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All notes found on: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/ james_ii.shtml James II © James was a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who in 1688 was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III. James was born on 14 October 1633 to Charles I and his French wife, Henrietta Maria and was named after his grandfather, James I and VI. During the English Civil War he was captured but fled to exile on the continent. He distinguished himself a soldier, returning to England at the Restoration of his brother, Charles II, in 1660. He commanded the Royal Navy from1660 to1673. In 1660, James married Anne Hyde, daughter of Charles II's chief minister and they had two surviving children, Mary and Anne. In 1669, James converted to Catholicism and took a stand against a number of anti-Catholic moves, including the Test Act of 1673. This did not impede his succession to the throne on Charles' death in 1685. Later that year James faced rebellion, led by Charles II's illegitimate son the Duke of Monmouth. The rebellion was easily crushed after the battle of Sedgemoor in 1685, and savage punishments were imposed by the infamous lord chief justice, Judge Jeffreys, at the 'Bloody Assizes'. Monmouth himself was messily beheaded. This, together with James's attempts to give civic equality to Roman Catholic and Protestant dissenters, led to conflict with parliament. In 1685, James prorogued it and ruled alone. He attempted to promote Catholicism by appointing Catholics to military, political and academic posts. In 1687, he issued a Declaration of Indulgence aiming at complete religious toleration and instructed Anglican clergy to read it from their pulpits. In June 1688, James's second wife Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward. Fearing that a Catholic succession was now assured, a group of Protestant nobles appealed to William of Orange, husband of James's older, and Protestant, daughter Mary. In November, William landed with an army in Devon. Deserted by an army and navy who he had completely alienated, James completely lost his nerve and fled abroad. In February 1689, parliament declared that James's flight constituted an abdication and William and Mary were crowned joint monarchs. In March 1689, James landed in Ireland where, with French support, he raised an army. He was defeated by William at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690. James died in exile in Saint-Germain in France on 16 September 1701. .

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THE POWER of BEAUTY in RESTORATION ENGLAND Dr
THE POWER OF BEAUTY IN RESTORATION ENGLAND Dr. Laurence Shafe [email protected] THE WINDSOR BEAUTIES www.shafe.uk • It is 1660, the English Civil War is over and the experiment with the Commonwealth has left the country disorientated. When Charles II was invited back to England as King he brought new French styles and sexual conduct with him. In particular, he introduced the French idea of the publically accepted mistress. Beautiful women who could catch the King’s eye and become his mistress found that this brought great wealth, titles and power. Some historians think their power has been exaggerated but everyone agrees they could influence appointments at Court and at least proposition the King for political change. • The new freedoms introduced by the Reformation Court spread through society. Women could appear on stage for the first time, write books and Margaret Cavendish was the first British scientist. However, it was a totally male dominated society and so these heroic women had to fight against established norms and laws. Notes • The Restoration followed a turbulent twenty years that included three English Civil Wars (1642-46, 1648-9 and 1649-51), the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Commonwealth of England (1649-53) and the Protectorate (1653-59) under Oliver Cromwell’s (1599-1658) personal rule. • Following the Restoration of the Stuarts, a small number of court mistresses and beauties are renowned for their influence over Charles II and his courtiers. They were immortalised by Sir Peter Lely as the ‘Windsor Beauties’. Today, I will talk about Charles II and his mistresses, Peter Lely and those portraits as well as another set of portraits known as the ‘Hampton Court Beauties’ which were painted by Godfrey Kneller (1646-1723) during the reign of William III and Mary II.
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School Resource Key characters James II was the second son of Charles I, the monarch who was executed by his own people after years of civil wars in England and Scotland. James grew up in exile in France and moved back to England when his brother Charles II was invited to take back the throne in 1685. James was born a Protestant, but converted to Catholicism in the 1660s. At first he kept it a secret because Catholics were feared and hated in England, but during the 1670s and 1680s he worked to gain religious freedoms for Catholics. His daughters, Mary and Anne, from his first marriage were brought up Protestant. But he married the Catholic Mary of Modena in 1673 and when their son James was born in 1688, people feared that England would stay Catholic and looked to the Protestant William of Orange for help. James II He fled England after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. He attempted to get Born 1633, died 1701 back his throne, but was defeated in battle in the Battle of the Boyne in King 1685–88 Ireland in 1690. He retired to France and died there in 1701, but his supporters, the Jacobites, continued to make trouble and try and put his heirs on the throne until 1746. William was the son of one of Charles I’s daughters, meaning James II was his uncle, and his wife Mary, was also his cousin. His marriage to his cousin Mary didn’t start well: she cried at the wedding. But they grew to love each other very much.
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The Case of the Supposititious Prince
Studies in English Volume 11 Article 7 1971 The Case of the Supposititious Prince Mary Ann Connell University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/ms_studies_eng Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Connell, Mary Ann (1971) "The Case of the Supposititious Prince," Studies in English: Vol. 11 , Article 7. Available at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/ms_studies_eng/vol11/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Studies in English by an authorized editor of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Connell: The Case of the Supposititious Prince THE CASE OF THE SUPPOSITITIOUS PRINCE by Mary Ann Connell In 1687 a predominantly Protestant England was resigned to en dure the reign of Roman Catholic James II. James had no male heir; consequently, his Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne, were destined to inherit his throne. Catholics were hated and feared by all Protes tant classes with an unreasoning passion. Any report of Catholic ill-doing would be believed without question. A rumor in 1687 that James, then fifty-two and considered doddering for the time, was to become a father again sent a pall of fear over his anti-Catholic sub jects and fostered a legend that today has never been entirely dis proved—the legend of James Francis Edward, the supposititious prince. James was considered by most of his Protestant subjects to be an offensive monarch; he, in turn, regarded them as heretics.
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Aphra Behn and the Crisis of Stuart Monarchy
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