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Perang Parit). Atau the Great War (Perang Besar

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Perang Parit). Atau the Great War (Perang Besar WW I - Part 1 Kita refresh laa pasai WWI ni. Perang ni juga dikenali dgn nama Trench War (Perang Parit). atau The Great War (Perang Besar). Dalam perang nilah...Jentera2 digunakan secara besar2an. Sebelum ni alat2 pengangkutan dijana oleh kuda (tupasal lah skarang ni pun kalau nak tgk kuasa enjin..depa mesti ckp kuasa kuda). Lori2, kereta kebal, pesawat dan kapal2 keluli yg diberi nama Dreadnought (pioneered oleh British pada 1906), kapalselam2 digunakan dgn meluas oleh kedua2 pihak yg bermusuhan. Kira macam..perang moden yg pertama laa. Teknoloji tentera mmg berkembang dlm perang ni. Perang ni menjadi amat sengit adalah kerana kekuatan kedua2 pihak yg bermusuhan adalah seimbang. Masing2 mempunyai teknoloji.... Bukan macam Italy lawan Ethiopia (Abyssinia) masa WWII yg kita cite lepas....sorang pakai tank dan sorang pakai lembing. Tak fair langsung...aaa perang yg ni adalah sebaliknya. Pernah satu ketika antara parit 1 (askar A) dan parit 2 (askar , Jarak cuma 500-700 mter je. hari ni askar A tawan parit 2, dua tiga hari besok, askar B pulak tawan parit 1..berlanjutan tawan menawan antara parit A dan B berbulan2 lamanya dan angka kematian berpuluh2 ribu. Memang seksa...askar biasalaa yg seksa..Jeneral2 kalau kita tgk...hanya memberi arahan saja dlm HQ yg serba mewah. Zaman ni masih dikira zaman ala2 Imperial. Manakan tidak, Negara2 yg terlibat mempunyai empayar dan masih berpaksikan King atau Queen. Apasal perang ni dipanggil Perang Dunia (World War I) ? Perang kat Eropah aje? WWI - Part 2 Sebelum kita pegi lebih jauh, cuba kita tgk keadaan Eropah sebelum meledaknya conflict gila khinzir ni. Jerman pada 1890an adalah satu kuasa besar eropah dan bolehlaa jugak dikatakan kuasa ekonomi dunia. Britain pula dah well known sebagai the great empire sampaikan atuk nenek kita dulu tu pun tau nak nyanyi lagu god save the king/queen. Perancis pulak semenjak teruk kena belasah dek Prussia (Jerman) pada 1870 dulu...sekarang tgh develope pertahanannya dan semangat ingin membalas dendam sentiasa membara. Austo Hungaria pula adalah sebuah empire yg disegani di eropah..jajahan dia banyak kat wilayah Balkan. Italy walaupun dikira low proflie tapi ianya penting sebagai penampan. Kesultanan Uthmaniyyah (Ottoman), pula dikira sebagai kuasa besar walaupun kekuatannya semakin merudum (sampaikan ianya diberi gelaran org sakit eropah). Rusia dibawah Tsar Nicholas II juga dikira kuat jikalau dilihat dari segi saiz ketenteraannya. Kuasa2 yg disebut kat atas tu pulak sesetengahnya mempunyai wilayah2 yg luas di luar Eropah. Imperial Jerman mempunyai jajahan ditgh2 Afrika dan juga pulau2 pasifik. Britain pula, empayar nya kalau dari timur (New Zealand) hinggalah ke barat (Kanada dan pulau2 pasifik)..matahari sentiasa terbit je...perumpamaan betapa luasnya empire Big Ben ni. Perancis walaupun telah dimalukan Prussia tapi ia telah bangkit dan kebayakkan utara afrika seperti Algeria, Morocco, Indo Cina dan pulau2 pasifik adalah jajahannya. Uthmaniyyah pulak meliputi sebahagian Afrika utara, Semenenjung Arab termasuk Mekah dan Madinah, Anatolia dan sebahgian Balkan dan sedikit kawasan Caucassus....besaaar tu. Jadi apabila berlaku peperangan diantara kuasa2 yg disebut kat atas tu..sudah tentulah melarat sampai kat kawasan2 empire. Walaupun pertempuran 90% berlaku kat eropah, para pengkaji sejarah telah bersependapat ianya layak dipanggil PERANG DUNIA. WWI - Part 3 Macam mana perang boleh tercetus? Mula2 kita kena tahu serba sedikit wilayah Serbia. Tau kat mana Serbia ni? Ingat masa perang Bosnia dulu pada tahun 1990an. Serbia ini adalah salah satu wilayah di dlm Yugoslavia. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Crotia, Montenegro, Macedonia dan Kosovo tu dulu semuanya dalm Yugoslavia. Semuanya bersatu selepas perang Dunia ni lah. Pada abad ke 14, Serbia ni telah dilanggar oleh Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Sebelum tu negara ni dibawah Empayar Kristian Byzantine. Setelah kejatuhan Konstan tinople (ibu negara Byzantine), mana2 wilayahnya kesemuanya jatuh kat tgn Uthmaniyyah (Tupasalla dia berdendam kat umat Islam Bosnia) dan Serbia ni adalah penyokong tegar Kristian Orthodox. Kemudian sering berlaku peperangan antara Uthmaniyyah dgn kuasa Eropah lain iaitu Empayar Austro Hungaria. Pada abad ke 16, nyaris2 Vienna (ibukota Austro Hungaria) nak ditawan oleh Uthmaniyyah ni. Kalau tak kerana Sultannya mangkat kat Konstantinople (Istanbul) nescaya Empayar Austro Hungaria ni jatuh kat tgn Khalifah Uthmaniyyah ni. Kemudian Kekuatan Uthmaniyyah ni beransur2 merosot. Austro Hungaria kembali kuat. Dan setelah berlaku banyak pertempuran, wilayah Serbia ni dpt ditawan oleh Austro Hungaria dgn bantuan gerila Serbia dari kekuasaan Uthmaniyyah. Dan pada 1849, emperor Austria menjadikan wilayah Serbia ni sebagai jajahannya. Jadi..haangin satu badan laa pejuang2 Serbia ni (kata nak halau org Islam tu, last2 jadi keluar mulut buaya, masuk mulut dinosour pulak). Jadi bibit2 tak puashati dah mula menjalar. Lepas tu pulak Austria ni ada pulak buat Pack dgn Uthmaniyyah bukan pasai apa..cuma utk mengekang pengaruh Rusia aje...sebab Rusia dan Serbia memunyai pegangan Kristian yg sama iaitu.. Kristian Orthodox. Jadi Dinosour sudah bersekongkol dgn buaya. Dan bermulalah bermacam pertubuhan anti Austria dan salah satunya ialah The Black hand. Dan pada Jun, 1914, Putera mahkota Austro Hungaria Franz Ferdinand bersama isternya telah melakukan lawatan ke Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina. Semasa melakukan lawatan dgn menaiki kereta diRaja, Putera Mahkota ni dn isterinya telah ditembak berdas2 oleh salah seorang anggota The Black Hand..Gavrilo Princip, seorang Serbia. Dan akhirnya Franz Ferdinand dan isterinya terbunuh.. Cuba bayangkan apa akan berlaku? WWI - Part 4 Last itu ari kita dah sampai Franz Ferdinand dan isteri kena bunuh oleh pelampau Serbia kan? Gegak gempita kerajaan Austro Hungaria dan wilayah Balkan. Apakan tidak...Austria dah tentu geram gila dan org2 Serbia pulak tentulaa seram sejuk dibuatnya. Dan seperti yg dijangka Austria mengugut dgn 12 syarat (kalau tak silap)..Ada satu syarat je Serbia tak mampu nak bagi (aku lupa apa syarat tu)..dan Austria ni yg mmg berdendam tu... terus isytiharkan perang kat atas Serbia.... Aaaa lepas ni kita tgk aaa..macam domino ni...Bila Rusia dgr je rakan sebangsa (slav) dan seagama (orthodox) dgnnya nak kena blasah, dia pulak isytihar perang kat Austro Hungaria.. Domino sedang jatuh satu2..aaa tgk, tgk lagii kaitan dia. Pabila Jerman dgr Rusia nak blasah Austro Hungaria, Kaiser Wilhelm II takkan nak biarkan negara yg bahasanya sama dgn jerman (Austria) nak dikitai Rusia. Jadi jerman ni pun isytiharkan lak perang kat Rusia. Padehal Kaiser Wilhelm dgn Tsar Nicholas II tu sepupu jauh tu!!! Lepas tu, Perancis dgr Jerman nak bantai Rusia...dia pulak isytiharkan perang kek Jerman sebab dia ada Mou dgn Rusia (defense pack). Beraaapa punya banyak isytihar,isytihar daa.... Belum abis lagi nii....Uthmaniyyah Turki pulak dah termakan budi Jerman (jerman ada bagi 2 kapal dreadnough kat Turki bagi perkuat armada Uthmaniyyah kat Laut Hitam). Jadi ke macho an kena jaga...Dan Turki ni pun declared perang kat atas negara2 yg dah isytihar perang kat atas Jerman. Ada satu kuasa besar dunia dan kuasa laut yg termarvellous sekali pada masa tu iaitu Great Britain. Macamna lak pembabitan Big Ben nih? Nanti laa sambung... Gambar tu menunjukkan pengisytiharan perang oleh Empayar Uthmaniyyah ke atas negara2 yg memerangi Jerman kat salah satu tempat di Turki. WWI - Part 5 Britain ni masa revolusi industri dulu mmg dia yg paling canggih dan temaju sekali dlm ketenteraan dan ekonomi dunia. Pasaran ekonomi mmg luas, seluas empayarnya. Dan mmg temaju sekali dan zaman kemuncak dia ialah pada era Victoria Principal...opss silap2..Ratu Victoria sebenarnya dan pada tahun 1900 Great Britain adalah yg terunggul sekali. Tapi selepas 1900...ekonomi Britain dan France mula merosot sikit sikit. Ini disebabkan Jerman telah muncul sebagai kuasa ekonomi dunia dan telah melangkau Britain dan France sebagai kuasa ekonomi no2 selepas Uncle Sam. Mula2 dulu Jerman mengguna kan kapal2 British utk berdagang..kemudian Jerman buat fleet sendiri (macam kita punya MISC laa). Tak cukup lagiii...Jerman plak tgh membina kapal2 perang jenis dreadnough utk mnyaingi Britain sebagai kuasa laut tunggal. Dan barangan2 keluaran Jerman lebih bermutu utk pengeksportan. Jadi...benda2 ni semua membuat Britain berasa cemburu celik. Macamana aku nak jatuhkan Jerman (kata Britain di dlm hatinya) Dan...pintu terbuka luas...memandangkan kuasa besar lain, seperti Rusia, France dah declared war kek Jerman..jadi Britain pun mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Jerman. Italy? Kita dah tgk kisah dia masa perang dunia kedua dulukan..mula2 pro Jerman..aleh2 lepas tu anti Jerman pulak..aaa masa pernag yg ini pun lebihkurang je laa..Italy ni ada pack dgn Jerman dan Austro Hungaria sejak tahun 1882 lagi dan pack tu dinamakan Triple Alliance. Tapi dlm diam2 dia ada secret pack dgn France pada tahun 1902. Jadi dia tgk arah peperangan...siapa kuat dia sokong...begitulah agak2nya. Masa perang bermula Italy masih dlm Triple Alliance tapi pada 1915, pihak berikat telah meng offer wilayah Alpine (south Tyrol) dan Dalmatian coast jika Italy dpt menundukkan Austria. So, Italy pun switch sokongan ke pihak berikat laa pulak. Amerika? Uncle Sam ni kalau boleh dia tak nak campurtangan perang kat eropah nun...tapi keadaan memaksa.. Sebuah kapal passenger British iaitu Luisitania telah ditorpedoed oleh kapal selam Jerman dan 128 American pax terbunuh. Dan pada 1917 United States of America declared war on Germany. Cuba perhatikan....puncanya hanya antara Austria
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