SEPM Special Publication No. 45

Sedimentation in Volcanic Settings Edited by: Richard V. Fisher, Gary A. Smith

ISBN 978-1-56576-166-7, catalog 41045 Originally published in print as SEPM Special Publication No. 45, ISBN 0-918985-89-7 Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A., 1991 www.sepm.org

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BASINS OF DEPOSITION

TRANSFORMATIONS

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Edited by

Richard V Fisher University of California Santa Barbara California and Gary A Smith Unviersity of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico Copyright @ 1991 by SEPM SOCIETY FOR SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY

Barbara H Lidz Editor of Special Publications Special Publication No 45 Tulsa Oklahoma U S A October 1991

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SEPM SOCIETY FOR SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY

ISBN 0 918985 89 7

@ 1991 by SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology P O Box 4765 Tulsa Oklahoma 74131

Printed in the United States of America

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INTRODUCTION VOLCANISM TECTONICS AND SEDIMENTATION Richard V Fisher and Gary A Smith

I VOLCANISM AS A PROCESS OF SEDIMENTOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

VOLCANISM CLIMATIC CHANGE AND THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD Michael R Rampino 9 FRAGMENTATION PROCESSES IN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Grant Heiken and Keneth Wohletz 19 VOLCANICLASTIC DEPOSITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HYROCARBON EXPLORATION Mark E Mathisen and John G McPherson 27

II VOLCANICLASTIC PROCESSES OF TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION

TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF TEPHRA BY PYROCLASTIC FLOWS AND SURGES Steven N Carey 39 LAHARS VOLCANO HYDROLOGIC EVENTS AND DEPOSITION IN THE DEBRIS FLOW HYPERCONCENTRATED FLOW CONTINUUM Gary A Smith and Donald R Lowe 59 RAIN LAHAR GENERATION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY SYSTEMS AT MAYON VOLCANO PHILIPPINES Kelvin S Rodolfo and A Tevfik Arguden 71 VOLCANIC DEBRIS AvALANCHE DEPOSITS IN NEW ZEALAND LITHOFACIES ORGANIZATION IN UNCONFINED WET AVALANCHE FLOWS Beth A Palmer Brent V Alloway and Vincent E Neall 89 FACIES ARCHITECTURE OF LARGE VOLCANIC DEBRIS AVALANCHES Harry Glicken 99

III VOLCANICLASTIC SEDIMENTATION IN CONTINENTAL SETTINGS

FACIES SEQUENCES AND GEOMETRIES IN CONTINENTAL VOLCANICLASTIC SEQUENCES Gary A Smith 109 LANDSCAPE RESPONSE TO A MAJOR IGNIMBRITE ERUPTION TAUPO VOLCANIC CENTER NEW ZEALAND Robyn C M Smith 123 CHANGES IN DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM EMPLACEMENT OF A LARGE VOLUME IGNIMBRITE David C Buesch 139

THE DEPOSITIONAL RECORD OF SMALL MONOGENETIC VOLCANOES WITHIN TERRESTRIAL BASINS James D L White 155

IV VOLCANICLASTIC SEDIMENTATION IN OCEANIC SETTINGS

VOLUMINOUS SHALLOW WATER TO EMERGENT BASALTIC VOLCANICLASTIC ROCKS PROTEROZOIC 1880 Ma AMISK LAKE COMPOSITE VOLCANO FLIN FLON GREENSTONE BELT CANADA L D Ayres N A Van Wagoner and W S Ferreira 175 PARNELL GRITs LARGE SUBAQUEOUS VOLCANICLASTIC GRAVITY FLOWS WITH MULTIPLE PARTICLE SUPPORT MECHANISMS Peter F Ballance and Murray R Gregory 189 PLIOCENE QUATERNARY SUBMARINE PUMICE DEPOSITS IN THE SUMISU RIFT AREA Izu BoNIN ARC A Nishimura K M Marsaglia K S Rodolfo A Colella R N Hiscott K Tazaki J B Gill T Janecek J Firth M Isiminger Kelso Y Herman R N Taylor B Taylor K Fujioka and Leg 26 Scientific Party 201

V PETROLOGY OF VOLCANICLASTICS

PRE DIAGENETIC SEDIMENTARY FRACTIONATION OF ANDESITIC DETRITUS IN A SEMI ARID CLIMATE AN EXAMPLE FROM THE EOCENE DATIL GROUP NEW MEXICO Steven M Cather and Robert L Folk 211 RECONSTRUCTION OF OLIGo MIOCENE VOLCANICLASTIC DISPERSAL PATTERNS IN NORTH CENTRAL NEW MEXICO USING SANDSTONE PETROFACIES Raymond V Ingersoll and William Cavazza 227 PROVENANCE OF SANDS AND SANDSTONES FROM A RIFTED CONTINENTAL ARC GULF OF CALIFORNIA MEXICO Kathleen M Marsaglia 237

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This volume is dedicated to Harry Glicken former stu known to have died in volcanic eruptions Harry was dev dent and colleague of Richard V Fisher at the University astated by David s death and came to the decision to ded the store of California at Santa Barbara UCSB Harry was a young icate his life to helping society by increasing of scientist of high ideals immersed in the study of volcanoes knowledge about volcanic processes He leaves a short body to the exclusion of nearly all other life pursuits when he of influencial work that will stand as a monument to this was killed on June 3 1991 at the age of 33 by a high tem dedication most notably the extemely detailed study of the perature pyroclastic current on Unzen Volcano in Kyushu debris avalanche that formed from the partial collapse of Japan He had been in Japan at Tokyo Metropolitan Uni Mount St Helens on 18 May 1980 This study completed versity for several months doing post doctoral research In in 1986 has already intluenced others ideas regarding such his own words Harry wrote The fellowship I obtained in awesome events and has greatly advanced knowledge about Japan will enable me to do just the kind of research that I them even though it is still in press as aU S Geological want and feel most suited for in a land of many volcanoes Survey Professional Paper His contribution to the knowl It will also enable me to work with and learn from Japanese edge of volcaniclastic phenomena in this volume also deals volcanologists and eminent American volcanologists who with debris avalanches may wish to visit Japan I will try to stay in Japan for a While associated with the U S Geological Survey at the long time David A Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory during his Ph dis As a student he was first drawn to a study of volcanoes the 1980 s and though working full time on D and by his interest in large scale flow processes observable dur sertation research Harry unselfishly tirelessly gave of ing the growth of some volcanic forms but his decision to his time and energy to lead numerous geologists from around follow a life career of studying volcanic hazards was the the world to observe and discuss origins of the various vol result of the fateful 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St canic deposits formed during the 1980 eruption He was a Helens Washington At that time he was assistant to David unique dreamy lovable young man always with a ready Johnston who at about the same age also met a tragic end laugh Harry was following his bliss He died with his boots by a pyroclastic current Harry and David whose lives were on so closely linked are also the only American volcanologists

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For their considerable help with the papers that appear Eugene Smith Richard Smith Donald Swanson Greg A in this special publication we wish to acknowledge the fol Valentine James D L White and John Yamold W Scott lowing reviewers Baldridge James Boles David For indispensable help with the index the following peo C Buesch William Criswell Richard S Fiske William ple are gratefully acknowledged Kyle Gay Michael J Fritz Harry Glicken Grant Heiken Malcolm Howells Grubensky Daniel Larsen Richard Livacarri Jean Luc Raymond V Ingersoll Donald R Lowe Neil Lundberg Schneider and Judy Lopas Stoopes Gregory Mack Kathleen Marsaglia James G Moore Alan R Niem Geoffrey Orton Thomas Pierson Stephen Self Richard V Fisher and Gary A Smith editors

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RICHARD V FISHER Department ofGeological Sciences University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 AND

GARY A SMITH Department ofGeology University ofNew Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131

INTRODUCTION feet that volcanism can have on the sedimentological re gime has greatly increased interest in the volcaniclastics Volcanism provides a unique and locally abundant source The field is growing dramatically with the number of pa of earth subaerial and sub with volcaniclastics l00 the of sediment to many the s pers dealing increasing fold in aqueous basins In basin and tectonic analyses volcanic last two decades and continuing to accelerate The common sediments can be treated methodologically like nonvolcanic belief among many petroleum geologists that regions of sediments but the close association of tectonism and vol volcanic rocks are generally to be avoided as potential hy canism provides an added dimension to the analytical im drocarbon reservoirs Burns and Ethridge 1979 Galloway portance of volcaniclastic sediments Volcanism occurs at 1979 has greatly slowed the learning curve about volcan plate margins and in some instances within plates hot iclastic rocks But many oil bearing basins occur within plate spots and sediments within those environments have a margins and because most of the earth s volcanic action strong and in some cases an exclusive component of vol occurs at plate margins there is hydrocarbon production in caniclastic particles The record of tectonism is commonly volcaniclastic rocks Iijima and Utada 1971 Merino preserved only within fillings of sedimentary basins and 1975a b Crossey and others 1984 Coffman 1987 Math because volcanism is associated with activity at plate mar isen and McPherson this volume gins knowledge about volcaniclastic sediments and rocks Volcaniclastic materials are highly varied ranging from may be critical for interpreting plate activity and tectonic fresh instantly formed clastic materials rich in metastable environments Moreover great volumes of clastic materials glass and minerals to materials that have experienced long that rapidly flood sedimentary environments during active term weathering all of which may be later transported by volcanism e g 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens Lip various geomorphic agents Because of their association with man and Mullineaux 1981 can result in disruption of river volcanism which is associated with plate tectonism hy courses rapid deposition along deltaic fronts and therefore drocarbon bearing basins containing volcaniclastic mate increase the number and volumes of turbidity currents in rials can occur in convergent margin settings both forearc marine basins Davies and others 1979 Buesch this vol and backarc and arealso found in rift basins Mathisen and ume R Smith this volume resulting in sedimentary re McPherson this volume Diagenetic changes in meta sponses not encountered in non volcanic areas where rates stable materials of fresh volcanic materials can cause rapid of sedimentation do not fluctuate so rapidly Fig 1 reduction ofpermeability Galloway 1979 Davies and oth In the early 1960s the term volcaniclastic Fisher 1961 ers 1979 Hunter and Davies 1979 but also dissolution was quickly accepted into the general literature because the of volcaniclastic materials may enhance permeability and time was ripe for combining the fields of volcanology and lead to increased reservoir quality Hayes and others 1976 sedimentology within a single system to describe sedimen Loucks and others 1979 1984 Mathisen 1984 Hawlan tary facies affected or produced by volcanism The term der 1990 Volcaniclastics not only serve as reservoir rocks volcaniclastic is defined to include the entire spectrum in many places as noted previously but through facies and of clastic materials composed in part or entirely of volcanic basin analysis they are important in analyzing the dynam fragments formed by any particle forming mechanism e g ics of plates that produce the basins Dickinson 1974 In pyroclastic hydroclastic epiclastic autoclastic see fol gersoll 1978 lowing section transported by any mechanism deposited In addition to epiclastic volcaniclastic sediment supplied in any physiographic environment or mixed with any other to basins by weathering and erosion of volcanic regions volcaniclastic type or with any nonvolcanic fragment types large volumes of volcaniclastic material are also supplied in any proportion Fisher 1966 Thus any clastic deposit directly to basins during explosive volcanism The transport with volcanic particles can be given a nongenetic name in of explosively produced particles is unique distinct from the field without interpreting origins or processes Genetic epiclasts because they are provided with initial transport interpretations regarding specific particle origins such as energy from explosive expansion rather than exclusively by pyroclastic or epiclastic or agents of transport such as wind gravity and therefore initially are independent of slope or or running water can be later applied whenever possible base level of deposition Airborne clasts from a given ex and appropriate Definition ofthe term coincided with early plosive eruption can bypass or overtop physiographic bar discoveries of ocean floor spreading and plate tectonics as riers and deposit a layer simultaneously in different basins well as with research and description ofdeep sea sediments and environments Fisher and Schmincke 1984 Thus in containing volcaniclastic materials Recognition of the re some instances explosive volcanism offers the only means lationship oftectonism and volcanism and the profound af by which to solve interbasinal correlation and facies prob

Sedimentation in Volcanic Settings SEPM Special Publication No 45 Copyright 1991 SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology ISBN 0 918985 89 7

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BASINS OF VOLCANO MARGIN SOURCE VOLCANO DEPOSITION 1 SUBAERIAL SEDIMENT ARC ISLAND OR CONTINENTAL

SEDIMENT GRAVITY APRONS DEBRIS FLOWS HYPER MARGIN DEBRIS FLOWS

FLOWS CONCENTRATED FLOWS PYROCLAS LAVA FLOWS FALLOUT TEPHRA

FALLOUT PELAGIC TIC FLOWS TEPHRA AND DEPOSITS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

SEDIMENTATION 2 SUBAQUEOUS FAN DELTA SHELF

SLOPE ENVIRONMENTS SLUMPS

DEBRIS FLOWS TURBIDITY CURRENTS

AND DEPOSITS

TRANSFORMATIONS

TRANSFORMATIONS

4 Crlv s lie lICrIOIv

sedimentation Subduction leads to volcanic action FiG I Diagram illustrating connection between subduction activity magmatism and large of lava flows and a volume of influx of volcaniclastic materials causes increased rates of sedimentation Stratovolcano composed large composite volcaniclastics from active volcano to basin occurs lahar fallout tephra and pyroclastic flow deposits is depicted in diagram Transfer of depositional directly orin step wise transfer by flow transformations see text

is distin lems by physical rather than paleontological criteria Vol necontemporaneity of volcanism accomplished by between instant volcanic canic ash layers can be dated and correlated long distances guishing particle forming pro and term Wilcox 1965 commonly known as the field of tephro cesses that form pyroclasts and hydroclasts long of rocks that form chronology Fisher and Schmincke 1984 and are also useful particle forming weathering epiclasts the different for stratigraphic correlation in the subsurface MaIm and Careful work requires a knowledge of kinds to others 1979 and characteristics of volcaniclastic particles determine origins unambiguously Heiken and Wohletz 1985 and this volume VOLCANICLASTIC PARTICLES Important types of volcaniclastic particles are pyroclas Solving paleotectonic and facies problems in most of the tic hydroclastic autoclastic and epiclastic Pyroclasts form estab that loses cohesion and breaks recent or ancient plate tectonic settings requires the from rapidly expanding magma lishment ofpenecontemporaneity of the volcaniclastic com into bits when overburden pressures are exceeded Mag that ponents in sedimentary rocks because volcanism is often matic expansion creates a glass foam pumice may however shards from broken vesicles Heiken and the signature oftectonism This may be difficult break into glass be because newly formed pyroclastic or hydroclastic particles Wohletz this volume Phenocrysts may released from discussed later and epiclastic particles derived from the magma and explosions may cause breakage and in from vent walls weathering of volcanic rocks lava flows or lithified ash and corporation of lithic fragments water that volcanic breccia or nonvolcanic rocks are frequently mixed Hydroclasts form by magma interactions pro together by marine or nonmarine transport processes Pe duce chilled glass particles by either explosive or nonex

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the plosive means Thermal contraction of hot magma or lava rates of weathering and erosion in source area Many in water leads to the formation ofshattered angular poorly volcaniclastic fragments are generated instantaneously and vesiculated shards Hydroclasts cannot form explosively in in large volumes producing unique facies distributions and in deep water because pressures inhibit steam expansion geometries not encountered nonvolcanic epiclastic McBirney 1963 Explosive disruption by magma water sediments interactions requires rapid heat exchange and steam gen that surface of be eration requires the area magma in VOLCANICLASTIC FACIES creased and this can be accomplished by creating con necting microspaces in the magma large enough for water The word facies has various meanings and can be used to enter primarily by 1 the formation of contraction cracks interchangably in the plural or singular Prothero 1990 here that are of a unit or 2 vesicles that explosively shatter and spray magma We emphasize facies features por droplets into the water Wohletz 1983 Steam explosions traying the processes of origin and source and environ within confined areas at the water magma interface con ments of deposition Facies studies of rock units may in until the tectonic environment tinue to drive water and magma together supply dicate a particular physiographic or a within the of facies as the of one or the other is gone The explosive energy comes Such usage fits definition phys trans ical and variations of three dimensional from the excess heat energy in the magma which is chemical biologic ferred in fractions of seconds to water and causes vapori rock bodies deposited within a specific interval of geologic zation Features of hydroclasts that reflect the external ex time Pettijohn 1975 the A for facies discussions deals with plosive processes are abundance of nonvesicular or poorly useful subdivision po vesicular glassy pyroclasts that have fracture bounded an sition of the rock body relative to source e g proximal gular shapes Their physical characteristics can be distin medial and distal facies Such reference to distance is rel guished by scanning electron microscope SEM analyses ative however and depends upon the scale of the rock body Heiken and Wohletz 1985 and this volume Marshall At Mount St Helens for example the farthest travelled 1987 most distal blast surge deposit is 24 km from the source Epiclastic particles are lithic clasts and crystals derived whereas for the Peach Springs Tuff in California and Ar 100 km from any type of pre existing rock by weathering and ero izona distal exposures are probably greater than the others Buesch this sion Bates and Jackson 1987 p 218 Pettijohn and oth from source Valentine and 1989 volcanic volume The include the source vol ers 1987 p 252 If the pre existing rocks are proximal facies may the the epiclasts are considered to be one type of volcaniclastic cano but in ancient sedimentary basins only record of particle Pyroclastic and hydroclastic particles that are car volcanism occurs in the basin and the proximal facies is ried to their site ofdeposition by rivers wind or other types defined on the basis of thickness grain size or rock type basis of transporting agents are not epiclastic because they are Smith 1988 These criteria form the for defining not formed by weathering large scale facies environments such as volcanoes and their 1989 and various A less abundant particle type caused directly from vol surroundings Hackett and Houghton canic action includes autoclastic fragments formed by me specific facies described by several papers in this book chanical friction of moving lava flows or gravity crum The lateral distribution of rock types from the source vol bling of spines and domes Alloclastic fragments are formed cano into adjacent marine or nonmarine basins is deter by disruption of pre existing volcanic rocks by igneous pro mined by the rate at which materials are extruded from a total volume and the of cesses beneath the earth s surface with or without intrusion volcano their processes transpor of fresh magma tation linked by flow transformations For example the To minimize conceptual confusion about the origin of growth rate of andesitic stratovolcanoes with consequent volcaniclastic particles and contemporaneity of deposition influence upon depositional environments is on the order a hundred to a few thousand Stratovolcanoes requires that processes that create the particles e g pyro of few years clastic hydroclastic epiclastic need to be clearly separated are composed of great volumes of easily removed frag is therefore reflected almost from processes that transport the particles e g wind run mental material Their growth ning water ice volcanic explosion and gravity transfer by instantly in the sedimentary record of surrounding regions avalanche Cas and Wright 1987 contend that pyroclastic G A Smith this volume eruptions that directly supply and or hydroclastic particles reworked by water or other geo airborne tephra ground hugging pyroclastic flows surges and morphic agents can be called epiclastic deposits The terms and eruption related debris avalanches lahars fluvial epiclastic pyroclastic and hydroclastic however refer to materials or by remobilization of loose material between and cannot The of these materials from the volcano processes by which particles are formed they eruptions transfer to basins change from one particle type to another merely by chang during active or inactive eruptive events adjacent ing the agent of transportation This is a critical nontrivial may be determined by flow transformations Fisher 1983 conceptual distinction in problems relating penecontem A flow transformation is defined as the change from lam poraneity of volcanism and deposition and therefore is fun inar to turbulent behavior or vice versa within a sediment damental to the understanding of volcaniclastic facies The gravity flow These changes in Reynolds number relation distinction is also critical to understanding differences in ships can be caused by 1 density separations within a sedimentation in volcanic and nonvolcanic areas Most moving sediment gravity flow caused by gravity segrega nonvolcanic siliciclastic sediments are epiclastic and are tion of particles gravity transformations 2 velocity vari therefore to varying degrees supply limited depending upon ations caused by slope changes without much variation in

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interstitial water or gas content within the body of the cur called sedimentary tectonics has emerged We prefer the rent body transformation and 3 separations of particles name sedimentation and tectonics to exclude deformation caused by turbulent mixing within the boundary between by shale diapirs salt domes and other local deformational the ambient fluid and the flow surface surface transfor processes mation Laminar turbulent or turbulent laminar transfor A large part of the field of sedimentation and tectonics mations commonly result in changes in transport agents such includes studies of volcaniclastic sedimentation largely be as from pyroclastic flows or surges to lahars and lahars to cause of the direct association oftectonism volcanism and hyperconcentrated flows to normal fluvial transport that oc sedimentation This book attempts to illuminate the field curred during the May 18 1980 eruption of Mount St and to present its salient features to sedimentologists not Helens Scott 1988 We would add that the sediment from generally versed in volcaniclastic particles deposits or facies this event that reaches the Astoria fan at the mouth of the Where the field goes from here is anyone s guess As in Columbia River may eventually be transformed to slumps all fields of science directions of knowledge are unpre and to turbidity currents that extend into the deep sea re dictably determined by the excellence of published research gion of the northern Pacific Ocean A facies lineage linked and innovative ideas of individual researchers and in the by flow transformations can be expressed as follows Fisher geological sciences by unforeseen natural events that give did the of Mount and Schmincke pers commun eruption of pyroclastic researchers new insights as 1980 eruption surge or flow debris flow hyperconcentrated flood flow St Helens It is our contention that volcaniclastic sedi normal fluvial transport in the Columbia River stop mentology is emerging as one of the more powerful strati gap storage of sediment on submarine shelves slopes or graphic tools in solving many of the problems related to submarine fans submarine landslides subaqueous de plate genesis development and movements bris flows turbidity currents This book Part I is divided into five parts Volcanism REFERENCES as a process of sedimentological significance Part II BATES R L JACKSON J A 1987 of American Volcaniclastic processes of transport and deposition Part AND Glossary Geology Institute Alexandria 788 III Volcaniclastic sedimentation in continental Geologic Virginia p settings BURNS L K AND ETIlRIDGE F G 1979 Petrology and diagenetic ef Part IV Volcaniclastic sedimentation in oceanic settings fects of lithic sandstones Paleocene and Eocene Umpqua Formation and Part V Petrology of volcaniclastics Thus the subject southwest Oregon in Scholle P A and Schluger P R eds As Miner matter proceeds from the influence of volcanic processes pects of Diagenesis Society of Economic Paleontologists and alogists Special Publication 26 p 307 3 17 upon the environment and potential followed hydrocarbon CAS RA F AND WRIGHT J V 1987 Volcanic successions modem the influence of the environment and by upon depositional and ancient Allen and Unwin London 528 p structural in subaerial environments and sub patterns COFFMAN R L 1987 Laumontization and its relationship to carbonate aqueous environments and the tectonic regime The com cementation and dissolution within Santa Fe Springs oil field Los An Basin California American Association of Petroleum positional aspects providing criteria for volcaniclastic re geles Geologists Bulletin v 71 p 540 sponse to tectonic environment concludes this volume CROSSEY L J FROST R B AND SURDAM R c 1984 Secondary The effects of volcanism sedimentation can be upon pro porosity in laumontite bearing sandstones in McDonald D A and found Whether or not volcanism can cause wholesale Surdam R c eds Clastic Diagenesis American Association of Pe changes in climate is an important consideration for if it troleum Geologists Memoir 37 p 225 237 DAVIES DK ALMON W R BONIS S B AND HUNTER BE 1979 can it can affect many processes that cannot be directly Deposition and diagenesis of Tertiary Holocene volcaniclastics Gua inferred from For if world wide tem deposits example temala in Scholle P A and Schluger P R eds Aspects of Dia to shorten the sea peratures drop so as drastically growing genesis Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spe son and therefore the food supply mass extinction could cial Publication 26 p 281 306 DICKINSON W R 1974 Sedimentation within and beside ancient and take place but without leaving any substantial evidence of modem magmatic arcs in Dot RH Jr and Shaver RH eds causes within the rock record Weather could in changes Modem and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation Society of Economic crease the of rain storms hence erosion Loss of severity Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 19 p 230 239 vegetation could increase severity oferosion Drop in tem FISHER RV 196 I Proposed classification of volcaniclastic sediments v peratures could result in glaciation Thus sedimentation re and rocks Geological Society of America Bulletin 72 p 1409 1414 gimes could be severely altered by volcanism even though FISHER RV 1966 Rocks composed of volcanic fragments and their volcanic could be minimal deposits classification Earth Science Reviews v I p 287 298 FISHER RV 1983 Flow transformations in sediment gravity flows v WHERE FROM HERE Geology II p 273 274 FISHER RV AND SCHMINCKE HU 1984 Pyroclastic rocks Berlin We have gained considerable experience with volcani Springer Verlag 472 p GALLOWAY W E 1979 Diagenetic control of reservoir quality in arc clastic materials over the past 30 years but the field has related sandstones Implication for petroleum exploration Society of considerable in the decade the undergone growth following Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 26 p 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens This eruption resulted 251 262 in accelerated research in explosive volcanic products Fisher HACKElT W R AND HOUGHTON BF 1989 A facies model for a andesitic volcano New Zealand Bul and Schmincke 1984 and spurred a renewed interest in Quaternary composite Ruapehu letin of Volcanology v 51 p 51 68 volcaniclastic materials as relate to tectonic they plate HAWLANDER H M 1990 Diagenesis and reservoir potential of volcan and boundaries and explosive volcanism in general Cas ogenic sandstones Cretaceous of the Surat Basin Australia Sedi Wright 1987 Since the early 1970s a loosely defined field mentary Geology v 66 p 181 195

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stones Basin of HAYES J B HARMS J C AND WILSON T 1976 Contrasts between Cagayan Philippines Early development secondary braided and meandering stream deposits Beluga and Stering Forma porosity in volcanic sandstones in McDonald DA and Surdam R tions Tertiary Cook Inlet Alaska in Miller T P ed Recent and C eds Clastic Diagenesis American Association of Petroleum Ge Ancient Sedimentary Environments in Alaska Anchorage Alaska ologists Memoir 37 p 177 193 McBIRNEY AR 1963 Factors the nature of submarine vol Geological Society p 11 J27 governing canism Bulletin v 26 455 469 HEIKEN G AND WOHLETZ KH 1985 Volcanic Ash University of Volcanologique p MERINO E 1975a in sandstones from Kettleman California Press Berkeley 246 p Diagenesis Tertiary North Dome California I Joumal of Sedi HUNTER BE AND DAVIES DK 1979 Distribution of volcanic sed Diagenetic mineralogy iments in the Gulf coastal province significance to petroleum geol mentary Petrolology v 45 p 320 336 v MERINO E 1975b in sandstones from Kettleman ogy Transactions Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Diagenesis Tertiary North Dome California II Interstitial solutions distributions of 29 p 147 155 aqueous in the at and chemical relation to the IUlMA A AND UTADA M 1971 Present day zeolitic diagenesis species 1000C diagenetic mineralogy Neogene geosynclinal deposits in Niigata oil field Japan American Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta v 39 p 1629 1645 and Row Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series v 10 I p 342 349 PETruOHN F J 1975 Sedimentary Rocks 3rd edition Harper INGERSOLL RV 1978 Petrofacies and petrologic evolution of the late Publishers New York 628 p R 1987 Sand and Sandstone Cretaceous fore arc basin northern and central California Journal of PETruOHN F J POTIER P AND SIEVER New York 553 Geology v 86 p 335 352 2nd edition Springer Verlag p 1990 the Record W H LIPMAN P W AND MUUJNEAux eds 1981 The 1980 eruptions of Mount PROTHERO DR Interpreting Stratigraphic New York 410 SI Helens U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250 844 p Freeman and Company p 1988 behavior and of lahars and LoUCKS RG DODGE M M AND GALLOWAY W E 1979 Impor SCOTT K M Origins sedimentology runout flows in the Toutle Cowlitz River U S tance of secondary leached porosity in lower Tertiary sandstones along lahar system Geolog the Texas Gulf Coast Transactions Gulf Coast Association of Geo ical Survey Professional Paper I447 A 74 p GG 1988 of to distal volcaniclastics logical Societies v 29 p 164 171 SMITH Sedimentology proximal active foldbelt Formation Mio LoUCKS R G DoDGE MM AND GALLOWAY W E 1984 Regional dispersed across an Ellensburg late central v 35 953 977 controls on diagenesis and reservoir quality in Lower Tertiary sand cene Washington Sedimentology p V 1989 A volcan stones along theTexas Gulf Coast in McDonald DA and Surdam VALENTINE G S BUESCH DC AND FISHER R of the Peach RC eds Clastic Diagenesis American Association of Petroleum ological interpretation of basal layered deposits Springs Tuff Northwestern Arizona U S A Bulletin of v 51 Geologists Memoir 37 p 15 45 Volcanology MALM OA FURNES H AND BJORLYKKE K 1979 Volcaniclastics of p 395 414 of the North Sea Neues WILCOX R E 1965 Volcanic ash in H E Jr Middle Jurassic age in the Statford oil field chronology Wright United States Princeton Uni Jahrbuch Geologie und Palaeontologie Monatatshefte v 10 p 607 and Frey DG eds Quaternary of the 618 versity Press Princeton New Jersey p 807 816 MARSHALL J R ed 1987 Clastic Particles Scanning Electron Mi WOHLETZ KH 1983 Mechanisms of hydrovolcanic pyroclastic for of and Volcanic Clasts Van mation size electron and croscopy and Shape Analysis Sedimentary grain scanning microscopy experimental and Geothermal Research v 17 Nostrand Reinhold New York 346 p studies Joumal of Volcanology p MATHISEN M E 1984 Diagenesis of Plio Pleistocene nonmarine sand 31 63

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