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Geochemical and Mineralogical Analysis of Mars Analogue Materials and the Creation of the International Space Analogue Rock Store (ISAR) Nicolas Bost

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Geochemical and Mineralogical Analysis of Mars Analogue Materials and the Creation of the International Space Analogue Rock Store (ISAR) Nicolas Bost Geochemical and mineralogical analysis of Mars analogue materials and the creation of the International Space Analogue Rock Store (ISAR) Nicolas Bost To cite this version: Nicolas Bost. Geochemical and mineralogical analysis of Mars analogue materials and the creation of the International Space Analogue Rock Store (ISAR). Geochemistry. Université d’Orléans, 2012. English. tel-00747077 HAL Id: tel-00747077 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747077 Submitted on 30 Oct 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ D’ORLÉANS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES CENTRE DE BIOPHYSIQUE MOLECULAIRE INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE D’ORLEANS THÈSE présentée par : Nicolas BOST Soutenue le : 21 juin 2012 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université d’Orléans Discipline : Géoscience et Environnement Geochemical and mineralogical analysis of Mars analogue materials and the creation of the International Space Analogue Rock Store (ISAR) THÈSE dirigée par : Dr. Frances WESTALL Directrice de recherche, CNRS, CBM, Orléans Dr. Claire RAMBOZ Chargée de recherche, CNRS, ISTO, Orléans RAPPORTEURS : Pr. Hap McSWEEN Distinguished Professor, Univ. de Tennessee (USA) Pr. Fernando RULL-PEREZ Professeur, Université de Valladolid (Espagne) ____________________________________________________________________ JURY : Pr. Michel FAURE Professeur, Université d’Orléans, Président Dr. Frances WESTALL Directrice de recherche, CNRS, CBM, Orléans Dr. Claire RAMBOZ Chargée de recherche, CNRS, ISTO, Orléans Pr. Hap McSWEEN Distinguished Professeur, Univ. de Tennessee Pr. Fernando RULL-PEREZ Professeur, Université de Valladolid M. Michel VISO Responsable de la Thématique Exobiologie, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Dr. Jorge VAGO ExoMars Project Scientist, Agence Spatiale Européenne Remerciements Je souhaite avant toute chose remercier Jean-Claude Beloeil, ancien Directeur du Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire ; Eva Jakab-Toth, actuelle Directrice; Ary Bruand, ancien Directeur de l’Institut des Sciences de la Terre et Bruno Scaillet, actuel Directeur, pour m’avoir permis d’effectuer ce travail de recherche au sein des deux laboratoires dans des conditions optimales. Je souhaite bien évidement remercier mes deux directrices de thèse, Frances Westall et Claire Ramboz sans qui rien n’aurait été possible. Elles m’ont formé au travail de recherche et transmis leurs connaissances avec passion. Je remercie tout spécialement Frances Westall qui m’a initié à une autre géologie, en m’emmenant à la découverte des roches très anciennes et même d’une autre planète. Je la remercie pour m’avoir « jetée » dans le grand bain de la science en me permettant de participer à de nombreux congrès internationaux où j’ai pu m’exprimer dans un parfait franglais. Enfin, je remercie mes directrices de thèse pour m’avoir laissé une grande autonomie tout au long de ces trois dernières années. Cette thèse n’aurait pas pu être ce qu’elle est sans le soutien indéfectible de Frédéric Foucher, qui m’a formé à la spectrométrie Raman mais aussi à rédiger de façon claire et précise mes travaux scientifiques. Je remercie les membres du jury ; Hap McSween et Fernando Rull- Perez qui m’ont fait l’honneur de rapporter mon travail de thèse, Michel Faure, Jorge Vago et Michel Viso qui ont accepté d’examiner ce travail. Je souhaite aussi remercier Michel Viso pour ses remarques et ses conseils qui m’ont permis de mener à bien ce travail de thèse. Je souhaite bien évidement remercier les membres de l’équipe d’Exobiologie du CBM : Marylène Bertrand, Annie Chabin et André Brack qui m’ont accueilli et m’ont enrichi d’un savoir qui m’a toujours échappé : la chimie ! Je souhaite aussi remercier tous les gens qui m’ont aidé à faire des analyses sur les nombreux instruments que j’ai utilisés, et qui ont participé de près ou de loin à ces travaux de recherche: Fabrice Gaillard, Olivier Rouer, Ida Di Carlo, Phillipe Penhoud, Sabine Petit, Alain Meunier, Claude Fontaine et Iris Fleischer i Je remercie également l’ensemble des accompagnants administratifs et particulièrement Patricia Legland, qui a jonglé avec mes nombreux ordres de mission. Enfin, je remercie, mes camarades, Damien, Nicolas, Mathieu, Antoine, Mickaël, Anaëlle, pour les bons moments et les bonnes tranches de rire de ces trois dernières années. Je leur suis reconnaissant d’avoir pu mettre en place avec eux l’échelle géologique de Meymac ! Je souhaite remercier Caroline pour son soutien et ses relectures. Pour terminer, je souhaite évidement remercier ma grand-mère, Jacqueline Clavaud, mes parents, Evelyne et Pierre Bost, qui m’ont toujours soutenu pendant mes études, qui, avec la fin de ce travail de thèse, touchent à leurs fins. Enfin, j’ai une pensée pour tous les êtres chers qui nous ont quittés pendant ces trois dernières années. Et comme rien ne peut être réalisé sans support financier, je remercie sincèrement le Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) et la Région Centre pour leur contribution. ii Foreword The official language for theses in France is French under the French law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 on the use the French language. A letter from the chief of Research and Technology of the 10 April 1995 states: "The awarding of a doctorate to a French national is that it be written and defended in French [...]". Thus, unless otherwise accepted by the University of Orleans, all theses presented to the Ecole Doctorale Science et Technologie must be written in French. This thesis has been written in English because it is tightly related to ongoing and future space missions flown by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) and is therefore of high international interest. Thus, in order for the information produced in the course of the thesis project to be available for those working on the Mars missions for which this study was undertaken, this thesis has been written in English with the permission of the University of Orléans. Also, in accordance with the requirements of the University of Orleans, each chapter of this manuscript is followed by a French summary. In addition, all figures have captions in both English and French. Avant Propos La langue de rédaction de la thèse est le français. Ceci est l'obligation liée à la loi 94-665 du 4 août 1994 relative à l'emploi de la langue française. Une lettre du directeur général de la Recherche et de la Technologie du 10 avril 1995 précise: « La thèse conduisant à la délivrance d'un diplôme national français, il est de règle qu'elle soit rédigée et soutenue en français [...] ». Donc sauf accord ponctuel des conseils de l'université d'Orléans, les thèses présentées dans le cadre de l'Ecole Doctorale Science et Technologie doivent être rédigées en Français. Cette thèse est rédigée en Anglais car elle est associée aux futures missions spatiales de l'Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA) et de la National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) dans un contexte international fort. Afin de permettre aux différents acteurs des missions d’utiliser ce travail, cette thèse est rédigée en Anglais avec la permission de l’Université d’Orléans. Conformément aux exigences de l'université d'Orléans, chaque chapitre de ce manuscrit est suivi d'un résumé en français. De plus l'ensemble des figures sont doubles légendées en Anglais et en Français. iii iv Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE ANALOGUE ROCKSTORE ......................... 19 I.1 The Project .................................................................................................... 20 I.2. Which analyses? ........................................................................................... 20 I.3. Nomenclature and relationship between samples ....................................... 28 I.4 The ISAR database......................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER II MARS ................................................................................................. 35 II.1. Geological setting ....................................................................................... 35 II.2 Life on Mars.................................................................................................. 43 II.3. Earth versus Mars ....................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER III SELECTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST GROUP OF MARS-ANALOGUE SAMPLES ....................................................................................................... 57 III.1. Analogue sample selection......................................................................... 58 III.2 Sample description ...................................................................................... 63 III.3. Results and discussion ...............................................................................
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