ASIC Implementation of a Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Hippocampal Prosthesis

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ASIC Implementation of a Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Hippocampal Prosthesis LETTER Communicated by Manu Rastogi ASIC Implementation of a Nonlinear Dynamical Model for Hippocampal Prosthesis Zhitong Qiao [email protected] Yan Han [email protected] Xiaoxia Han [email protected] Institute of Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China Han Xu [email protected] School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Will X. Y. Li [email protected] School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China Dong Song [email protected] Theodore W. Berger [email protected] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, U.S.A. Ray C. C. Cheung [email protected] Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China A hippocampal prosthesis is a very large scale integration (VLSI) biochip that needs to be implanted in the biological brain to solve a cognitive dys- function. In this letter, we propose a novel low-complexity, small-area, and low-power programmable hippocampal neural network application- specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for a hippocampal prosthesis. Itis based on the nonlinear dynamical model of the hippocampus: namely multi-input, multi-output (MIMO)–generalized Laguerre-Volterramodel (GLVM). It can realize the real-time prediction of hippocampal neural Neural Computation 30, 2472–2499 (2018) © 2018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology doi:10.1162/neco_a_01107 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/neco_a_01107 by guest on 29 September 2021 ASIC Implementation of Hippocampal Neural Networks 2473 activity. New hardware architecture, a storage space configuration scheme, low-power convolution, and gaussian random number generator modules are proposed. The ASIC is fabricated in 40 nm technology with acoreareaof0.122mm2 and test power of 84.4 μW. Compared with the design based on the traditional architecture, experimental results show that the core area of the chip is reduced by 84.94% and the core power is reduced by 24.30%. 1 Introduction The hippocampus, an important part of the brain system, is mainly respon- sible for the formation of memory and spatial positioning. Research has found that the hippocampus is mainly responsible for the formation of new memories (Valiant, 2012). Therefore, damage to the hippocampus and sur- rounding regions of the medical temporal lobe can result in a permanent loss of the ability to form new long-term memories, causing cognitive dys- function such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementia (Berger, Orr, & Orr, 1983; Eichenbaum, Fagan, Mathews, & Cohen, 1988; Milner, 1970; Squire & Zola-Morgan, 1991). Thus far, most of the drug treatment pro- grams have failed to treat AD. Some drugs can reduce the rate of cognitive decline in patients with early AD but cannot repair nerve damage; more- over, these drugs still present some undesirable side effects (Mullard, 2016; Sevigny et al. 2016). Clearly the effect of drug treatment to alleviate cogni- tive decline is very limited. Hippocampal cognitive neural prosthesis, or hippocampal prosthesis for short, has been proposed to address this issue by replacing damaged tissue with a neurochip that mimics the functions of the original biologi- cal circuitry. It is used to replace the damaged region of the hippocampus (CA3–CA1 path) and thereby repair the memory and cognitive dysfunction caused by damage to the hippocampus. It consists of five modules: a low- noise amplifier (LNA), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a spike sorter, a multi-input, multi-output response model (MIMO–GLVM), and a charge- metering stimulus amplifier (CM), as shown in Figure 1 (Berger et al., 2012). The analog front end consists of 16 LNAs and 16 ADCs in parallel, that is, 16 input electrodes implanted in the hippocampus deliver neural signals for amplification and digitization. The digitized signals are then classified by 16 spike sorters into spike event channels, where events are represented by a single bit. Outputs (responses to the spike events) are computed by a single MIMO–GLVM-based hippocampal neural network, which delivers 8 channels of output to 8 CMs. Currently, probe technology and the size of the hippocampus in rats limit the chip to 16 parallel inputs and 8 differential outputs. In this letter, we focus on the research and implementation of the hip- pocampal neural network application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/neco_a_01107 by guest on 29 September 2021 2474 Z. Qiao et al. Figure 1: Functional block diagram of the hippocampal prosthesis. hippocampal prosthesis. It is based on the nonlinear dynamical model of hippocampus, MIMO–GLVM. The MIMO–GLVM-based hippocampal neu- ral network is an artificial neural network (ANN). It is the core module and mainly realizes the memory function of hippocampus, that is, it converts short-term memory into long-term memory. Because of the similarity be- tween an ANN and a neural network (NN), it can be used to replace the damaged CA3–CA1 pathway in the hippocampus, completing the normal processing and transmission of neural signals. (The structure of the hip- pocampal CA3–CA1 pathway and the implantation diagram of the hip- pocampal prosthesis are in Figures 2 and 3 of Berger et al., 2012.) In recent years, ANN has developed rapidly. An increasing number of research groups are developing VLSI chips that implement hundreds to thousands of spiking neurons with biophysically realistic dynamics, with the intention of emulating brain-like real-world behavior in hardware and robotic systems rather than simply simulating their performance on general-purpose digital computers (Neftci, Chicca, Indiveri, & Douglas, 2011; Martí, Rigotti, Seok, & Fusi, 2016; Cymbalyuk, Patel, Calabrese, De- Weerth, & Cohen, 2000; Bartolozzi & Indiveri, 2007; Giulioni, Pannunzi, Badoni, Dante, & Giudice, 2009). For example, IBM has developed mil- lions of neurons of integrated circuits, TrueNorth. It reaches the level of su- percomputers, but with extremely low power consumption (Merolla et al., 2014; Service, 2014). A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a particular kind of ANN specifically designed for hardware implementation, usually in embedded and real-time systems, such as image processing applications (Karahaliloglu, Gans, Schemm, & Balkir, 2008; Rawat & Wang, 2017; Chen, Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/neco_a_01107 by guest on 29 September 2021 ASIC Implementation of Hippocampal Neural Networks 2475 Krishna, Emer, & Sze, 2017). Its main goals are to improve system speed and reduce system power consumption. Unlike these other studies, our study is aimed at the neural prosthesis that needs to be implanted in the biological brain. Because the frequency of neural spike signal is very low, the working speed of the MIMO hip- pocampal NN is not very high as long as the oversampling frequency can be achieved. It achieves the computation performance of super computers with extremely low power consumption (Merolla et al., 2014; Service, 2014). The ASIC platform has the following outstanding advantages com- pared with the field programmable gate array (FPGA) software simulation platform: 1. The architecture is customized, so it is efficient in area, power, and speed. 2. The die area is very small, so that it can be implanted in the organism. 3. It can integrate digital and analog circuits on a single chip. The ASIC will serve as the main platform for the realization of hip- pocampal prosthesis. As the core module, the ASIC design of the MIMO hippocampal NN is very important. Currently, the only available work on ASIC-based MIMO hippocampal NNs is in Berger et al. (2012). That paper proposes a prototype of the hip- pocampal prosthesis ASIC, which was fabricated in a 180 nm process. The study gives a detailed introduction to the GLVM algorithm, but little in- formation on the specific implementation of the circuit and corresponding area, power consumption, accuracy, and functional test results of the chip. An FPGA-based MIMO hippocampal NN hardware architecture is pro- posed to realize the coefficient’s estimation of the GLVM and prediction of neuronal population firing activity (Li, Cheung et al., 2013a, 2013b; Li,Xin et al., 2014; Li, Chan et al. 2011a, 2011b). Actually, the coefficient’s estimation module is very complex, and does not need to be implanted in the brain. Therefore, the coefficient’s estimation function can be realized outside the brain; only the prediction function needs to be realized by ASIC to be im- planted into the brain. After the coefficient’s estimation process is finished, the coefficients can be sent to the ASIC, so the hippocampal NN needsto be programmable. Considering that nerve cells are sensitive to heat and that battery life is vital, researchers found that chips with low power are critical. However, not much work is available on appropriate low-power design technology. In this letter, we present an entire MIMO–GLVM based programmable hippocampal NN ASIC. Compared with other work, we focus on the new architecture, low-power, and low complexity ASIC design, based on the ad- vanced 40 nm process. We offer a detailed ASIC implementation scheme. In addition, our test has validated the function. Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/neco_a_01107 by guest on 29 September 2021 2476 Z. Qiao et al. Our work makes the following contributions: 1. A novel power- and area-efficient programmable hippocampal NN ASIC architecture. The ASIC is fabricated in a 40 nm process with a core area of 0.122 mm2 and test power of 84.4 μW. Compared with the traditional architecture, our experimental results show that the core area of the chip is reduced by 84.94% and the core power by 24.30%. 2. A highly efficient storage space configuration scheme for the hip- pocampal NN that has high utilization of physical space with little wasted storage space.
Recommended publications
  • Randal Koene Page 3
    CRYONICS 4th Quarter 2019 | Vol 40, Issue 4 www.alcor.org Scholar Profile: Randal Koene page 3 Cryonics in China and Australia Cryonics and Public Skepticism: page 19 Meeting The Challenges to Our Credibility page 24 CRYONICS Editorial Board Contents Saul Kent Ralph C. Merkle, Ph.D. R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. 3 Scholar Profile: Randal Koene Accomplished neuroscientist and founder of the only dedicated Editor whole brain emulation nonprofit in existence, Dr. Randal Koene Aschwin de Wolf is no stranger to standing out. Responsible for coining the term Contributing Writers that put this niche but growing field on the map, Koene is working Ben Best hard to make humans more adaptable than ever before. In his Randal Koene R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. vision of the future, minds will be substrate-independent, with Nicole Weinstock full or even enhanced functioning on a limitless and changing Aschwin de Wolf menu of platforms. Copyright 2019 by Alcor Life Extension Foundation 19 Cryonics in China and Australia All rights reserved. Ben Reports on the emerging cryonics industry in China and the plans to create a Reproduction, in whole or part, new cryonics organization in Australia. without permission is prohibited. 24 FOR THE RECORD Cryonics magazine is published Cryonics and Public Skepticism: Meeting the Challenges to Our quarterly. Credibility Cryonics has been viewed with skepticism or hostility by some, including some Please note: If you change your scientists, ever since it started in the 1960s, even though (we like to remind the address less than a month before the naysayers) its intended basis is strictly scientific.
    [Show full text]
  • Roger Sperry “Split-Brain” Experiment on Cats
    Thinking about Thought • Introduction • The Brain • Philosophy of Mind • Dreams and • Cognitive Models Emotions • Machine Intelligence • Language • Life and • Modern Physics Organization • Consciousness • Ecology 1 Session Six: The Brain for Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thought" at UC Berkeley (2014) Roughly These Chapters of My Book “Nature of Consciousness”: 7. Inside the Brain 2 Prelude to the Brain • A word of caution: everything we think about the brain comes from our brain. • When I say something about the brain, it is my brain talking about itself. 3 Prelude to the Brain • What is the brain good at? • Recognizing! 4 Prelude to the Brain • What is the brain good at? Who is younger? 5 Behaviorism vs Cognitivism 6 Behaviorism • William James – The brain is built to ensure survival in the world – Cognitive faculties cannot be abstracted from the environment that they deal with – The brain is organized as an associative network – Associations are governed by a rule of reinforcement 7 Behaviorism • Behaviorism – Ivan Pavlov • Learning through conditioning: if an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a bowl of meat) that normally causes an unconditioned response (e.g., the dog salivates) is repeatedly associated with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a bell), the conditioned stimulus (the bell) will eventually cause the unconditioned response (the dog salivates) without any need for the unconditioned stimulus (the bowl of meat) • All forms of learning can be reduced to conditioning phenomena 8 Behaviorism • Behaviorism – Burrhus Skinner (1938) • A person does what she does because she has been "conditioned" to do that, not because her mind decided so.
    [Show full text]
  • THE 11TH WORLD CONGRESS on the Relationship Between Neurobiology and Nano-Electronics Focusing on Artificial Vision
    THE 11TH WORLD CONGRESS On the Relationship Between Neurobiology and Nano-Electronics Focusing on Artificial Vision November 10-12, 2019 The Henry, An Autograph Collection Hotel DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY Detroit Institute of Ophthalmology Thank you to Friends of Vision for your support of the Bartimaeus Dinner The Eye and The Chip 2 DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY Detroit Institute of Ophthalmology TABLE OF CONTENTS WELCOME LETTER—PAUL A. EDWARDS. M.D. ....................................................... WELCOME LETTER—PHILIP C. HESSBURG, M.D. ..................................................... DETROIT INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY ......................................................... ORGANIZING COMMITTEE/ACCREDITATION STATEMENT ............................................... CONGRESS 3-DAY SCHEDULE ................................................................... PLATFORM SPEAKER LIST ...................................................................... SPEAKER ABSTRACTS .......................................................................... POSTER PRESENTERS’ LIST ..................................................................... POSTER ABSTRACTS ........................................................................... BARTIMAEUS AWARD—PREVIOUS RECIPIENTS ...................................................... SUPPORTING SPONSORS . Audio-Visual Services Provided by Dynasty Media Network http://dynastymedianetwork.com/ The Eye and The Chip Welcome On behalf of the Henry Ford Health System and the Department of Ophthalmology,
    [Show full text]
  • Synaptic Communication Engineering for Future Cognitive Brain-Machine Interfaces Mladen Veletic´ and Ilangko Balasingham, Senior Member, IEEE
    PROCEEDINGS OF IEEE 1 Synaptic Communication Engineering for Future Cognitive Brain-machine Interfaces Mladen Veletic´ and Ilangko Balasingham, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—Disease-affected nervous systems exhibit anatomical with these complications, three classes of brain implants, or physiological impairments that degrade processing, transfer, called brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) or neural implants, storage, and retrieval of neural information leading to physical or are designed for providing clinical means for detection and intellectual disabilities. Brain implants may potentially promote clinical means for detecting and treating neurological symptoms treatment. by establishing direct communication between the nervous and • Sensory BMIs deliver physical stimuli (e.g., sound, sight, artificial systems. Current technology can modify neural function touch, pain, and warmth) to the sensory organs for at the supracellular level as in Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and depression. However, recent advances in nanotechnology, the correction of auditory, occipital, and somatosensory nanomaterials, and molecular communications have the potential malfunctions. Examples of sensory BMIs are cochlear to enable brain implants to preserve the neural function at and retinal implants, that translate external auditory and the subcellular level which could increase effectiveness, decrease visual content into sensory firings that could be perceived energy consumption, and make the leadless devices chargeable by patients suffering from deafness and blindness, respec- from outside the body or by utilizing the body’s own energy sources. In this study, we focus on understanding the principles of tively [9]. elemental processes in synapses to enable diagnosis and treatment • Motor BMIs deliver brain signals to the organs or muscles of brain diseases with pathological conditions using biomimetic that have lost functional mobility due to traumatic injury synaptically interactive brain-machine interfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Intelligence and the Singularity
    Artificial Intelligence and the Singularity piero scaruffi www.scaruffi.com October 2014 - Revised 2016 "The person who says it cannot be done should not interrupt the person doing it" (Chinese proverb) Piero Scaruffi • piero scaruffi [email protected] [email protected] Olivetti AI Center, 1987 Piero Scaruffi • Cultural Historian • Cognitive Scientist • Blogger • Poet • www.scaruffi.com www.scaruffi.com 3 This is Part 5 • See http://www.scaruffi.com/singular for the index of this Powerpoint presentation and links to the other parts 1. Classic A.I. - The Age of Expert Systems 2. The A.I. Winter and the Return of Connectionism 3. Theory: Knowledge-based Systems and Neural Networks 4. Robots 5. Bionics 6. Singularity 7. Critique 8. The Future 9. Applications 10. Machine Art 11. The Age of Deep Learning www.scaruffi.com 4 Bionics Jose Delgado 5 A Brief History of Bionics 1952: Jose Delgado publishes the first paper on implanting electrodes into human brains: "Permanent Implantation of Multi-lead Electrodes in the Brain" 1957: The first electrical implant in an ear (André Djourno and Charles Eyriès) 1961: William House invents the "cochlear implant", an electronic implant that sends signals from the ear directly to the auditory nerve (as opposed to hearing aids that simply amplify the sound in the ear) 6 A Brief History of Bionics 1965 : Jose Delgado controls a bull via a remote device, injecting fear at will into the beast's brain 1969: Jose Delgado’s book "Physical Control of the Mind - Toward a Psychocivilized Society" 1969: Jose Delgado implants devices in the brain of a monkey and then sends signals in response to the brain's activity, thus creating the first bidirectional brain-machine-brain interface.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonlinear Dynamical Model Based Control of in Vitro Hippocampal Output
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 20 February 2013 NEURAL CIRCUITS doi: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00020 Nonlinear dynamical model based control of in vitro hippocampal output Min-Chi Hsiao1*, Dong Song 2 and Theodore W. Berger 3 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for Neural Engineering, University of Southern California, Angeles, CA,USA Edited by: This paper describes a modeling-control paradigm to control the hippocampal output Ahmed El Hady, Max Planck (CA1 response) for the development of hippocampal prostheses. In order to bypass a Institute for Dynamics and Self damaged hippocampal region (e.g., CA3), downstream hippocampal signal (e.g., CA1 Organization, Germany responses) needs to be reinstated based on the upstream hippocampal signal (e.g., Reviewed by: Karim Oweiss, Michigan State dentate gyrus responses) via appropriate stimulations to the downstream (CA1) region. University, USA In this approach, we optimize the stimulation signal to CA1 by using a predictive DG-CA1 Thierry R. Nieus, Italian Institute of nonlinear model (i.e., DG-CA1 trajectory model) and an inversion of the CA1 input–output Technology, Italy model (i.e., inverse CA1 plant model). The desired CA1 responses are first predicted by *Correspondence: the DG-CA1 trajectory model and then used to derive the optimal stimulation intensity Min-Chi Hsiao, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University through the inverse CA1 plant model. Laguerre-Volterra kernel models for random-interval, of Southern California, 3641 Watts graded-input, contemporaneous-graded-output system are formulated and applied to build Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank
    TECHNOLOGY REPORT published: 24 January 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00734 Evolving Applications, Technological Challenges and Future Opportunities in Neuromodulation: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora 1*, James J. Giordano 2, Aysegul Gunduz 3, Peter Brown 4, Edited by: Justin C. Sanchez 5, Kelly D. Foote 6, Leonardo Almeida 1, Philip A. Starr 7, Ulrich G. Hofmann, Helen M. Bronte-Stewart 8, Wei Hu 1, Cameron McIntyre 9, Wayne Goodman 10,11, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Doe Kumsa 12, Warren M. Grill 13, Harrison C. Walker 14,15, Matthew D. Johnson 16, Germany Jerrold L. Vitek 17, David Greene 18, Daniel S. Rizzuto 19, Dong Song 20, Reviewed by: Theodore W. Berger 20, Robert E. Hampson 21, Sam A. Deadwyler 21, Christian K. E. Moll, Leigh R. Hochberg 22,23,24, Nicholas D. Schiff 25, Paul Stypulkowski 26, Greg Worrell 27, University Medical Center Vineet Tiruvadi 28, Helen S. Mayberg 29, Joohi Jimenez-Shahed 30, Pranav Nanda 31, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany Sameer A. Sheth 31, Robert E. Gross 32, Scott F. Lempka 33, Luming Li 34,35,36, Wissam Deeb 1 Sabato Santaniello, 1 University of Connecticut, and Michael S. Okun United States 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, *Correspondence: United States, 2 Department of Neurology, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora Washington, DC, United States, 3 J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction of Stationary Components in Biosignal Discrimination
    2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2012) San Diego, California, USA 28 August – 1 September 2012 Pages 1-561 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP12EMB-PRT ISBN: 978-1-4244-4119-8 1/11 Program in Chronological Order * Author Name – Corresponding Author ● * Following Paper Title – Paper not Available Wednesday, 29 August 2012 WeA01: 08:00-09:30 Sapphire A 1.1.1 Nonstationary Processing of Biomedical Signals (Oral Session) Chair: Chon, Ki (Worcester Pol. Inst.) Co-Chair: Jimison, Holly (Oregon Health & Science Univ.) 08:00-08:15 WeA01.1 Extraction of Stationary Components in Biosignal Discrimination ............................................................................ 1-4 Martínez-Vargas, Juan David* (Universidad Nacional de Colombia); Cardenas-Peña, David (Universidad Nacional de Colombia); Castellanos-Dominguez, Germán (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) 08:15-08:30 WeA01.2 Optimization of Heartbeat Detection Based on Clustering and Multimethod Approach .......................................... 5-8 Sprager, Sebastijan* (University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science); Zazula, Damjan (University of Maribor) 08:30-08:45 WeA01.3 Training Using Short-Time Features for OSA Discrimination ................................................................................... 9-12 Sepúlveda Cano, Lina María (Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales); Alvarez-Meza, Andres Marino* (Universidad Nacional de Colombia); Castellanos-Dominguez, Germán (Universidad
    [Show full text]
  • Brain-Computer Interfaces an International Assessment of Research and Development Trends
    BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES Brain-Computer Interfaces An International Assessment of Research and Development Trends by THEODORE W. BERGER University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA JOHN K. CHAPIN State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA GREG A. GERHARDT University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA DENNIS J. MCFARLAND Wadsworth Centre, Albany, NY, USA JOSÉ C. PRINCIPE University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA WALID V. SOUSSOU University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA DAWN M. TAYLOR Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and PATRICK A. TRESCO University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Printed on acid-free paper This document was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and other agencies of the U.S. Government under an award from the NSF (ENG-0423742) to the World Technology Evaluation Center, Inc. The Government has certain rights in this material. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Goverment, the authors’ parent institutions, or WTEC, Inc. Copyright to electronic versions by WTEC, Inc. and Springer except as noted. WTEC, Inc., retains rights to distribute its reports electronically. The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive and nontransferable license to exercise all exclusive rights provided by copyright. All WTEC final reports are distributed on the Internet at http://www.wtec.org. Some WTEC reports are distributed on paper by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. ISBN: 978-1-4020-8704-2 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8705-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930994 c 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
    [Show full text]
  • A Call for Epistemic Humility in the Creation of Artificial Intelligence, in Applications of Neuroprosthetics, and in the Debate Over Scientific Realism
    How to Properly Wear a Tin Foil Hat: A Call for Epistemic Humility in the Creation of Artificial Intelligence, in Applications of Neuroprosthetics, and in the Debate over Scientific Realism Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Schuler, Matthew Michael Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 10:41:27 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/631278 HOW TO PROPERLY WEAR A TIN FOIL HAT: A CALL FOR EPISTEMIC HUMILITY IN THE CREATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, IN APPLICATIONS OF NEUROPROSTHETICS, AND IN THE DEBATE OVER SCIENTIFIC REALISM by Matthew Schuler __________________________ Copyright © Matthew Schuler 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 THE UNNERSI1Y OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Matthew Schuler, titled How to Properly Wear a Tin Foil Hat: A Call for Epistemic Humility in the Creation of Artificial Intelligence, In Applications of Neuroprosthetics, and In the Debate over Scientific Realism and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______ Date: 9-26-2018 ) Stewart Cohen _________ Date: 9-26-2018 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Highlights in Neuroengineering 2005-2018 Logan Thrasher Collins
    Global Highlights in Neuroengineering 2005-2018 Logan Thrasher Collins Optogenetic stimulation using ChR2 (Boyden, Zhang, Bamberg, Nagel, & Deisseroth, 2005) Ed S. Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, and colleagues developed optogenetics, a revolutionary technique for stimulating neural activity. Optogenetics involves engineering neurons to express light-gated ion channels. The first channel used for this purpose was ChR2 (a protein originally found in bacteria which responds to blue light). In this way, a neuron exposed to an appropriate wavelength of light will be stimulated. Over time, optogenetics has gained a place as an essential experimental tool for neuroscientists across the world. It has been expanded upon and improved in numerous ways and has even allowed control of animal behavior via implanted fiber optics and other light sources. Optogenetics may eventually be used in the development of improved brain-computer interfaces. Blue Brain Project cortical column simulation (Markram, 2006) In the early stages of the Blue Brain Project, ~ 10,000 neurons were mapped in 2-week-old rat somatosensory neocortical columns with sufficient resolution to show rough spatial locations of the dendrites and synapses. After constructing a virtual model, algorithmic adjustments refined the spatial connections between neurons to increase accuracy (over 10 million synapses). The cortical column was emulated using the Blue Gene/L supercomputer and the emulation was highly accurate compared to experimental data. Optogenetic silencing using halorhodopsin (Han & Boyden, 2007) Ed Boyden continued developing optogenetic tools to manipulate neural activity. Along with Xue Han, he expressed a codon-optimized version of a bacterial halorhodopsin (along with the ChR2 protein) in neurons. Upon exposure to yellow light, halorhodopsin pumps chloride ions into the cell, hyperpolarizing the membrane and inhibiting neural activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Highlights in Neuroengineering August 2005 to April 2019 Logan Thrasher Collins
    Global Highlights in Neuroengineering August 2005 to April 2019 Logan Thrasher Collins Optogenetic stimulation using ChR2: August 2005 Reference: (Boyden, Zhang, Bamberg, Nagel, & Deisseroth, 2005) • Ed Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, and colleagues developed optogenetics, a revolutionary technique for stimulating neural activity. • Optogenetics involves engineering neurons to express light-gated ion channels. The first channel used for this purpose was ChR2 (a protein originally found in bacteria which responds to blue light). In this way, a neuron exposed to an appropriate wavelength of light will be stimulated. • Over time, optogenetics has gained a place as an essential experimental tool for neuroscientists across the world. It has been expanded upon and improved in numerous ways and has even allowed control of animal behavior via implanted fiber optics and other light sources. Optogenetics may eventually be used in the development of improved brain-computer interfaces. Plans for Blue Brain Project announced Reference: (Markram, 2006) • Henry Markram announced the European Blue Brain Project (which later gave rise to the Human Brain Project), a large-scale computational neuroscience initiative with the goal of simulating the brain in a supercomputer. • Plans for the early stages of the Blue Brain Project included reconstructing the morphologies of neuronal cell types from the rat neocortex, experimentally characterizing their electrophysiological parameters, building a virtual neocortical column with ~10,000 multicompartmental Hodgkin-Huxley-type neurons and over ten million synapses, and running simulations of the virtual neocortical column on the Blue Gene/L supercomputer. • These goals were met by the November of 2007 and the general properties of the simulations reflected the biological reality.
    [Show full text]