DOCSLIB.ORG

Structural Evaluation of a Motorcycle Frame

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Structural Evaluation of a Motorcycle Frame FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Structural Evaluation of a Motorcycle Frame Carlos Filipe do Lago Vieira Dissertation for Master’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Mário Augusto Pires Vaz Second Supervisor: Miguel Ângelo Nogueira da Costa Oliveira October 2014 c Carlos Filipe do Lago Vieira, 2014 Structural Evaluation of a Motorcycle Frame Carlos Filipe do Lago Vieira Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica [email protected] DEMec - Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal Abstract This thesis presents a numerical analysis of a trail motorcycle frame. The frame is evalu- ated in different tests and its performance is evaluated. Solustions are also suggested for the current problems. The finite element method analysis techniques were used for the solution of the prob- lem. To that end, the program ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 was used, for both modal analysis and static loads applied. The model was analysed and its behaviour was evaluated in each of the cases. To improve its performance, an optimization of the frame model was done and suggestions were made. i ii Resumo Esta tese apresenta a análise numérica de um quadro para um motociclo para trail. O quadro é avaliado em diferentes testes e a sua prestação é comentada. São também su- geridas soluções para os atuais problemas. As técnicas de análise pelo método dos elementos finitos são aplicadas para a re- solução do problema. Para tal efeito utilizou-se o programa ANSYS R Workbench 15.0, quer para a análise modal, quer para as solicitações estáticas. O modelo foi analisado e o seu comportamento foi avaliado em cada um dos casos, tendo-se realizado uma optimização do modelo do quadro ou realizadas sugestões para o melhor desempenho do mesmo. iii iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank all my family specially my mother and my father who have given me unconditional support and guidance as well as my brother who taught me that giving up is not an option. Also I want to thank all my friends that accompanied me all this years for the great moments and stories that we shared. A special thanks to my flat mates who put up with me for four years for their never ending support and understanding. I would also like to thank Professor Dr. Mário Augusto Pires Vaz for the support and availability during the course of this thesis. Carlos Filipe do Lago Vieira v vi “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Thomas A. Edison vii viii Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Given Objectives . .1 1.2 Methodology Applied . .2 1.3 Outline of the Thesis . .2 2 State of the Art5 2.1 Motorcycle History . .5 2.1.1 Early Days . .5 2.1.2 The War and the Motorcycle . .7 2.1.3 Motorcycles Nowadays . .8 2.2 Frame Designs . .9 2.2.1 Tubular Frames . 10 2.2.2 Trellis Frames . 11 2.2.3 Tubular Backbone Frames . 11 2.2.4 Fabricated Backbone Frames . 12 2.2.5 Monocoque Frames . 13 2.2.6 Twin-spar Frames . 13 2.2.7 Structural Engine . 14 2.3 Trail Motorcycle . 14 2.4 The Company: AJP Motos . 15 2.5 Finite Element Method . 17 2.6 Summary . 18 3 The Frame 19 3.1 Steel Parts . 19 3.1.1 Oil Tank, Steering Column and Engine Cradle . 20 3.2 Aluminium Alloy Parts . 21 3.2.1 Backbone . 23 3.2.2 Lateral Beams . 24 3.2.3 Swing-arm . 26 3.2.4 Connecting Rods . 27 3.3 Other Parts . 28 3.4 The Engine . 28 3.5 Summary . 29 ix x CONTENTS 4 Structural Analysis 31 4.1 Mesh . 32 4.2 Case 1: Landing with both wheels . 33 4.2.1 Analysis Parameters . 33 4.2.2 Results . 35 4.3 Case 2: Braking/Frontal Impact . 36 4.3.1 Analysis Parameters . 36 4.3.2 Results . 38 4.4 Case 3: Landing on the back wheel . 39 4.4.1 Analysis Parameters . 39 4.4.2 Results . 40 4.4.3 Optimization . 43 4.5 Case 4: Landing only with the front wheel . 44 4.5.1 Analysis Parameters . 44 4.5.2 Results . 45 4.6 Case 5: Torsional Stiffness . 45 4.6.1 Analysis Parameters . 46 4.6.2 Results . 47 4.7 Case 6: Lateral Stiffness . 49 4.7.1 Analysis Parameters . 49 4.7.2 Results . 50 4.8 Case 7: Vertical Stiffness . 52 4.8.1 Analysis Parameters . 52 4.8.2 Results . 52 4.9 Summary . 54 5 Modal Analysis 55 5.1 Lower Frame . 56 5.1.1 Analysis Parameters . 56 5.1.2 Results . 56 5.2 Lateral Beams and Backbone . 57 5.2.1 Analysis Parameters . 57 5.2.2 Results . 58 5.3 Main Frame . 59 5.3.1 Analysis Parameters . 59 5.3.2 Results . 60 5.4 Swing-arm . 63 5.4.1 Analysis Parameters . 63 5.4.2 Results . 63 5.5 Summary . 65 6 Conclusions and Future Work 67 6.1 Conclusions . 67 6.1.1 Results . 67 6.1.2 Critical Analysis . 68 6.2 Future Work . 69 CONTENTS xi A Results from the pre-analysis extracted from Solidworks R 71 B APLD Commands inserted in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 to retrieve the rota- tion in the torsional analysis 73 C Market Opponent Models 75 C.1 Yamaha XT660Z Ténéré . 75 C.2 BMW G650 GS . 77 C.3 KTM 690 Enduro R . 80 References 83 xii CONTENTS List of Figures 2.1 1867 Sylvester Howard Roper Steam Velocipede [2]............5 2.2 1885 Daimler Reitwagen [5]........................6 2.3 1901 Indian Motorcycle [8].........................7 2.4 WWI Harley-Davidson Motorcycle [9]...................8 2.5 Honda Model D: first ever Honda motorcycle [11].............8 2.6 Cradle frame [14].............................. 10 2.7 KTM 200 Duke Triangulated Frame [16].................. 11 2.8 Kawasaki Z800 Tubular Backbone Frame [17]............... 12 2.9 Fabricated Backbone Frame from the 1960s 250 cc Ossa GP [14]..... 12 2.10 1973 John Player Norton monocoque chassis [19]............. 13 2.11 Twin-spar frame from a Yamaha R1 [14].................. 14 2.12 1980 BMW R80 G/S [22].......................... 15 2.13 AJP PR5 Enduro [23]............................ 17 2.14 Process leading to fabrication of advanced engineering systems [24]... 17 3.1 Oil Tank, Steering Column and Engine Cradle . 20 3.2 Engine Connection Parts to the Cradle . 21 3.3 Cast Aluminium Alloy parts in the full model . 22 3.4 Chassis Backbone . 23 3.5 Connection detail of the Backbone to the Oil Tank . 24 3.6 Left and right side Beams . 24 3.7 Lateral Beam inside detail . 25 3.8 Swingarm . 26 3.9 Swing-arm inside detail . 27 3.10 Connecting Rods . 28 4.1 Mesh used in the analysis, generated by ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 .... 32 4.2 Case 1 parameters introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ........ 34 4.3 Case 1 results extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 .......... 35 4.4 Case 2 parameters introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ........ 37 4.5 Case 2 results extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 .......... 38 4.6 Case 3 parameters introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ........ 40 4.7 Case 3 results extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 for the whole structure . 41 4.8 Case 3 results for the swing-arm in the different approaches extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ....................... 42 xiii xiv LIST OF FIGURES 4.9 Original and re-designed connecting rod supports . 43 4.10 Comparison between the stresses with the original design and the re- designed connecting rod supports extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 43 4.11 Case 4 parameters introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ........ 44 4.12 Case 4 results extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 .......... 45 4.13 Case 5 parameters for the main frame introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ..................................... 46 4.14 Case 5 parameters for the swing-arm introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ..................................... 47 4.15 Torsional total deformation on the main frame extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ............................... 47 4.16 Torsional total deformation on the swing-arm extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ............................... 48 4.17 Case 6 parameters for the main frame introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ..................................... 49 4.18 Case 6 parameters for the swing-arm introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ..................................... 50 4.19 Lateral total deformation on the main frame extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ............................... 50 4.20 Lateral total deformation on the swing-arm extracted from ANSYS R Work- bench 15.0 .................................. 51 4.21 Case 7 parameters for the main frame introduced in ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ..................................... 52 4.22 Vertical total deformation extracted from ANSYS R Workbench 15.0 ... 53 5.1 Lower frame mesh for the modal analysis generated by.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Motorcycle Crash Causation Study: Final Report
    Motorcycle Crash Causation Study: Final Report PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-18-064 FEBRUARY 2019 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 FOREWORD The Motorcycle Crash Causation Study (MCCS), conducted through the Federal Highway Administration Office of Safety Research and Development, produced a wealth of information on the causal factors of motorcycle (MC) crashes and provides perspectives on what crash- countermeasure opportunities can be developed. This study used a crash- and control-case approach developed from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development protocols, which as discussed in this report, has provided insights into more than 1,900 data elements that may be associated with motorcycle-crash causation. The research team produced a final report along with a 14-volume series of supplemental reports that provide an overview of the study and a summary of its observations, the data-collection forms and coding definitions, a tabulation of each data element collected from each form, and selected comparisons with previous studies. It is anticipated that readers will select those Volumes and data elements that provide information of specific interest. This final report describes the development and conduct of the MCCS and contains tabulations of the results. It provides a background of the study, various protocols used to collect the data, the study design, and a summary of the findings. This report will be of interest to individuals involved in traffic safety, safety training, crash and injury reduction, and roadway design and policymaking, as well as MC designers and safety-equipment designers, crash investigators and researchers, MC and automotive manufacturers and consumers, roadway users, and human- factors specialists.
    [Show full text]
  • Typical Brake Disc and Brake Pad Damage Patterns and Their Root Causes
    Typical brake disc and brake pad damage patterns and their root causes www.meyle.com Good brakes save lives! The consequences of choosing the wrong or low-grade brake parts can be dramatic. Only use the brake components specified for the given vehicle application. Brake system repairs may only be performed by skilled and trained personnel. Adhere to the vehicle or brake manufacturer‘s specifications at all times. MEYLE Platinum Disc: When installing new brake components, observe the All-new finish. No degreasing. following: Fit and go. > Always replace brake pads along with brake discs. > Always replace all brake discs and pads per axle. All MEYLE brake discs come as ready-to-mount assemblies, most of > Be careful to bed in new brake discs and pads properly. them featuring the locating screw. They do not require degreasing > Avoid unnecessary heavy braking on the first 200 kilometres. and are resistant to rim cleaners. Cutting-edge paint technology > Brake performance may be lower on the first 200 driven made in Germany provides MEYLE Platinum Discs with long-term kilometres. anti-corrosion protection while adding a brilliant appearance. Further refinement of the tried-and-tested MEYLE finish has led to Check for functional reliability after installation: environmentally-friendly production processes. > Pump brake pedal until it becomes stiff. > Pedal travel must not vary at constant pedal load after pedal has MEYLE Platinum Discs – the safety solution engineered by one been depressed several times. of the industry‘s leading experts in coated brake discs. > Check wheels for free rotation. > Check brake fluid level in expansion tank and top up, if required.
    [Show full text]
  • The Return of Reynolds
    FRAME TECHNOLOGY The Return of Reynolds Reynolds Technology has a history that stretches back over a century with much of it in the motorcycle industry as the supplier of steel tubing for frame manufacturers. Having left the industry a while ago, it is now planning a return with some high-grade material that fits with its image as a high-performance engineering company as Peter Jones reports. For something as handling of the infamous Honda its material technology for the apparently mundane as steel RC181. tubes it manufactures today. This tubing, Reynolds Technology has Reynolds’ backing for its frame approach has certainly paid a somewhat celebrity status in building went as far as offering dividends in its increasing share motorcycle racing history. Bronze an annual frame repair service at of the cycle frame market, and its welded Reynolds 531 frames the Isle of Man TT for many ‘air hardening’ steels have played were the de facto choice for years. a vital role in improving cycle many top racers up until as Along with many other British frame fatigue life in line with recently as the 1970s. companies, Reynolds suffered toughening EC legislation. Introduced as a manganese badly in the 1980s and through The modern evolution of the alloy tube in 1935, Reynolds 531 into the 1990s from the general Reynolds 531tube is the 631 tubing was the stock in trade for decline in the British alloy, along with its heat-treated motorcycle frame builders manufacturing base until it was relative 853. The 631/853 alloys including, of course, the famous subject to a management buyout.
    [Show full text]
  • ATV/OFMC Regulations
    ATV/OFMC Regulations ATV/OFMC Workshop July 21, 2004 Linc Wehrly Off-Highway Motorcycle (OFMC) Standards Table 1 of §1051.105 – Exhaust Emission Standards for Off-Highway Motorcycles (g/km) Model Year Phase-in Emission Standards Maximum allowable family (percent) emission limits HC+NOx CO HC+NOx CO 2006 50 2.0 25 20 50 2007 and 100 2.0 25 20 50 later • Averaging, banking and trading for HC+NOx and CO • Competition exemption (§1051.620) • Minimum useful life of 10,000 km or 5years Alternative OFMC Standards Alternative Exhaust Emission Standards for Off-Highway Motorcycles (g/km) Model Year Phase-in Emission Standards (percent) HC+NOx CO 2007 100 4.0 35 • No competition exemption • At least 10% of models must have four of the following: –Absence of headlight or other lights – Absence of spark arrester – Absence of a manufacturer warranty – Suspension travel greater than 10 inches – Engine displacement greater than 50 cc – Absence of a functional seat • Averaging and banking for HC+NOx only – No trading OFMC Less Than 70 cc Emission Standards • OFMC with engines less than 70 cc have option to certify to engine-based exhaust standards (§1051.615) Exhaust Emission Standards for Off-Highway Motorcycles Less Than 70 cc (g/kW-hr) Model Year Phase-in Emission Standards Maximum allowable family (percent) emission limits HC+NOx CO HC+NOx CO 2006 50 16.1 519 32.2 -- 2007 and 100 16.1 519 32.2 -- later • Averaging, banking and trading for HC+NOx only • Minimum useful life of 5,000 km or 5 years • Engine-based test cycle – 6 Mode Duty Cycle for Recreational
    [Show full text]
  • Motorcycle Rear Suspension
    Project Number: RD4-ABCK Motorcycle Rear Suspension A MAJOR QUALIFYING PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE BY JACOB BRYANT ALLYSA GRANT ZACHARY WALSH DATE SUBMITTED: 26 April 2018 REPORT SUBMITTED TO: Professor Robert Daniello Worcester Polytechnic Institute Abstract Motorcycle suspension is critical to ensuring both safety and comfort while riding. In recent years, older Honda CB motorcycles have become increasingly popular. While the demand has increased, the outdated suspension technology has remained the same. In order to give these classic motorcycles the safety and comfort of modern bikes, we designed, analyzed and built a modular suspension system. This system replaces the old twin-shock rear suspension with a mono- shock design that utilizes an off-the-shelf shock absorber from a modern sport bike. By using this modern shock technology combined with a mechanical linkage design, we were able to create a system that greatly improved the progressiveness and travel of the rear suspension. Acknowledgements The success of our project has been the result of many individuals over the course of the past eight months, and it is our privilege to recognize and thank these individuals for their unwavering help and support throughout this process. First and foremost, we would like to thank our Worcester Polytechnic Institute advisor, Professor Robert Daniello for his guidance throughout this project. His comments and constructive criticism regarding our design and manufacturing strategies were crucial for us in realizing our product. We would also like to thank two other groups at WPI: The Mechanical Engineering department at WPI and the Lab Staff in Washburn Shops.
    [Show full text]
  • KAWASAKI MOTORCYCLE HISTORY 1952—2014 * This Pamphlet Contains a Selection of Key Models Throughout Kawasaki’S History
    KAWASAKI MOTORCYCLE HISTORY 1952—2014 * This pamphlet contains a selection of key models throughout Kawasaki’s history. It is not intended to be a complete compilation. * Model years and release dates may vary by market. 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 P/N 99941-1454 ALL-E Printed in Japan. 14-II Overseas sales of the Z1 (900 cm3) start. 3 3 3 Kawasaki A factory dedicated exclusively to The Z1100GP is released. The first model in the supersport GP line-up Sales of the Vulcan 750, Kawasaki’s first V-Twin American-style Cruiser, Sales of the new Kawasaki flagship model, the ZZ-R1100 (Ninja Ninja ZX-9R Overseas sales of the Overseas sales of the Ninja ZX-12R (1200 cm ) commence. KX250F Sales of the KX250F, Z1000 Like its predecessor, the new KLX450R The KLX450R Z1000 With the introduction of the The Ninja 1000 (Z1000SX The Ninja ZX-14R (ZZR1400 ABS in Europe) arrives. The new Ninja ZX-10R (1000 cm ) is introduced. Complementing its Z250 With the Z250, Kawasaki A head-turning new Z1000 debuts. KSR PRO The KSR PRO (110 cm ) is added Kawasaki Legends 1952 1960 125 New Ace motorcycle production is 1972 Sales of a domestic version, the Z2 (750 cm3), start the 1980 features Fuel Injection and an oil cooler. 1985 commence. 1990 ZX-11 in N. America), commence. 1994 Ninja ZX-9R (900 cm3) 2000 2004 Kawasaki’s first 4-stroke 2007 Z1000 takes the performance 2008 makes its debut. 2010 new Z1000, Kawasaki takes 2011 in Europe), a bike that 2012 2013 already high base performance, it is equipped with a new electronic 2013 brings the wild excitement 2014 2014 to the KSR mini-motard line-up.
    [Show full text]
  • Value Chain of Motorcycle Industry in Vietnam
    VALUE CHAIN OF MOTORCYCLE INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM A case study of Royal Enfield in Vietnam Bachelor's thesis Valkeakoski Campus, International Business Spring Semester 2021 Quang Nguyen Minh International Business Abstract Author Quang Nguyen Minh Year 2021 Subject Value chain of the motorcycle industry in Vietnam Supervisors Sajal Kabiraj This thesis aims to provide an overview of the motorcycle industry in Vietnam and the correlation between the value chain and competitive advantage. The theoretical framework describes concepts related to strategy in business and Michael Porter's theory of competitive advantage. The main objective is to gain practical knowledge by looking into a case company in India: Royal Enfield, choosing a suitable strategy in the Vietnamese market. The author implemented a qualitative research method through primary and secondary data to answer the research question. The secondary data is collected through the theoretical framework and scholarly publications, while data collected from interviews are primary data. The result shows that competitive advantage, if not exploited correctly, may lead to failure. Keywords Strategy, value chain, competitive advantage, management, motorcycle Pages 45 pages and appendices 0 pages Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research purpose ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Current situation of the motorcycle industry
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Enfield Acquires Harris Performance
    Press release May 11 th , 2015 ROYAL ENFIELD ACQUIRES HARRIS PERFORMANCE Royal Enfield, the world’s fastest growing motorcycle manufacturer, has acquired UK based Harris Performance Products Ltd. Established over forty years ago by brothers Steve and Lester Harris and Stephen Bayford, Harris Performance is one of the leading experts in designing, manufacturing and marketing motorcycle chassis and components. Under the terms of the deal, Royal Enfi eld will acquire all assets, employees, trade names, technical know-how and intellectual property of Harris Performance Products Ltd. Harris Performance has had a long standing relationship with Royal Enfield and was responsible for the chassis developm ent of the brand’s iconic Continental GT café racer model. Speaking about the acquisition, Siddhartha Lal, CEO Royal Enfield said: “Royal Enfield is working on its new generation of products and platforms; to have the Harris Performance team dedicatedly w orking with us will clearly enhance our engineering and product design capabilities. Their proven expertise, deep insight and understanding of motorcycling and Royal Enfield will be invaluable for us in our journey towards achieving leadership in the globa l mid-sized motorcycling segment.” Alongside successful relationships with the Royal Enfield brand, Harris Performance Products Ltd has been the only manufacturer from UK to have been officially commissioned by Yamaha and Suzuki to design, develop and ma nufacture race bikes for Grand Prix and World Superbike. Siddhartha continued: “All of the current staff at Harris Performance will now become employees of Royal Enfield, taking responsibility of performance and development engineering for our new range of motorcycles.
    [Show full text]
  • 302S Owner's Manual
    TnT302S OWNER’S MANUAL CONTENTS 256778 CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... Important Reminder ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Safety Notes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ Safe Driving Rules ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Protective Riding Gear .............................................................................................................................................................................. VIN Number & Engine Number ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Location of Parts ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Electric to Hydraulic Disc Brake Conversion Installation and Owner’S Manual (For Aftermarket Application)
    Electric to Hydraulic Disc Brake Conversion Installation and Owner’s Manual (For Aftermarket Application) Electric to Hydraulic Disc Brake Conversion Installation and Owner’s Manual (For Aftermarket Applications) Table of Contents Introduction Introduction �������������������������������������������� 1 Document Information ................................. 1 Document Information Trailer Axle Brake Inspection .......................... 1 The hydraulic disc brake assembly and kits are an Safety Information ..................................... 2 additional option for replacement brakes or the installation Resources Required ................................... 2 of current industry standards in braking. Parts List ................................................ 3 Trailer Axle Brake Inspection Installation .............................................. 3 In general, based on normal activity, trailer brakes should Mount Hydraulic Brake Actuator ....................... 3 be checked annually or every 36,000 miles, whichever Electric Brake Hubs Removal .......................... 4 comes first. If above normal trailer activity is experienced, Brake Hub Removal ................................... 4 then more frequent brake component inspections are Hydraulic Disc Brake Preparation ...................... 6 Disc Brake Assembly Installation ...................... 6 recommended. In the event the braking system encounters Inner Bearing Cone and Grease Seal Installation ..... 7 symptoms of improper application or failure, immediate New Seal Installation
    [Show full text]
  • Royal-Enfield-Classic
    about seventy on freeways…at least you won’t be getting any speeding tickets. Weighing in at 425 lbs. with a 3.56 gal- lon tank and claimed 75 mpg, the Classic 500 puts others to shame in the mileage depart- ment. Anyone looking for the fastest, most comfortable, best handling, best braking motor- cycle should look elsewhere, that’s not what the Classic or Bullet is about. Riding the wave of ‘new vintage’ motor- cycles, Royal Enfield hits the mark dead center. This is a commuter bike that not only gets the job done respectably, it will steal the attention from motorcycles three times its price. Gawkers commented on the impec- cable restoration job or que- ried its history and lineage. Royal Enfield’s reek retro cool without the stench of costly maintenance and exorbitant prices of actual vintage. At $5,499.00 what’s not to like! I just bought a vintage Bullet on eBay that will be prominently displayed in my living room. Royal Enfield also revealed an all new Interceptor 650 and the Continental GT 650 will be released this year. Both bikes share the same steel tube chassis and an all-new air- cooled 650cc parallel making them more highway-friendly By Koz Mraz malayan Roadrunners. They are the and faster. The 2018 Royal Photos by Koz & Gabrielle Romanello very first company to offer such trips Enfield Interceptor 650 is a ENGINE: thirty years ago. See “Motorcycling standard bike with an upright Type: Single Cylinder, 4-Stroke, Spark Ignition, Air-Cooled, Fuel Injection Rebirthing classic styling is very the Himalayas” in this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Structural Analysis of a Front Single-Sided Swingarm for an Electric Three-Wheel Motorcycle
    applied sciences Article Design and Structural Analysis of a Front Single-Sided Swingarm for an Electric Three-Wheel Motorcycle Polychronis Spanoudakis * , Evangelos Christenas and Nikolaos C. Tsourveloudis School of Production Engineering & Management, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece; [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (N.C.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 27 August 2020; Published: 1 September 2020 Abstract: This study focuses on the structural analysis of the front single-sided swingarm of a new three-wheel electric motorcycle, recently designed to meet the challenges of the vehicle electrification era. The primary target is to develop a swingarm capable of withstanding the forces applied during motorcycle’s operation and, at the same time, to be as lightweight as possible. Different scenarios of force loadings are considered and emphasis is given to braking forces in emergency braking conditions where higher loads are applied to the front wheels of the vehicle. A dedicated Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software is used for the structural evaluation of different swingarm designs, through a series of finite element analysis simulations. A topology optimization procedure is also implemented to assist the redesign effort and reduce the weight of the final design. Simulation results in the worst-case loading conditions, indicate strongly that the proposed structure is effective and promising for actual prototyping. A direct comparison of results for the initial and final swingarm design revealed that a 23.2% weight reduction was achieved. Keywords: swingarm; single-sided; Finite Elements Analysis (FEA); three-wheel motorcycle; topology optimization 1.
    [Show full text]