Cause of Cause of corn epidemic in 1970. “Noble Rot”.
14 “fungi” Oomycota Phylum: Water molds e.g. downy Oomycota mildew, Myxomycota potato blight Related to “brown” algae no “septa” Swimming spores Decomposers & parasites ca 475 species
Downy Mildew of Grapes Late Blight of Potato
Myxomycota Phagocytosis “Slimemolds” Amoebae & Spores produced & germinate Plasmodia giving rise to amoebae. Plasmodium: Moving “slime” Sporangium mass. Acellular body, one giant, multinucleate cell.
ca 1000 species Spore germination ca 1000 species Plasmodium
15 Various Slime Mold Sporangia
Various Slime Mold Sporangia
Time Magazine: The Blob
Inspired “The Blob” & Remake
1973 yellow crawling object seen in suburb of Dallas, Texas.
Time Magazine: The Blob It was “big as a platter, foamy, creamy & pale yellow”. Tried killing it with detergents, insecticides & nicotine. Police & National Guard alerted. Russian first strike! Extraterrestrial?
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