Classification and Naming of Plants

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Classification and Naming of Plants ® EXTENSION Know how. Know now. EC1272 Classification and Naming of Plants Anne M. Streich, Associate Professor of Practice Kim A. Todd, Extension Landscape Specialist Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United States Department of Agriculture. University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the United States Department of Agriculture. © 2014, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension. All rights reserved. Classification and Naming of Plants Anne M. Streich, Associate Professor of Practice Kim A. Todd, Extension Landscape Specialist Classifying organisms based on similarities helps provide order to the thousands of living organisms on earth. By understanding the classifica- tion system, gardeners and profes- sional landscape managers can make appropriate decisions for propagat- ing, controlling, or managing land- scape plants. Properly naming plants through careful classification allows professionals and gardeners to eas- a b ily communicate with each other and with others across the world without Figure 1. Common names are frequently used when talking about plants. being confused by common names Unfortunately, confusion occurs when multiple common names are used (Figure 1). for the same plant or a common name is used for more than one plant. Geranium is a common example. Most people think of the well-known Classification of Plants annual (Pelargonium X hortum) that often has large clusters of red, pink or white flowers as geranium (a). But Geranium is also the genus for a lesser-known perennial which has smaller, single flowers in shades of Taxonomy is the science of iden- pink and purple and different foliage characteristics (b). Using scientific tifying, classifying, and naming organ- names eliminates the potential confusion that occurs when communicat- isms. In 1735, Carl Linnaeus created a ing about plants. hierarchical classification system that places all organisms into successively smaller groups that assume organisms and specific epithet, which together continues to evolve. Plants are occa- within a specific group resemble one define the species. Before the binomial sionally moved from one classifica- another more than organisms within system was adopted, plants could have tion to another or names are slightly a different group. His system classified very long scientific names that could changed to reflect new knowledge. plants based on sexual reproductive be easily changed. With the binomial These changes can be observed in text- parts. Other plant classification systems system, there can be several common books. used different morphological charac- names for a single plant, but there is teristics, such as leaf and stem qualities, only one official scientific Latin name. to classify plants. Linnaeus’ basic clas- The scientific binomial naming system Kingdoms sification method is still used today. The is governed by the International Code classification system groups, in order of Nomenclature. from largest to smallest, are kingdom, Kingdom is the broadest divi- phylum or division, class, order, family, Systematics is an emerging sci- sion of organisms. Linnaeus originally genus, and species (Figure 2). ence that uses today’s technology to divided all organisms into two king- classify plants based on evolutionary doms — the Plant Kingdom and the Linnaeus also described a bino- relationships that can be identified Animal Kingdom. With new knowl- mial naming system. All organisms through molecular sciences. With this edge and discovery, this classification were given two names — the genus new technology, plant classification system was expanded to five kingdoms © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. All rights reserved. 3 in the 1900s, and more recently into six kingdoms. Organisms are differen- tiated into kingdoms based on various characteristics including the number Species ~ 300,00 of cells (one to multicellular), cell type (complex or simple), presence or absence of cell walls and/or organelles, Genus ~ 16,167 and the ability to make their own food. The six kingdoms recognized today are described below. Family ~ 620 • Plant Kingdom. Plants are mul- ticellular, have complex cell walls, are primarily immotile, and make Order their own food. Organisms that make their own food are called au- totrophs. More information about the processes plants use to create Class food can be found in EC1268, Plant Growth Processes: Transpira- tion, Photosynthesis, and Respira- tion. Without plants, life on earth Division would not exist. Humans and other heterotrophs (organisms that cannot use atmospheric CO2 to create complex organic mole- Plant Kingdom cules) rely on plants for their food. The plant kingdom is the second Figure 2. Plant kingdom contains all the known plants, approximately largest kingdom and contains 300,000 plant species. As plants are classified into divisions, classes, an estimated 300,000 plant spe- orders, families, and genera more specific groupings of plants are cies. Within the plant kingdom, found until each plant is specifically named. plants are further categorized into non-vascular and vascular plants. Non-vascular plants do not con- tain water-conducting tissues or landscapes are beneficial because considered delicacies. For more true roots, leaves, or stems. Plants of their pollination or preda- detailed information about plant with non-vascular systems include tory activities. For more detailed diseases, see EC1273, Introduction mosses and liverworts. Vascular information about insect classifi- to Plant Diseases. plant systems contain water and cation see EC1588, Introduction to nutrient conducting tissues called Entomology. EC1260, Landscape • Protista Kingdom. Most Protista xylem and phloem. Vascular plants Diagnostic Guide for Problems are unicellular, complex cells that have true roots, stems, and leaves Affecting Woody Ornamentals and acquire nutrients through pho- (Figure 3). Herbaceous Perennials provides tosynthesis or by eating other information on signs and symp- organisms. This kingdom includes • Animal Kingdom. Animals are toms of common vertebrate pests a variety of microscopic organ- multicellular, consist of complex in home landscapes. isms that vary quite a bit from one cells, and rely on plants for their another, unlike organisms in the food. The animal kingdom is the • Fungi Kingdom. Fungi are pri- other five kingdoms. Slime molds largest kingdom. It has more than marily multicellular, complex and algae are in the Protista king- a million species, with more than cells, but they do not make their dom. three-fourths of all species being own food. They usually obtain arthropods (primarily insects). In food from decaying organisms. • Eubacteria Kingdom. Eubacteria landscapes, wildlife and insects Fungi are often the causal agent are complex, unicellular organ- are the primary animals of inter- of many plant diseases. However, isms. Most bacteria are in this est, and many insects found in many fungi, including morels, are kingdom. Bacteria have various 4 © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. All rights reserved. Plant Kingdom b Non-vascular Plants Vascular Plants No root, stem Structures look Spore Producer Seed Producer or leaf-like like root, stem, Ferns structures or leaf Flowers No Flowers Algae Moss Angiosperms Gymnosperms One Seed Leaf Two Seed Leaves Monocot Dicot Figure 3. All members of the plant kingdom can be classified based on their morphological differences. Some biologists classify algae in the Protista kingdom, while other plant biologists would classify them as the sim- plest member of the plant kingdom. cultivar , hybrid, and authority nota- monocotyledons or dicotyledons functions, including being causal tions. (Figure 4). agents for some plant diseases, biological control agents for some • Plant Division. Plant divisions ■ Monocotyledons (monocots) pests, nitrogen fixers in some classify plants based on whether include grasses, iris, lilies, or- plant species (legumes), and serv- they reproduce by spores or seeds. chids, and yuccas. Distinguish- ing as the primary organic matter Spore-bearing plants include ing characteristics include one decomposers in the soil. Bacteria ferns, club mosses, and horsetail. seed leaf, a vascular system in can live in environments that have Seed-bearing plants are divided paired bundles throughout the (aerobic) or lack (anaerobic) oxy- into gymnosperms and angio- stem, floral parts in multiples gen for respiration. sperms. of three, and parallel leaf veins. Meristematic regions, areas of • Archaea Kingdom. Archaea are ■ Gymnosperms are non- plant growth, are low in the unicellular organisms found in flowering plants that produce plant until vegetative growth extreme environments, such as naked seeds. Cycads, ginkgo, changes to reproductive very hot springs or highly acidic and conifers, such as pines growth. or alkaline waters. Archaea is and spruce, are examples of the last kingdom discovered and gymnosperms. There are 700 ■ Dicotyledons (dicots) have new knowledge about where estimated gymnosperm species distinguishing characteristics these organisms live is still being in existence today. including two seed leaves, discovered. vascular systems arranged in ■ Angiosperms are flowering continuous rings around the plants that have their seeds inside of the stem,
Recommended publications
  • Glossary - Cellbiology
    1 Glossary - Cellbiology Blotting: (Blot Analysis) Widely used biochemical technique for detecting the presence of specific macromolecules (proteins, mRNAs, or DNA sequences) in a mixture. A sample first is separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel usually under denaturing conditions; the separated components are transferred (blotting) to a nitrocellulose sheet, which is exposed to a radiolabeled molecule that specifically binds to the macromolecule of interest, and then subjected to autoradiography. Northern B.: mRNAs are detected with a complementary DNA; Southern B.: DNA restriction fragments are detected with complementary nucleotide sequences; Western B.: Proteins are detected by specific antibodies. Cell: The fundamental unit of living organisms. Cells are bounded by a lipid-containing plasma membrane, containing the central nucleus, and the cytoplasm. Cells are generally capable of independent reproduction. More complex cells like Eukaryotes have various compartments (organelles) where special tasks essential for the survival of the cell take place. Cytoplasm: Viscous contents of a cell that are contained within the plasma membrane but, in eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus. The part of the cytoplasm not contained in any organelle is called the Cytosol. Cytoskeleton: (Gk. ) Three dimensional network of fibrous elements, allowing precisely regulated movements of cell parts, transport organelles, and help to maintain a cell’s shape. • Actin filament: (Microfilaments) Ubiquitous eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins (one end is attached to the cell-cortex) of two “twisted“ actin monomers; are important in the structural support and movement of cells. Each actin filament (F-actin) consists of two strands of globular subunits (G-Actin) wrapped around each other to form a polarized unit (high ionic cytoplasm lead to the formation of AF, whereas low ion-concentration disassembles AF).
    [Show full text]
  • Liliaceae S.L. (Lily Family)
    Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Ben Legler Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Lilium columbianum Xerophyllum tenax Trillium ovatum Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Fritillaria lanceolata Ref.1 Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Erythronium americanum Allium vineale Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Herbs; Ref.2 Stems often modified as underground rhizomes, corms, or bulbs; Flowers actinomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals, 6 stamens, 3 carpels, ovary superior (or inferior). Tulipa gesneriana Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) “Liliaceae” s.l. (sensu lato: “in the broad sense”) - Lily family; 288 genera/4950 species, including Lilium, Allium, Trillium, Tulipa; This family is treated in a very broad sense in this class, as in the Flora of the Pacific Northwest. The “Liliaceae” s.l. taught in this class is not monophyletic. It is apparent now that the family should be treated in a narrower sense and some of the members should form their own families. Judd et al. recognize 15+ families: Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amarylidaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Dracaenaceae (Nolinaceae), Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Ruscaceae, Smilacaceae, Themidaceae, Trilliaceae, Uvulariaceae and more!!! (see web reading “Consider the Lilies”) Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Sisyrinchium douglasii Sisyrinchium sp. Iridaceae (Iris family) Iridaceae - 78 genera/1750 species, Including Iris, Gladiolus, Sisyrinchium. Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial; Underground stems as rhizomes, bulbs, or corms; Leaves alternate, 2-ranked and equitant Ref.3 (oriented edgewise to the stem; Gladiolus italicus Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals; Stamens 3; Ovary of 3 fused carpels, inferior.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Assay Replicate
    Algae Analysis Report and Data Set Customer ID: 000 Tracking Code: 200014-000 Sample ID: Rapid Assay Replicate: . Customer ID: 000 Sample Date: 4/30/2020 Sample Level: Epi Job ID: 1 Station: Sample Station Sample Depth: 0 System Name: Sample Lake Site: Sample Site Preservative: Glutaraldehyde Report Notes: Sample Report Note Division: Bacillariophyta Taxa ID Genus Species Subspecies Variety Form Morph Structure Relative Concentration 1109 Diatoma tenuis . Vegetative 1.00 1000936 Lindavia intermedia . Vegetative 18.00 9123 Nitzschia palea . Vegetative 1.00 1293 Stephanodiscus niagarae . Vegetative 2.00 Summary for Division ~ Bacillariophyta (4 detail records) Sum Total Bacillariophyta 22.00 Division: Chlorophyta Taxa ID Genus Species Subspecies Variety Form Morph Structure Relative Concentration 2683 *Chlorococcaceae spp . 2-9.9 um Vegetative 1.00 spherical 2491 Schroederia judayi . Vegetative 25.00 Summary for Division ~ Chlorophyta (2 detail records) Sum Total Chlorophyta 26.00 = Identification is Uncertain 200014-000 Monday, January 18, 2021 * = Family Level Identification Phytoplankton - Rapid Assay Page 2 of 13 Division: Cryptophyta Taxa ID Genus Species Subspecies Variety Form Morph Structure Relative Concentration 3015 Cryptomonas erosa . Vegetative 15.00 3043 Rhodomonas minuta . nannoplanctica . Vegetative 2.00 Summary for Division ~ Cryptophyta (2 detail records) Sum Total Cryptophyta 17.00 Division: Cyanophyta Taxa ID Genus Species Subspecies Variety Form Morph Structure Relative Concentration 4041 Aphanizomenon flos-aquae .
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Glossary for AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
    Biology Glossary amino acids small molecules from which proteins are A built abiotic factor physical or non-living conditions amylase a digestive enzyme (carbohydrase) that that affect the distribution of a population in an breaks down starch ecosystem, such as light, temperature, soil pH anaerobic respiration respiration without using absorption the process by which soluble products oxygen of digestion move into the blood from the small intestine antibacterial chemicals chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount abstinence method of contraception whereby the produced will increase if the plant is under attack couple refrains from intercourse, particularly when an egg might be in the oviduct antibiotic e.g. penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill bacterial pathogens accommodation ability of the eyes to change focus antibody protein normally present in the body acid rain rain water which is made more acidic by or produced in response to an antigen, which it pollutant gases neutralises, thus producing an immune response active site the place on an enzyme where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasing substrate molecule binds problem in the twenty-first century whereby active transport in active transport, cells use energy bacteria have evolved to develop resistance against to transport substances through cell membranes antibiotics due to their overuse against a concentration gradient antiretroviral drugs drugs used to treat HIV adaptation features that organisms have to help infections; they
    [Show full text]
  • 8 April 2021 Mr. Jon Kurland Assistant
    8 April 2021 Mr. Jon Kurland Assistant Regional Administrator Protected Resources Division, Alaska Region National Marine Fisheries Service P.O. Box 21668 Juneau, Alaska 99082-1668 Dear Mr. Kurland: The Marine Mammal Commission (the Commission), in consultation with its Committee of Scientific Advisors on Marine Mammals, has reviewed the National Marine Fisheries Service’s (NMFS) 8 January 2021 Federal Register notice (86 Fed. Reg. 1452) revising its proposed designation of critical habitat for Arctic ringed seals (Phoca hispida hispida)1 and reopening the comment period on that proposal. The Commission offers the following comments and recommendations. Background On 28 December 2012, NMFS published a final rule listing the Arctic ringed seal as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (77 Fed. Reg. 76706) and requesting information on physical and biological features essential to the conservation of Arctic ringed seals and on economic consequences of designating critical habitat for this species. Section 3(5)(A) of the ESA defines “critical habitat” as: (i) the specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed in accordance with section 4 of this Act, on which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) which may require special management considerations or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed in accordance with the provisions of section 4 of this Act, upon a determination by the Secretary that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
    [Show full text]
  • "Phylum" for "Division" for Groups Treated As Plants Author(S): H
    Proposal (10) to Substitute the Term "Phylum" for "Division" for Groups Treated as Plants Author(s): H. C. Bold, A. Cronquist, C. Jeffrey, L. A. S. Johnson, L. Margulis, H. Merxmüller, P. H. Raven and A. L. Takhtajan Reviewed work(s): Source: Taxon, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Feb., 1978), pp. 121-122 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1220504 . Accessed: 15/08/2012 04:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon. http://www.jstor.org TAXON 27 (1): 121-132 FEBRUARY 1978 NOMENCLATURE TYPIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS: A PROPOSAL Ralph A. Lewin * & G. E. Fogg** Rules and recommendations for the typification of many kinds of microorganisms, in- cluding microscopic algae and fungi, need to be updated for a variety of reasons. Improve- ments of fixation techniques normally make it unnecessary to invoke Article 9, Note 1, which relates to "the name of a species of infraspecific taxon of Recent plants of which it is impossible to preserve a specimen..." On the other hand, more and more taxonomy is being based on electron-microscopy, biochemistry, serology or other modern techniques for which living material may be needed, and for which a herbarium sheet is generally inadequate and a drawing, or even a photomicrograph, is for various reasons unsatisfactory.
    [Show full text]
  • Determining the Transgene Containment Level Provided by Chloroplast Transformation
    Determining the transgene containment level provided by chloroplast transformation Stephanie Ruf, Daniel Karcher, and Ralph Bock* Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mu¨hlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany Edited by Maarten Koornneef, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and approved February 28, 2007 (received for review January 2, 2007) Plastids (chloroplasts) are maternally inherited in most crops. cybrids (8, 9), which has been suggested to contribute substan- Maternal inheritance excludes plastid genes and transgenes from tially to the observed paternal leakage (2). However, to what pollen transmission. Therefore, plastid transformation is consid- extent hybrid effects and/or differences in the plastid mutations ered a superb tool for ensuring transgene containment and im- and markers used in the different studies account for the proving the biosafety of transgenic plants. Here, we have assessed different findings is unknown, and thus, reliable quantitative the strictness of maternal inheritance and the extent to which data on occasional paternal plastid transmission are largely plastid transformation technology confers an increase in transgene lacking. Because such data are of outstanding importance to the confinement. We describe an experimental system facilitating critical evaluation of the biosafety of the transplastomic tech- stringent selection for occasional paternal plastid transmission. In nology as well as to the mathematical modeling of outcrossing a large screen, we detected low-level paternal inheritance of scenarios, we set out to develop an experimental system suitable transgenic plastids in tobacco. Whereas the frequency of transmis- for determining the frequency of occasional paternal transmis- ؊5 .sion into the cotyledons of F1 seedlings was Ϸ1.58 ؋ 10 (on 100% sion of plastid transgenes cross-fertilization), transmission into the shoot apical meristem We have set up the system for tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) for was significantly lower (2.86 ؋ 10؊6).
    [Show full text]
  • Specification and Maintenance of the Floral Meristem: Interactions Between Positively- Acting Promoters of Flowering and Negative Regulators
    SPECIAL SECTION: EMBRYOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Specification and maintenance of the floral meristem: interactions between positively- acting promoters of flowering and negative regulators Usha Vijayraghavan1,*, Kalika Prasad1 and Elliot Meyerowitz2,* 1Department of MCB, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India 2Division of Biology 156–29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA meristems that give rise to modified leaves – whorls of A combination of environmental factors and endoge- nous cues trigger floral meristem initiation on the sterile organs (sepals and petals) and reproductive organs flanks of the shoot meristem. A plethora of regulatory (stamens and carpels). In this review we focus on mecha- genes have been implicated in this process. They func- nisms by which interactions between positive and nega- tion either as activators or as repressors of floral ini- tive regulators together pattern floral meristems in the tiation. This review describes the mode of their action model eudicot species A. thaliana. in a regulatory network that ensures the correct temporal and spatial control of floral meristem specification, its maintenance and determinate development. Maintenance of the shoot apical meristem and transitions in lateral meristem fate Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, floral activators, flo- ral mesitem specification, floral repressors. The maintenance of stem cells is brought about, at least in part, by a regulatory feedback loop between the ho- THE angiosperm embryo has a well established apical- meodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) and basal/polar axis defined by the positions of the root and genes of the CLAVATA (CLV) signaling pathway2. WUS shoot meristems. Besides this, a basic radial pattern is is expressed in the organizing centre and confers a stem also established during embryogenesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Congolius, a New Genus of African Reed Frog Endemic to The
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Congolius, a new genus of African reed frog endemic to the central Congo: A potential case of convergent evolution Tadeáš Nečas1,2*, Gabriel Badjedjea3, Michal Vopálenský4 & Václav Gvoždík1,5* The reed frog genus Hyperolius (Afrobatrachia, Hyperoliidae) is a speciose genus containing over 140 species of mostly small to medium-sized frogs distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. Its high level of colour polymorphism, together with in anurans relatively rare sexual dichromatism, make systematic studies more difcult. As a result, the knowledge of the diversity and taxonomy of this genus is still limited. Hyperolius robustus known only from a handful of localities in rain forests of the central Congo Basin is one of the least known species. Here, we have used molecular methods for the frst time to study the phylogenetic position of this taxon, accompanied by an analysis of phenotype based on external (morphometric) and internal (osteological) morphological characters. Our phylogenetic results undoubtedly placed H. robustus out of Hyperolius into a common clade with sympatric Cryptothylax and West African Morerella. To prevent the uncovered paraphyly, we place H. robustus into a new genus, Congolius. The review of all available data suggests that the new genus is endemic to the central Congolian lowland rain forests. The analysis of phenotype underlined morphological similarity of the new genus to some Hyperolius species. This uniformity of body shape (including cranial shape) indicates that the two genera have either retained ancestral morphology or evolved through convergent evolution under similar ecological pressures in the African rain forests. African reed frogs, Hyperoliidae Laurent, 1943, are presently encompassing almost 230 species in 17 genera.
    [Show full text]
  • § 112 Implications for Genus Claims Lisa Larrimore Ouellette Genus and Species Claims
    Advanced Patent Law Institute: Silicon Valley § 112 Implications for Genus Claims Lisa Larrimore Ouellette Genus and Species Claims genus fastener species screw R1 mammalian insulin cDNA R2 CH CH sequence 2 3 for rat CH3 insulin cDNA Genus and Species Claims: Anticipation . Single species always anticipates genus. Genus anticipates species only if species can be “at once envisaged” from genus. Generic chemical formula that represents limited number of compounds that PHOSITA can easily draw or name anticipates each compound. Generic chemical formula for vast number of compounds doesn’t anticipate each—and such a claim likely has § 112 problems… Genus and Species Claims: Section 112 . How can a patentee adequately describe and enable a genus? . When does a generic disclosure describe and enable a species? genus Disclosures required by § 112 serve not species just teaching function but also evidentiary function—showing what inventor actually possessed. Key policy lever for limiting claim scope to inventive contribution. Genus and Species Claims: Section 112 . How can a patentee adequately describe and enable a genus? . Ariad v. Eli Lilly . What is a representative number of species? . When is functional claiming ok? . When do you have to enable and describe unrecited elements? . Are § 112 genus claims only problematic in biotech? Ariad v. Eli Lilly (en banc 2010) . Genus claims for all methods of reducing binding of a certain transcription factor. inadequate description . Need “disclosure of either a representative number of species … or structural features common to the members of the genus so that one of skill in the art can ‘visualize or recognize’ the members of the genus.” .
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris Richardii
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris richardii Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza 1,2 , Alejandra Vasco 3, Ikram Blilou 4, Luis Herrera-Estrella 2,5 and Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez 1,* 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group at Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT), Fort Worth, TX 76107-3400, USA; [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 October 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 4 December 2020 Abstract: Ferns are a representative clade in plant evolution although underestimated in the genomic era. Ceratopteris richardii is an emergent model for developmental processes in ferns, yet a complete scheme of the different growth stages is necessary. Here, we present a developmental analysis, at the tissue and cellular levels, of the first shoot-borne root of Ceratopteris.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Regulation of the Expression of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloid Biosynthetic Genes in Narcissus Papyraceus
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Developmental Regulation of the Expression of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloid Biosynthetic Genes in Narcissus papyraceus Tarun Hotchandani 1, Justine de Villers 1 and Isabel Desgagné-Penix 1,2,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada 2 Plant Biology Research Group, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-819-376-5011 Received: 6 July 2019; Accepted: 5 August 2019; Published: 7 August 2019 Abstract: Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) have multiple biological effects, which are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. To unleash the potential of Amaryllidaceae plants as pharmaceutical crops and as sources of AAs, a thorough understanding of the AA biosynthetic pathway is needed. However, only few enzymes in the pathway are known. Here, we report the transcriptome of AA-producing paperwhites (Narcissus papyraceus Ker Gawl). We present a list of 21 genes putatively encoding enzymes involved in AA biosynthesis. Next, a cDNA library was created from 24 different samples of different parts at various developmental stages of N. papyraceus. The expression of AA biosynthetic genes was analyzed in each sample using RT-qPCR. In addition, the alkaloid content of each sample was analyzed by HPLC. Leaves and flowers were found to have the highest abundance of heterocyclic compounds, whereas the bulb, the lowest. Lycorine was also the predominant AA. The gene expression results were compared with the heterocyclic compound profiles for each sample. In some samples, a positive correlation was observed between the gene expression levels and the amount of compounds accumulated.
    [Show full text]