Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders Motorcycle, for Scootermoped and Improving Safety Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders Motorcycle, for Scootermoped and Improving Safety Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders Improving SafetyImproving and forScooter Moped Motorcycle, Riders Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders The global fleet of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) is constantly increasing. In many countries, motorcycles, scooters and mopeds play a significant role in mobility, particularly in many of the world’s large cities. As such, PTWs are becoming an important component of the transport system. However, they represent an important challenge for road safety. PTW riders are at far more risk than car drivers per kilometre ridden in terms of fatalities and severe injuries entailing long-term disability. Moreover, they have not benefited from safety improvements at the same pace as car occupants over recent decades. Addressing the issue of PTW safety is thus an essential contribution to the success of the United Nations’ Decade of Action for Road Safety, which aims at halving the expected number of road deaths worldwide by 2020. This report reviews recent trends in powered two-wheeler crashes, the factors contributing to these crashes and their severity. It describes a set of countermeasures targeting user behaviours, the use of protective equipment, the vehicles and the infrastructure. Finally, it discusses motorcycle safety strategies in the context of a safe system. Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders Research Report Research Report International Transport Forum 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16 France T +33 (0)1 45 24 97 10 F +33 (0)1 45 24 13 22 Email : [email protected] (75 2015 021 P1) Web: www.internationaltransportforum.org ISBN 978-92-821-0793-5 2015-09 /Photo credit: Roberto gettyimages Muñoz, 2015 2015-09-02_PTW 21x28_speen11.5.indd 1 02/09/2015 16:55:25 Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders Research Report This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD/ITF (2015), Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789282107942-en ISBN 978-92-82-10793-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-82-10794-2 (PDF) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © Roberto Muñoz, gettyimages Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD/ITF 2015 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT FORUM The International Transport Forum at the OECD is an intergovernmental organisation with 57 member countries. It acts as a strategic think tank with the objective of helping shape the transport policy agenda on a global level and ensuring that it contributes to economic growth, environmental protection, social inclusion and the preservation of human life and well-being. The International Transport Forum organises an Annual Summit of ministers along with leading representatives from industry, civil society and academia. The International Transport Forum was created under a Declaration issued by the Council of Ministers of the ECMT (European Conference of Ministers of Transport) at its Ministerial Session in May 2006 under the legal authority of the Protocol of the ECMT, signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953, and legal instruments of the OECD. The Members of the Forum are: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States. The International Transport Forum’s Research Centre gathers statistics and conducts co-operative research programmes addressing all modes of transport. Its findings are widely disseminated and support policy making in member countries as well as contributing to the Annual Summit. Further information about the International Transport Forum is available at www.internationaltransportforum.org This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Table of contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1. Opportunities and challenges of powered two-wheelers .................................................. 13 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 14 An excessive risk ................................................................................................................................... 16 A systemic approach to powered two-wheeler safety ........................................................................... 19 Background of the Working Group ....................................................................................................... 21 Content of the report ............................................................................................................................. 23 References ............................................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2. Powered two-wheeler fleet and usage ................................................................................ 27 The fleet of powered two-wheelers ....................................................................................................... 28 Characteristics of and changes in users of powered two-wheelers ....................................................... 35 Transport and mobility policies for powered two-wheelers .................................................................. 45 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 49 References ............................................................................................................................................. 50 Chapter 3.Powered two-wheeler crash characteristics ....................................................................... 51 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Data issues ............................................................................................................................................. 52 Relative crash risk for motorcyclists ..................................................................................................... 54 Characteristics of PTW fatal crashes ..................................................................................................... 57 Serious injuries among motorcyclists .................................................................................................... 63 Crash scenarios ...................................................................................................................................... 65 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 67 References ............................................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 4. Factors contributing to powered two-wheeler crashes and their severity ...................... 73 PTW rider-related crash factors ............................................................................................................ 74 Perception and awareness ...................................................................................................................... 79 The road environment ..........................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Motorcycle, Moped and Motor Scooter Policy
    Motorcycle, Moped and Motor Scooter Policy Definition Mopeds and scooters are one and the same in the eyes of North Carolina's Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Mopeds and motor scooters are defined as a vehicle with two or three wheels with a motor of no more than 50 cubic centimeters of piston displacement and no external shifting device. Legally, a moped's top speed cannot exceed 30 mph on a level surface. Although some mopeds on the market have top speeds higher than the 30 mph limit, they are illegal for use in North Carolina. If a moped does not fit the above requirements, it must be registered as a motorcycle under North Carolina law. Parking Permit A parking permit is required for all motorized motorcycles, mopeds and motor scooters parking on the Wake Forest University Campus. o The cost of an annual on-campus parking permit is $50. o The cost of a permit is waived if a customer has already purchased an annual vehicle permit at regular price. Motorcycles, moped and motor scooters are required to be registered at the Parking and Transportation office, not on-line. Parking Designated moped and motor scooter parking areas are located in parking lots A, M and P. o Mopeds and motor scooters can also park in motorcycle spaces. Motorcycles can only park in designated motorcycle spaces, not moped / motor scooter spaces. Motorcycle spaces are located in lots G, H, J, L, P, Q, S, T, W-1, Z, and Jasper Memory Lane. Parking is authorized only in spaces marked by signs or ground markings.
    [Show full text]
  • Motorcycle Catalog
    TechnologyTechnology YouYou CanCan TrustTrust Wilwood Engineering Founded in 1977, Wilwood Engineering has spent the last three decades 4700 Calle Bolero, Camarillo, CA serving the high performance and competition braking needs of the Tel: (805) 388-1188 Fax: (805) 388-4938 motorsports community. On any given weekend, you can find Wilwood www.wilwood.com proprietary parts competing at events around the world. Now, we have taken our 30 years of expertise and unmatched technology and developed a line of brake products for all classic, custom, and one-off motorcycles. From day one, Wilwood has had one goal - provide the highest quality parts possible. Years and years have been spent fine-tuning the production process. Every product is extensively tested to ensure the best and safest performance. Today Wilwood Engineering proudly offers a line of high performance motorcycle disc brake parts that offer bolt-on simplicity and customized finishes for the most discriminating motorcyclist. The Wilwood development team stands behind every product sold. From our expert designers and development engineers to our manufacturing specialists and broad network of distributors, we strive to deliver only the finest brake parts that deliver the performance and reliability you want. © 2008 Wilwood Engineering. All Rights Reserved. High Performance Billet Calipers Wilwood’s GP 300, GP 300RT, GP 310 and GP 340 motorcycle disc brake calipers have been designed and engineered for use on 1984 - present Harley-Davidson® Motorcycles. Built around a 4-piston, high
    [Show full text]
  • ATV/OFMC Regulations
    ATV/OFMC Regulations ATV/OFMC Workshop July 21, 2004 Linc Wehrly Off-Highway Motorcycle (OFMC) Standards Table 1 of §1051.105 – Exhaust Emission Standards for Off-Highway Motorcycles (g/km) Model Year Phase-in Emission Standards Maximum allowable family (percent) emission limits HC+NOx CO HC+NOx CO 2006 50 2.0 25 20 50 2007 and 100 2.0 25 20 50 later • Averaging, banking and trading for HC+NOx and CO • Competition exemption (§1051.620) • Minimum useful life of 10,000 km or 5years Alternative OFMC Standards Alternative Exhaust Emission Standards for Off-Highway Motorcycles (g/km) Model Year Phase-in Emission Standards (percent) HC+NOx CO 2007 100 4.0 35 • No competition exemption • At least 10% of models must have four of the following: –Absence of headlight or other lights – Absence of spark arrester – Absence of a manufacturer warranty – Suspension travel greater than 10 inches – Engine displacement greater than 50 cc – Absence of a functional seat • Averaging and banking for HC+NOx only – No trading OFMC Less Than 70 cc Emission Standards • OFMC with engines less than 70 cc have option to certify to engine-based exhaust standards (§1051.615) Exhaust Emission Standards for Off-Highway Motorcycles Less Than 70 cc (g/kW-hr) Model Year Phase-in Emission Standards Maximum allowable family (percent) emission limits HC+NOx CO HC+NOx CO 2006 50 16.1 519 32.2 -- 2007 and 100 16.1 519 32.2 -- later • Averaging, banking and trading for HC+NOx only • Minimum useful life of 5,000 km or 5 years • Engine-based test cycle – 6 Mode Duty Cycle for Recreational
    [Show full text]
  • 2366W Pocket Bike Brochure
    Special Powered Devices Lincoln Police Department Pocket Bike, Minibike, ATV’s, 575 S. 10th Street (Powered Wheelchairs) Powered Skateboards, Scooters, Lincoln, NE 68508 State Law and City Ordinance both allow for Golf Carts, Go Carts, etc. the operation of special powered devices. The operator of any pocket bike, These devices, including powered wheelchairs, minibike, ATV, powered powered three and four wheeled personal skateboard, scooter, golf cart, go assistance vehicles, may be operated on city cart, etc., that is contacted while owned sidewalks, trails, parks, and other city operating the vehicle on city owned owned property. streets, sidewalks, trails, parks, or Mopeds, Minibikes, other city owned property, is subject to a citation in violation of Bicycles Pocket Bikes, ATV’s, Lincoln Municipal Code. The officer LMC 10.02.050 defines a bicycle as (a) a may take the vehicle into custody or device propelled solely by human power Powered Skateboards have it towed to the impound lot as upon which any person may ride and having evidence. The vehicle can then be two or three wheels at least one of which is held in our custody until the case/ and Scooters more than 14” in diameter OR (b)a device citation is disposed of by the courts. with two or three wheels with fully operative The safe operation of these vehicles pedals for propulsion by human power and is not possible on city streets and an electric motor with a capacity not sidewalks. Pedestrians and exceeding 750 watts which produces no more operators of these vehicles are than 1 brake horsepower and is capable of placed in danger.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle Assessment on Electric Moped Scooter Sharing
    sustainability Article Life Cycle Assessment on Electric Moped Scooter Sharing Nora Schelte 1,*, Semih Severengiz 1 , Jaron Schünemann 1, Sebastian Finke 1, Oskar Bauer 1 and Matthias Metzen 2 1 Laboratory for Sustainability in Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, 44801 Bochum, Germany; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (J.S.); sebastian.fi[email protected] (S.F.); [email protected] (O.B.) 2 e-bility GmbH, 53424 Remagen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-234-32-10376 Abstract: Due to their small size and low energy demand, light electric vehicles (LEVs), such as electric moped scooters, are considered as a space efficient and eco-friendly alternative for mobility in cities. However, the growth of electric moped scooter sharing services raises the question of how environmentally friendly this business model is, considering the entire lifecycle. Due to the dynamic market and insufficient availability of public data on the business processes of sharing services only a few studies on the impact of shared electric mopeds are available. Especially there is a lack of research on the impacts of key operational logistic parameters of the sharing system. This paper aims to fill this gap by conducting a life cycle assessment using the example of an electric moped scooter manufactured and used in sharing services in Germany, based on different operating scenarios. The results show that e-moped sharing has a similar environmental impact on global warming potential, in terms of passenger kilometers, as public transport, especially if long product lifetimes as well as efficient operation logistics are realized.
    [Show full text]
  • Vehicle Type Codes
    VEHICLE TYPE CODES Specialized Vehicles Passenger Vehicles 41 - Ambulance 01 - Passenger Car, Station 42 - Dune Buggy Wagon, Jeep 43 - Fire Truck 02 - Motorcycle 44 - Fork Lift 03 - Motor Driven 45 - Hwy. Construction Equip. Cycle/Scooter 46 - Implement of Husbandry 04 - Bicycle 47 - Motor Home 05 - Motorized Bicycle 48 - Police Car 06 - All Terrain Vehicle 49 - Police Motorcycle 07 - Sport Utility Vehicle 50 - Mobile Equipment 08 - Mini-vans 51 - Farm Labor Vehicle (Certified) 55 - Two-Axle Tow Truck Buses 56 - Three-Axle Tow Truck 09 - Paratransit 57 - Farm Labor Vehicle 10 - Tour Bus (Non-Certified) 11 - Other Commercial 58 - Farm Labor Transporter 12 - Non-Commercial Bus 59 - Motor Home > 40 Feet 13 - School Bus Public Type I 14 - School Bus Public Type II Trailers 15 - School Bus Private Type I 28 - Semi Tank Trailer 16 - School Bus Private Type II 29 - Pull Tank Trailer 17 - School Bus Contractual Type I 30 - Two Tank Trailer 18 - School Bus Contractual Type II 31 - Semi 19 - General Public Paratransit 32 - Pull Vehicle 33 - Two Trailers (Includes Semi 20 - Public Transit Authority & Pull) 63 - Youth Bus 34 - Boat 64 - School Pupil Activity Bus Type I 35 - Utility 65 - School Pupil Activity Bus Type II 36 - Trailer Coach 37 - Extralegal Permit Load Trucks/Truck Tractors 38 - Pole, Pipe, or Logging Dolly 21 - Two Axle Tank Truck 39 - Three Trailers 22 - Pickups & Panels 40 - Federally Legal Semi 23 - Pickup w/Camper 52 - Federally Legal Double 24 - Three Axle Tank Truck Combo Over 75 Feet 25 - Truck Tractor 53 - Fifth Wheel Travel Trailer 26 - Two Axle Truck 54 - Container Chassis 27 - Three or More Axle Truck ANNEX C 3-C-1 HPM 110.5 Miscellaneous Hazardous Material 60 - Pedestrian 71 - Passenger Car, Station 61 - Second or Additional Wagon, Jeep Enforcement Action(s) 72 - Pickups and Panels 62 - Passengers 73 - Pickup and Camper 94 - Go-ped, ZIP Electric 75 - Truck Tractor scooter, Motoboard 76 - Two-Axle Truck 95 - Misc.
    [Show full text]
  • Scooter Range Scooter
    Scooter Range Scooter A history in scooters No one knows scooters better than Honda. We’ve been leading the market in two wheeled transport for more than sixty years, and we’ve learnt a thing or two in that time. It’s our absolute passion for excellence that leads to our unrivalled standards of quality, reliability and performance. And given our commitment to bringing you the latest in technology at the best possible value, Honda will continue to be the brand of choice in the scooter market. *Overseas model shown TODAY50 NSC110 Dio PCX150 Scooter The future is scooter We’ve only got one planet. That’s why Honda is passionate about developing technology that delivers today while minimising the impact on our environment - now and into the future. The Honda scooter range provides the perfect solution to many of the environmental and transport issues that affect us all today. Not only are scooters efficient, clean and green but they represent a safe, economical and fun mode of transport. More and more switched on commuters are embracing the exciting pragmatism of owning a Honda. Whatever shapes our world one thing will never change; Honda’s commitment to intelligent, future-focussed technology. We call it the Power of Dreams. *Overseas model shown NSS300 Forza NC700 Integra Scooter specifications TODAY50 Engine Type 50cc forced air cooled 4-stroke OHC mono-cylinder Bore and Stroke 37.8mm x 44.0mm Compression Ratio 10.1:1 Carburation CV (Constant Velocity) 18mm bore Ignition CDI type, battery powered Starter Electric Transmission V-Matic Want
    [Show full text]
  • Smart, Urban – and Every Inch A
    Ricardo Motorcycle Conference 7.0 Ricardo Quarterly Review Q2 2019 Interview Marek Reichman, Chief creative officer, Aston Martin Lagonda Carbon-free railways Why smart electrification and hybrid trains could be the answer A focus on the latest in technology, innovation and sustainability Shipping and CO2 A promising climate-neutral Smart, urban – and fuel is on the horizon, says Ricardo report every inch a BMW RQ extract: Q2 2019 Smart, urban – and every inch a BMWRicardo’s long-standing co-operation with BMW moves into the mid-sized scooter segment - with premium results BMW C400 series BMW C400 series Smart, urban – and every inch a Building on more than a decade of co-operation with BMW Motorrad, Ricardo BMWMotorcycle has partnered with the premium bikemaker to develop a new generation of mid-sized scooters that distil the qualities of the highly successful C650 range of maxi-scooters into a smaller and more accessible format. Jesse Crosse reports on the creative processes behind the new and innovative C400 series scooters aimed at the expanding urban and touring markets BMW’s C650 range of luxury maxi- not only achieve a competitive price point motorcycles to be launched in 2009. - and since 2017 there has also been an customer expectations for the BMW cost substantially more than a Japanese scooters, co-developed with Ricardo in this tightly fought market segment, The programme drew on Ricardo’s electric version, the C Evolution. brand. “This mid-size segment is more naked 650 cc motorcycle.” Motorcycle, has been a major critical but also gain best-in-class status for extensive resources in Shoreham and competitive, with many more people Careful thought went into the and commercial success, prompting an refinement, performance, handling and Leamington Spa in the UK, Prague in the Mid-size market: competing in that space,” observes positioning of the two C400 models, adds initiative to extend the premium concept premium design values.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 KTM MOTORCYCLE LIMITED WARRANTY (Only Applicable to KTM Motorcycles Sold in the U.S
    2021 KTM MOTORCYCLE LIMITED WARRANTY (Only applicable to KTM Motorcycles sold in the U.S. and Canada) l. CONDITION OF WARRANTY KTM North America, Inc. hereby warrants new and reconditioned demonstrator KTM motorcycles purchased from an authorized KTM dealer to be free from defect in materials and workmanship for the period of time stated herein, subject to certain limitations stated herein. This warranty applies only if the motorcycle has been properly set-up and serviced for pre-delivery by an authorized KTM dealer. The warranty applies only if the motorcycle has been operated and maintained in accordance with the owner’s manual or other KTM literature delivered with the motorcycle. This warranty is void if the OWNER’S REGISTRATION/PRE-DELIVERY INSPECTION FORM has not been completed in full and entered into KTM Dealer.Net by the selling dealer within 24 hours of retail sale. II. PERIOD OF WARRANTY FOR 2021 MODEL KTM MOTORCYCLES SOLD IN THE U.S. AND CANADA 200 Duke, RC 390, 390 Duke, 390 Adventure, 890 Adventure, 1290 Super Adventure S: Duration: 24 months from date of purchase or 24,000 miles, whichever comes first. Limitations: The warranty can be transferred to subsequent owners within the stated warranty period. Applies to: 200 Duke, RC 390, 390 Duke, 390 Adventure, 890 Adventure, 1290 Super Adventure S 690 SMC R, 690 Enduro R, 890 Duke R, 890 Adventure R, 890 Adventure R Rally, 1290 Super Adventure R, 1290 Super Duke R: Duration: 12 months from date of purchase or 12,000 miles, whichever comes first. Limitations: The warranty can be transferred to subsequent owners within the stated warranty period.
    [Show full text]
  • KAWASAKI MOTORCYCLE HISTORY 1952—2014 * This Pamphlet Contains a Selection of Key Models Throughout Kawasaki’S History
    KAWASAKI MOTORCYCLE HISTORY 1952—2014 * This pamphlet contains a selection of key models throughout Kawasaki’s history. It is not intended to be a complete compilation. * Model years and release dates may vary by market. 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 P/N 99941-1454 ALL-E Printed in Japan. 14-II Overseas sales of the Z1 (900 cm3) start. 3 3 3 Kawasaki A factory dedicated exclusively to The Z1100GP is released. The first model in the supersport GP line-up Sales of the Vulcan 750, Kawasaki’s first V-Twin American-style Cruiser, Sales of the new Kawasaki flagship model, the ZZ-R1100 (Ninja Ninja ZX-9R Overseas sales of the Overseas sales of the Ninja ZX-12R (1200 cm ) commence. KX250F Sales of the KX250F, Z1000 Like its predecessor, the new KLX450R The KLX450R Z1000 With the introduction of the The Ninja 1000 (Z1000SX The Ninja ZX-14R (ZZR1400 ABS in Europe) arrives. The new Ninja ZX-10R (1000 cm ) is introduced. Complementing its Z250 With the Z250, Kawasaki A head-turning new Z1000 debuts. KSR PRO The KSR PRO (110 cm ) is added Kawasaki Legends 1952 1960 125 New Ace motorcycle production is 1972 Sales of a domestic version, the Z2 (750 cm3), start the 1980 features Fuel Injection and an oil cooler. 1985 commence. 1990 ZX-11 in N. America), commence. 1994 Ninja ZX-9R (900 cm3) 2000 2004 Kawasaki’s first 4-stroke 2007 Z1000 takes the performance 2008 makes its debut. 2010 new Z1000, Kawasaki takes 2011 in Europe), a bike that 2012 2013 already high base performance, it is equipped with a new electronic 2013 brings the wild excitement 2014 2014 to the KSR mini-motard line-up.
    [Show full text]
  • 302S Owner's Manual
    TnT302S OWNER’S MANUAL CONTENTS 256778 CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... Important Reminder ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Safety Notes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ Safe Driving Rules ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Protective Riding Gear .............................................................................................................................................................................. VIN Number & Engine Number ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Location of Parts ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of Motorcycle Brotherhood: Women, Branding, and Construction of Self Kimberly Michelle Maas Minnesota State University - Mankato
    Minnesota State University, Mankato Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects Projects 2013 Making Sense Of Motorcycle Brotherhood: Women, Branding, And Construction Of Self Kimberly Michelle Maas Minnesota State University - Mankato Follow this and additional works at: http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds Part of the Social Psychology Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Maas, Kimberly Michelle, "Making Sense Of Motorcycle Brotherhood: Women, Branding, And Construction Of Self" (2013). All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects. Paper 238. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects at Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. i MAKING SENSE OF MOTORCYCLE BROTHERHOOD: WOMEN, BRANDING, AND CONSTRUCTION OF SELF By: Kimberly Maas A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology: Teaching Emphasis at Minnesota State University, Mankato June 2013 ii Date: ___________________________ This thesis paper has been examined and approved by the following members
    [Show full text]