Initial Environmental Examination

VOLUME 1

Document: Initial Environmental Examination (Draft)

Date: December 2020

Loan 3285-UZB: Northwest Region Power Transmission Line Project:

Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project

Prepared by the Joint-Stock Company National Electric Grid of Uzbekistan (NEGU) for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Preparing Sustainable Energy Investment Projects, Regional Energy Transmission and Dispatch Enhancement, Uzbekistan

Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project

Initial Environmental Examination

Date: December 2020

Issue and Revision Record

Revision Date Originator Approver Description 1.0 26 October 2020 N. Skinner N. Skinner For Client Review 1.1 7 December N. Skinner N. Skinner Including updates based on 2020 ADB first review

Document Reference: UZB.ADB.TRANS200kV.IEE

Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 9 INTRODUCTION ...... 9 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 9 ALTERNATIVES...... 9 EXISTING CONDITIONS ...... 10 KEY IMPACTS ...... 13 KEY MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION ACTIONS ...... 15 MONITORING ACTIONS ...... 18 CONSULTATIONS ...... 19 CONCLUSIONS ...... 19 IMPLEMENTATION ...... 20 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 22 1.1. GENERAL ...... 22 1.2. ENERGY SECTOR BACKGROUND ...... 22 1.3. PROJECT OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVES ...... 22 1.3.1. Technical Assistance Overview ...... 22 1.3.2. Project Overview ...... 23 1.3.3. Implementation ...... 23 1.3.4. Objectives ...... 23 1.4. PURPOSE OF THE IEE REPORT ...... 23 1.5. CATEGORY OF THE PROJECT ...... 24 1.6. IEE BOUNDARIES ...... 24 1.7. METHODOLOGY APPLIED ...... 24 1.8. REPORT STRUCTURE ...... 25 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 27 2.1. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ...... 27 2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 30 2.3. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) LEGISLATION ...... 31 2.4. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ...... 33 2.4.1. Air Quality and Emissions ...... 33 2.4.2. Water quality ...... 34 2.4.3. Noise ...... 35 2.4.4. Vibration ...... 36 2.4.5. Waste ...... 37 2.4.6. Hazardous material ...... 37 2.5. SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES AND ELECTRO MAGNETIC FIELD ...... 37 2.5.1. Sanitary Protection Zone ...... 37 2.5.2. International Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Standards ...... 39 2.6. PERMIT AND LICENSES ...... 39 2.7. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS ...... 41 2.8. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES 2009 ...... 42 2.9. GAP ANALYSIS ...... 45 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 47 3.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 47 3.2. PROJECT OVERVIEW AND LOCATION...... 47 3.3. PROJECT FOOTPRINT ...... 50 3.4. TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN ...... 51 3.4.1. Design Standards ...... 51 3.4.2. Length of Line, Number and Height of Towers and Tower Dimensions ...... 52

3 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

3.4.3. Construction Materials ...... 52 3.4.4. Other Design Characteristics ...... 52 3.5. TRANSMISSION LINE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ...... 54 3.5.1. Land Acquisition ...... 54 3.5.2. Surveying the Transmission Centreline, Other Project Features and Work Areas 54 3.5.3. Upgrading or Construction of Temporary and Permanent Access Roads...... 54 3.5.4. Clearing and Grading Activities for the Right-of-Way, Tower Sites and Camps 55 3.5.5. Excavating and Installing Foundations ...... 55 3.5.6. Assembling and Erecting Towers with Temporary and Permanent Pad Sites .. 55 3.5.7. String Conductors, Ground Wires, and Fiber Optic Cable ...... 57 3.5.8. Installing Counterpoise (Tower Grounds) Where Needed ...... 58 3.5.9. Clean-up and Reclamation of Affected Areas ...... 58 3.6. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF ZAFARABAD SUBSTATION ...... 59 3.7. SYRDARYA TPP SWITCHGEAR ...... 60 3.8. CONSTRUCTION CAMPS AND LAYDOWN AREAS ...... 60 3.9. EQUIPMENT REFUELLING ...... 60 3.10. MANPOWER AND EQUIPMENT ...... 60 3.11. ASSOCIATED FACILITIES ...... 62 4. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 63 4.1. GENERAL ...... 63 4.2. ‘NO PROJECT’ ALTERNATIVE ...... 63 4.3. ALTERNATIVE LOCATION ...... 63 4.4. ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION CAMPS...... 63 4.5. ALTERNATIVE TOWER DESIGNS AND CONDUCTOR ARRANGEMENTS ...... 63 4.6. ALTERNATIVE CHOICE OF INSULATORS FOR 220 KV HV LINES ...... 64 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 65 5.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 65 5.2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 65 5.2.1. Topography ...... 65 5.2.2. Geology and Soils ...... 69 5.2.3. Geohazards ...... 70 5.2.4. Hydrology and Water Use ...... 72 5.2.5. Climate and Air Quality ...... 74 5.2.6. Climate Change ...... 76 5.3. BIODIVERSITY ...... 77 5.3.1. Internationally and Nationally Designated Sites ...... 77 5.3.2. Flora and Habitat ...... 82 5.3.3. Fauna ...... 83 Обыкновенный фазан ...... 86 FIGURE 35: MIGRATION PATHS AND WINTERING RANGES OF JUVENILE ASIAN HOUBARA BUSTARDS ...... 89 5.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 89 5.4.1. Country Overview ...... 89 5.4.2. Administrative Issues ...... 91 5.4.3. Demographics ...... 91 5.4.4. Employment and Poverty ...... 92 5.4.5. Infrastructure, Transportation and Utilities ...... 94 5.4.6. Community Health, Safety and Education ...... 95 5.4.7. Physical Cultural Resources ...... 96 5.4.8. Noise ...... 97

4 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 98 6.1. IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 98 6.1.1. Project Aspects ...... 98 6.1.2. Identification of Sensitive Receptors ...... 98 6.1.3. Identification of Significant Environmental Aspects ...... 98 6.1.4. Impact Significance Rating ...... 101 6.1.5. Mitigation, Management and Good Practice Measures ...... 104 6.1.6. Residual Impacts ...... 104 6.2. PHYSICAL RESOURCES ...... 104 6.2.1. Air Quality ...... 104 6.2.2. Hydrology ...... 109 6.2.3. Soils and Geology ...... 111 6.2.4. Landscape and Visual Amenity ...... 115 6.2.5. Geohazards ...... 118 6.3. BIODIVERSITY ...... 119 6.3.1. Flora, Fauna and Habitat ...... 119 6.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 136 6.4.1. Economy, Employment and Livelihoods ...... 137 6.4.2. Land Acquisition and Compensation ...... 139 6.4.3. Waste Management ...... 141 6.4.4. Noise and Vibration ...... 144 6.4.5. Physical Cultural Heritage ...... 148 6.4.6. Utilities and Infrastructure ...... 150 6.4.7. Workers’ Rights and Occupational Health and Safety ...... 152 6.4.8. Community Health and Safety ...... 158 6.5. CUMULATIVE, TRANSBOUNDARY AND INDUCED IMPACTS ...... 163 6.5.1. Cumulative Impacts ...... 164 6.5.2. Transboundary Impacts ...... 164 6.5.3. Induced Impacts ...... 164 7. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT, INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND GRIEVANCE MECHANISM ...... 165 7.1. PUBLIC CONSULTATION REQUIREMENTS ...... 165 7.2. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES ...... 165 7.2.1. General Principles ...... 165 7.2.2. Stakeholder Engagement Undertaken to Date ...... 165 7.3. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 171 7.4. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 171 7.4.1. General ...... 171 7.4.2. Existing complaint handling mechanism in Uzbekistan ...... 172 7.4.3. Proposed project level GRM ...... 173 ...... 174 7.4.4. Communication ...... 174 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 175 8.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 175 8.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS ...... 175 8.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 205 8.4. SPECIFIC EMP (SEMP) ...... 205 8.5. BID DOCUMENTS ...... 206 8.6. CONTRACT DOCUMENTS ...... 206 8.7. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 206 8.7.1. NEGU ...... 206 8.7.2. NEGU PMU ...... 207

5 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

8.7.3. EPC Contractor...... 207 8.7.4. PIC ...... 210 8.8. REPORTING AND REVIEW OF THE EMP ...... 213 8.9. EMP COSTS ...... 214 9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 219 9.1. CONCLUSIONS ...... 219 9.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 219 APPENDIX A – GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 221 APPENDIX B – CORRIDOR MAPS ...... 228 APPENDIX C – CONSULTATION ATTENDEE LISTS AND PHOTOS ...... 241 APPENDIX D – SAMPLE CHANCE FIND PROCEDURE...... 248 APPENDIX E – NOISE MONITORING RESULTS ...... 251 APPENDIX F – AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS ...... 268 APPENDIX G – REPORT PREPARERS ...... 274

6 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB – Asian Development Bank AH – Affected Household BOD – Biochemical oxygen demand CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States COD – Chemical oxygen demand dB – Decibel DSEI / POVOS – Draft Statement of Environmental Impacts EA – Executing Agency EHS – Environmental, Health, and Safety EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EM – Environmental Manager EMP – Environmental Management Plan EMS – Environmental Management System EN – Endangered ESO – Environmental and Social Officer EPC – Engineering, Procurement and Construction ERP – Emergency Response Plan FGD – Focused Group Discussion GDP – Gross Domestic Product GHG – Greenhouse Gases GoU – Government of Uzbekistan GRC – Grievance Redressal Committee GRM – Grievance redress mechanism HH – Household HSO – Health and safety officer IES – International Environmental Specialist IFC – International Finance Corporation IFI – International Financial Institutions IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature JSC – Joint-stock company KBA – Key Biodiversity Area kV - Kilovolt LARP – Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan LC – Least concern Masl – Meters above sea level MAC – Maximum Admissible Concentrations MOE – Ministry of Energy MOH – Ministry of Health MPC – Maximum Permissible Concentration MPD – Maximum Permissible Discharge MPE – Maximum permissible emissions MSK – Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik MW – Megawatt NDA – None degraded Airshed NES – National Environmental Specialist NGO – Non-governmental Organization NO2 – Nitrogen Dioxide NT – Near Threatened O&M – Operation and Maintenance PCR – Physical Cultural Resources PGA – Peak ground acceleration

7 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

PIC – Project Implementation Consultant PM – Particulate Matter PMU – Project Management Unit PZVOS – Draft of Concept Statement on Environmental Impact SanPiN – Sanitary Regulations and Standards SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCNP – State Committee of the Nature Protection SEE – State Environmental Expertise SEI – Statement of the Environmental Impact SEMPs – Specific Environmental Management Plans SES – Sanitary and epidemiological service SniP – Construction Standards SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement SPZ – Sanitary Protection Zones SZ – Safety Zone UNEP – United Nations Environment Program UZS – Uzbekistani soʻm VOC – volatile organic compounds VU – Vulnerable WHO – World Health Organization ZEP – Statement on Environmental Consequences ZVOS – Concept Statement on Environmental Impact (Uzbekistan EIA)

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of December 2020) Currency unit – UZS (Uzbekistan so’m) $1.00 = 10.42 so’m

8 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Executive Summary

Introduction

1. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is part of the process of compliance with the ADB guidelines in relation to the Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 200kV Transmission Line Project, or the “Project”.

2. The IEE provides a road map to the environmental measures needed to prevent and/or mitigate negative environmental effects associated with the project. More specifically, the IEE:  Describes the existing socio-environmental conditions within the Project area;  Describes the project design, construction activities and operational parameters;  Describes the extent, duration and severity of potential impacts;  Analyzes all significant impacts; and  Formulates the mitigation actions and presents it all in the form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

3. Based on the existing ADB Environmental Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB’s project Category B as the proposed project’s potential adverse environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects.

Description of the Project

4. The Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan (GoU) has applied for financing from the ADB in the form of a loan towards the following components:  Rehabilitation of high voltage (HV) line L507 (500kV) Guzar-Regar Regional Power Transmission Line Project (Component 1)  Construction of 220kV substation in Zafarabad, and two HV Power Transmission Line Project (220kV) Syrdarya Thermal Power Plant (TPP) – Substation Zafarabad in Jizzak Regions (Component 2).

5. This IEE focuses specifically on Component 2, the Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 200kV Transmission Line which will be referred to forthwith as ‘the Project’. The Project also includes construction of a new substation in Zafarabad and some upgrades to the existing switchyard in Syrdarya TPP. The project is proposed to be funded from the savings from ADB Loan No. 3285-UZB Northwest Region Power Transmission Line Project.

6. The project area is located in the central part of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the first part of the 220 kV HV line is located in Syrdarya region - on the left bank of the Syrdarya river, the second part of the 220 kV HV line and the project substation Zafarabad in Jizzak region, between the basins of the Syrdarya and Zarafshan rivers. National Energy Grids of Uzbekistan (NEGU) will be the executing agency.

Alternatives

7. ‘No Project’ Option - In case the proposed project is not undertaken, Uzbekistan will not be able to cope with the increasing demand and the electricity existing system will remain over-loaded, line losses will also remain high, and the system reliability will progressively

9 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination decrease, with increasing pressure on the system. NEGU, the national Transmission Utility, will also forego the opportunity of increasing its consumers’ base as well as revenue associated with the system expansion. In view of the above, the ‘no project’ option is not a preferred alternative.

8. Alternative Locations - The most economical construction options of high voltage transmission lines are the options on the straight lines. However, the presence of residential buildings along the alignment, natural obstacles and other utilities along the alignment mean that this is not always possible and at some locations the alignment needs to alter direction slightly. Thus, the selected alignment follows the most direct route between the start and end points of the alignment whilst avoiding these features. No other less intrusive, or more economical alignment is possible given these considerations. In addition, the first 30km of the alignment are situated with a corridor already occupied by transmission lines thereby making use of existing safety zones.

9. Alternative Tower and Conductor Arrangements – As part of this IEE, discussions were held with NEGU and ADBs technical consultants regarding alternative tower designs and conductor arrangements. NEGU have used, and continue to use, the same tower design for their 220 kV projects. No other alternative tower designs have been proposed by NEGU that can be evaluated in this IEE. Nearly all of the towers proposed by NEGU will be single circuit towers (two arranged in parallel) with the first 2.75km arranged using a single double circuit tower. According to documentation provided by NEGU, the single circuit towers will have three horizontal lines (including the earth wire). It is recommended, if practical, that the design of the single circuit towers accommodates just two horizontal lines, similar to those to be used as part of the Gulzar – Regar 500kV project in Surkhandarya. This will reduce the potential for bird collisions with the wires.

Existing Conditions

10. The baseline data collection (including the social baseline) was undertaken by a national consulting company (NCC) engaged by the EA to prepare environmental assessment documentation to meet national requirements. Background data and information collected by the NCC was obtained from published and unpublished sources, e.g., on: climate, topography, geology and soils, natural resources, flora and fauna, agriculture, and socio-economic data. Several site inspections were conducted by the NCC during 2020. The proposed route was inspected (where access was possible) and areas of potential environmental significance assessed carefully. Discussions were held with a number of stakeholders in order to determine their perceptions of the level of impact from the Project works. Data and information obtained have been incorporated where appropriate in the IEE Report. The following provides a summary of the baseline conditions within the Project area.

11. Administrative – Uzbekistan is divided into twelve regions (also known as Oblasts), one autonomous republic (Karakalpakstan) and one independent city (Tashkent). The regions in turn are divided into 160 districts (also known as Rayons). The project will be implemented in Syrdarya and Jizzak regions. The total length of the design two-circuit 220 kV HV line from the Syrdarya TPP (Syrdarya region) to Zafarabad substation (Jizzak region) will be 142 km. Zafarabad substation will be located in Farish district of Jizzak region.

12. Topography – The alignment is flat for almost its entire extent. The alignment traverses the agricultural land of the Mirzachol, also known as the ‘Hungry Steppe’, see Figure 15. the Hungry Steppe is a vast intermountain depression, surrounded by the foothills of Turkestan, Chatkal and Kurama ranges on the south and east and widely disclosed in the northwest. Commencing at the Syrdarya TPP at 320m above mean sea level (masl) the alignment ranges

10 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination between 340 and 315 masl until its last few kilometers where it rises to 372 masl at Zafarabad substation.

13. Soils – The quaternary deposits of the Hungry Steppe complex, are represented mainly by loams and, to a lesser extent, loessoid sand loams and their subordinate layers and lenses of sand and gravel, less frequently by pebbles, take part in the structure of the site. Light loams predominate in area and section. Soils are of low moisture, hard and refractory consistency, below the level of ground water wet, water-saturated, have plastic and fluid consistency. Soils in Jizzak region are mainly saline. The main causes of salinization are associated with poor drainage due to the lack of optimal collector-drainage network and the intensive agrotechnical measures used. Within the Project area the soils are however highly productive and intensively farmed along almost the entire length of the alignment with the exception of the final 8 or so kilometers of the alignment where man made irrigation systems are not present.

14. Geohazards - The Project area is located in a zone with seismicity of 8 points (According to KMK 2.01.03-96 and its Amendments).1 This is considered a relatively medium/high-risk environment for earthquakes. No landslides or mudflows are anticipated in the Project area due to its relatively flat nature.

15. Hydrology – The hydrographic network of the project area is represented by two groups of natural watercourses (large rivers and temporary watercourses) and one group of artificial hydraulic structures, which were built in the late 1940-1970's for energy, agriculture and drinking purposes.  Large rivers: These are represented by the Syr Darya and Sanzar (Kly) rivers. The Syr Darya river is located approximately 4km east of the start point of the Project and will not be crossed by the alignment. The Sanzar river is located around km 122, the alignment will cross the river at this point.  Temporary watercourses: Their runoff is formed only during the period of heavy rainfall or during active snow melting.  Artificial hydraulic structures: The main structure in the Project area is the South Hungry Steppe Canal (SHSC) which runs parallel to the alignment for most of its extent, but rarely closer than 2km and never crossed by the alignment. Machine Canals №1 and №2 and smaller derivation canals and collectors can also be found in the Project area.

16. The characteristics of the watercourses to be crossed allow a single span of crossing and exclude the installation of intermediate supports in their floodplain and channel parts. Accordingly, no works in rivers are anticipated.

17. Climate - The climate of the Project area is a typically arid continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures. Data available for Yangier (km 25) indicates that average annual precipitation is around 330mm per year with approximately 84 days of precipitation and 29 days of snow cover. Maximum wind speeds occur in Yangier during January and there are on average 18 days of dust storms.

18. According to USAID reports 2 projected climate changes include the following:  Increased annual mean temperature of 1.3 to 2.1°C by 2030, 1.8 to 3.3°C by 2050, and 2.0 to 5.4°C by 2085.  Long-lasting heat waves are projected to increase in duration by 3 to 9 days by 2030, between 4 and 17 days by 2050, and between 6 and 43 days by 2085.

1 MSK-64, is a macroseismic intensity scale used to evaluate the severity of ground shaking on the basis of observed effects in an area of the earthquake occurrence. The MSK scale has 12 intensity degrees. Magnitude VII can be compared to 6 on the Richter scale, magnitude VIII can be compared to 6-7 on the Richter scale. 2 https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/Uzbekistan_CRP_Final.pdf

11 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 Anticipated change in total annual precipitation ranges from a decrease of three percent to an increase of 12 percent by 2030, and a decrease of 6 percent to an increase of 18 percent by 2085, with most projections showing an increase.  Likely increased precipitation between November and April, with precipitation in other months remaining stable or decreasing slightly.  Dry spells are expected to grow longer by up to four days by 2085.  Overall increase in arid conditions due to changing precipitation patterns and increased temperatures.

19. None of these aspects are anticipated to have significant impacts upon the Project.

20. Air Quality - The alignment traverses predominantly agricultural land, most of which is sparsely populated. There are no significant point sources of air or noise emissions in the Project area. Air quality monitoring has been undertaken in line with national standards during June 2020. The results show that air quality in the selected locations is below the limits set by the national standards.

21. Designated Sites – There are no nationally protected areas within 50km of the Project area. A number of key biodiversity areas (KBAs) and important bird areas (IBAs) are located within the region, the nearest being the Mogoltau Massif which is more than 20km east of KM0.

22. Flora and Habitat - Habitat mapping by the UNEP indicates that the entire Project area is modified, or likely modified habitat. While a useful indicator of general regional habitat the mapping does not provide enough detail to classify small portions of natural habitat such as those identified above. Site surveys have indicated that there are three main groups of vegetation along the alignment – 1) agricultural zones – 86% (Modified habitat), 2) natural plant communities of semi-deserts and floodplains – 10% (natural habitat), and 3) the so- called segmental vegetation, the artificial tree and vegetation plantings – 4% (modified habitat).

23. Avifauna – Although site surveys failed to identify any special status birds in the Project area the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) suggests that as many as 15 special status birds (as classified by the IUCN) could be found within 50km of the Project alignment. Only one critically endangered species, the Sociable Lapwing, was identified and further analysis of this bird indicates that it generally migrates well to the west of the Project area. Analysis of available data also seems to suggest that there are no clear bottlenecks for bird migration in Uzbekistan and in general bird migration from Russia and Kazakhstan south is generally undertaken over a broad area spanning hundreds of kilometers. This is true for example, with the Steppe Eagle (IUCN EN) and the Asian Houbara (IUCN VU). As well as migratory flyways and bottlenecks the other key sites for migrating species are stopover sites. Birds may stopover for hours, days or even months at these sites to feed and rest before continuing their journeys. Stopover sites are normally rich in food and for comprise water, particularly for migratory waterbird species. The project area does not contain any significant waterbodies (apart from some artificial ponds close to Uchtepa) and no seasonal congregations of birds have been recorded. The region is well known for its population of white storks which frequently nest of electricity power lines.

24. Income and Livelihoods – The economy of Syrdarya region is based on agriculture, especially cotton and wheat. This area has a suitable irrigation infrastructure. Pumping stations and other irrigation facilities have been built in the last few years. Besides cotton and wheat, the region grows animal feeds, vegetables, melons, pumpkins, potatoes, corn, various fruits and grapes. Cattle breeding has developed very successfully in the region. The Syrdarya region industry is based on such industries as construction materials and irrigation equipment,

12 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination raw cotton processing. Two HPPs have also been built in the region: the Syrdarya HPP, one of the largest power plants in Uzbekistan, which produces one third of the country's electricity, and the Farkhad HPP (HPP-16), a hydroelectric power plant on the Syrdarya River (near the city of Shirin). The economy of Jizzak region is based on agriculture. The main agricultural crops are cotton and wheat. Vegetables, fodder and melons and pumpkins are also grown. One third of agricultural land is used in agriculture. Animal husbandry is based on breeding sheep, goats and pigs. There are a large number of mines in the region that produce polymetallic ores containing lead, zinc, iron, as well as raw materials for lime and limestone production.

25. Physical Cultural Resources - There are no known archaeological, historical or cultural attractions or sites along the alignment.

26. Noise - In general, ambient noise levels in the Project area are low due to the remote nature of the alignment in an agricultural landscape. The only significant source of noise in the Project area is the Syrdarya TPP.

Key Impacts

27. This IEE follows a set format during the impact assessment process. Firstly, the environmental aspects of the Project are noted, e.g. an aspect of the Project that may impact upon air quality will be the movement of vehicles on unpaved roads through rural settlements. Secondly, any sensitive receptors are noted, they could be local villagers, NEGU staff, water resources, etc. Thirdly, potential impacts of the identified aspects are outlined and how they could impact upon the identified receptors, in the case above, this could be the movement of a construction vehicle creating dust on an unpaved road which impacts upon local villagers. The significance of each impact is then assessed in matrix form using a range of criteria in a matrix format, including magnitude, special scale, timeframe, consequence and probability. The impact significance could be both positive and negative and ranges from low to high. The following provides an overview of the key impacts identified during the preparation of the IEE.

28. Air Quality – Towers sites are generally located more than 30m from any residential receptors for safety reasons, as such exhaust emissions are unlikely to have any significant impact to these receptors. Dust impacts will generally be of low significance due to the distances involved between worksites and receptors and will be limited to the dry summer months. Some minor, short term dust impacts may occur to agricultural areas and in areas adjacent to access roads.

29. Hydrology – Given the location of tower sites away from major surface water courses it is considered unlikely that significant contamination of water courses from these materials is likely. However, there remains the possibility of very minor groundwater contamination.

30. Soils – Soil compaction and soil contamination are all possible to certain degrees during the construction phase of the Project. Borrow material may also be required, but not in significant amounts.

31. Geohazards – The Project is located in a seismically active area. Seismic events could lead to the failure of towers and lines which could result in safety impacts upon the local community residential areas, or in areas where lines cross public land., e.g. roads. Failure of Project infrastructure would also lead to power outages in the network until the facilities could be fixed. No areas specifically prone to landslides or mudslides have been identified.

13 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

32. Habitat – At the tower sites and at construction camps and equipment lay-down areas, clearing vegetation and soil will cause temporary loss of land, although pre-clearance surveys will be used to avoid impact upon sensitive habitat as far as practical. Camps, laydown areas and access roads will be selected by the EPC Contractor following such surveys. A small area of natural habitat (0.86 ha) maybe impacted by the Project, but this represents a very minor fraction of the total area of natural habitat in the region as a whole.

33. Nationally and Internationally Designated Sites – No nationally or internationally designated sites will be impacted by Project activities.

34. Critical Habitat – The Project does not trigger Critical Habitat under ADB requirements. However, internationally endangered species are present. Egyptian vulture, an endangered species that is in global decline and susceptible to the risks associated with transmission lines are present in numbers close to the IFC GN6 thresholds. Should there be any material increases in local populations, critical habitat may be triggered under ADB SPS Criterion 1.

35. Bird Electrocutions and Collisions – Birds can be electrocuted on transmission lines; however, it is rare and there is a lack of data on the scale of this problem. Collisions with transmission towers are more likely,

36. Economy, Employment and Livelihoods – Some negative impacts may occur such a frustration and resentment if local workers perceive that foreign workers are receiving better pay or conditions for exactly the same job.

37. Waste – Disposal of waste materials from worksites can be difficult to manage due to the de-centralized nature of the works. Without suitable waste containers and without adequate training, workers could dump waste materials haphazardly around the work sites which could create pollution events.

38. Noise and Vibration – Construction activities are likely to result in some intermittent elevated noise levels for short periods of time (approximately 3 weeks in the location of each tower), the most significant of which will be during the construction of foundations and anchors. Few residential receptors have been identified along the route within 200m of potential tower sites which further reduces the significance of construction phase noise impacts. Significant corona noise is not associated with transmission lines below 350 kV.

39. Physical Cultural Resources - At this stage of the Project no impacts to PCR are anticipated. However, it is possible that chance finds could occur during tower footing excavation works.

40. Utilities and Infrastructure – The main potential impacts during construction include; temporary loss or reduction in utility supply to consumers; wear/degradation of road surfaces, and road closures, particularly during movement of long or heavy loads.

41. Workers’ Rights and Occupational Health and Safety - The expected impacts on worker rights and H&S as a result of construction, activities and Project operation at all sites include risk to workers H&S due to hazardous construction activities; and violation of workers’ rights. In addition, the recent outbreak of COVID-19 has illustrated that the workforce could be impacted significantly by infectious disease.

42. Community Health and Safety – The Project has the potential to involve both health and safety impacts to the community during the construction phase including, for example; electrocution from direct contact with high-voltage electricity or from contact with tools, vehicles, ladders, or other devices that are in contact with high-voltage electricity, increased

14 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination risk of enhanced incidences of communicable diseases arising from interaction between workers living in the construction camps with local people. EMF from powerlines is unlikely to generate adverse health impact to those living close to the line, especially if national safety codes are followed.

43. Cumulative Impacts - No other infrastructure projects have been identified within the vicinity of the Project that may result in significant cumulative impacts, e.g. the rehabilitation of the road network in the Project area.

44. Transboundary Impacts - No transboundary impacts are anticipated.

45. Induced Impacts - The aim of the Project is to increase power supply to Jizzak region in order to stimulate development of the region. No specific plans have been provided indicating what type of developments are planned or their locations, however, it is assumed that development could include industrial, commercial and residential developments. All of these development types could have socio-environmental impacts if they are not planned without due consideration. The types of impacts that could occur would vary considerably with the type and scale of planned developments, and as such any assessment of impacts at this stage would be based on a wide range of assumptions that would add little value to this assessment. What is important is to ensure that in the future any developments that arise from the power supply do not result in significant pollution, or social impacts. It is therefore recommended that NEGU, in association with Jizzak Regional Administration prepare a development plan outlining the types of developments that are likely to be developed in the region and their potential locations. This plan can then be discussed with ADB and recommendations can be put forward regarding any improvements to the plan to ensure that future planned activities are sustainable, meeting both economic and socio-environmental goals of the region and the country as a whole.

Key Management and Mitigation Actions

46. During the design phase the EPC Contractor will ensure that World Bank Group mitigation measures relating to electrocution of birds are included in designs and that consultation is undertaken with national NGOs to ensure appropriate nest deterrents are designed to limit impacts to white stork. Bird reflectors and ball markers will also be provided on towers and earth lines. Further, micro-alignment changes will be adopted where it is possible to avoid natural habitat and locate towers on already disturbed sites

47. Prior to the start of Construction, the EPC Contractor and the PMU / PIC will be responsible for setting up a range of pre-construction plans. The following table provides a summary of those requirements.

Table 1: Pre-construction Key Management Measures # Issue Proposed Management Measures

1 Development and The EPC Contractor and the PMU will establish the GRM. implementation of the mechanism to resolve environmental complaints due to the project implementation 2 Development of Prior to start of site works, the EPC Contractor will prepare his SEMP and sub-plans Specific Environmental Management Plan (SEMP) which will include the following topic specific and site-specific plans:

15 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

# Issue Proposed Management Measures

Topic Specific Site Specific  Pollution Prevention Plan  Construction Camp  Occupational Health and Management Plan Safety Plan  Community Health and Safety Plan  Reinstatement Implementation Plan  Waste Management Plan  Traffic Management Plan  Updated Framework Biodiversity Action Plan 4 Obtaining licenses, NEGU is responsible for obtaining permits and licenses for: a) permits and agreement Construction permit, b) Environment decision, c) Cultural Heritage Clearance, d) Visual geological-engineering conclusion, e) Waste passport, f) Hazardous materials permission, g) SPZ permits before construction. The EPC Contractor is responsible for obtaining a) Forest Use Agreement, b) Mineral extraction license, c) Approval of construction or upgrade activities, d) Transportation permit.

48. In addition to the above a range of impacts and mitigation and management measures have been prepared as part of this IEE to be implemented by the EPC Contractor during the Construction phase and NEGU during the operational phase. The following tables provides a summary of the key potential mitigation and management measures for the Project during these phases.

Table 2: Summary of Construction Phase Key Mitigation and Management Measures # Aspect Impact Impact Mitigation Residual Significance Impact

1 Air quality Low The EPC Contractor will strictly implement Not approved Pollution Prevention Plan. In significant addition, he will follow all of the mitigation and management measures included the IEE for Air Quality, Section 6.2.1 including for example, correcting siting of equipment, routine watering of access roads and using construction equipment and vehicles that meet national emission standards. 2 Hydrology Low The EPC Contractor will strictly implement Not approved Pollution Prevention Plan. He will significant also follow all of the mitigation and management measures included the IEE for Hydrology 6.2.2, including measures for the management and discharge of water and the correct siting of facilities. 3 Soils Low During construction, the EPC Contractor will be Not responsible for ensuring re-vegetation of the significant construction areas. To reduce impacts to topsoil a range of measures will be implemented as stated in Section 6.3.2 – Soils and Geology. In addition, the EPC Contractor will strictly implement his Pollution Prevention Plan and Reinstatement Implementation Plan which will include measures for the

16 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

# Aspect Impact Impact Mitigation Residual Significance Impact

mitigation and management of soil erosion, soil contamination and impacts to top soils. Only state licensed borrow pits will be allowed for use. Specific measures relating to agricultural land are also provided, including the requirement for continuous consultation with landowners. 4 Geohazards Low Designing towers considering earthquake Not loading will avoid impacts from seismic events. significant

5 Habitat Low The EPC Contractor will be responsible for Not implementing a range of generic biodiversity significant mitigation measures as specified in Section 6.3.1 of this IEE. These items relate to issues such as reinstatement of sites and minimization of impacts to sensitive species via appropriate site selection. 6 Land Use Medium The key mitigation for land use is Not implementation of the LARP which has been significant prepared in draft and summarized in this IEE. 7 Waste Low The EPC Contractor will strictly implement the Not Management approved Waste Management Plan. He will significant also follow all of the mitigation and management measures included the IEE for Waste Management, Section 6.4.3 including general measures such as providing garbage bins and facilities within the project site for temporary storage of domestic solid waste and construction waste and training staff in best practice. 8 Noise and Medium The EPC Contractor will strictly follow all of the Low Vibration mitigation and management measures included the IEE for Noise and Vibration, Section 6.4.4 including for example; no noisy activities (e.g., transport of materials along residential areas and other sensitive receptors, piling, etc.) during the night, etc. Temporary noise barriers will be erected around work sites close to residential properties. 9 PCR Low The EPC Contractor shall implement his Not chance find procedure, if required. significant 10 Community Low The EPC Contractor will implement a Not Health and Community Health and Safety Plan. The significant Safety EPC Contractor will be required to implement the Grievance Procedure to provide opportunity for local residents to raise concerns. The Project will review measures to mitigate community health and safety impacts regularly and will consult with local communities every six months, informing them on the status of implementation and results, and discussing any changes needed to the Pollution Prevention Plan or the Community Health and Safety Plan in advance of proposed changes

17 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

# Aspect Impact Impact Mitigation Residual Significance Impact

11 Occupational Medium Inclusion of specific mitigation measures Not Health and recommended by the WBG for transmission significant Safety line projects as well as the requirements for preparation and implementation of an Occupational Health and Safety Plan (including a specific section for emergency response procedures), training of staff and provision of health and safety specialist on the EPC Contractors team should ensure that no significant residual OHS impacts remain during the construction phase. In addition, the EPC Contractor will be responsible for following all of the relevant national health and safety standards.

Table 3: Summary of Operational Phase Key Mitigation and Management Measures # Aspect Impact Impact Mitigation Residual Significance Impact 1 Air Quality Low NEGU will be responsible for a range of Not measures relating to the management of SF6 significant which will be included within a SF6 Management Plan. 2 Avifauna Medium A Framework Biodiversity Action Plan (F-BAP) Low has been prepared for the Project and comprises a range of measures to manage and impacts to avifauna in the operational phase including the requirement for adaptive management in the event that surveys by national specialists identify increased risk of impacts to birds, or increased levels of mortality. Implementation of the F-BAP should ensure that impacts to avifauna are low. 3 Occupational Medium During the operational phase NEGU staff will Low Health and follow the national OHS regulations as well as Safety specific NEGU protocols and procedures for health and safety. An Electromagnetic Field (EMF) safety program shall also be established based on international best practice guidelines. A long-term health and safety training program has also been proposed. 4 Community Low The Project will be designed to ensure that all Not Health and relevant safety codes are used. Regarding Significant Safety EMF, any impacts, however small, will be negated by ensuring that all sanitary protection zone distances are respected in the design phase, which may require expropriation as a last resort.

Monitoring Actions

49. To ensure that all of the above mitigation actions are completed according to the requirements of this IEE, monitoring shall be undertaken of Project works by the EPC Contractor and the Project Implementation Consultant (PIC), on behalf of the Project Management Unit (PMU). The EPC Contractor will employ a team of environmental and health and safety specialists to continually monitor the works on site.

18 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

50. The EPC Contractors actions shall be continually monitored and managed by the PIC throughout the Projects Construction phase. This will be achieved through weekly inspections of the EPC Contractors environmental and social performance and his SEMP by national and international environmental and social specialists engaged by the PIC throughout the construction period. Instrumental monitoring of air quality and noise will also be undertaken in the event of complaints from the public. The PIC shall have the right to suspend works or payments if the EPC Contractor is in violation of any of his obligations under the EMP and this IEE.

51. Monitoring of birds during the operational phase of the Project will also be undertaken according to the requirements of the Framework Biodiversity Action Plan.

Consultations

52. Stakeholder engagement has been undertaken throughout the development of the Project, with the view to determining and responding to the views of interested and parties potentially affected by the Project throughout the life of the Project, and ensure open and transparent, two-way communication between NEGU and stakeholders.

53. To date more than 6 formal stakeholder consultation sessions (all documented in this IEE) have been undertaken to discuss the IEE, LARP and gender issues. All of the findings and comments from the consultation events, both positive and negative, have been recorded in this IEE and where relevant, mitigation measures have been prepared to manage the issues identified.

Conclusions

54. This IEE has established that, with the exception of the residual impacts mentioned below, there are no significant environmental issues that cannot be either totally prevented or adequately mitigated to levels acceptable to the GoU and international standards for Project activities.

55. The identified key residual impacts during the Construction Phase include:

 Noise - Some short-term elevated noise impacts may occur in the identified villages during the daytime. The use of temporary mobile noise barriers should reduce the noise levels to acceptable levels during the working day. Residual impacts are anticipated to be low.

56. The following key residual impacts have been identified in the operational phase of the Project:

 Occupational Health and Safety - Mitigation measures proposed should help reduce the potential for accidents to occur. However, based on the experience of the Consultants preparing this Project IEE, accidents cannot be completely ruled out during the lifecycle of the Project. A training program will help NEGU in the longer term. Residual impacts are anticipated to be low.  Impacts to Birds - Without mitigation measures impacts, bird collisions could occur with consequences for special status species. Electrocution is considered less likely than collisions with towers. Implementation of the proposed best practice mitigation measures for birds will help reduce the risk of impacts to birds. Notwithstanding the above, it is possible that some collisions (and even electrocutions) may still occur despite the

19 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

proposed mitigation. A Framework BAP has been prepared which will includes a program for surveying the bird population and mortality rates during the operational phase. The adaptive nature of the Framework BAP will ensure that any issues arising during the operational phase of the Project can be managed accordingly. Residual impacts are anticipated to be low.

57. In addition to the above, beneficial impacts include Indirect job generation and procurement opportunities related to Project construction which will have a beneficial impact on employment in the Project Area. Opportunities for local and regional suppliers, businesses, and service providers will be created, thus contributing to the positive employment effect as well as indirect job generation and procurement opportunities associated with construction of the Project.

Implementation

58. Construction Phase - The EMP, its mitigation and monitoring programs, contained herewith will be included within the Project Bidding documents for project works. This ensures that all potential bidders are aware of the environmental requirements of the Project and its associated environmental costs.

59. The Bid documents state that the EPC Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of the requirements of the EMP through his own Specific Environmental Management Plan (SEMP) which will adopt all of the conditions of the EMP and add site specific elements that are not currently known, such as the EPC Contractors construction camp locations.

60. The EMP and all its requirements will also be added to the EPC Contractors Contract, thereby making implementation of the EMP a legal requirement according to the Contract. He will then prepare his SEMP which will be approved and monitored by the PIC. Should the PIC, through routine monitoring by his national and international environmental and social specialists, note any non-conformance with the SEMP the EPC Contractor can be held liable for breach of the contractual obligations of the EMP. To ensure compliance with the SEMP the EPC Contractor will employ an Environmental and Social Officer (ESO) and a team of specialists to monitor and report Project activities throughout the Project Construction phase.

61. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has also been prepared as part of the Project. The GRM provides a structure for stakeholders to make complaints and a mechanism for the complaints to be resolved both locally and centrally.

62. Operational Phase – During the operational phase NEGU will be responsible for ensuring that the mitigation measures specified in this IEE are implemented, including implementation of the requirements of the project Framework Biodiversity Action Plan (F- BAP).

63. Framework Biodiversity Action Plan - a F-BAP has been prepared to help manage and monitor the possible impacts on special status species during implementation of the Project. The recommendations of the F-BAP have been included in this IEE and the report itself is disclosed on the ADB website along with this IEE.

64. NEGU will retain overall responsible for the implementation of the requirements of the F-BAP. During the construction phase the EPC Contractor (through his ESO) will update the F-BAP, converting to a full BAP and undertake the stakeholder engagement activities currently outlined in the F-BAP. Additional field surveys will be completed by national independent

20 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination experts or groups (e.g. baseline surveys of Egyptian Vultures). If monitoring during construction indicates that populations are declining and / or nesting success falls and / or dead birds are observed, the Project will adopt an adaptive management approach which includes detailed species action plans or specific adaptive management, including; bird perch preventers on certain towers where bird electrocutions are identified and feeding stations for vultures located at a safe distance from the Project alignment. Conservation awareness and support may also form part of any adaptive management. Monitoring will continue through the first three years of operation with support from NEGU and national independent experts or groups, and adaptive management measures applied if needed.

65. A budget for implementation of the F-BAP / BAP has been added to the Project EMP costs to ensure monitoring is undertaken effectively and to provide for any required adaptive management measures.

21 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

1. Introduction

1.1. General

66. This section of the report; a) provides the background to the energy sector in Uzbekistan, b) summarizes the Project need and objectives, c) outlines the purpose of the IEE, d) describes the Project Category and c) describes the scope of the IEE and the structure of the report.

1.2. Energy Sector Background

67. Uzbekistan’s aging and dilapidated infrastructure in the whole energy supply chain increasingly results in system inefficiencies, unreliable gas and electricity supply that dampens the economic development and business confidence, and uneven access to energy across provinces contributing towards widening regional income disparities. The obsolete energy transmission and distribution system has developed serious problems overtime, such as increasingly frequent electricity blackouts and insufficient gas especially during peak demand times in the winter, putting social service systems, such as education and health care, at risk.

68. The energy supply is increasingly becoming unreliable because of degraded infrastructure along the electricity supply chain and insufficient investments for rehabilitation. Compounded by the regional disparities in indigenous energy resources such as natural gas, hydropower and electricity demand centers, the poor conditions of transmission network result in higher risks of system outages, poor services and transmission losses estimated at 20% of net power generation. Investment in transmission networks is required to reduce overloading, improve supply reliability and significantly reduce electricity losses.

69. With poor electricity transmission infrastructure, Uzbekistan is unable to capitalize its export and transit potential. The power grid of Uzbekistan is a major component of the Central Asian power transmission network, and the Coordinating Dispatch Center in Tashkent manages network operation and planning. As increased interconnection and power trades are expected between Uzbekistan and neighboring countries, the supervisory monitoring and control of energy flows among countries and enhanced transmission network will be prerequisite to increased regional energy trade. At present, Uzbekistan is the only country in the Central Asian power system that does not have supervisory control and data acquisition in the national dispatch center. This results in the inefficient operation of energy assets and constrains Uzbekistan’s capacity for regional power trade.

1.3. Project Overview and Objectives

1.3.1. Technical Assistance Overview

70. The Project forms part of the transaction technical assistance facility (F-TRTA) which will provide project preparation support to a series of ensuing projects, comprising the:  Regional Gas Transmission Efficiency Enhancement Project ($300 million);  Distribution Network Modernization Program ($300 million); and  Regional Energy Transmission and Dispatch Enhancement Project ($400 million).

71. All ensuing projects are among the Government of Uzbekistan’s priorities for energy sector development under Uzbekistan’s 2030 strategy.

22 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

72. The three ensuing energy projects to be prepared under the F-TRTA are of similar nature. These projects are aligned with the government’s objectives to strengthen reliability of the energy sector to increase its sustainability and efficiency and mobilize private sector investments. The projects aim to improve the quality of energy supply, reduce aggregate technical and commercial losses, and improve the financial performance of energy utilities.

1.3.2. Project Overview

73. The Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan (GoU) has applied for financing from the ADB in the form of a loan towards the following components:  Rehabilitation of high voltage (HV) line L507 (500kV) Guzar-Regar Regional Power Transmission Line Project (Component 1)  Construction of 220kV substation in Zafarabad, and two HV Power Transmission Line Project (220kV) Syrdarya Thermal Power Plant (TPP) – Substation Zafarabad in Jizzak Regions (Component 2).

74. This IEE focuses specifically on Component 2, the Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line which will be referred to forthwith as ‘the Project’. The Project also includes construction of a new substation in Zafarabad and some upgrades to the existing switchyard in Syrdarya TPP. The project is proposed to be funded from the savings from ADB Loan No. 3285-UZB Northwest Region Power Transmission Line Project.

75. The project area is located in the central part of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the first part of the 220 kV HV line is located in Syrdarya region - on the left bank of the Syrdarya river, the second part of the 220 kV HV line and the project substation Zafarabad in Jizzak region, between the basins of the Syrdarya and Zarafshan rivers.

1.3.3. Implementation

76. The Executing agency is the JSC National Electric Grids of Uzbekistan (NEGU).

1.3.4. Objectives

77. The objectives of the Project are: a) Improve energy security through versatility and expansion of electricity transmission lines; b) Improve reliability of electricity supply in the country and region; c) Reduce transmission losses; and d) Improve operational efficiency of the energy sector.

78. The project is also an important infrastructure facility to ensure reliable electricity supply to new large enterprises and household consumers in Jizzak and Syrdarya regions. The project also follows the ADB strategy for Uzbekistan, which includes a focus on energy efficiency and reliable electricity supply.

1.4. Purpose of the IEE Report

79. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is part of the process of compliance with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) in relation to the Project.

80. The IEE provides a road map to the environmental measures needed to prevent and/or mitigate negative environmental effects associated with the Project. The IEE provides a

23 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination detailed description of the direct and indirect environmental effects associated with the proposed Project during key periods of work.

81. More specifically, the IEE: a) Describes the existing socio-environmental conditions within the Project area; b) Describes the project design, construction activities and operational parameters; c) Describes the extent, duration and severity of potential impacts; d) Analyzes all significant impacts; and e) Formulates the mitigation actions and monitoring program and presents it all in the form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

1.5. Category of the Project

82. Based on the existing ADB Environmental Safeguards Policy (2009), this Project falls under ADB’s project Category B as the proposed project’s potential adverse environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects.

83. The Project has also been subject to State Ecological Expertise, as described in Section 2.3 below. All approvals under the SEE process were given in January 2020.

1.6. IEE Boundaries

84. For purposes of establishing the environmental conditions, the overview of regional data is followed by the description at the project level if data is available. This IEE covers the entire length of the Project funded by the ADB. For purposes of this impact assessment, an envelope of 200 meters wide on each side of the transmission line over its entire length is identified as the direct impact area (“Project Area” or “Project Corridor”). This distance takes into account the common impacts associated with construction works such as noise, dust and other air emissions.

85. The project impact area maybe widened depending on conditions on the ground and with regard to specific construction sites outside of the corridor, e.g. for access roads. The sections where sensitive receptors are present, such as schools, hospitals or other places where people congregate are given particular attention so that ample mitigation is formulated. For sections that cross rivers, the impact assessment is expanded to cover the identified continuous extent of any ecologically important habitats / features.

86. Further the assessment will also include areas of ‘indirect impacts’ e.g. areas such as those comprising construction camps.

1.7. Methodology Applied

87. The methodology is based on the ADB, Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) and the joint experience of the International and National environmental consultants involved in the IEE. In addition, much of the baseline data collection (including the social baseline) was undertaken by a national consulting company (NCC) engaged by the EA to prepare environmental assessment documentation to meet national requirements.

88. Background data and information collected by the NCC was obtained from published and unpublished sources, e.g., on climate, topography, geology and soils, natural resources, flora and fauna, agriculture, and socio-economic data.

24 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

89. Several site inspections were conducted jointly by the NCC and the International Environmental Specialist and National Counterpart during December 2019 and January 2020. The proposed route was inspected (where access was possible) and areas of potential environmental significance assessed carefully.

90. Discussions were held with a number of stakeholders in order to determine their perceptions of the level of impact from the Project works (see Section H). Data and information obtained have been incorporated where appropriate in the IEE Report.

91. In addition, Critical Habitat Screening was also undertaken to identify triggers for critical habitat. The screening exercise was undertaken by international biodiversity specialists using a range of data sources, including IBAT. The screening report is summarized in this report.

1.8. Report Structure

92. Based on the findings of the scoping report, the following report structure was recommended.

93. Introduction – The section in hand provides the introductory information.

94. Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework – This section presents an overview of the policy/legislative framework as well as the environmental assessment guidelines of Uzbekistan that apply to the proposed project.

95. Description of the Project – Section 4 describes the Project need and its environmental setting. A scope of works is also provided indicating the type of construction works required. The analysis of alternatives including the ‘no project’ option in also part of this chapter.

96. Description of the Environment – This section of the report discusses the country, regional and local environmental baseline conditions. This section is divided into subsections relating to: (i) Physical: geology and soils; topography; climate and air quality; hydrology and geohazards. (ii) Biological: flora and fauna (including Red List species) and nationally and internationally designated sites. (iii) Social: population; communities; demographics; employment and socio-economics; land use; infrastructure (including local access roads); public health and safety; physical cultural heritage; waste management and noise.

97. Surveys have been conducted to address important gaps in the existing data and to collect up-to-date information on topics and areas where potentially significant negative impacts may occur, specifically biodiversity.

98. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Section 6 outlines the potential environmental impacts and proposes mitigation measures to manage the impacts. The residual impacts of the Project are also presented.

99. Public Consultation, Information Disclosure – Section 7 provides a summary of all of the stakeholder consultation activities undertaken and includes the Projects grievance mechanism.

25 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

100. Environmental Management Plan – This section of the IEE comprises an Environmental Mitigation Plan and an Environmental Monitoring Plan.

101. The Environmental Mitigation Plan: (i) Clearly identifies what specific potential impacts various types of works may have on the sensitive receptors; (ii) Provides concrete actions prescribed for managing these impacts, including location and timing of these actions; (iii) Provides cost estimates for the main discrete mitigation measures (those that are unlikely to be part of a construction company’ corporate policy and will not necessarily be included into general pricing of the contract); and (iv) Specifies responsibility for the implementation of each mitigation activity.

102. The Environmental Monitoring Plan: (i) Lists all prescribed mitigation measures by types of construction activities; (ii) Provides selected criteria of monitoring implementation of mitigation measures; (iii) Specifies methods for measuring outcomes of applied mitigation measures (visual, instrumental, survey, etc.); (iv) Identifies location and timing/frequency of monitoring mitigation measures by the prescribed criteria; (v) Gives cost estimates of monitoring mitigation measures by the prescribed criteria; and (vi) Specifies responsibility for tracking each monitoring criterion.

103. Conclusions and Recommendations – The final section of the report provides the report conclusions and recommendations, including a description of any residual impacts.

26 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

2.1. National Environmental Legislation

104. Uzbekistan has created a legal framework in the field of environmental protection and environmental management, which is designed to ensure the rights and obligations of citizens enshrined in Articles 50 and 55 of the Constitution of Uzbekistan. These are more than 100 laws, about 50 Decrees of the President and Decrees of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan and other by-laws and regulatory documents. A list of Uzbekistan’s environmental legislation as it pertains to the proposed project is given in Table 4.

Table 4: List of environmental laws relevant to the project Year Law / Regulation Last revision 08.12.1992 Constitution of Uzbekistan 16.04.2014 09.12.1992 Law “On nature protection” 18.04.2018 06.05.1993 Law “On water and water use” 23.07.2018 25.05.2000 Law “On Environmental Expertise”; 14.09.2017 03.12.2004 Law “On Specially Protected Areas” 14.09.2017 26.12.1997 Law “On protection and use of flora” 21.09.2016 26.12.1997 Law “On protection and use of fauna” 19.09.2016 27.12.1996 Law “On air safety” 14.09.2017 05.04.2002 Law “On wastes” 10.10.2018

105. Brief summaries of the listed documents are given below:

106. Constitution of Uzbekistan. In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna and other natural resources are national wealth, subject to rational use and protected by the state.

107. Law on Environmental Expertise. Environmental Impact Assessment in Uzbekistan is called State Environmental Expertise (SEE). SEE is regulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 491 dated December 31, 2001.

108. Law on Nature Protection regulates the legal relationship between the bodies of the state authority and the physical persons or legal entities (without distinction-legal form) in the field of environmental protection and in the use of nature on all Uzbekistan’s territory including its territorial waters, airspace, continental shelf and special economic zone. The law defines the principles and norms of legal relations, rights and obligations and responsibilities, awareness raising, education and scientific research in the field of environment, key players and principles of environmental management; describes economical mechanisms and levers; ecological insurance; basics of environmental audit; environmental requirements during privatization; justifies needs of environmental standards and limits (air, water, soil, noise, vibration, fields, radiation) and ecological requirements for production, transportation and storage of goods and food products; ecological requirements applicable to waste; states necessity of environmental impact assessment and related issues (strategic environmental protection and transboundary environment assessment) referring to Environmental Assessment Code; defines general principles of environmental protection; considers different aspects on protection of ecosystems, protected areas, issues of global and regional management, protection of ozone layer, biodiversity and international cooperation aspects. As stated in the law, in order to protect the climate against the global changes, the subject of the business activity is obliged to observe the limits to green-house gas emissions as well as to take measures for mitigating this emission.

27 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

109. Law on Water and Water Use regulates water use, defines rights and obligations of water users, sets out the types of licenses for the use of water, the rules and conditions of their issuance, considers conditions of suspension, withdrawal and deprivation of license, regulates water flows. The law states liability of all natural and legal persons to prevent pollution of catchment basins, water reservoirs, snow and ice covers, glaciers, permanent snow cover with industrial, household and other wastes and emissions which may cause deterioration of the underground water quality; prohibits piling of industrial and household wastes near the public water headwork's and in their sanitation protection zones, bans construction of facilities and implementation of any other activity which may cause water pollution; sets requirements for forest use within water protection zones. The state management of water protection and use is exercised through accounting, monitoring, licensing, control and supervision.

110. Law on Air Safety. The law regulates protection of atmospheric air from man-caused impact. Pollution of atmospheric air is emission of hazardous substances originating from activities which are able to have negative impact on human health and environment. Maximum permitted limits for concentration of hazardous substances into the atmospheric air are defined for each contaminant and represent maximum concentration of hazardous pollutants, in averaged time span, recurring action of which has not have negative impact on human health and environment.

111. Law “On State Sanitary Supervision” - №657-XII of 07/03/1992 (as amended on 03.09.2010). It regulates social relations in the field of sanitary-epidemiological well-being and radiation safety, the right of people to a healthy environment and other related rights, guarantees and guarantees for their realization.

112. Law on Waste provides the legal conditions for implementation of measures aiming at prevention of generation of waste and increased re-use, environmentally sound treatment of waste (including recycling and extraction of secondary raw materials, as well as safe disposal).

113. The Law on Waste No.362-II of April 5, 2002 (modified January 4, 2011) states that citizens have the right to a safe and healthy environment, to participate in the discussion of projects, and compensation for damage to their life, health or property.

114. Law on Specially Protected Areas. Forms a legal basis for planning, establishment and maintenance and assignment of categories of protected areas, described funding issues for each category. It specifies ownership forms of land and other natural resources in protected areas, allowed and prohibited activities.

115. Law on Protection and Use of Flora regulates protection and usage of flora growing in natural condition, as well as in cultivation and its reproduction and conservation of gene pool of wild plants. The Cabinet of Ministries, local government bodies and special authorized agencies implement the law. State Committee of Nature Protection (SCNP) and Head Department of Forestry under the Ministry of Agricultural and Water Resources are the special authorized agencies in flora protection and its usage. The Cabinet of Ministries, SCNP, local government bodies and Head Department of Forestry are responsible for implementing on the national level the administration of the law.

116. Law on Protection and Use of Fauna. This Law regulates relations in the field of protection and use of wild animals living in a state of natural freedom on land, water, atmosphere and soil, constantly or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as contained in semi-free conditions or artificially created habitat for scientific or nature protection goals.

28 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

117. A list of Uzbekistan’s social legislation as it pertains to the proposed project is given in Table 5.

Table 5: List of social and land ownership related laws relevant to the project Year Law / Regulation Last revision 29.08.1996 Civil code of Uzbekistan 18.04.2018 21.12.1995 Labor code 16.10.2018 30.04.1998 Land Code 24.07.2018 13.01.1992 Law on employment 03.01.2018 30.08.2001 Law on cultural heritage 18.04.2018 29.08.1996 Law on Public Health 13.06.2017 01.08.2018 Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan №5495 on 01.08.2018 measures on cardinal improvement of investment climate in the republic of Uzbekistan. 29.05.2006 Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers № 97 on compensation for losses 29.05.2006 to individuals and legal entities due to seizure of land plots for state and public needs 25.05.2011 Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers № 146 on improve the procedure 25.05.2011 of granting land plots, protect the rights of legal entities and individuals on land and improve the architecture of settlements and the efficient use of their settlements land for construction. 16.06.2018 Resolution of Cabinet Ministers №3857 on measures to improve the 16.06.2018 effectiveness of training and realizing projects with participation of international financial institutions and foreign government financial organizations.

118. Brief summaries of the listed documents are given below.

119. Civil Code defines the legal status of participants of civil relations, the grounds and procedure of implementation of property rights and other proprietary rights, rights on intellectual property, regulates the contractual and other obligations, as well as other property and related personal non-property relations. The Civil Code defines general rules of property seizure, determination of property cost and rights for compensation, terms of rights termination.

120. Labor code and Law on employment. These two documents are main legislations regulating labor relations of individuals employed with labor contract by enterprises, institutions, organizations of all type ownership forms, including contracted by individuals. These legislations are considering interests of employees and employers provide efficient function of labor market, just and secure labor conditions, protection of labor rights and employees health, promote to growth of labor productivity, increase of work quality, raising on this matter welfare and social livelihood level of the population.

121. Land Code. The Land Code is the main regulatory framework for land related matters in Uzbekistan. The land code regulates allocation, transfer and sale of land plots, defines ownership and rights on land. It describes responsibilities of different state authorities (Cabinet of Ministers, region, district and city hokimiyats) in land management; rights and obligations of land possessor, user, tenant and owner; land category types, land acquisition and compensation issues, resolution of land disputes and land protection. The land code also defines the terms of rights termination on land plot, seizure and land acquisition of land plot for state and public needs, and terms of seizure of land plot in violation of land legislation.

29 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

122. Law on Public Health. The main objectives of legislation on the protection of public health are: guaranteeing the rights of citizens to health care from the state; the formation of a healthy lifestyle of citizens; legal regulation of the activities of state bodies, enterprises, institutions, organizations, public associations in the field of public health.

123. Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers № 97. This resolution regulates compensation for losses to individuals and legal entities due to seizure of land plots for state and public needs. This regulation is mainly dealing with land plots, houses, building and structures of individuals and legal entities. The resolution determines the procedure for seizure of land or part thereof, as well as the procedure for calculating the amount of compensation to individuals and legal entities for the demolished residential, industrial and other buildings, structures and plantings in due to seizure of land for state and public needs.

124. Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers № 146. This Resolution is aimed to improve the procedure of granting land plots, protect the rights of legal entities and individuals on land and improve the architecture of settlements and the efficient use of their (settlements) land for construction in accordance with the Land Code and the Town Planning Code. This resolution has approved two Regulations: (i) Regulation on the procedure for granting land for urban development and other non-agricultural purposes, (ii) Regulation on the procedure of compensation for land possessors, users, tenants and owners, as well as losses of agriculture and forestry.

125. Resolution of Cabinet Ministers № 3857. The resolution “On measures to improve the effectiveness of training and realizing projects with participation of international financial institutions and foreign government financial organizations” partly provides that payment of compensation for the land acquisition, demolition of houses, other structures, plantings within the framework of projects with the participation of International Financial Institutions (IFIs), if it is agreed and stated in agreements, then will be carried out by authorized bodies in accordance with the requirements of IFIs or Foreign Governmental Finance Organizations.

126. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 5495. Decree “On measures on cardinal improvement of investment climate in the republic of Uzbekistan" partly provides that the adoption of decisions on the seizure of land for state and public needs is allowed only after an open discussion with interested parties whose land plots are planned to be seized, as well as assessing the benefits and costs; demolition of residential, industrial premises, other structures and structures belonging to individuals and legal entities, with the withdrawal of land plots is allowed after the full compensation of the market value of immovable property and losses caused to owners in connection with such withdrawal.

127. Law on cultural heritage sets out procedures for protection of cultural heritage and permitting arrangements for archaeological investigations. The purpose of this Law is to regulate relations in the field of protection and use of cultural heritage objects, which are the national property of the people of Uzbekistan.

2.2. Administrative Framework

128. The State Committee on Nature Protection (SCNP): SCNP is responsible for environmental protection. The main tasks of the SCNP are ensuring the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of environmental safety, environmental protection, use and reproduction of natural resources; the implementation of state control over the observance by ministries, state committees, departments, enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as individuals, in the area of the use and protection of land, mineral resources, water, forests, flora and fauna, atmospheric air; interdisciplinary integrated environmental management; and

30 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination organization and coordination of work to ensure a favorable state of the environment and improve the environmental situation.

129. Center for State Ecological Expertise: The activities of the Center for State Ecological Expertise are directly related to the consideration of materials for EIA and the issuance document on determination of compliance of the planned or carried out business and other activities with environmental requirements and determination of the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise.

2.3. National Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Legislation

130. The national EIA procedure is regulated by the Law "On the Environmental Examination" and the Regulations "On the State Environmental Expertise" (SEE), approved by DCM # 949 On approval of the Regulation of the State Ecological Expertise (22.11.2018). The Resolution specifies the legal requirements for EIA in Uzbekistan. According to the Resolution, SEE is a type of environmental examination carried out by specialized expert divisions to set up the compliance of the planned activities with the environmental requirements and determination of the permissibility of the environmental examination object implementation.

131. The special authorized state body in the field of SEE is the SCNP. SEE is carried out by the three specialized expert divisions of the SCNP:  The state unitary enterprise "The Center of the State Environmental Examination" of the SCNP, hereinafter referred to as "The Center of the State Environmental Examination SUE" - carries out the state environmental examination of EIA of the objects of economic activity classified as the I and II categories of environmental impact (high and medium risk);  The state unitary enterprise "The Center of the State Environmental Examination" of the Republic of Karakalpakstan - carry out environmental examination of EIA of the objects of economic activity classified as the III and IV categories of environmental impact (low risk and local impact);  The state unitary enterprises "The Center of the State Environmental Examination" of regions and Tashkent city - carry out environmental examination of EIA of the objects of economic activity classified as the III and IV categories of environmental impact (low risk and local impact).

132. The three stages of the EIA and their required results are summarized as follows:

133. Stage I: "A Draft Statement of the Environmental Impact ("DSEI") shall be carried out at the planning stage of the proposed project prior to the allocation of funds for development. The DSEI is prepared at the planning stage of the Project. A DSEI shall include:  The state of the environment prior to the implementation of the planned activities, the population of the territory, land development, analysis of environmental features;  Situational plan with an indication of the geographical coordinates of the object in question, available recreational areas, settlements, irrigation, land-improvement facilities, farmland, power lines, transport, water, gas pipelines and other information about the area;  The envisaged (planned) main and auxiliary objects, used equipment, technologies, natural resources, materials, raw materials, fuel, analysis of their impact on the environment;  Expected emissions, discharges, wastes, their negative impact on the environment and ways to minimize them;  Storage, storage and disposal of waste;

31 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 Analysis of alternatives to the planned or ongoing activities and technological solutions from the standpoint of nature conservation, taking into account the achievements of science, technology and best practices;  Organizational, technical, technological solutions and measures that exclude negative environmental consequences and reduce the impact of the object of examination on the environment;  Analysis of emergency situations (with an assessment of the likelihood and scenario of preventing their negative consequences);  Forecast of environmental changes and environmental consequences as a result of the implementation of the object of examination.

Figure 1: State Environmental Expertise Procedure Department of State Environmental Project stage JSCExecuting Uzbekgidroenergo Agency Village People Expertise (Glavgosekoexpertiza) Stage 1 Pre-Feasibility Draft statement of Study before environmental development impact (PZVOS) funds are allocated Review Enough info. 15days Approval More info. Required

Stage 2 Feasibility Study Concept Statement Public before Feasibility on Environmental Consultation Study approved Impact (ZVOS) (If required)

Review 15days No Reject Yes

Approval

Stage 3 Public Consultation Statement of (If required) Construction environmental before operation consequences (ZEP)

Review No 15days Reject Yes

Operation Approval

134. The DSEI shall be reviewed and approved at the national level (for projects relating to category I and II) or at the regional level (for projects relating to category III and IV) under the SCNP. The SEE confirms the category of the project and identifies the main issues that the project beneficiary shall focus on in the next stages of the environmental assessment process and during the project implementation (construction or rehabilitation works).

135. Stage II: "A Statement of the Environmental Impact" ("SEI") shall be prepared based on the conclusions of the SEE on the DSEI. The SEI shall include:

32 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 assessment of environmental problems of the selected site based on the results of engineering and geological surveys, model and other necessary studies;  environmental analysis of technology in relation to identified problems of the site;  results of public hearings; and  reasoned studies of environmental measures to prevent the negative effects of the implementation of the object of examination.

136. Stage III: "State Environmental Consequences" ("ZEP") is the final stage of the SEE process and shall be carried out prior to the start of the project. The report describes in detail the changes in the project made as a result of the analysis of the SEE during the first two stages of the EIA process, the comments received during public consultations, the environmental standards applicable to the project, and the environmental monitoring requirements related to the project, as well as the main conclusions.

137. The Conclusion of SEE shall be valid for three years from the date of its issuance. If the object is not implemented within three years from the date of issue of the Conclusion of the SEE needs to be revised and re-submitted to the SCNP for revision and approval.

138. The Conclusion of the SEE shall be sent to the relevant regional (city) control inspections in the field of ecology and environmental protection for control. Such inspections under the SCNP supervise the compliance with the requirements and conditions specified in the Conclusion of the SEE.

139. SEE has been concluded for the Project and a positive determination was given in January 2020.

2.4. Environmental Regulations and Standards

140. Uzbekistan has a large set of specific standards that refer to emissions, effluent discharge, and noise standards, as well as standard to handle and dispose specific wastes ranging from sewage to hazardous wastes. The following summarizes these laws and standards along with other international best practice standards.

2.4.1. Air Quality and Emissions

141. National Standards – Air quality in Uzbekistan in measured against Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) and Maximum Permissible Emissions (MPE).

142. Ambient Air Quality Standards, or MPCs, are established by SanPiN 0293-11 (May 16, 2011). According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Uzbek national ambient air quality standards meet World Health Organization (WHO) standards.3 The MPCs relevant to the Project are show in Table 6.

Table 6: National Air Quality MPCs Parameter Uzbekistan MPC (mg/m3) 30 min 24 Hour Monthly Annually Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 0.085 0.06 0.05 0.05 Nitrogen Oxide (NO) 0.6 0.25 0.12 0.06 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 Dust 0.15 0.1 0.08 0.05 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0

3 https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/17141/Uzbekistan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

33 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

143. Emission standards are stipulated by The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 14 of January 21, 2014 “On Approval of the Regulation on the Procedure for Developing and Coordinating Environmental Draft Projects”. It states that the main criterion for establishing MPE are quotas for pollutants.

144. IFC Standards – The IFC, part of the World Bank Group (WBG), have established ambient air quality standards based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. WBG guideline limits will be followed during the construction and operational phase of the Project. The following table illustrates the guidelines.

Table 7: WBG Ambient Air Quality Guidelines 4 Parameter Averaging Period Guideline Value (mg/m3) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 10 minute 20 24 Hour 500 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1 Hour 40 1 Year 200 Particulate Matter PM10 24 Hour 20 1 Year 50 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24 Hour 10 1 Year 25

Project Air Quality Standards

145. Any air quality monitoring during the construction phase will be undertaken against national standards. This is based on the criteria adopted by the WBG which state that:

’Emissions do not result in pollutant concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and standards by applying national legislated standards, or in their absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines.’5

146. As noted above, Uzbekistan have their own national legislated standards and as such they will be applied to the Project.

2.4.2. Water quality

147. National Standards - Ambient river water quality standard is given as Maximum permissible concentration (MPCs) established by “SanPiN №0172-06. MPC has two categories. First category is for centralized or non-centralized drinking water supply. The second category is for cultural and everyday purposes of the population, recreation, and sports.

148. In addition to the above, the WBG provides guidelines values for treated sanitary sewage discharges. The following table provides these values with which the Project shall also comply, for example relating to any waste water discharge from construction camps.

Table 8: WBG Indicative Values for Treated Sanitary Sewage Discharges Pollutant Unit Guideline Value pH pH 6-9 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Mg/l 30 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Mg/l 125 Total Nitrogen Mg/l 10 Total Phosphorus Mg/l 2

4 Not including interim targets. 5 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality. WBG. 2007

34 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Oil and Grease Mg/l 10 Total Suspended Solids Mg/l 50 Total Coliform Bacteria MPNA / 100 ml 400

Water Quality Project Standards

149. Baseline water quality monitoring will be assessed against national MPCs.

Water Discharge Project Standards

150. Waste water discharge from construction sites and camps shall be assessed against WBG values (for any treated sanitary sewage discharge) and against national MPDs which will be set by SCNP.

2.4.3. Noise

151. National Standards - SanPiN No. 0267-09 is used to ensure the rules of acceptable noise levels for residential areas in Uzbekistan. These rules and regulations establish permissible noise parameters in residential, public buildings and residential buildings of populated areas created by external and internal sources, as well as general requirements for measurements, measurement methods and hygienic noise assessment at research sites. Evaluation of the sound level at the calculation point is performed for the day and night period of the day (from 7 to 23 hours and from 23 to 7 hours) and takes into account the maximum intensity of the sound source level during the half-hour period. Table 9 presents the permissible noise levels in the territories that are most significant for the project. The levels are almost identical to IFC standards shown below, with the exception of the periods where IFC are slightly more stringent. As such IFC guideline limits will be used for the Project.

Table 9: Noise limits from SanPiN No. 0267-09 Purpose of premises or territories Time SanPiN No. 0267-09 Territories adjacent to homes, clinics, From 7 am to 11 pm 55 dB(D) dispensaries, rest homes, boarding From 11 pm to 7 am 45 dB(А) houses, nursing homes, child care facilities, schools and other educational institutions, libraries.

152. WBG Standards – To meet WBG guideline requirements noise impacts should not exceed the levels presented in Table 10 or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off site.

Table 10: WBG Noise Level Guidelines Receptor One-hour Laeq (dBA) Daytime Night-time 07.00-22.00 22.00 – 07.00 Residential; institutional; 55 45 educational Industrial; commercial 70 70

153. Workplace Noise - In order to protect the health of staff in the workplace Uzbekistan, utilizes the law (SanPiN) No. 0120-01 - “Sanitary norms and rules to ensure acceptable noise levels in the workplace”. This document provides acceptable noise levels for various types of

35 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination work, the most significant of which are listed below in Table 11. In addition, the IFC provides noise limits for various working environments, which are also illustrated in Table 11.

Table 11: Working environment Noise Limits SanPiN No. Type of work, workplace General EHS Guidelines of IFC 0120-01 Performance of all types of work at permanent 80 dB (A) workplaces in industrial premises and at enterprises operated since March 12, 1985 Heavy industry 85 Equivalent Level Laeq, 8h Light industry 50-65 Equivalent Level Laeq, 8h * Laeq- equivalent average sound pressure level

Project Noise Standards

154. For construction phase monitoring, WBG guideline limits will be followed as the nighttime period is slightly longer than Uzbek standards. For workplace noise, national guidelines shall be followed.

2.4.4. Vibration

155. International Standards – The German Standard DIN 4150-3 – Vibration in Buildings – Part 3: Effects on structures provides short term and long-term limits 6 for vibration at the foundation for various structures. This standard is considered international best practice and will be followed as part of the Project.

Table 12: Guideline Values for Vibration Velocity to be Used When Evaluating the Effects of Short-term and Long-term Vibration on Structures Group Type of structure Guideline Values for Velocity (mm/s) Short-term Long-term At foundation Uppermost Uppermost Floor Floor Less than 10 Hz to 50 50 to 100 All All 10 Hz Hz Hz frequencies frequencies Buildings used for commercial purposes, 1 20 20 to 40 40 to 50 40 10 industrial buildings and buildings of similar design Residential dwellings and 5 2 buildings of similar design 5 to 15 15 to 20 15 5 (105 dB) (105 dB) and/or use Structures that because of their particular sensitivity to vibration, do not correspond 3 2.5 (99.0 3 to those listed in Lines 1 or 2 to 8 8 to 10 8 (100.5 dB) dB) 2 and have intrinsic value (e.g. buildings that are under a preservation order) Source: DIN 4150-3, Structural Vibration, Part 3: Effect of vibration on structures

156. DIN 4150-3 notes that “experience has shown that if these values are complied with, damage that reduces the serviceability of the building will not occur. If damage nevertheless occurs, it is to be assumed that other causes are responsible. Exceeding the value in the table does not necessarily lead to damage”.

Project Vibration Standards

157. German Standard DIN 4150-3 will be followed during the construction phase.

6 short-term vibrations are defined as those that do not occur often enough to cause structural fatigue and do not produce resonance in the structure being evaluated and long-term vibrations are all the other types of vibration.

36 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

2.4.5. Waste

158. National Standards - The Law on Waste No.362-II of April 5, 2002 (modified January 4, 2011) regulates solid waste treatment procedures and defines the authority of various institutions involved in solid waste management. The law also provides rules for the transport of solid waste. Hazardous wastes that are transported must undergo environmental certification and be transported by special vehicles.

2.4.6. Hazardous material

159. National Standards - The order to place hazardous chemicals and hazardous materials in special landfills, their protection and disposal, approved by the State Committee for Nature Protection, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Health No. 2438 of March 20, 2013. The provision identifies hazardous chemicals, toxic materials, special landfills and special vehicles. The state organization “Kishlokkime” (Agricultural Chemicals) is responsible for the transportation and disposal of hazardous materials.

160. Transportation of such materials should be carried out in accordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 35 dated February 16, 2011 “On rules of transportation of hazardous materials in the territory of Uzbekistan”. The Ministry of Health and the State Committee for Nature Protection approve proper performance of work.

2.5. Sanitary Protection Zones and Electro Magnetic Field

2.5.1. Sanitary Protection Zone

161. According to sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations (SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.984-00), in order to protect the population from the effects of the electric field created by overhead high voltage power lines, sanitary protection zones (SPZ) are established. The SPZ of the overhead line is the territory along the high-voltage line, in which the electric field exceeds 1 kV / m.

162. In accordance with the RCM № 93 of 17.05.2010 for newly designed overhead lines and in accordance with paragraph 14 (a) of Annex 1 to the CM Resolution № 1050 "On Approval of Rules for the Protection of Electric Grid Facilities" from 26.12.2018, as well as buildings and structures are allowed to take the boundaries of sanitary protection zones along the overhead line with a horizontal arrangement of wires and without means of reducing the electric field strength on both sides of it at the following distances from the projection onto the ground of the outer phase wires in a direction perpendicular to the overhead line:  20 meters - for overhead lines with a voltage of 110 kV.  25 meters - for overhead lines with a voltage of 220 kV.  30 meters - for overhead lines with a voltage of 500 kV.

163. The actual width of the protection zone for the 220kV double-circuit power transmission line is about 62.8 meters. The KMK regulation 2.10.08-97 provides for the width of the ROW, temporarily necessary for the construction and tensioning of the transmission line wires, at 18 meters (Figure 2).

164. The preliminary project design foresees that after the first 2.75 km of the alignment, the line will be divided into two single-circuit transmission lines. The width of the land strip temporarily required for construction and wire tensioning is 15 metres for each of the two

37 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination transmission lines, as shown in Figure 3. The total width of the protection zone for two transmission lines will reach 105 meters.

Figure 2: Sanitary Protection Zone for 220 kV Transmission Lines (double circuit)

Figure 3: Sanitary Protection Zone for 220 kV Transmission Lines (two single circuit)

38 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

2.5.2. International Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Standards

165. WBG EHS guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution refer to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), which establish reference levels for general public exposure to electric field as 5 kV/m and for magnetic fields 200 µT. In the UK, the exposure limit is 360 µT 7 (reference level 100 µT). 8 The typical level of magnetic field and electric fields under a power line are shown in the tables and figure below. Typical ground level field levels from overhead power lines in the UK (based on 275- 400kV) are illustrated in the table below and show that at a distance of 25 meters EMF levels are well below ICNIRP reference levels for both magnetic and electric fields.

Table 13: Typical Ground-level Electric Field Levels from Overhead Power Lines (275- 400kV) Location Magnetic Field (microteslas) Electric Field (kV/m) Maximum Field (under line) 100 11 Typical Field (under line) 5-10 3-5 Typical Field (25 meters to side) 1-2 0.2 – 0.5 Typical Field (100 meters to side) 0.05 – 0.1 0.01 – 0.04 Source: National Grid, 2012 (https://www.nationalgrid.com/sites/default/files/documents/13791- Electric%20and%20Magnetic%20Fields%20-%20The%20facts.pdf)

166. Corresponding ICNIRP limits for general occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields are significantly higher at 10 kV/m and 1,000 µT, respectively. In the UK, the occupational exposure limits (high action level) are 6000 µT and 20 kV/m and 1000 µT and 10 kV/m (low action level).

167. The EU have also provided guidance via a Directive on occupational exposure to EMF (2013/35/EU) on EMF exposure which is closely based in ICNIRP guidelines. The Directive requires different actions at successive action levels and exposure limit values. They are summarised as follows:  You have to do an exposure assessment as soon as you exceed the public exposure limits.  You can exceed the action levels provided you have put in place various provisions.  You can exceed the sensory exposure limit values provided you control any sensory effects that might arise.  You cannot exceed the health exposure limit value.

2.6. Permit and Licenses

168. Required permits and licenses are listed in Table 14.

Table 14: Required permits and licenses Responsible Permit Party for Required Permit Title Issuing Authority Implementing Law Obtaining Activity License Pre-construction Construction Construction Hokimiyats of each - Resolution of the Oliy NEGU activities Permit Project component Majlis of the Republic of region Uzbekistan “On the list of activities for which a license is required” No. 222-II of 12.05.2001.

7 Only where the time of exposure is significant 8 https://www.energynetworks.org/assets/files/electricity/she/emfs/ENA%20training%20distribution%20EMFs%20v5.pdf

39 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Responsible Permit Party for Required Permit Title Issuing Authority Implementing Law Obtaining Activity License - Resolution of the Cabinet of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 54 of 02/25/2013. Appendix 1 “Regulations on the procedure for granting land plots in populated areas for the implementation of urban planning activities of design and registration of construction objects, as well as the acceptance into operation of objects” Construction Environment Goskomekologiya - Law «On Nature NEGU activities Decision Protection» (1992) - PKM RUz No. 491 of December 31, 2001. “On Approval of the Regulation on State Ecological Expertise” Construction Cultural Ministry of Culture of - Law on the Protection NEGU activities Heritage Uzbekistan and Use of Cultural Clearance Heritage Objects (2001) - The Law “On Specially Protected Territories” with amendments and additions (08/30/93) Construction Visual O’zGASHKLITI - PCM Ruz No. 222 “On NEGU activities geological- Improving the System engineering of Permitting conclusion Procedures and State Supervision in the Sphere of Urban Planning” - Urban Development Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan Waste Waste Oz RH 84.3.18: 2005. NEGU discharge passport Regulation Document on Production and consumption waste. Hazardous Hazardous “Kishlokkime” The Order No. 2438 of NEGU materials materials (Agricultural March 20, 2013 transport and permission Chemicals) storage Construction SPZ permits Relevant Regional NEGU activities Hokimiyats, and relevant Regional Department of Ecology and

40 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Responsible Permit Party for Required Permit Title Issuing Authority Implementing Law Obtaining Activity License Environmental Protection Construction Phase Underground Mineral State Committee on PKM number 443 of Contractor water extraction Geology and Mineral 12.06.2018. abstraction license Resources Regulations on the procedure for issuing licenses for the right to use subsoil areas containing non-metallic minerals Construction or Approval of State Inspectorate Law of the Republic of Contractor upgrade of construction or for quality control of Uzbekistan “On access roads upgrade roads and Automobile Roads” activities construction works under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan Transportation Transportation State Committee of PKM RUz No 11 of Contractor of oversized permit the Republic of January 11, 1995 On and overweight Uzbekistan on the procedure for the cargo highways entry, stay, transit and departure of foreign road carriers from the territory of Uzbekistan ” Spoil disposal Spoil disposal Goskomekologiya Law "On Subsoil", Contractor approval Waste department dated May 8, 2012

2.7. International Agreements and Conventions

169. The global agreements in which Uzbekistan is a Party are as follows:  UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (06/20/1993).  Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (05/26/1993).  Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (12/22/1995).  Paris Convention on Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (12.22.1995).  UN (Rio) Convention on Biological Diversity (05.05.1995).  United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (08/31/1995).  Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (07/01/1997).  Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (05/01/1998);  Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Wildlife Habitat (30.08.2001), etc.  UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE Water Convention) (9.08.2007).  Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (August 9, 2007).

170. As a member of the CIS countries, Uzbekistan is a member of the Interstate Environmental Council on the harmonization of environmental legislation, the development of

41 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination the EA and the development of economic instruments for environmental protection, as well as a member of the Interstate Environmental Fund for financing environmental protection in interstate and regional programs.

2.8. Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policies 2009

171. The ADB has three safeguard policies that seek to avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and social costs to third parties, or vulnerable groups as a result of development projects. The Project requires the application of both environmental safeguard and social safeguard.

Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment

172. The objectives are to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects, and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. Environmental safeguards are triggered if a project is likely to have potential environmental risks and impacts. Eleven ‘Policy Principles’ have been adopted as part of the ADBs Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009), including:

173. Use a screening process for each proposed project, as early as possible, to determine the appropriate extent and type of environmental assessment so that appropriate studies are undertaken commensurate with the significance of potential impacts and risks. (The Project was screened by the ADB and classified as a Category B project).

174. Conduct an environmental assessment for the proposed project to identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts and risks to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including impacts on livelihood through environmental media, health and safety, vulnerable groups, and gender issues), and physical cultural resources in the context of the project’s area of influence. Assess potential transboundary and global impacts, including climate change. Use strategic environmental assessment where appropriate. (The IEE herewith provides the environmental assessment for the Project. Transboundary impacts are not applicable).

175. Examine alternatives to the project’s location, design, technology, and components and their potential environmental and social impacts and document the rationale for selecting the particular alternative proposed. Also consider the no project alternative. (Alternatives have been considered, including the ‘no project’ alternative in Section 4.10

42 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

176. Analysis of Alternatives).

177. Avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts by means of environmental planning and management. Prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) that includes the proposed mitigation measures, environmental monitoring and reporting requirements, related institutional or organizational arrangements, capacity development and training measures, implementation schedule, cost estimates, and performance indicators. Key considerations for EMP preparation include mitigation of potential adverse impacts to the level of no significant harm to third parties, and the polluter pays principle. (An EMP has been prepared for the Project and is outlined in detail in Section 8.2 Environmental Management Plans).

178. Carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and facilitate their informed participation. Ensure women’s participation in consultation. Involve stakeholders, including affected people and concerned nongovernment organizations, early in the project preparation process and ensure that their views and concerns are made known to and understood by decision makers and taken into account. Continue consultations with stakeholders throughout project implementation as necessary to address issues related to environmental assessment. Establish a grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding the project’s environmental performance. (Consultations were held to discuss environmental issues, the findings of the consultations (and a description of the Project grievance redress mechanism) are presented in Section 7.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism).

179. Disclose a draft environmental assessment (including the EMP) in a timely manner, before project appraisal, in an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and other stakeholders. Disclose the final environmental assessment, and its updates if any, to affected people and other stakeholders. (This IEE and its EMP will be disclosed on the ADB web-site).

180. Implement the EMP and monitor its effectiveness. Document monitoring results, including the development and implementation of corrective actions, and disclose monitoring reports. (The IEE and its EMP outline a plan to monitor the implementation of the EMP and the institutional responsibilities for monitoring and reporting throughout the Project lifecycle: Section 8.2 Environmental Management Plans).

181. Do not implement project activities in areas of critical habitats, unless (i) there are no measurable adverse impacts on the critical habitat that could impair its ability to function, (ii) there is no reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species, and (iii) any lesser impacts are mitigated. If a project is located within a legally protected area, implement additional programs to promote and enhance the conservation aims of the protected area. In an area of natural habitats, there must be no significant conversion or degradation, unless (i) alternatives are not available, (ii) the overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, and (iii) any conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated. Use a precautionary approach to the use, development, and management of renewable natural resources. (Critical habitats have not been identified that maybe significantly impacted by the Project).

182. Apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. Adopt cleaner production processes and good energy efficiency practices. Avoid pollution, or, when avoidance is not possible, minimize or control the intensity or load of pollutant emissions and discharges, including direct and indirect greenhouse gases emissions, waste generation, and release of

43 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination hazardous materials from their production, transportation, handling, and storage. Avoid the use of hazardous materials subject to international bans or phase-outs. Purchase, use, and manage pesticides based on integrated pest management approaches and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. (The IEE outline the mitigation plan of the EMP: Section 8.2 Environmental Management Plans).

183. Provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and disease. Establish preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities. (The IEE and its EMP outline the requirement for specific community health and safety plans: Section 8.2 Environmental Management Plans).

184. Conserve physical cultural resources and avoid destroying or damaging them by using field-based surveys that employ qualified and experienced experts during environmental assessment. Provide for the use of “chance find” procedures that include a pre-approved management and conservation approach for materials that may be discovered during project implementation. (A chance find procedure is provided in this IEE).

Safeguard Requirements 2: Involuntary Resettlement.

185. The objectives are to avoid involuntary resettlement wherever possible; to minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring project and design alternatives; to enhance, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons in real terms relative to pre-project levels; and to improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups. The safeguard requirements underscore the requirements for undertaking the social impact assessment and resettlement planning process, preparing social impact assessment reports and resettlement planning documents, exploring negotiated land acquisition, disclosing information and engaging in consultations, establishing a grievance mechanism, and resettlement monitoring and reporting.

186. The involuntary resettlement requirements apply to full or partial, permanent or temporary physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) resulting from (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. Resettlement is considered involuntary when displaced individuals or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition that results in displacement. (A Draft Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) has been prepared for the Project according to the requirements of ADB and is summarized in this IEE).

Safeguard Requirements 3: Indigenous Peoples.

187. The objective is to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for Indigenous Peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness as defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate actively in projects that affect them. (According to the Draft LARP The Project does not involve impacts to Indigenous Peoples and therefore no further actions relating to this safeguard are required).

44 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

2.9. Gap analysis

188. The environmental assessment of the Project will need to satisfy both, the national requirements of Uzbekistan and ADB. A harmonized safeguard framework is developed for conducting the IEE. The framework is given below.

Table 15: Comparison of ADB and Uzbekistan Legislation Requirements Aspect ADB Uzbekistan Harmonized Framework Environmental ADB’s SPS (2009) sets EIA is called State The Project follows both Policy and out the policy Environmental Expertise ADB’s SPS (2009) and Regulations objectives, scope and (SEE) in Uzbekistan. Resolution No.491, triggers, and principles SEE is stipulated in the December 2001. for three key safeguard Resolution of the Cabinet areas: of Ministers of the -Environmental Republic of Uzbekistan safeguards, No. 491 dated December -Involuntary 31, 2001. resettlement safeguards, and -Indigenous peoples safeguards Screening This Project is This Project falls into All the requirement of ADB Category B. Category II of the will cover the requirement environmental impact of Uzbekistan requirement. with medium risk. Then the project will follow the Category B of ADB. Alternatives Examination of Alternative assessments Assessment of alternatives financially and are to be carried as per will be included. technically feasible request of the Center for alternatives to the State Ecological project location, Expertise. design, technology and components, their potential environmental and social impacts. Reporting Guidelines and Table Draft of Concept The Project prepared IEE of Contents are Statement on report in English following provided for IEE report Environmental Impact the form of ADB. After that in SPS (2009). (national acronym IEE report is translated in EMP will include PZVOS) requires, Russian or Uzbek and proposed mitigation Baseline, analysis of change the format in measures, monitoring alternatives, Pollution Uzbekistan style. The and reporting prevention plan, Waste contents of two reports are requirements, storage, and other same but layout and institutional mitigation. The report language is different. arrangements, should be in Russian. schedules and cost estimates. The report should be in English. Public “Meaningful” Public consultation is not A wide range of public Consultations consultation with required in the process of consultations have been affected people are Draft of Concept undertaken to ensure they required for the project. Statement (PZVOS). are ‘meaningful’. Public Draft IEE will be If the report has secrets Draft IEE report (English Disclosure published in ADB of official or private and Russian or Uzbek) will website before Project organization, it should not be published in ADB approval by the Board. be disclosed. Website. The copies of the Russian version of Draft of Concept Statement on

45 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Aspect ADB Uzbekistan Harmonized Framework Environmental Impact will be made available at the affected villages.

46 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

3. Description of the Project

3.1. Introduction

189. This section of the report presents the Project description for all Project components, including the design, construction and operation and maintenance aspects of the Project. A brief analysis of the Project alternatives, including the ’no action’ alternative is also provided in this section.

190. Aspects of the Project design that have been developed specifically to mitigate potential environmental or social impacts associated with this Project are termed commitments and are identified in this chapter by a reference number in parentheses following the commitment. The reference number is prefixed by the letter D to denote that it is a design related commitment. This is followed by is environmental characteristic, e.g. AQ for air quality, CHS for community health and safety and then by a list number, e.g. 01, 02, 03, etc. An example is given in the box below, where D-CHS-01 is the reference number. Commitments with a prefix C relate to construction phase and commitments with a prefix O refer to the operational phase.

Example commitment

The overhead lines will be constructed with a 25m sanitary protection zone (D-CHS-01).

191. All the commitments have been included in the Project EMP (Section 10).

3.2. Project Overview and Location

192. The overarching goals of the Project are:  Increase energy security through versatility and expansion of power lines;  Improve reliability of power supply in the country and the region;  Reduce transmission losses; and  Improve operational efficiency of the power sector.

193. The Project itself comprises construction of a new 220 kV line and a new "Zafarabad" substation to provide reliable power supply to new large enterprises and household consumers in the Jizzak region.

194. Currently, the power supply of Jizzak region is mainly provided by two 220 kV HV lines: L-20-D from the Syrdarya TPP and L-H-S from the substation "Sogdiana". The maximum load (2018 data) at "Jizzak" substation in winter maximum mode is 230 MW. These 220 kV HV lines feed "Chapan-Ata" substation with a maximum load of 190 MW and "Babur" substation (on the balance sheet of "Uzbekistan Temir Yollari") with a maximum load of 12 MW.

195. Thus, in the current modes, the total load of the above mentioned 220 kV lines is about 430 MW, which at the time of withdrawal for repair or emergency shutdown of one of the 220 kV lines leads to overload of the remaining line up to 40% which limits the consumers in Jizzak and Samarkand regions to 100 MW.

196. In order to eliminate these problems, as well as to ensure reliable power supply to new large enterprises being commissioned in Jizzak region, this project proposes:  The construction of 220 kV "Zafarabad" substation with two transformers with capacity of 250 MVA.  Construction of a 220 kV HV line from Syrdarya TPP to "Zafarabad" substation (length of 142 km),

47 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 Expansion of Syrdarya TPP switchgear by two new cells to connect two new 220 kV HV lines.

197. Geographically, the project implementation area is located in the central part of Uzbekistan. The first part of the projected 220 kV HV line in Syrdarya region - on the left side of the Syrdarya river, the second part of the HV line and the projected substation "Zafarabad" - in Jizzak region, between the basins of the Syrdarya and Zarafshan rivers (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Location of the Project within Uzbekistan

Project Area

48 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 5: Location of the Project within Syrdarya and Jizzak Regions

198. Zafarabad substation is located in Farish district of Jizzak region. The area of the substation is 9 hectares. A plot of land, which is not used in agriculture, was allocated for construction of the substation. The boundaries of the territory of Zafarabad subdivision are as follows: from the north - "Jizzak-Farish" highway, from the south and east - uncultivated vacant lands, from the west - lands of "Gold Graun" LLC.

199. The total investment cost of the project is estimated at US$ 25 million, including physical and non-physical components. The actual completion of the project is expected by the end of 2022.

49 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 6: Location of Zafarabad Substation

3.3. Project Footprint

200. The "Project footprint’ - is the total estimated physical area of land required by the Project. According to the Draft Land acquisition and resettlement plan (LARP), the area of the temporarily affected land on which the power transmission tower wires will be erected and installed will be 306.35 hectares.

201. This temporary footprint represents the work area that needs to be free of people and livestock during the construction phase for safety reasons. It does not represent the whole area which will necessarily be impacted by construction activities.

202. In reality, the area between the towers, around 225m, will not be impacted significantly by Project works. The areas between the towers will be only be affected by the following activities:  Laying out of the wires between the towers prior to the stringing.  Pulling/tensioning sites.  Staging areas.

203. These locations will be kept out of production and only for short periods of times, e.g. one month. Based on other projects 9 it can be assumed that a 0.8 hectare staging area and a 0.4 hectare pulling / tensioning site would be needed every 4km. That equates to around an additional 43 hectares of temporary use.

9 Grand Coulee Bell 500 kV Transmission Line Project, Environmental Impact Statement. US Department of Energy, 2002

50 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

204. Regarding permanent land use, the preliminary area of the land plot for placing the towers will be 2.65 hectares. In addition, 9 hectares is required for the construction of the Zafarabad substation.

205. As for the access roads, the project involves the construction of two new HV lines close to, or adjacent to, existing and functioning HV lines for the first 30 or so kilometers.

Figure 7: Existing 500kV Transmission Line, Yangier (photo taken from Yangier Gas Compressor Station)

Source: Consultants own photo, 2019

206. Existing tracks are present to all of these sites and there will be limited requirements for construction of new access roads. For the remaining part of the alignment some access roads may be required where existing agricultural tracks, which generally are numerous along the entire alignment, cannot be found. Some of the existing tracks may require limited upgrading to allow vehicle access.

3.4. Transmission Line Design

3.4.1. Design Standards

207. The technical design of power transmission lines in Uzbekistan is regulated by the State Technical Design Standard (GOST) and the Electrical Installation Code (EIC) Rules, which are mandatory in all projects of power transmission facilities. The characteristics of supports, foundations of supports, wires, cables, earthing, insulators and even connection fittings are standardized by GOST. These standards have been inherited from the Soviet times and have remained practically unchanged since then. All power transmission facilities existing in Uzbekistan have been designed and constructed in accordance with these technical standards.

208. These standards are not the same as those used in Europe. In most cases, they provide greater reliability and durability. For example, according to GOST in metal designs of supports

51 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination it is used on 25-30 % more steel, than for similar designs in Europe. For precast concrete foundations manufactured in accordance with GOST, 40-50% more concrete is used than in Europe. From an economic point of view, the use of the European Technical Design Standards would probably achieve considerable savings, but they cannot be considered in Uzbekistan.

3.4.2. Length of Line, Number and Height of Towers and Tower Dimensions

209. The total length of the proposed transmission lines of Jizzak-Zafarabad is about 142 km, including: (a) approximately 2.75 km of double-circuit transmission lines at the beginning of the right-of-way and (b) two parallel single-circuit transmission lines of approximately 139.25 km each.

210. A total of 1,250 towers will be installed along the power line in the ROW, 504 in Syrdarya province and 746 in Jizzak province. The distance between the two towers (single circuit), depending on the type of terrain and support tower, varies from 200 to 250 meters. The average distance between the towers in the transmission line is 225 m.

211. The height of the towers will be:  Double Circuit: 36 – 46m depending upon site layout.  Single Circuit: 32 – 34m depending upon site layout.

212. The approximate dimensions of the tower base will be between 25m2 and 50m2.

3.4.3. Construction Materials

213. Prefabricated reinforced concrete and metal are used as the basic material of supports in the project. Intermediate supports on HV lines are metal and reinforced concrete. Anchor- corner supports are made of metal. The following types of concrete and metal will be used for structures:  Type of concrete for structures made of vibrated reinforced concrete: frost resistance F100, waterproof W4. Structures of vibrated reinforced concrete are supposed to be made of concrete on the sulfate-resistant Portland cement.  Type of concrete centrifuged stands of reinforced concrete supports: frost resistance F150, waterproof W6. The concrete of the reinforced concrete centrifuged supports is supposed to be produced on the sulfate-resistant Portland cement.  Metal structures of steel supports will be manufactured: welded - from B steel. ST.3. PS 5, bolted - from B grade steel according to GOST 380-88.

3.4.4. Other Design Characteristics

214. Bird Protection - To protect the birds from electric shock, to prevent contamination and insulation overlapping, a bird guard will be installed on the ends of the crossheads of intermediate supports, as well as on the crossheads of anchor-angle supports, where the stub is to be looped by means of a suspension string, above each suspension set.

215. Theft - In order to prevent theft of bolt support elements, anti-theft bolts will be provided.

216. Earthing - The towers will be equipped with an earthing device.

217. Insulation - Glass insulators are used as insulation. The actual safety margin coefficients of insulators and linear fittings correspond to the coefficients regulated by Electrical Installation Code (EIC). To protect wires and cables from vibration, vibration dampers are provided in all spans, one for each wire (rope) on both sides of the span.

52 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

218. Foundations - Prefabricated reinforced concrete foundations F5-2, F5-AM and crossbar P1-A and AR-5 of 1977 unification are provided for metal supports, in some cases with PC1-A ballast slabs, the use of which makes it possible not to install paired foundations. In especially severe cases, a special L-shaped foundation F5-USU250 will be used to ensure the load- bearing capacity of foundations with breaking out force, which makes it possible to install connecting foundations without metal beams. Reinforced concrete supports will be fixed in the ground using standard reinforced concrete crossbars AR6. In-situ foundations are also acceptable.

219. Corrosion - According to the requirements of KMK 2.01-11.96 "Corrosion Protection of Building Structures", the foundations of the supports will be protected with bituminous waterproofing in two layers on the primer. Waterproofing of the underground part of reinforced concrete struts (up to 3.5 m from the bottom log), foundations, slabs and crossbars will be performed by two-layer reinforcement with a cloth of severe ART-4744 on oil bitumen of type II. Nefras C4-130/210 has been adopted as a solvent.

220. Surface water Crossings – The alignment crosses a number of canals and one river:  Corner No. 7 the route crosses Machine Canal № 2;  Corner № 9 - Machine Canal № 1,  Before corner № 13 - Shurbulaksay,  At corner № 22 - Uchbulaksay,  Between corners № 22 and 23 - the river Kly (name of the river Sanzar in the lower reaches).

221. Other Transmission Lines – Up to corner №14 (approximately KM30) the alignment is parallel to the existing 500 kV "L-521 "B "L-510" HV lines, as well as 220 kV "L-Zaribdor" and "L-20-D" HV lines, and crosses several 35 kV HV line, 110 kV HV line, 220 kV HV line and communication lines.

Figure 8: Illustration of Proposed Project Alignment in Relation to Existing Power Lines (approximately KM20)

Key: Red and Green Line – Proposed new alignment / Existing towers in yellow circles

53 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

222. This design has been proposed by the Consultant on the basis of information available at the time of preparation of the report. The precise determination of the type of supports, the location, the line elements used, and the line route will be carried out during the detailed design phase. The detailed is currently being developed by "Sredazenergosetproekt" (Design and Survey Institute), in accordance with current standards and regulations (GOSTs) mentioned above.

3.5. Transmission Line Construction Activities

223. The following is a sequential description of the potential activities associated with the construction of the Project.

3.5.1. Land Acquisition

224. A Draft Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) has been prepared according to Uzbek Laws, the ADB SPS (2009). JSC NEN will be responsible for the timely implementation of the LARP prior to the start of construction (C-LU-01).

3.5.2. Surveying the Transmission Centreline, Other Project Features and Work Areas

225. Ground survey and staking will be performed to locate tower centers, right-of-way boundaries, new access roads, spur roads to tower sites, overland access and temporary work areas. Flagging will be maintained until final cleanup and/or reclamation is completed, after which they will be removed.

226. The right of way of the alignment and any additional temporary workspaces will be surveyed and set out (i.e. marked out and, where necessary, fenced off). The EPC Contractor will be required to keep within the designated footprint (C-BIO-01).

227. Sensitive receptors that need to be avoided during construction will be marked (C-BIO- 02).

228. A record will be made of the condition of access roads, construction camps, laydown areas and rail offloading areas and any special features in the Project alignment before construction to inform the reinstatement works (C-IU-01).

3.5.3. Upgrading or Construction of Temporary and Permanent Access Roads

229. Existing paved and unpaved roads will be used for the initial transportation of materials and equipment from the staging and storage areas to locations where they will be needed along the transmission line right-of-way (C-IU-02).

230. If any new access roads are required the EPC Contractor shall do what is necessary to make the access suitable for his use and shall take all reasonable precautions to avoid damage, including, if required the erection of temporary fences or gates where permanent fences, hedges or gates have been removed (C-IU-03).

231. Access roads shall not be cut into a hillside immediately below a tower (C-SO-01). Plans for access roads in steep terrain will be submitted to the PMU and PIC for approval (C-SO-02). Stability of slopes over 30% shall be checked and approved by the PMU/PIC prior to selection of foundation to be used (C-SO-03). Access roads will be graded and sloped to prevent unnecessary flow of water across the tower sites and to minimize soil erosion (C-SO-04).

54 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

232. New earth access tracks shall be suitably compacted (C-SO-05). The final surface level shall be at least 0.5 m above the existing ground level and shall be constructed in such a way as to be adequately drained to prevent washouts and flooding impacts to adjacent properties (C-HY-01). Junctions between new tracks and existing roads shall not impede or damage the latter nor any associated drainage channels, irrigation infrastructure, etc. (C-HY-02).

233. During construction, dust control measures will be implemented on all roads within 250m of residential / sensitive receptors (C-AQ-01).

3.5.4. Clearing and Grading Activities for the Right-of-Way, Tower Sites and Camps

234. Clearing of vegetation may be required for construction purposes. Little mature vegetation is present within the corridor, however, if any are present vegetation will be selectively removed under or near the towers to provide adequate electrical clearance as required by National Standards (C-BIO-03). Camp sites shall be selected to avoid the cutting of mature vegetation (C-BIO-04). There is restriction for agriculture activities near the towers, trees and other types of plants can be planted, the maximum height of which should not exceed 4 meters in a radius of 1.5 meters around the towers.

3.5.5. Excavating and Installing Foundations

235. Tower sites will be sloped as necessary to prevent erosion (C-SO-06). Natural flows will be diverted around the site and the site protected by grading, placing rip-rap, or other erosion control measures (C-SO-07).

236. Vertical excavations for foundations will be made with power drilling equipment. Where soils permit, a vehicle-mounted power auger or backhoe will be used. In rocky areas, the foundation holes will be excavated by drilling or installing special rock anchors. Pre-cast footings will be installed.

3.5.6. Assembling and Erecting Towers with Temporary and Permanent Pad Sites

237. Bundles of steel members and associated hardware (and often times insulators, hardware and stringing sheaves) will be transported to each tower site by truck. Wood blocking is hauled to each location and laid out, then the tower steel bundles are opened and laid out for assembly by sections and assembled into subsections of convenient size and weight.

238. Typically, the leg extensions for the structures are assembled and erected by separate crews with smaller cranes to make ready for setting of the main structure assembly. The assembled subsections are then hoisted into place by means of a large crane and fastened together to form a complete tower. A follow-up crew then tightens all the bolts in the required joints.

55 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 9: Foundation Installation, Tower Assembly, and Tower Erection

Figure 10: Typical Construction Zone for Installation of New Towers Adjacent to Existing (to be replaced) Towers

Source: Consultants own photo. Stockholm, March 2020.

239. A range of towers are proposed for the Project, final selection to be made by the EPC Contractor during design.

56 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 11: Types of Tower Proposed for the Project (Double Circuit – left photo, Parallel Single Circuit – right photo)

Source: Draft LARP, 2020

3.5.7. String Conductors, Ground Wires, and Fiber Optic Cable

240. Insulators, hardware, and stringing sheaves will be delivered to each tower site. The towers will be rigged with insulator strings and stringing sheaves at each ground wire and conductor position. For protection of the public during wire installation, guard structures will be erected over highways, railroads, power lines, structures, and other barriers (C-CHS-01).

241. Guard structures will consist of H-frame wood poles placed on either side of the barriers or by using boom trucks raising a guard cross beam. These structures will prevent ground wires, conductors, or equipment from falling across obstacles. Equipment for erecting guard structures will include augers, backhoes, line trucks, boom trucks, pole trailers, and cranes. Guard structures may not be required for small roads. In such cases other safety measures such as barriers, flagmen, or other traffic control will be used (C-CHS-02).

242. Following stringing and tensioning of all conductors, the guard structures will be removed, and the area restored (C-BIO-05).

243. Pilot lines will be pulled (strung) from tower to tower by land operated equipment and threaded through the stringing sheaves at each tower. Following pilot lines, a stronger, larger diameter line will be attached to conductors to pull them onto towers. This process will be repeated until the ground wire or conductor is pulled through all sheaves.

57 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 12: Wire Hanging

244. Ground wires, fiber optic cable and conductors will be strung using powered pulling equipment at one end and powered braking or tensioning equipment at the other end of a conductor segment.

245. Sites for tensioning equipment and pulling equipment will be approximately two to three kilometers apart as determined by the EPC Contractor. Tensioners, pullers, line trucks, wire trailers, dozers, pickups and tractors needed for stringing and anchoring the ground wire or conductor will be located at these sites. The tensioner, in concert with the puller, will maintain tension on the ground wire or conductor while they are fastened to the towers. Tension will be maintained on all insulator assemblies to assure positive contact between insulators, thereby avoiding sparking. Caution also will be exercised during construction to avoid scratching or nicking the conductor surface, which may provide points for corona to occur.

3.5.8. Installing Counterpoise (Tower Grounds) Where Needed

246. Part of standard construction practices prior to conductor installation will involve measuring the resistance of the ground to electrical current near the tower structures. If the measurements indicate a high resistance, counterpoise will be installed, which will consist of trenching in- ground wire to a depth of 12 inches in non-cultivated land and 18 inches in cultivated land, with a ground rod driven at the end. The counterpoise will be contained within the limits of the rights- of-way and may be altered or doubled back-and-forth to meet the requirements of the projects. Typical equipment used for installing ground rods includes line trucks, backhoes and trenchers, etc.

3.5.9. Clean-up and Reclamation of Affected Areas

247. Construction sites, material storage yards, and access roads will be kept in an orderly condition throughout the construction period (C-WM-01). Refuse and trash will be removed from the sites and disposed of in an approved manner (e.g., in an approved landfill) (C-WM-02). In remote areas, trash and refuse could be removed to a construction staging area and contained

58 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination temporarily until such time as it could be hauled to an approved site (C-WM-03). No open burning of construction trash will be permitted (C-WM-04). Contaminants such as oils, hydraulic fluids, antifreeze and fuels will not be dumped on the ground, and all spills will be cleaned up (C-WM-05).

3.6. Design Characteristics of Zafarabad Substation

248. The Zafarabad substation is designed to cover the growing electrical loads of consumers in Jizzak region. The substation will include two transformers with a capacity of 250 MVA. The substation will also include:  220 kV switchgear;  Substation control house;  Fire extinguishing pump station;  Water storage tanks with capacity of 2×100 m3;  Gatehouse;  Oil reservoir (empty) with capacity of 200 m3;  Toilet facilities;  Free-standing lightning arrestors;  Oil-water separator for site drainage systems;  Lookout tower; and  End support of 220 kV HV line.

249. To prevent oil spreading and the spread of fire in case of damage to transformers, a network of oil outlets from pipes is performed by channeling oil into a closed oil sump, designed to retain the full volume of oil from one autotransformer.

250. The construction of noise screens is not provided due to the remoteness from the substation territory of residential development. Working and security lighting is provided for the site, buildings and substation structures. Control of 220 kV circuit breakers and 110 kV main circuit breakers is provided from the control panel located in the substation control house (SCH).

251. The central alarm system provides individual light and general audible warnings and alarms with the repetition of incoming signals. To register alarms, a "Bresler-0104" type alarm logger is installed, and to determine the fault location on the lines, a fault locator is installed.

252. The following automatic systems will also be installed:  Group regulation of transformers under load;  Cooling of transformers;  Fire extinguishing of transformers.

253. To ensure security measures inside the substation along the perimeter of the outer fence there is a 5.0 m wide strip free from construction.

254. Surface water drainage is designed as an open system with the discharge of storm water outside the fence into lower relief areas. The project envisages a small drainage network with the arrangement of reinforced concrete drains with an oil water separator.

59 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 13: Typical Construction of a New Substation

Source: http://tessholding.ru/okoncheny-ocherednye-etapy-po-stroitelstvu-podstancii-gpp-1-na-proizvodstvennoj-ploshhadke- zapsibneftexim-gk-sibur/.

255. On-site roads and paved areas are designed at the site. The width of the roadway is 3.5- 4.5 m. The design of the roadway is adopted as a single-layer asphalt concrete pavement on a crushed stone base. The edge of the roadway will be reinforced with a 0.5 m wide ground- crushed stone prism.

256. The area free from buildings will be landscaped. The project envisages the planting of shrubs and the creation of flower beds.

3.7. Syrdarya TPP switchgear

257. Works at Syrdarya TPP include the expansion of TPP switchgear by two new gas circuit breakers (SF6), 12 disconnecting switches, and 6 current transformers to connect the new 220 kV HV lines. The equipment will be placed in spare line bays within the TPP.

3.8. Construction Camps and Laydown Areas

258. A construction camp will be established for the Project. The location of the camp will be determined by the EPC Contractor and no specific location for any camp site has been provided to date by NEGU. Siting of the camp will take into account the sensitive site restrictions provided in this EIA, e.g. not locating within 200m of a water course or within 500m of residential areas. The camp will be approximately 2 hectares in size.

3.9. Equipment Refuelling

259. The EPC Contractor will implement standard refueling procedures for heavy equipment that is left on the rights-of-way for long periods of time, such as cranes, blades, dozers, drill rigs, etc. This equipment will be refueled in place.

3.10. Manpower and Equipment

60 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

260. Construction and installation works will be undertaken by dedicated teams consisting of specialized units recommended by the technological cards/scheme operating in power engineering. A number of crews of up to approximately 10 workers each will be required at each construction area, each crew responsible for a specific construction assignment including laying the foundations for the towers, assembling the towers on the ground, raising the towers, installing the wires, etc. These crews will be engaged sequentially at each construction area as the construction of each length of transmission line proceeds. The following tables provide the estimate manpower and equipment requirements for the various stages of the Project.

Table 16: Estimated Manpower and Equipment – Transmission Line # Activity Equipment Manpower Timescale 1 Surveying the transmission centerline  2 Pick-up trucks 4 people 4 weeks 2 Upgrading or development of  Grader 4-8 people 2 days per temporary and permanent access  Bulldozer (20t) tower roads  Pick-up truck 3 Clearing and grading activities  Grader 4-8 people 2 days per  Bulldozer (20t) tower  Pick-up truck 4 Transporting materials to the tower site  2 Pick-up truck 8-10 people 2 days  4 Lorry (4 axle) 5 Excavating and installing foundations  Excavator (22t) 6-8 people 4 day per  Bulldozer (20t) tower  2 Backhoe (8t)  2 pick-up trucks  2 lorries (4 axle)  Pneumatic Tools 6 Assembling tower  2 pick -up trucks 10 people 10 days per  1 mobile crane tower  2 lorries (4 axle) 7 Erecting Tower by crane  1 crane 6-9 people 2 days per  2 pick -up trucks tower  2 lorries (4 axle) 8 Stringing conductors (including layout  1 crane 10 people 2 to 3 days of equipment, unfolding of wires and  2 pick -up trucks per tower raising and stringing)  2 lorries (4 axle)  Mobile Bull wheel tensioners  Mobile Winch 9 Earthing Tower  1 pick -up trucks 4 people 2 days per  1 Backhoe (8t) tower  Auger drill 10 Cleanup and reclamation of affected  Bulldozer (20t) 6 people 2 days per areas  Backhoe (8t) tower

Table 17: Estimated Manpower and Equipment – Zafarabad Substation # Activity Equipment Manpower Timescale 1 Surveying the site  2 Pick-up trucks 4 people 2 week 2 Upgrading or development of  Grader 4-8 people 2 weeks temporary and permanent access  Bulldozer (20t) roads  Pick-up truck 3 Clearing and grading activities  Grader 4-8 people 3 weeks  Bulldozer (20t)  Pick-up truck 4 Transporting materials to the site  2 Pick-up truck 8-10 people 3 weeks  2 Lorry (4 axle) 5 Construction of substation buildings  2 pick-up trucks 10-15 6 months  2 lorries (4 axle) people  1 mobile crane

61 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

# Activity Equipment Manpower Timescale  Pneumatic Tools 6 Installation of electrical equipment  2 pick -up trucks 10 people 4 months  1 mobile crane  2 lorries (4 axle) 7 Cleanup and reclamation of affected  Bulldozer (20t) 6 people 1 month areas  Backhoe (8t)

Table 18: Estimated Manpower and Equipment – Syrdarya Switchgear # Activity Equipment Manpower Timescale 1 Installation of switchgear  2 Pick-up trucks 8 people 3 months  1 lorry

3.11. Associated Facilities

261. The Project involves evacuating power from an existing power plant, Syrdarya TPP, to a new substation in Jizzak. The viability or existence of Syrdarya TPP does not depend upon the Project as power has been generated and transmitted from this site for more than 20 years via a number of existing high-voltage transmission lines.

62 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

4. Analysis of Alternatives

4.1. General

262. One of the objectives of an IEE is to investigate alternatives to the Project. In relation to a proposed activity “alternative” mean different ways of meeting the general purposes and requirements of the proposed activity.

263. In general, it is noted that the Project intends to reconstruct the old transmission line that has fallen into disrepair, as such there are few realistic alternatives. Accordingly, the following section provides an assessment of the ‘no action’ alternative, alternative locations, alternative tower designs and conductor arrangements and a short summary of alternative camps sites, etc.

4.2. ‘No Project’ Alternative

264. The “No Action” Alternative in this instance is defined as a decision not to undertake the proposed construction of the Project. The electricity demand in Uzbekistan has been increasing for the past several years, and the government estimates its power demand will be doubled by 2030. The key factors fueling the increasing power demand include increasing population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, improvement in per capita income and village electrification programs of Uzbekistan’s central and provincial governments. In order to match the increasing trend in the power demand, regular investments in various segments of the power network – generation, transmission, and distribution are vitally important. Otherwise, the gap between the supply and demand will keep on increasing.

265. In case the proposed project is not undertaken, Uzbekistan, and the Jizzak region, will not be able to cope with the increasing demand and the existing system will remain over-loaded, line losses will also remain high, and the system reliability will progressively decrease, with increasing pressure on the system. The utility will also forego the opportunity of increasing its consumers’ base as well as revenue associated with the system expansion. In view of the above, the ‘no project’ option is not a preferred alternative.

4.3. Alternative Location

266. The most economical construction options of high voltage transmission lines are the options on the straight lines. However, the presence of residential buildings along the alignment, natural obstacles and other utilities along the alignment mean that this is not always possible and at some locations the alignment needs to alter direction slightly. Thus, the selected alignment follows the most direct route between the start and end points of the alignment whilst avoiding these features. No other less intrusive, or more economical alignment is possible given these considerations. In addition, the first 30km of the alignment are situated with a corridor already occupied by transmission lines thereby making use of existing safety zones.

4.4. Alternative Construction Camps.

267. The locations of construction camps are not currently known. The EPC Contractor will choose the sites which will need to follow the guidelines for siting and permitting as outlined in this IEE, including consultations with local residents. Employment of local labor force will reduce the need for a large construction camp size.

4.5. Alternative Tower Designs and Conductor Arrangements

63 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

268. As part of this IEE, discussions were held with NEGU and ADBs technical consultants regarding alternative tower designs and conductor arrangements. NEGU have used, and continue to use, the same tower design for their 200 kV projects. No other alternative tower designs have been proposed by NEGU that can be evaluated in this IEE.

269. According to the German Society for Nature Protection, 10 the highest risks posed by HV lines are where the conductor cables are arranged at different heights (multi-level arrangements) and with neutral cables high above the conductor cables. On the other hand, less dangerous constructions are in use, which have the conductor cables arranged at one height (single-level arrangement) and with the neutral cable only slightly higher.

270. Nearly all of the towers proposed by NEGU will be single circuit towers (two arranged in parallel) with the first 2.75km arranged using a single double circuit tower. According to documentation provided by NEGU, the single circuit towers will have three horizontal lines (including the earth wire). It is recommended, if practical, that the design of the single circuit towers accommodates just two horizontal lines, similar to those to be used as part of the Gulzar – Regar 500kV project in Surkhandarya. This will reduce the potential for bird collisions with the wires.

4.6. Alternative choice of insulators for 220 kV HV lines

271. An alternative option of insulation during the construction of the projected line of 220 kV line is the use of polymer insulators. Polymer insulators have been used in post-Soviet countries for over 30 years on 110-220-500 kV HV lines. However, recently, during the construction of 500 kV HV line there have been repeated failures of polymer insulators. In this regard, glass insulators were preferred for this facility. They are also more convenient to use, as it is easy to identify and replace a damaged insulator on the track during an inspection. No significant environmental issues are associated with these alternatives.

10 http://birdsandpowerlines.org/cm/media/Protecting_birds_on_powerlines.pdf

64 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

5. Description of the Environment

5.1. Introduction

272. This section presents a description of the environmental baseline conditions in the Project area and covers the following topics:  Physical Characteristics 1. Topography 2. Geology and Soils 3. Geohazards 4. Hydrology and Water Use 5. Climate and Air Quality  Biological Characteristics 1. Protected and Notable Areas 2. Fauna 3. Flora  Socio-Economic Characteristics 1. Country Overview 2. Administrative Issues 3. Demographics 4. Economy, Employment and Poverty 5. Infrastructure, Transportation and Utilities 6. Community Health, Safety and Education 7. PCR 8. Noise

5.2. Physical Environment

5.2.1. Topography

Country Context

273. The physical environment of Uzbekistan is diverse, ranging from the flat, desert topography that comprises almost 80% of the country's territory to mountain peaks in the east reaching about 4,500 meters above sea level. The southeastern portion of Uzbekistan is characterized by the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, which rise higher in neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and form a natural border between Central Asia and China. The vast Qizilqum Desert, shared with southern Kazakhstan, dominates the northern lowland portion of Uzbekistan. The most fertile part of Uzbekistan, the Fergana Valley, is an area of about 21,440 square kilometers directly east of the Qizilqum and surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, south, and east. The western end of the valley is defined by the course of the Syrdarya, which runs across the northeastern sector of Uzbekistan from southern Kazakhstan into the Qizilqum.

65 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 14: Topography of Uzbekistan

Project Area

Source: OCHA, 2012

Local Topography

274. The alignment is flat for almost its entire extent. The alignment traverses the agricultural land of the Mirzachol, also known as the ‘Hungry Steppe’, see Figure 15. the Hungry Steppe is a vast intermountain depression, surrounded by the foothills of Turkestan, Chatkal and Kurama ranges on the south and east and widely disclosed in the northwest.

275. Commencing at the Syrdarya TPP at 320m above mean sea level (masl) the alignment ranges between 340 and 315 masl until its last few kilometers where it rises to 372 masl at Zafarabad substation (which is also situated on a flat area of land as shown in Figure 16). Figure 17Figure 15 provides the elevation profile of the alignment.

66 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 15: Flat Topography of the Project Area (approximately km51).

Source: NCC, January 2020

Figure 16: Flat Landscape of the Zafarabad Substation

Source: NCC, January 2020

67 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 17: Elevation Profile

Source: Google Earth

68 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

5.2.2. Geology and Soils

Country Context

276. Geology - Uzbekistan's Variscan Paleozoic basement rock is divided into eight main zones. The Karakum-Tajik microcontinent has four tectonic zones in the metamorphic basement rock. The lower units of the southern Baysoon Unit are mainly late Proterozoic high- pressure metamorphic rocks—mainly meta-ultramafic or meta-acidic, gray and coarse. The exact origin of these rocks is uncertain, although they are inferred to have originated from island arc volcanism. They are overlain by unmetamorphosed carbonates from the late Silurian through the middle Devonian, with an angular unconformity at the base. Another angular unconformity above separates these rocks from volcanic and continental sedimentary rocks, with 300 meters (980 ft) thick conglomerate at the base, ascending to pebbly limestone and metamorphic rocks. The upper unit is a 1.5 kilometers (4,900 ft) thick cooled lava and tuff overlain by sandstone, conglomerate and Carboniferous plant remnants.

277. Soils - The genesis of the soil forming rocks in Uzbekistan is very varied. This combined with the complexity of the lithological structure of the soils, the different hydro- geological conditions, an arid continental climate and the vegetation has led to the formation of many different soils. In Uzbekistan, the soils are of high-altitude belts and desert zones. 11 Figure 18 illustrates the dominant soil types in Uzbekistan.

Figure 18: Dominant Soil Types of Uzbekistan

Project Area

Source: FAO, http://www.fao.org/3/Y4711E/y4711e04.htm#TopOfPage

Local Geology and Soils

278. The Project is located within the Mirzacho'l, or 'Hungry Steppe' a plain of some 10,000 km2 on the left bank of Syr Darya in Uzbekistan, extending from the mouth of Ferghana Valley on the border with Tajikistan to the east across Syrdarya Province and the northern part of Jizzak Province to the west. The quaternary deposits of the Hungry Steppe complex, are

11 http://www.fao.org/3/Y4711E/y4711e04.htm#TopOfPage

69 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination represented mainly by loams and, to a lesser extent, loessoid sand loams and their subordinate layers and lenses of sand and gravel, less frequently by pebbles, take part in the structure of the site. Light loams predominate in area and section. Soils are of low moisture, hard and refractory consistency, below the level of ground water wet, water-saturated, have plastic and fluid consistency.

279. Soils in Jizzak region are mainly saline. The main causes of salinization are associated with poor drainage due to the lack of optimal collector-drainage network and the intensive agrotechnical measures used. Within the Project area the soils are however highly productive and intensively farmed along almost the entire length of the alignment with the exception of the final 8 or so kilometers of the alignment where man made irrigation systems are not present.

5.2.3. Geohazards

Country Context

280. Uzbekistan is exposed to earthquakes, drought, flooding, mudslides, and landslides. Over 9% percent of its total land area is at risk from natural and man-made disaster, with nearly 66% of the population living in these areas and 65.5% of the national GDP earned in them. Among all-natural hazards, earthquakes cause the largest economic losses. In the last century, five notable seismic events caused widespread damage and casualties. Due to Uzbekistan’s mountainous landscape and abundance of rivers, the population living in mountainous areas are also exposed to a high risk of landslides and mud flows, often triggered by earthquakes. 12

Local Geohazards

281. Seismicity - The Project area is located in a zone with seismicity of 8 points (According to KMK 2.01.03-96 and its Amendments).13 This is considered a relatively medium/high-risk environment for earthquakes.

12 https://www.gfdrr.org/en/uzbekistan 13 MSK-64, is a macroseismic intensity scale used to evaluate the severity of ground shaking on the basis of observed effects in an area of the earthquake occurrence. The MSK scale has 12 intensity degrees. Magnitude VII can be compared to 6 on the Richter scale, magnitude VIII can be compared to 6-7 on the Richter scale.

70 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 19: Seismic Risk, Uzbekistan

Project Area

282. Mudslides – Mudflows are among the most damaging and deadly natural hazards in Uzbekistan. In the river basins of Uzbekistan, mudflows generally occur during the periods of intense rainfall or rapid snowmelt. The consistency of the mudflow is mainly water and mud with loose rock and other fragments, which flows down the hills and through the mountain streams. The destructive power of a mudflow can be greatly increased moving downhill by accumulating water and rocky mud. It can destroy riverbeds and banks of rivers, floodplains and even low terraces above the floodplain and other objects in its path.14

283. Figure 20 indicates that the project implementation area is not included in the mudflow zone.

14 Source: Statistical Characteristics of Mudflows in the Piedmont Areas of Uzbekistan and the Role of Synoptic Processes for their Formation. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions. 2018

71 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 20: Mudflow Zones in Uzbekistan

Project Area

Mudflow occurrences for the years 2005-2014 in areas with a high probability of mudflow passage in Uzbekistan include the following: Zaravshan basin (blue dots) in the central part of the country; Fergana Valley (red dots) in the east; Chirchik- Akhangaran basin (orange) in the north-east; Surkhandarya (green) and Kashkadarya (violet) river basins in the south of Uzbekistan. The map also represents political administrative divisions and administrative centres/cities of the country. Source: The role of synoptic processes in mudflow formation in the piedmont areas of Uzbekistan. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. November 2018

284. Landslides – The project area passes at altitudes from around 315 m to 370 m, which is a flat part of the Republic's territory. Thus, no landslides are anticipated that may affect the Project.

5.2.4. Hydrology and Water Use

Regional Context

285. The Project area is located within the Syrdarya river basin which forms one of the two main river basins in Uzbekistan, the other being the Amu Darya basin. Figure 21 illustrates the extent of the basin. The Syrdarya Basin has an area of 402,760 km2 divided between; Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. Approximately 20 million people inhabit the basin, of which 73% live in rural areas, making their living from agriculture. 55% of the land is used as pastures supporting livestock of sheep, cattle, goats, horses and camels. 8% of the land is used for crop production. Climate in the basin is hot and arid, only in the mountains the climate is more cool and humid. Soils are thin and relatively unfertile, but can be productive for certain crops with adequate irrigation, which is not abundant in the region. A large irrigation network inherited from Soviet times is still in operation but in part needs renovation, reconstruction and proper maintenance. The main river of the basin, Syr Darya exceeding 2,000 km in length, is formed in Fergana valley, from the confluence of the Naryn and Karadarya rivers. There are over 29,000 rivers in the basin, of these 1907 rivers exceed 10 km in length. The largest tributaries to the Syr Darya are Angren, Chirchik, Keles, and Arys’ rivers.

72 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 21: Syrdarya River Basin

Project Area

Local Surface Water

286. The hydrographic network of the project area is represented by two groups of natural watercourses (large rivers and temporary watercourses) and one group of artificial hydraulic structures, which were built in the late 1940-1970's for energy, agriculture and drinking purposes.  Large rivers: These are represented by the Syr Darya and Sanzar (Kly) rivers. The Syr Darya river is located approximately 4km east of the start point of the Project and will not be crossed by the alignment. The Sanzar river is located around km 122, the alignment will cross the river at this point.  Temporary watercourses: Their runoff is formed only during the period of heavy rainfall or during active snow melting.  Artificial hydraulic structures: The main structure in the Project area is the South Hungry Steppe Canal (SHSC) which runs parallel to the alignment for most of its extent, but rarely closer than 2km and never crossed by the alignment. Machine Canals №1 and №2 and smaller derivation canals and collectors can also be found in the Project area.

287. The characteristics of the watercourses to be crossed allow a single span of crossing and exclude the installation of intermediate supports in their floodplain and channel parts. Accordingly, no works in rivers are anticipated.

73 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 22: Location of Sanzar River

Sanzar river (Kly)

Project Alignment

288. The Sanzar river (which takes the name Kly after crossing the town of Jizzak) crosses the proposed alignment at around km 122. The length of the river is 198 km and its catchment is 2,530 km². For a river of its size, the Sanzar is low-water: the average annual water flow is 4 m³/s (158 km from the mouth - 2.12 m³/s). Sanzar's water is used for irrigation. It is recharged from the Zaravshan River through the Iskituyatartar canal.

Groundwater

289. The Syrdarya river flow is the dominant factor in the formation of groundwater regime. The sediments of the Syrdarya River valley contain groundwater. The depth of groundwater is determined by terrain and decreases in the direction of the river channel from 9.0 to 1.5 m. Ground waters are characterized as mineralized and strongly mineralized. Groundwater is classified as highly corrosive to concrete on all types of cement. The aggressiveness of ground waters is sulfate and magnesian. The values of total hardness vary within the following ranges of 46.8-118.0 mg-eqv, which confirms the increased hardness.

5.2.5. Climate and Air Quality

290. In general, the climate in Uzbekistan is continental and semi-arid with hot and dry summers and cold, sometimes severe winters with snowfall. Due to its geographic location Uzbekistan has three main climate zones: a zone of deserts and dry steppes occupying about 79% of the territory, the foothills or piedmont zone (Adyrs), and the area of high mountains extending over the rest of 21% respectively. The Project area is located in the desert / dry steppe zone.

Local Climate

291. The climate of the Project area is a typically arid continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures. The following graphs present the

74 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination climatic conditions of the Project area (represented by Jizzak city and Gulistan (capital of Syrdarya region).

Figure 23: Temperature (°C), Jizzak City and Gulistan 40

35

30

25

20

15

Degrees Degrees Celcius 10

5

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec -5

Average High Jizzak Average Low Jizzak Average Gulistan

Source: Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan / Draft Statement on the Impact on the Environment (Syrdarya Region), Volume 4, Uztransgaz, 2018

Figure 24: Precipitation (mm) and Number of Days with Precipitation, Jizzak City 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Precipitation Number of Days with Precipitation

Source: Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan

292. Data available for Yangier (km 25) indicates that average annual precipitation is around 330mm per year with approximately 84 days of precipitation and 29 days of snow cover. Maximum wind speeds occur in Yangier during January and there are on average 18 days of dust storms. 15

15 Regional Gas Transmission Efficiency Enhancement Project, Uzbekistan, Environmental Impact Assessment. ADB 2020

75 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Air Quality

293. The alignment traverses predominantly agricultural land, most of which is sparsely populated. There are no significant point sources of air or noise emissions in the Project area. Air quality monitoring has been undertaken in line with national standards during June 2020. Five locations were selected within the valleys where residential properties can be found.

Figure 25: Location of Air Quality Monitoring

294. The following present a summary of the results which can be found in full in Appendix F.

Table 19: Air Quality Monitoring Results Parameter Location National AQ Noise 1 AQ Noise 2 AQ Noise 3 AQ Noise 4 AQ Noise 5 Limit NO2 0.001 0.0003 0.001 0.001 0.00025 0.085 SO2 0.0011 0.0005 0.0005 0.00047 0.00043 0.5 Dust Not Not Not Not Not 0.15 detected detected detected detected detected

295. The results show that air quality in the selected locations is below the limits set by the national standards.

5.2.6. Climate Change

296. According to USAID reports projected climate changes include the following:  Increased annual mean temperature of 1.3 to 2.1°C by 2030, 1.8 to 3.3°C by 2050, and 2.0 to 5.4°C by 2085.  Long-lasting heat waves are projected to increase in duration by 3 to 9 days by 2030, between 4 and 17 days by 2050, and between 6 and 43 days by 2085.  Anticipated change in total annual precipitation ranges from a decrease of three percent to an increase of 12 percent by 2030, and a decrease of 6 percent to an increase of 18 percent by 2085, with most projections showing an increase.  Likely increased precipitation between November and April, with precipitation in other months remaining stable or decreasing slightly.

76 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 Dry spells are expected to grow longer by up to four days by 2085.  Overall increase in arid conditions due to changing precipitation patterns and increased temperatures.

5.3. Biodiversity

5.3.1. Internationally and Nationally Designated Sites

Nationally Designated Sites

297. The closest nature reserves in relation to the project area are:  Nuratua Mountain-Nuciferous State Reserve  Zaamin mountain forest reserve  Saikhun nature protection complex

298. The Nuratua Mountain-Nuciferous State Reserve is located in the central part of the Nuratau Range in the Farish district of Jizzak region. The distance from the Project area (from the Zafarabad substation) to Nuratua Mountain-Nuciferous State Reserve is 55.0 km to the west.

299. Zaamin mountain forest reserve is located on the northern slopes of the Turkestan Range in Zaamin and Bakhmal districts of Jizzak region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The distance from the border of the reserve to the design route of the alignment is 60.3 km.

300. "Saikhun" nature conservation complex is located 52.4 km from the start point of the Project alignment

77 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 26: Location of Nationally Protected Areas in Relation to the Proposed Alignment

78 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

301. Along the alignment there is also one protection zone - Yangier nursery of wood vegetation. Trees are grown in the nursery which are mainly used for landscaping construction projects. It should be noted that high voltage transmission lines already pass through this protection zone as illustrated below.

Figure 27: Yangier Nursery of Wood Vegetation (approximately km 25)

Source: NEGU, February 2020.

302. According to NEGU, the new alignment will pass between two existing HV lines in compliance with the sanitary protection zone. Thus, there will be no major damage to the nursery. Transplantation or felling of trees will take place only within the sanitary protection zone of the existing HV lines.

Internationally Designated Sites

303. The project is located within the MOUNTAINS OF CENTRAL ASIA, Biodiversity hotspot.16 This covers an area of some 860,000 km2 across the Pamir and the Tien Shan mountains and includes parts of southern Kazakhstan, most of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, eastern Uzbekistan, western China, northeastern Afghanistan, and a small part of Turkmenistan. It incorporates many mountains above 6,500 meters in height, as well as major desert basins, and supports a large number of endemic plant species. Water stress and civil conflict have placed much of its unique biodiversity under serious threat.

16 see Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund-CEPF and Russell A. Mittermeier, Norman Myers and Cristina Goettsch Mittermeier, Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions, Conservation International, 2000 ISBN 978-968-6397-58-1

79 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 28: Mountains of Asia Biodiversity Hotspot

Project Area

Source: Ecosystem Profile. Mountains of Central Asia Biodiversity Hotspot. Extended Technical Summary. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. 2017

304. A number of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are located in Uzbekistan and neighboring Tajikistan. The following figure illustrates the nearest sites which are listed below:  Tuzkan Lake  Dalverzin State Forestry and Hunting Management Area  Mogoltau Massif  Kattasay and Danganasay Reservoirs  Dzhum – Dzhum

305. The nearest site is the Mogoltau Massif which is more than 20km east of KM0.

80 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 29: Location of KBAs and IBAs in the Region

Tuzkan Lake Dalverzin State Forestry and Hunting Management Area

Mogoltau Massif

Dzhum - Dzhum Kattasay and Danganasay Reservoirs

Source: http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home

81 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

5.3.2. Flora and Habitat

306. The alignment will pass through the developed, agro-cultural zone, where irrigation lands under crops of cotton, wheat, rice, corn, as well as vegetable, melon and fodder crops prevail. They cover 86% of the Project area. Artificial tree plantings – gardens comprising poplar, mulberry, elm tree, ash, maple, acacia, ailanto and, to a lesser extent, pine and thuja - make up less than 4% of the Project area.

307. Semi-arid sage-ephemeroid and saltwort-ephemeroid pastures as well as sedge- saltwort and meadow-marsh areas, including reed riparian forests can be found along the collectors and canals of the Syrdarya river basin and they occupy about 10% of the Project area. Along the road embankments and along the roadsides, a sparse cover is formed from a bluegrass, cornflower (Centaurea pseudosquarrosa), cousinia and caper.

308. Thus, there will be three main groups of vegetation along the alignment – 1) agricultural zones (Modified habitat), 2) natural plant communities of semi-deserts and floodplains (natural habitat), and 3) the so-called segmental vegetation, the artificial tree and vegetation plantings (modified habitat).

309. Appendix B provides land use mapping of the Project corridor indicating where these flora types can be observed.

310. Habitat mapping by the UNEP indicates that the entire Project area is modified, or likely modified habitat. While a useful indicator of general regional habitat the mapping does not provide enough detail to classify small portions of natural habitat such as those identified above.

Figure 30: Habitat Mapping

82 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Source: UNEP: https://data-gis.unep - wcmc.org/portal/home/webscene/viewer.html?layers=6c90138935c54556aa26e1091e5eb5de

311. According to IBAT Picipes rhizophilus (IUCN VU), a type of fungi, can be found within 50km of the alignment.

5.3.3. Fauna

Country Context

312. According to modern data sources, the basis of fauna of Uzbekistan consists of 14,900 invertebrate species (850 protozoa species, 61 species of annelids, 1179 species of roundworms, 533 species of flatworms, 223 mollusks species, and 12,000 arthropod species) and 714 species of vertebrate animals (84 -species of fish, 3 species of amphibians, 60 species of reptilians, 460 avian species and 107 mammals species). Such a diversity of species is the reflection of different historical ways of formation of the fauna of the country and of diversity of its geographical conditions.17

Local Context

313. The fauna of Syrdarya and Jizzak regions is typical for anthropogenic landscapes. Among mammals house mouse, grey rat, northern mole vole, common pipistrelle, tamarisk gerbil (dominant species), Transcaspian vole, hedgehog, lesser white-toothed shrew, fox, jackal, badger and weasel can all be found.

314. The changes that have occurred in the last 50-70 years, due to the development of the irrigation network in the region have had a negative impact on wildlife in the region. The changes are particularly apparent in the vicinity of urban areas, where anthropogenic landscapes dominate.

315. Mammals - The following tables, based on a review of national literature, show which mammals and reptiles can be observed in the Project area. Only one of the mammal species listed below has a special status - bats (Greater horseshoe bat, Long-lingered bat, Greater noctule bat, Notch-eared bat, Lesser noctule).

Table 17: Mammals Potentially Present in the Project Area # Name Latin Name IUCN Uzbek Red Status Book Status 1 House mouse Mus muscurus LC Not included 2 Grey rat Rathis norvegicus LC Not included 3 Common mole vole Ellobius talpinus LC Not included 4 Common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus LC Not included 5 Tamarisk gerbil Meriones tamariscinus LC Not included 6 Transcaspian vole Microtus transcaspicus LC Not included 7 Asiatic bandicoot rat Nesokia indica LC Not included 8 Eared hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus LC Not included 9 Lesser white-toothed shrew Crocidura suaveolens LC Not included 10 Fox Vulpes vulpes LC Not included 11 Jackal Canis aureus LC Not included

17 Fifth National Report of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Conservation of Biodiversity. UNDP, GEF, SCNP. 2015

83 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

# Name Latin Name IUCN Uzbek Red Status Book Status 12 Badger Meles meles LC Not included 13 Weasel Mustela nivalis LC Not included 14 Muskrat Ondatra zhibetica LC Not included 15 Greater horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus LC Not included ferrumequinum 16 Long-fingered bat Myotis capaccinii VU Not included 17 Geoffroys Bat Myotis emarginatus LC Not included 18 Greater Noctule Bat Nyctalus lasiopterus VU Not included 19 Lesser noctule Bat Nyctalus leisleri LC Not included

316. In addition to the above, IBAT indicated that Goitered Gazelle and Marbled Polecat (both IUCN VU) can be found within 50km of the alignment.

317. Reptiles – The following table indicates the reptiles potentially present in the Project area. One special status species is noted, which was identified by IBAT.

Table 18: Reptiles potentially present in the project area № Name Latin Name IUCN Status Uzbek Red Book Status 1 Turtles Testudines Not evaluated Not included 2 Grey gecko Cyrtopodion russowi LC Not included 3 Desert lidless skink Ablepharus deserti LC Not included 4 Rapid fringe-toed lizard Eremias velox LC Not included 5 Steppe Agama Trapelus sanguinolentus LC Not included 6 Mountain racer Hemorrhois ravergieri LC Not included 7 Cliff racer Platyceps rhodorachis Not evaluated Not included 8 Dione snake Elaphe dione LC Not included 9 Central Asian Tortoise Testudo Horsfieldii VU -

318. Fish - At present in the Syrdarya River basin there are 38 fish species belonging to 12 families, of which the Cyprinidae family is the most widely represented (24 species, including silver and bighead carp, common carp (IUCN VU), white and black amur, Aral asp, Aral and Turkestan barbel, eastern bream, golden carp, etc.). Three species of the Cobitidae family (Tibetan stone loach, Kuschakewitsch loach, Snakehead) and one species of the family of catfish (catfish), catfish (Turkestan catfish), Percidae (pikeperch), Poeciliidae (mosquito fish), Channidae (snakeheads), Gobiidae (Rhinogobius), Eleotridae (mirkopercops) were also found. Many of them have commercial significance (white amur, Aral asp, common carp, Turkestan barbel, etc.). Some of the species are rare and endangered (Aral barbel (IUCN VU)) and are included in the Red Book of Uzbekistan. Some of these species could be found in the irrigation network which can be found throughout the Project area. However, none of the construction activities will have a significant impact on these locations as described in more detail in the impacts section of the report below.

319. Birds – The bird fauna within the Project area is even more synanthropic than that of mammals. There are practically no elements of natural communities in its composition, especially in the breeding period. The nesting fauna of cotton fields, where intensive agrotechnical activities are carried out, is particularly impoverished. Birds associated with collector-drainage systems are more abundant. As in spring-summer time, especially in autumn-winter, crop fields are visited by birds during the feeding period, but due to the extensive nature of the ‘hungry steppe’ they always have the opportunity to avoid construction areas.

84 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

320. The avifauna of the agricultural land during the breeding period includes Indian and tree sparrow, myna, crested lark, yellow wagtail, red-headed bunting, common swallow. The breeding bird fauna of the Syr Darya River (nearest point is approximately 4km east of KM0) is not numerous, with 3 wader waders and 2 species of rooks. Shallow lakes confined to the left bank of the Syr Darya River, in particular Juravlinskoye Lake (Crane Lake), where there is a hunting farm, in late March-April serve as a stopover point for migrating cranes.

321. The main canals are practically devoid of a specific bird population, and the fauna of the collector-drainage network, although relatively rich, is also very trivial and homogeneous throughout their entire length.

322. Of the rare, protected species, none are permanently associated with the habitats of the alignment, except for migrating and wintering predators hunting for rodents. One can only note the following: the houbara bustard was quite common in the Hungry Steppe before its development. Nowadays, this species has disappeared even in the preserved parts of the virgin land. Not only nesting, but even migratory birds have practically ceased to occur in this region.

323. As for other rare special status species, in particular large birds of prey, they visit the Project area very rarely and during the cold season. All of them roam widely in the area and are generally able to avoid negative consequences of construction, however, they could potentially be impacted during the operational phase of the Project.

324. To further understand the composition of birds in the Project area site surveys were undertaken by a national consulting company on February 26-27, 2020. During the period of observation conditions were not very favorable for observation (winter period, windy, cloudy weather). As a result of observations made and interviews with local people, several bird species have been observed in the Project area. None of the species observed are considered to be special status.

Table 20: Birds Observed in the Project Area IUCN Uzbek Red Habitat English № Species Russian name Status Data Book name Status 1 Passer Индийский Indian LC Not Populated areas indicus воробей Sparrow included 2 Passer Полевой Eurasian LC Not Populated areas / montanus воробей Tree included Rivers Sparrow 3 Acridotheres Майна Indian Myna LC Not Plain / Populated tristis included areas 4 Galerida Хохлатый Crested LC Not Plain cristata жаворонок Lark included 5 Motacilla Жёлтая Yellow LC Not Plain flava трясогузка Wagtail included 6 Emberiza Жёлчная Red-headed LC Not Plain / Populated bruniceps овсянка Bunting included areas 7 Hirundo Деревенская Barn LC Not Populated areas rustica ласточка Swallow included 8 Columba Сизый голубь Rock Dove LC Not Plain / Populated livia included areas 9 Streptopelia Кольчатая Eurasian LC Not Populated areas decaocto горлица Collared included Dove 10 Streptopelia Малая Laughing LC Not Populated areas senegalensis горлица Dove included

85 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN Uzbek Red Habitat English № Species Russian name Status Data Book name Status 11 Alauda Полевой Eurasian LC Not Agricultural land/ arvensis жаворонок skylark included Populated areas 12 Acridotheres Индийский Сommon LC Not Populated areas tristis скворец myna included 13 Sturnus Обыкновенный Common LC Not Populated areas vulgaris скворец Starling included

14 Pica pica Сорока Eurasian LC Not Plain / Populated Magpie included areas 15 Corvus Галка Eurasian LC Not Populated areas monedula Jackdaw included 16 Corvus Черная ворона Carrion crow LC Not Populated areas corone included 17 Corvus Серая ворона Hooded LC Not Populated areas cornix Crow included 18 Corvus corax Ворон Common LC Not Populated areas Raven included 19 Corvus Грач Rook LC Not Populated areas frugilegus included frugilegus 20 Common Обыкновенный Phasianus LC Not River / Sais Pheasant фазан colchicus included

325. Consultations undertaken as part of this project indicated that the White Stork, Ciconia Ciconia (IUCN LC / Uzbek Red List NT) often can be found nesting on transmission towers in the Project area. According to recent studies of White Stork in Uzbekistan high voltage transmission lines are the most popular nesting sites for White Stork, however, in Jizzak region the preference was for nesting on concrete pylons rather than lattice style steel towers which will be used as part of the project. 18

326. Screening of the Project area was also undertaken using the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) to provide data of the special status birds present or potentially present within 50km of the Project area. The following table provide information on the species identified.

Table 20: Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered Species potentially present. Species name Common name IUCN Category 1. Vanellus gregarius Sociable lapwing CR 2. Aquila nipalensis Steppe eagle EN 3. Falco cherrug Saker falcon EN 4. Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas's Fish-eagle EN 5. Neophron percnopterus Egyptian vulture EN 6. Oxyura leucocephala White-headed duck EN 7. Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose VU 8. Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal VU 9. Aythya ferina Common Pochard VU 10. Columba eversmanni Yellow-eyed Pigeon VU 11. Streptopelia turtur European Turtle-dove VU

18 Turkestan white stork Ciconia ciconia asiatica (Aves: Ciconiiformes) in Uzbekistan: current size and condition of population. International Journal of Zoology Studies. 2017

86 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

12. Otis tarda Great Bustard VU 13. Clanga Greater Spotted Eagle VU 14. Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Eagle VU 15. Chlamydotis macqueenii Asian Houbara VU

327. Only one critically endangered species was identified by IBAT, the Sociable Lapwing. There have been very few documented records of the species from either Uzbekistan (Martin et al 2014) or Turkmenistan (Rustamov 2015), and no records of large flocks until around 200 were seen in the Talimarjan area of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in October 2010 (Golder Associates 2011). 19 Tracking of Sociable Lapwings undertaken by Birdlife International in 2015 indicates that the birds migrate well to the west of the Project area on their way from Kazakhstan to Talimarjan.

Figure 31: Migration Patterns of Sociable Lapwing

Project Area

Source: https://osme.org/2015/10/sociable-lapwing-migration-update/

328. Bird Migration - Uzbekistan, including the Project area, forms part of the Central Asian flyway for migratory bird species. In general, birds breeding in Russia and Kazakhstan migrate to overwintering sites further south. These species may either migrate south west, towards sites in the Middle East and Africa, or south east to sites in Pakistan and India. Birds on the western flyway tend to migrate over central and western Uzbekistan, for example the Ustyurt plateau, then turning south as they meet the Caspian sea. Birds following the eastern flyway tend to migrate through eastern Uzbekistan.

19 https://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/landschaftsoekologie/pdf/donald_et_al_sandgrouse38-1-2016.pdf

87 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

329. A typical example of most soaring species is shown by Figure 32. It illustrates the routes taken by 14 migrating Steppe Eagles between breeding sites in Kazakhstan and Russia and overwintering sites in Uzbekistan, Pakistan and the Middle East. Four birds migrated across the proposed Project alignment, as they seem to fly through the pass close to Jizzak between the foothills of the Nuratua and Turkestan ranges. Overall, the migratory corridor for this species is broad spanning hundreds of kilometres, and there are no obvious bottlenecks. Another example, shown by Figure 33, shows that although some Asian Houbaras migrate through the Project area the main migration routes appears to be at least 100km west of the Project area and these routes also cover a broad range.

Figure 32: Migratory routes of Steppe Eagle through Uzbekistan

Project Area

Source: Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network. http://rrrcn.ru/en/migration/se2018

88 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 33: Migration paths and wintering ranges of juvenile Asian houbara bustards

Project Area

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Migration-paths-and-wintering-ranges-of-juvenile-Asian-houbara-bustards- originating-from_fig2_51233100

330. As well as migratory flyways and bottlenecks the other key sites for migrating species are stopover sites. Birds may stopover for hours, days or even months at these sites to feed and rest before continuing their journeys. Stopover sites are normally rich in food and for comprise water, particularly for migratory waterbird species. The project area does not contain any significant waterbodies (apart from some artificial ponds close to Uchtepa) and no seasonal congregations of birds have been recorded.

5.4. Socio-Economic Environment

5.4.1. Country Overview

331. Uzbekistan ranks 105th out of 185 countries in the Human Development Index and categorized as a high human development country20. About half of the total of 32.66 million population lives in urban areas (Basic Statistics ADB 2019). The country is resource-rich and the revenues from the fossil fuel and industry make a substantial part of the national economy. The national gross domestic product (GDP) for 2018 amounted to 407 514.5 billion UZS that is 5.1 % increase compared to 2017 (Table 21). The index - deflator of GDP on prices in 2017 amounted to 128.1 %. The GDP per capita was 12365.6 thousand UZS that is 3.3 % increase to 2017.

20 UNDP Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018. Key socio-economic indicators of Uzbekistan. Macroeconomic indicators (January-December 2018).

89 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 21: GDP Production by Type of Economic Activity Bln. UZS Volume Index (%) Impact on GDP growth (%) 2017 2018 GDP – total 302,536.8 407,514.5 105.1 5.1 including: Gross value added 267,744.8 361,951.1 105.1 4.5 agriculture, forestry and fisheries 90,983.9 117,315.8 100.3 0.1 industry 59,570.4 95,083.9 110.6 2.1 construction 15,228.6 20,734.4 109.9 0.5 trade, accommodation and food services 21,540.6 26,493.0 104.4 0.3 transportation and storage, information 25,305.5 29,868.3 106.3 0.5 and communication other service industries 55,115.8 72,455.7 105.4 1.0 Net taxes on products 34,792.0 45,563.4 105.5 0.6 Source: Website of the Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan, 2019

332. The share of industry is the largest in GDP growth and grew by 10.6 % compared to 2017. The positive dynamics in this industry was achieved due to the growth of the added value of the mining industry and the development of quarries by 28.2 %, manufacturing industry - by 6.4 %, and other industries - by 4.7 % (Table 22).

Table 22: The Structure of the Gross Value-Added Industry Billion UZS Volume Index (%) 2017 2018 Industry 59,570.4 95,083.9 110.6 including: mining and quarrying 12,052.0 24,634.0 128.2 manufacturing industry 42,243.5 63,532.8 106.4 other industries 5,274.9 6,917.1 104.7 Source: Website of the Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan, 2019

333. Table 23 provides basic statistics on the social indicators.

Table 23: Basic Statistics on Social Indicators in Uzbekistan Item No. Indicator Year Value 1. population (million) 2016 31.85 2. population below the poverty line (%) a 2015 12.8b 3. average annual population growth c (%) 2011–2016 1.9 4. Maternal mortality rate (’000) 2016 17.4 5. Infant mortality rate (’000) 2016 10.7 6. population with access to safe drinking water (%, urban) 2016 93.2 7. population with access to safe drinking water (%, rural) 2016 75.3 8. population with access to sanitation (%, urban) 2016 78.7 9. population with access to sanitation (%, rural) 2016 42.1 10. primary school gross enrollment (%), for both girls and boys 2016 99.9 Source: Website of the Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan, August 2019

334. Cotton production is a prevailing economic activity in the country, the effectiveness of which has decreased significantly in recent years, mainly because of irrational use. With the continuous increase of costs for labor and resources, yields have been decreasing in many farms of the province.

335. The economy of Syrdarya region is based on agriculture, especially cotton and wheat. This area has a suitable irrigation infrastructure. Pumping stations and other irrigation facilities

90 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination have been built in the last few years. Besides cotton and wheat, the region grows animal feeds, vegetables, melons, pumpkins, potatoes, corn, various fruits and grapes. Cattle breeding has developed very successfully in the region.

336. The Syrdarya region industry is based on such industries as construction materials and irrigation equipment, raw cotton processing. Two HPPs have also been built in the region: the Syrdarya HPP, one of the largest power plants in Uzbekistan, which produces one third of the country's electricity, and the Farkhad HPP (HPP-16), a hydroelectric power plant on the Syrdarya River (near the city of Shirin).

337. The economy of Jizzak region is based on agriculture. The main agricultural crops are cotton and wheat. Vegetables, fodder and melons and pumpkins are also grown. One third of agricultural land is used in agriculture. Animal husbandry is based on breeding sheep, goats and pigs. There are a large number of mines in the region that produce polymetallic ores containing lead, zinc, iron, as well as raw materials for lime and limestone production.

5.4.2. Administrative Issues

338. Uzbekistan is divided into twelve regions (also known as Oblasts), one autonomous republic (Karakalpakstan) and one independent city (Tashkent). The regions in turn are divided into 160 districts (also known as Rayons). The Project area is located in Syrdarya and Jizzakh regions.

Figure 34: Project Regions

339. The regional capital is Termez with population of 122,900 and the second largest city is Denau with 69,500 inhabitants (data for 2005). Surkhandarya is divided into 14 districts. The Project is located in Altinsay, Sariasiy and Denau districts

5.4.3. Demographics

Country Context

340. As of January 1, 2018, the resident population of the Republic of Uzbekistan was 32,653,900 people and, in the course of 2017, increased by 533,400 people or by 1.7%. In particular, the urban population was 16,533,900 people (50.6% of the total population), the

91 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination rural population – 16,120,000 thousand people (49.4%). 21 All regions showed an annual decrease in population size from 1.6% to 0.1% in the year 2018 – 2019, the balance moving to Tashkent City (5.8%).

Local Context

341. According to data of the Syrdarya and Jizzak regional Administrations of Statistics as of January 1, 2020 the population of Syrdarya region was 846,000. In particular, the urban population was 361,300 (42.7 % of the total population), and the rural population was 485,100 (57.3 %). As of April 1, 2019, the population of Jizzak region amounted to 1,358,200, the number of urban population was 636,800 (46.9% of the total population), and rural population – 721,400 (53.1%).

342. In terms of ethnic composition, according to social and economic studies, more than 80% of the population of Syrdarya region is indigenous Uzbek, as well as representatives of other nationalities - Koreans, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Russians and Azerbaijanis. In Jizzak region 89.0% of the population are indigenous Uzbeks. Along with them there live Kyrgyz - 3,1 %, Tajiks - 3,0 %, Kazakhs - 2,1 %, Russians - 0,7 % and representatives of other nationalities - 2,1 %. Not a single ethnic group has been identified by the Projects social surveys that adheres to a cultural and social identity that separates from the main society of Uzbekistan, while falling within the definition of the ADB Indigenous Population. Therefore, the ADB policy described in the 2009 ADB SPS regarding indigenous people will not be activated.

343. Age structure analysis as part of the draft Project LARP shows that the persons between 26-44 is the major group among the affected persons (29.3%) followed by the age group of 41-65 (20.3%). The third major group is the age group of 16-25 which makes 20 %. The two groups from 26 to 65 who is considered economically active group of people make 49.6 % of total affected persons. Details of age structure of affected persons is given below. 344. Table 24:Age structure of affected persons Age group 0 - 6 7 to 15 16-25 26-40 41-65 66 + TOTAL Number of APs 49 58 76 111 77 7 378 % of total 12.3 % 15.3 % 20 % 29.3 % 20.3 % 1.8% 100%

5.4.4. Employment and Poverty

Country Context

345. The official unemployment rate was reported at 9.3% in 2018 (Table 25). No gender- disaggregated data exist for this updated data. In 2017, it was reported a total of 5.2%, with 5.2% for women and 5.4% for men (ADB Basic Statistics 2019).

Table 25: Unemployment rate (%) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Republic of Uzbekistan 5,0 5,4 5,0 4,9 4,9 5,1 5,2 5,2 5,8 9,3 Republic of Karakalpakstan 6,9 7,4 6,6 6,4 6,2 5,4 5,3 5,4 6,0 9,5 Oblast Level: Andijan 5,4 5,8 5,3 5,3 5,4 5,6 5,6 5,6 6,0 9,6 Bukhara 4,9 5,2 4,9 4,7 4,8 5,2 5,5 5,4 5,5 9,0

21 Uzstat, 2017

92 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Jizzak 4,5 5,7 5,2 5,0 5,1 5,4 5,2 5,4 5,0 9,4 Kashkadarya 5,1 5,8 5,3 5,3 5,2 5,5 5,5 5,3 6,1 9,7 Navoi 5,1 4,9 4,7 4,9 5,2 5,2 5,0 5,0 5,2 8,7 Namangan 5,4 5,9 5,4 5,3 5,2 5,3 5,2 5,3 5,8 9,5 Samarkand 5,4 6,0 5,5 5,4 5,3 5,6 5,7 5,7 6,5 9,7 Surkhandarya 5,0 5,8 5,4 5,2 5,2 5,5 5,5 5,6 6,7 9,5 Syrdarya 4,4 4,5 4,3 4,0 4,3 4,6 4,9 4,4 5,1 9,6 Tashkent 4,5 4,1 3,8 3,6 3,6 3,9 4,1 4,1 5,2 9,0 Fergana 5,5 5,7 5,0 5,0 4,8 5,4 5,4 5,5 6,4 9,7 Khorezm 5,2 5,5 5,2 5,3 5,3 5,5 5,4 5,5 5,7 9,5 Tashkent city 3,4 3,3 3,4 3,3 3,4 3,6 3,8 3,6 4,5 7,9 Source: Website of the Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan, 2019.

346. In January 2019, the Government adopted the Strategy of Actions on Further Development of Uzbekistan in 2017–2021 and prioritizes reforms to (i) improve public sector development; (ii) ensure the rule of law and reform the judicial–legal system; (iii) develop and liberalize the economy; (iv) advance society and ensure security and interethnic harmony; (v) promote religious tolerance; and (vi) implement a balanced, mutually beneficial, and constructive foreign policy. The legal framework has been changing for enhancing women social and political participation.

Project Area

347. Agriculture is the primary occupation of members of the affected households identified in the draft Project LARP. Totally 122 persons (32.3%) are involved in agriculture. Children who attend schools are the second major group. Totally 80 persons (21.1%) attend schools. Third major group is housewives. Totally there are 56 housewives (14.8%). The next group is children who attend children gardens or stay at home. Number of members of this groups is 47 or 12.4% of total APs. The next ranked groups are: people involved in government jobs 25 people (6.6%), students 19 (5%), pensioners 17 (4.5%), unemployed 7 (1.8 %) and people involved in private works 5 (1.3%). Details of occupational pattern of affected persons are given in the below in the table below.

Table 26:Occupation Pattern of Affected Persons Occupation Number % of Total Agriculture 122 32.3 % School pupils 80 21.1 % Housewives 56 14.8 % Attending children gardens 47 12.4 % Government jobs 25 6.6 % Students 19 5 % Pensioners 17 4.5 % Unemployed 7 1.8 % Private works 5 1.3 % Total 378 100 %

348. The draft Project LARP socio-economic study gathered the average monthly household income and expenditure of the affected households and worked out family-wise monthly per capita income of each of these families. According to this information, the average monthly income is homogenous among the affected households. The average monthly income of affected households is 5,139,615 UZS and the total average monthly expenditure per

93 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination household is 3,298,077 UZS. Average monthly per capita income of a family is 1,083,641 UZS which is three times more than the family poverty line equal to 358,006 UZS as per the resolution of the government #44 dated 15.02.2013 which describes low-income family as the family with average per capita monthly income less than 0.527 times of monthly minimum wage rate (679,330 UZS). However, the SES revealed 8 families whose monthly per capita income is less than 358,006 UZS. Summary of average annual income and expenditure composition is shown in the following table.

Table 27:Annual Income and Expenditure Information Average Monthly Per Average Monthly Average Monthly Income, UZS Capita Income of Expenditure, UZS Family 5,139,615 3,298,077 1,083,641

Poverty and Vulnerability

349. The poverty line in Uzbekistan is estimated at 11.4% (ADB. Basic Statistics 2019). It is based on households surveys and estimates of the World Bank, which sets the absolute poverty line according to calorie consumption per person per day (2,100). Only 12.8% of Uzbekistan’s population in 2015 was below the poverty line. Also, the government classifies the vulnerable and low-income population as poor and sets the low-income threshold at 1.5 times the minimum wage. Although rural poverty declined in 2015 to 15.9%, it remains high compared to urban poverty at 9.5% (Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment Update 2018).

350. Incidence of poverty is higher in rural areas as people are isolated from major economic mainstreams and resources. Improving the energy efficiency, accessibility and affordability will improve the employment and economic opportunities for rural residents, increase and diversify their income sources. The rural residents, including those in the project area, are mainly engaged in agriculture, producing agriculture products and animal husbandry on own house-plots and/or farms for own consumption and selling. Improved and sustainable gas supply will enable them to develop energy-based enterprises, agriculture-value added chains, improve education, healthcare services, access to clean energy for domestic heating and cooking that are mainly women work, will allow women and young girls to save time for self-development and children welfare.

351. The socio-economic details of the Project affected households (AH) reveal that there is no household that falls under the category of vulnerability, as defined in ADB’s SPS. However, there are 8 AHs which fall under low-income family category as defined by the Government of Uzbekistan based on several poverty and social criteria. The national legal texts do not use the term ‘vulnerable household’. Instead, the term ‘low income family’ is used. As per the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers #44 dated 15.02.2013, the low-income families are those families with an average per capita monthly income less than 0.527 times of monthly minimum wage rate.

5.4.5. Infrastructure, Transportation and Utilities

352. Population with access to electricity is rated at 100 % (ADB Basic Statistics) in Uzbekistan. Renewable energy share estimated at 3.2% in the total final energy consumption (ADB. Basic Statistics, 2019). Though the country has reached 100% electrification of households, reportedly about 81% of rural households experience daily power interruptions that last from 1 hour to more than 5 hours (Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment Update 2018, ADB). The interrupted gas and electricity supply have more affect to vulnerable groups (old and sick people, disable and handicaps), poor households and women.

94 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

353. The road network in Uzbekistan is gradually being rehabilitated and expanded, mainly led by donor funded projects. Accordingly, portions of the newly rehabilitated network are good, however large parts of the network are still neglected although this should not significantly impact the movement of construction equipment and supplies on the main road arteries. Local roads are a different story, they are, more often than not in poor condition and travel along these roads, which will be required by construction traffic, is often time consuming and can lead to damage of vehicles in the longer term.

354. Surveys undertaken as part of the Project LARP revealed that all affected households have access to electricity. Electricity is mainly used for lighting, freezing, cooling and watching TV. There is no sewage system in the villages. For drinking water supply, the population uses columns (wells) and for irrigation of crops and gardens with water from nearby channels.

5.4.6. Community Health, Safety and Education

Country Context

355. The healthcare is mainly public-funded. As of 1 January 2017, there are 6542 out- patient medical institutions that had grown more than twofold since 1991 (3027). However, the hospitals decreased with reforms for optimization to increase accessibility of health-care services; from 1388 hospitals in 1991 to 1106 units by 2016. In many regions of the country, the most morbidity per 100,000 persons falls on the share of women.

356. In the last 20 years, maternal mortality decreased from 20.7 to 17.4 per thousand, and infant mortality decreased from 24.2 to 10.7 per thousand, and the country has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goal in this area. The number of pregnant women with anemia decreased from 45.1% in 2014 to 38.2% in 2016 (Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment Update 2018). Free immunization for children under the age of 1 year old against contagious diseases are as follows: diphtheria- 99.9%, polio- 100%, whooping cough immunization – 99.9%, measles immunization – 99.9%, and tuberculosis 99.8, and against viral hepatitis B - 99,9% reported (Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan, 2019). Despite significant progress access to rapid, affordable and high-quality health care needs improvement especially in rural areas. The main health indicators for the recent years are given in Table 28.

Table 28: Main health indicators Description 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Number of hospitals 1058 1071 1106 1135 1165 Number of hospital beds: total, thousand 131 129,7 132 135,7 153,6 per 10 000 population 42,2 41,1 41,1 41,6 46,6 Number of treated patients in hospitals total, thousand 5294 5294 5582 5985 6236 Population per hospital bed 237 243 243 241 215 Number of beds for pregnant women/parturient women: total, thousand 18,1 17,6 17,4 17,7 17,4 for 10,000 women (15-49 years) 20,9 20,2 19,9 20,9 19,6 Number of ambulatory polyclinics 6054 6220 6542 5296 5627 The capacity of outpatient clinics, visits per shift: total, thousand 407 407 411,9 405,3 440,8 per 10 000 population 131 128,9 128,2 124,1 133,7 Number of obstetrics and gynecology offices 2823 2752 2640 2157 2186 Number of children's polyclinics (departments) 2104 1997 1783 1102 1128 Number of doctors of all specialties: total, thousand 82 83,4 84,1 85,4 89,8 per 10 000 population 26,4 26,4 26,2 26,1 27,2 Population per doctor 378 379 382 383 367 Number of female doctors-all specialties: total, thousand 42,7 41 43,2 43,1 44,8

95 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Description 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 in % to the total number of doctors 52,1 51,6 51,4 50,5 49,9 Number of nurses: total, thousand 332 336,4 341,3 348,2 356,7 per 10 000 population 107 106,5 106,3 106,6 108,2 Population per average medical worker 93 94 94 94 92 Source: Statistics Agency of Uzbekistan, 2019.

357. The proportion of Population Using Safely Managed Drinking Water Services is 51.2 %, that is 86.5 urban and 31.1 rural (ADB Basic Statistics 2019). Access to sanitation varied significantly between urban and rural areas in 2016 (around 78.7% vs. 42.1%, respectively). Though the lack of clean water supply affects both men and women, women and young girls mostly collect water for domestic needs. In rural areas, women and children transport drinking water several times a day. On average, water delivery accounts for 22 person-hours per month. Women must boil water to make it safe for drinking. They must heat water for laundry, bathing, and cattle watering in cold seasons (Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment Update 2018).

358. The Constitution of Uzbekistan guarantees primary and secondary education to all. Schools are mainly public funded but there are private schools too. The country for the indicator of the population with at least some secondary education is rated 1, placing the country in the group of countries with High Human Development. The pupils' teacher ratio for primary schools are ranked at 21, and for this indicator also Uzbekistan is in the group of countries with High Human Development22.

359. The education system in Syrdarya region is represented by 152 kindergartens and 314 general education schools. Of these, 314 are general education schools: 2 primary schools, 312 general education schools with eleven-year education. There are also two higher education institutions in the region - the Gulistan State University and the Yangier branch of the Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology.

360. The education system in Jizzak region is represented by 449 preschool educational institutions and 555 general education schools. Of these, 555 are general education schools: 3 primary schools, 552 general education schools with eleven-year training. Higher education institutions in the region are represented by three institutions: the Jizzak State Pedagogical Institute, the Jizzak Polytechnic Institute and the Jizzak branch of the M. Ulugbek National University of Uzbekistan.

361. The health care system in Syrdarya region consists of 33 hospitals (3,834 beds) and Jizzak region of 58 hospitals (5,118 beds). Outpatient health facilities include polyclinics and rural medical dispensaries. There are 260 polyclinics in Syrdarya region and 206 polyclinics in Jizzak region. A system of rural medical clinics has been established to provide basic medical services to the rural population.

5.4.7. Physical Cultural Resources

362. Among the important historical monuments of Syrdarya region are the ruins of the medieval town of Nuratua. The oldest monument is located in the territory of Saikhunabad district and occupies 40 hectares of area. There are a number of historical and natural objects in Jizzak region, such as Amir Temur's Gate, Zaamin Nature Reserve, Lake Aidarkul and others. All of them are located at a considerable distance from the Project area. There are no known archaeological, historical or cultural attractions or sites along the alignment, as confirmed by the Local Consulting Company who prepared the draft IEE.

22 Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update, UNDP.

96 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

5.4.8. Noise

363. In general, ambient noise levels in the Project area are low due to the remote nature of the alignment in an agricultural landscape. The only significant source of noise in the Project area is the Syrdarya TPP.

364. Noise monitoring was undertaken at five locations along the alignment during July 2020 (see Figure 25 for locations). The results are presented in full in Appendix E and summarized in Table 29: Noise Monitoring Results.

Table 29: Noise Monitoring Results Hour Location National AQ Noise AQ Noise AQ Noise AQ Noise AQ Noise Standard 1 2 3 4 5 12.00 - 13.00 26 26 22 30 30 55 13.00 – 14.00 26 26 22 30 29 55 14.00 – 15.00 26 26 23 30 30 55 15.00 – 16.00 26 26 22 30 29 55 16.00 – 17.00 26 26 24 29 29 55 18.00 – 19.00 29 29 23 29 27 55 19.00 – 20.00 26 26 23 24 30 55 20.00 – 21.00 24 24 24 26 30 55 21.00 – 22.00 26 26 24 26 30 55 22.00 – 23.00 26 26 24 24 30 45 23.00 – 12.00 24 24 22 24 30 45 12.00 – 01.00 24 24 23 26 30 45 01.00 – 02.00 24 24 24 24 30 45 02.00 – 03.00 24 23 22 24 30 45 03.00 – 04.00 23 24 24 24 32 45 04.00 – 05.00 24 24 24 24 31 45 05.00 – 06.00 24 26 22 26 31 45 06.00 – 07.00 26 26 24 30 30 45 07.00 – 08.00 24 24 22 30 31 55 08.00 – 09.00 24 24 23 30 30 55 09.00 – 10.00 24 26 24 30 30 55 10.00 – 11.00 26 26 22 31 32 55 11.00 – 12.00 26 26 23 30 30 55

97 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

6. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

6.1. Impact Assessment Methodology

365. This IEE follows a set format during the impact assessment process. As shown in the following flow chart and described further below.

Identification of Project Aspects

Identification of Sensitive Receptors

Identification of Potential Impacts that may Result from Project Aspects

Impact Significance Rating

Proposal of Mitigation, Management and Good Practice Measures

Identification of Remaining Residual Impacts

6.1.1. Project Aspects

366. Firstly, the main environmental aspects of the Project are noted. An environmental aspect is any activity of the Project that interacts with the environment, e.g., an aspect of the Project that may impact upon air quality will be the movement of vehicles on unpaved roads through rural settlements.

6.1.2. Identification of Sensitive Receptors

367. Once the main aspects of the Project have been identified any sensitive receptors within the Project area of influence are noted. Examples of sensitive receptors include; local residents, NEGU staff, rivers, groundwater, birds, etc. Identification of receptors is a key part of the impact assessment process as without a receptor there will be no impact. For example, if a road generates significant noise but there are no sensitive receptors who can hear the noise, then there will be no noise impact.

6.1.3. Identification of Significant Environmental Aspects

368. Thirdly, the potential impacts of the identified aspects are outlined and how they could impact upon the identified receptors, in the case above, this could be the movement of a construction vehicle creating dust on an unpaved road which impacts upon local villagers.

369. The significance of an impact is determined based on the product of the consequence of the impact and the probability of its occurrence. The consequence of an impact, in turn, is a function primarily of three impact characteristics:  magnitude

98 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 spatial scale  timeframe

370. Magnitude is determined from quantitative or qualitative evaluation of a number of criteria including: (i) Sensitivity of existing or reasonably foreseeable future receptors. (ii) Importance value of existing or reasonably foreseeable future receptors, described using the following: (a) inclusion in government policy. (b) level of public concern. (c) number of receptors affected. (d) intrinsic or perceived value placed on the receiving environment by stakeholders. (e) economic value to stakeholders. (iii) Severity or degree of change to the receptor due to impact, measured qualitatively or quantitatively, and through comparison with relevant thresholds: (a) legal thresholds—established by law or regulation (b) functional thresholds if exceeded, the impacts will disrupt the functioning of an ecosystem sufficiently to destroy resources important to the nation or biosphere irreversibly and/or irretrievably (c) normative thresholds – established by social norms, usually at the local or regional level and often tied to social or economic concerns (d) preference thresholds—preferences for individuals, groups or organizations only, as distinct from society at large (e) reputational thresholds—the level of risk a company is willing to take when approaching or exceeding the above thresholds

371. Spatial scale is another impact characteristic affecting impact consequence. The spatial scale of impacts can range from localized (confined to the proposed Project Site) to extensive (national or international extent). They also may vary depending on the component being considered.

372. The impact timeframe is the third principal impact characteristic defining impact consequence and relates to either its duration or its frequency (when the impact is intermittent). Impact duration can range from relatively short (less than four years) to long (beyond the life of the Project). Frequency ranges from high (more than 10 times a year) to low (less than once a year). These timeframes will need to be established for each Project based on its specific characteristics and those of the surrounding environment.

373. Once the impact consequence is described on the basis of the above impact characteristics, the probability of impact occurrence is factored in to derive the overall impact significance. The probability relates to the likelihood of the impact occurring, not the probability that the source of the impact occurs. For example, a continuous Project activity may have an unlikely probability of impact if there are no receptors within the area influenced by that activity. The characteristics are outlined in the table below.

Table 30: Characteristics Used to Describe Impact Terms Used to Describe the Characteristic Sub-components Impact Type Positive (a benefit), negative (a cost) or neutral

Nature Biophysical, social, cultural, health or economic

Direct, indirect or cumulative or induced

99 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Terms Used to Describe the Characteristic Sub-components Impact Phase of the Project Construction and operation.

Magnitude Sensitivity of Receptor High, medium or low capacity to accommodate change

High, medium or low conservation importance

Vulnerable or threatened Rare, common, unique, endemic

Importance or value of receptor High, medium or low concern to some or all stakeholders

High, medium or low value to some or all stakeholders (for example, for cultural beliefs)

Locally, nationally or internationally important

Protected by legislation or policy

Severity or degree of change to Gravity or seriousness of the the receptor change to the environment

Intensity, influence, power or strength of the change

Never, occasionally or always exceeds relevant thresholds

Spatial Scale Area affected by impact – Area or Volume boundaries at local and covered Distribution Local, regional extents will be regional, transboundary or global different for biophysical and social impacts

Timeframe Length of time over which an Short term or long environmental impact occurs term Intermittent (what frequency) or frequency of impact when or continuous Temporary or intermittent permanent

Immediate effect (impact experienced immediately after causative project aspect) or delayed effect (effect of the impact is delayed for a period following the causative project aspect)

Probability – likelihood or chance an impact will occur Definite (impact will occur with high likelihood of probability)

Possible (impact may occur but could be influenced by either natural or project related factors)

Unlikely (impact unlikely unless specific natural or Project related

100 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Terms Used to Describe the Characteristic Sub-components Impact circumstances occur)

6.1.4. Impact Significance Rating

374. The impact significance rating process serves two purposes: firstly, it helps to highlight the critical impacts requiring consideration in the approval process; secondly, it serves to show the primary impact characteristics, as defined above, used to evaluate impact significance. The impact significance rating system is presented in Table 31 and described as follows:

(i) Part A: Define impact consequence using the three primary impact characteristics of magnitude, spatial scale and duration. (ii) Part B: Use the matrix to determine a rating for impact consequence based on the definitions identified in Part A; and (iii) Part C: Use the matrix to determine the impact significance rating, which is a function of the impact consequence rating (from Part B) and the probability of occurrence.

375. Using the matrix, the significance of each described impact is rated.

101 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 31: Method for Rating Significance PART A: DEFINING CONSEQUENCE IN TERMS OF MAGNITUDE, DURATION AND SPATIAL SCALE

Definition Criteria MAGNITUDE Negative Positive Major  Large number of receptors affected  Large number of receptors affected  Receptors highly sensitive and/or are of  Receptors highly amenable to positive change conservation importance  Receptors likely to experience a big  Substantial deterioration, nuisance or harm to improvement in their situation receptors expected  Relevant positive thresholds often exceeded  Relevant thresholds often exceeded  Significant public concern expressed during stakeholder consultation  Receiving environment has an inherent value to stakeholders Moderate  Some receptors affected  Some receptors affected  Receptors slightly sensitive and/or of  Receptors likely to experience some moderate conservation importance improvement in their situation  Measurable deterioration, nuisance or harm to  Relevant positive thresholds occasionally receptors exceeded  Relevant thresholds occasionally exceeded  Limited public concern expressed during stakeholder consultation  Limited value attached to the environment Minor  No or limited receptors within the zone of  No or limited receptors affected impact  Receptors not sensitive to change  Receptors not sensitive to change  Minor or no improvement in current situation  Minor deterioration, nuisance or harm to  Change not measurable receptors  Relevant positive thresholds never exceeded  Change not measurable or relevant thresholds No stakeholder comment expected never exceeded  Stakeholders have not expressed concerns regarding the receiving environment TIMEFRAME Duration of Continuous Aspects Frequency of Intermittent Aspects Short term / low  Less than 4 years from onset of impact  Occurs less than once a year frequency

102 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Medium term / medium  More than 4 years from onset of impact up to  Occurs less than 10 times a year but more frequency end of life of project (approximately 30 years) than once a year Long term / high  Impact is experienced during and beyond the  Occurs more than 10 times a year frequency life of the project (greater than 30 years) SPATIAL SCALE Biophysical Socio-economic Small  Within the defined ‘Project area’  Within the defined ‘Project area Intermediate  Within the district in which is the facilities are  Within the municipality in which the activity located occurs Extensive  Beyond the district in which the facilities are  Beyond the municipality in which the activity located occurs

PART B: DETERMINING CONSEQUENCE RATING MAGNITUDE TIMEFRAME SPATIAL SCALE Small Intermediate Extensive Minor Short term / low frequency Low Low Medium Medium term / medium frequency Low Low Medium Long term / high frequency Medium Medium Medium

Moderate Short term / low frequency Low Medium Medium Medium term / medium frequency Medium Medium High Long term / high frequency Medium High High

Major Short term / low frequency Medium Medium High Medium term / medium frequency Medium Medium High Long term / high frequency High High High PART C: DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCE RATING CONSEQUENCE Negligible Low Medium High PROBABILITY (of Definite Not Significant Low Medium High exposure to impacts) Possible Not Significant Low Medium High Unlikely Not Significant Low Low Medium Negligible Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant

103 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

6.1.5. Mitigation, Management and Good Practice Measures

376. Wherever the Project is likely to result in unacceptable impact on the environment, mitigation measures are proposed (over and above the inherent design measures included in the Project description). In addition, good practice measures may be proposed however these are unlikely to change the impact significance. In the case of positive impacts, management measures are suggested to optimize the benefits to be gained.

377. The following mitigation hierarchy will be utilized in selecting practical mitigation measures for unacceptable impacts as follows (in order of preference):  Avoid the impact wherever possible by removing the cause(s).  Reduce the impact as far as possible by limiting the cause(s).  Ameliorate the impact by protecting the receptor from the cause(s) of the impact.

378. Providing compensatory measures to offset the impact, particularly where an impact is of high significance and none of the above are appropriate.

6.1.6. Residual Impacts

379. Once mitigation measures are declared, the next step in the impact assessment process is to assign residual impact significance. This is essentially a repeat of the impact assessment steps discussed above, considering the assumed implementation of the additional declared mitigation measures.

6.2. Physical Resources

6.2.1. Air Quality

380. This section discusses emissions of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases during construction and operation of the Project and associated mitigation measures to be adopted.

Aspects of the Project that have the potential to Emit Atmospheric Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases

 Construction of the towers requires excavation of soils to insert pre-cast footings. During dry periods the excavation works will generate dust.  Construction sites may require the use of mobile generators which generate combustion emissions.  Construction plant and traffic will also generate combustion emissions from engines.  Topsoil will need to be stored in piles in areas where towers are to be erected.  Construction traffic moving along access roads may generate dust during dry periods.  Use of Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) in switchgear.

Sensitive Receptors

381. The alignment runs mainly through agricultural land. Crops can be sensitive to dust which can be generated by vehicle movements and excavation works. Only three areas have been identified with residential properties within a 400m corridor of the alignment as shown in the figures below. These properties could be affected by dust generated during construction and to a lesser degree engine emissions.

104 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

382. Sensitive receptors relating to SF6, relate to the wider environment as the switchgear will be located outdoors and will not have any significant impacts to workers at the Zafarabad substation or Syrdarya TPP switchyard.

Figure 35: Residential Receptors (approx. km2)

Key: Red and Green Lines = 200kV Line. White Line = 400m corridor

Figure 36: Residential Receptors (approx. km14)

130m

Key: Red and Green Lines = 200kV Line. White Line = 400m corridor

105 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 37: Residential Receptors (approx. km26)

110m

Key: Red and Green Lines = 200kV Line. White Line = 400m corridor

Potential Impacts

Construction Phase

383. Release of Exhaust Gases - During construction, the release of combustion gases will mostly be from vehicles and potentially from mobile sources such as mobile generators. These may locally increase concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (NOX and SO2) to a limited extent and over a short time period. No sensitive receptors have been located in the agricultural areas and in general even those receptors within the 400m corridor identified above are unlikely to be impacted by exhaust gases due to their distance from any potential work site, more than 100m (this assumes the worst case scenario, i.e. a tower being constructed in the locations identified as being closest to the alignment). However, there are approximately 20 properties in the residential area adjacent to the Syrdarya TPP and these could be impacted to a limited degree by exhaust gases if construction is planned close to these properties.

384. Dust - Dust impacts on sensitive receptors will generally be of low significance due to the distances involved between the worksites and the receptors with the exception of the receptors identified close to Syrdarya TPP. Some minor, short term dust impacts may occur in agricultural areas during excavation works and in areas adjacent to access roads.

Operational Phase

106 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

385. During the operational phase there could be accidental releases or leaks of SF6. SF6 is nontoxic and poses no direct risks to people or animals. However, due to its heavier weight, escaped SF6 can settle in low-lying areas and displace the oxygen there. This can cause respiratory problems in personnel working in trenches and pits, especially when breathed in large quantities. There will be no trenches or pits in the substation and switchyard and as such no health impacts from SF6 are anticipated unless SF6 cylinders are stored indoors.

386. SF6 has no ecotoxic potential and it does not deplete ozone. Due to its high global warming potential of 22.200 23 it may contribute to the man-made greenhouse-effect, if it is released into the atmosphere.

387. The leakage rate from equipment depends on the filling quantity, which depends on the rating and design of the equipment (volume and pressure). For HV switchgear the emission factor ranges from about 0.1% per year to 0,5% (0,5% per year is the maximum acceptable leakage rate according to IEC 62271-203). 24

Impact summary and assessment of significance

388. Table 32 provides an assessment of the significance of potential air quality impacts before implementation of the proposed mitigation measures that are discussed in the rest of this section. Table 32: Potential Impacts to Air Quality Phase Potential Receptors Impact

No. of Receptors Affected No. of Receptors of Receptors Sensitivity of Concern Public Level Legal Exceeding of Risk Threshold Magnitude Timeframe Spatial Scale Consequence Probability Significance C Release of Nearby L L L L MIN ST SMA LOW POSS L exhaust communities gases C Dust Nearby L M L M MOD ST SMA LOW POSS L communities / Agric. Crops O Release of Staff / Global L L L L MIN LT INTER LOW UN L SF6 Environment Key: H: High / M: Medium / L: Low / MAJ: Major / MOD: Moderate / MIN: Minimum / H/F: High Frequency / M/F: Low Frequency / L/F: Low Frequency / LT: Long term / MT: Medium Term / ST: Short term / MED: Medium / DEF: Definitely / POSS: Possible: / UNLIKE: Unlikely. Cells shaded in blue are positive impacts.

Mitigation and Management Measures

Pre-construction / Construction Phase

389. Management Planning – The EPC Contractor will, as part of his Specific Environmental Management Plan (SEMP), prepare and implement a Pollution Prevention Plan (C-SEMP-02). The Plan will include measures to limit air pollution during the construction phase of the Project.

23 According to the 3rd Assessment Report of UNFCCC. Previous accepted value was 23.900 24 Source: https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/34-questions-and-answers-to-break-the-myth-about-sf6-gas-in-electrical- equipment

107 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

390. Siting of Facilities and Equipment - Stationary emission sources (e.g., portable diesel generators, compressors, etc.) shall be positioned as far as is practical from sensitive receptors (C-AQ-01).

391. Release of Exhaust Gases and Fugitive Emissions - Equipment and vehicles will be regularly maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations to maximize fuel efficiency and help minimize emissions (C-AQ-03). Preferentially the Project will use fuel that has low sulfur content of 0.1%, where practical and available within Uzbekistan (C-AQ- 04). Controlled or uncontrolled burning of waste will not be allowed (C-AQ-05).

392. Dust - Measures that will be adopted to help prevent dust problems from occurring include:  Dust control measures will be implemented on all roads within 250m of residential / sensitive receptors (C-AQ-02).  The EPC Contractor will be required to have an adequate supply of bowsers and carry out watering for dust control at least once a day near residential areas: in dry weather with temperatures of over 25, or in windy weather. Avoid overwatering as this may make the surrounding muddy (C-AQ-06).  Vehicle movements will be restricted to defined access routes and demarcated working areas (unless in the event of an emergency) (C-AQ-07).  A strict Project speed limit of 30km/hr will be enforced for Project vehicles using unmade tracks and within Project construction zones(C-AQ-08).  Vehicles carrying fine aggregate materials will be sheeted to help prevent dust blow and spillages (C-AQ-09).  Earthwork operation will be suspended when the wind speed exceeds 20 km/h in areas within 500 m of any community (C-AQ-10).

Operational Phase

393. Management Planning - An SF6 Management Plan shall be prepared by the EPC Contractor for use during the operational phase of the Project by NEGU. The plan should follow international best practice guidelines (whilst respecting all national requirements), including IEC 61634 High-voltage switchgear and control gear – Use and handling of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in high-voltage switchgear and control gear (O-AQ-01).

394. Gas Leaks from Equipment - SF6 gas levels are to be recorded during routine equipment inspections (O-AQ-02). Where a trend of lowering SF6 gas pressure is observed, the cause of the leak is to be investigated and rectified where possible, in accordance with the equipment manufacturer’s instructions. SF must be reclaimed it shall not vent to the 6 atmosphere (O-AQ-03).

395. Storage of Gas Cylinders – Cylinders carry a risk of explosion if subjected to intense heat (as for any pressurized gas). The following management conditions shall be applied:  Cylinders should be shielded from solar radiation or other sources of heat and stored away from any flammable or explosive material. Cylinders containing used SF6 should be stored separately from those containing new gas.  Cylinders should be stored with their outlet valves upwards, to minimize the chance of damaging the valves.  Cylinders should be properly secured at all times to prevent tipping (when vertical) or rolling (when horizontal). This may be in the form of a cylinder stand, wall bracket, or secured with straps or chains.  Cylinders should be transported using trolleys suitable for that purpose.

108 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 If stored indoors, adequate ventilation measures must be provided (O-AQ-04).

Residual Impacts

Table 33: Air Quality Residual Impacts Phase Potential Potential Residual Impact Residual Impact Impact Impact Significance Significance C Release of Low Potential impacts are anticipated to be Not exhaust gases low. Generic mitigation measures will significant ensure residual impacts are kept low. C Dust Low Potential impacts are anticipated to be Not low. Generic mitigation measures will significant ensure residual impacts are kept low. O Release of Low Management measures provided for SF6 Not SF6 will ensure there are no significant significant residual impacts.

6.2.2. Hydrology

396. This section discusses potential impacts on hydrology (both surface and groundwater) during construction and operation of the Project and associated mitigation measures to be adopted.

Aspects of the Project that have the potential to Affect Water Resources

397. The following Project activities in the construction phase of the Project could affect surface water resources in the Project area:  Discharge of domestic wastewater from camps into watercourses.  Accidental release of potential contaminants (e.g. fuel, hazardous waste, chemicals).  Disruption of flow during crossing of irrigation ditches from the construction of access roads.  Leaks of oil from substation transformers and oil storage.

Key Sensitivities and Receptors

398. The alignment crosses the Sanzar river and some irrigation canals and drainage ditches. Tower sites will not be located within the river or any irrigation channel and the conductors will simply pass over these areas. Groundwater may be affected, but potentially only to a small degree in the areas close to where excavations are required for footings. No groundwater wells were identified close to the tower sites, or to Zafarabad substation.

Potential Impacts

399. The Project will involve the use or generation of some or all of the following materials during the construction phase that have the potential to contaminate surface water and groundwater:  Fuels and lubricating oils.  Paints and solvents.  Leachate from hazardous waste storage areas at camp sites.  Raw sewage from camp sites.

400. The exact locations of the towers are not yet known. It is possible that construction activities could impact upon surface waters if towers are sited too close to these features,

109 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination although such impacts would be minor and short term, e.g. accidental spill from an oil can into an irrigation channel.

401. Any leaks or spills of oil from transformers will be collected via the proposed drainage system beneath the transformers which is connected to the underground oil reservoirs. Any leaks or spills of oil during the filling of transformer oil and its storage on site will not affect any off-site receptors.

402. According to NEGU PCB containing oils are no longer used in the system (although they may be present in older equipment). The Project will not decommission any old equipment and will not use PCB containing oil in any new equipment.

Impact summary and assessment of significance

403. Table 34 provides an assessment of the significance of potential impacts to hydrology before implementation of the proposed mitigation measures that are discussed in the rest of this section. Table 34: Potential Impacts to Hydrology Phase Potential Receptors Impact

No. of Receptors Affected Receptors No. of of Receptors Sensitivity Public of Concern Level Legal Exceeding of Risk Threshold Magnitude Timeframe Spatial Scale Consequence Probability Significance C Contamination Local L M L L LOW ST INTER MIN LOW L of surface community, water wildlife C/O Contamination Local L M L L LOW ST INTER MIN LOW L of community groundwater Key: H: High / M: Medium / L: Low / MAJ: Major / MOD: Moderate / MIN: Minimum / H/F: High Frequency / M/F: Low Frequency / L/F: Low Frequency / LT: Long term / MT: Medium Term / ST: Short term / MED: Medium / DEF: Definitely / POSS: Possible: / UNLIKE: Unlikely. Cells shaded in blue are positive impacts.

Mitigation and Management Measures

Design Phase

404. Ensure that no towers are located within 50m of a surface water feature (D-HY-01).

Pre-construction / Construction Phase

405. Management Planning – The EPC Contractor will, as part of his Specific Environmental Management Plan (SEMP), prepare and implement a Pollution Prevention Plan (C-SEMP-02). The Plan will include measures to limit surface and groundwater pollution during the construction phase of the Project.

406. Water Quality – The EPC Contractor will be responsible for implementing his Pollution Prevention Plan which will include the following measures to reduce the risk of surface water contamination:  Concrete batching (if required) will be sited at least 50m away from sensitive receptors such as watercourses; wash pits to be lined with an impermeable liner (C-HY-03).

110 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 Treated wastewater will be used for damping down road surfaces to mitigate dust generation (C-HY-04).  Domestic sewage from camps will be stored and transported to water treatment works or treated through a dedicated site sewage water treatment plant (C-HY-05) before discharge to ground or surface water.  All wastewater discharges will be in compliance with the national standards (MPDs) (C- HY-06).  Construction camps will be located at least 200m from water courses (C-HY-07).

Operational Phase

407. Oil Storage – All oil stored on site (Zafarabad substation) shall be contained within approved UN containers within a covered bunded area capable of containing at least 110% of the volume of the largest container in the bund (O-HY-01).

408. Transformers – All transformers will be sited within bunded areas capable of capturing any leaks or spills of oils. Bunds shall be capable of containing at least 110% of the volume of the largest transformer (O-HY-02).

409. PCBs - PCB containing oil will be prohibited for direct use by the Project (O-HY-03).

Residual Impacts

Table 35: Surface Water Residual Impacts Phase Potential Potential Residual Impact Residual Impact Impact Impact Significance Significance C Contamination Low None identified Not of surface significant water C/O Contamination Low None identified Not of groundwater significant

6.2.3. Soils and Geology

410. This section discusses potential impacts on soils and geology during construction and operation of the Project and associated mitigation measures to be adopted.

Aspects of the Project that have the potential to impact soils and geology

411. The following planned Project activities could affect soils and geology and in the Project area:  Use of vehicles, heavy plant and equipment in worksite areas.  Topsoil clearance in worksite areas and camps.  Topsoil and subsoil storage (for re-use in backfilling and reinstatement).  Construction of access roads.  Accidental release of potential contaminants (e.g. fuel, hazardous waste, chemicals) at all work sites.

Key Sensitivities

412. Soils in the Project area intensively cultivated and these areas will be affected, both temporarily and permanently.

111 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Potential Impacts

413. Soil Properties and Compaction – Soil compaction of agricultural land may occur around access roads and tower pad sites.

414. Soil Erosion and Soil Loss - The flat topography of the Project area suggests that soil erosion is unlikely to be significant.

415. Soil Contamination During Construction - The principal potential contaminants associated with the construction activities are the same as those listed above for hydrology. The soil can also be contaminated if substances from hazardous waste storage leach into the ground or if large quantities of raw sewage are discharged onto the ground.

416. Soil Contamination During Operation – As per leaks and spills of oils discussed above under Hydrology.

417. Aggregate Requirements – Any aggregate required for construction of tower foundations (e.g. fill material beneath tower pads) will be obtained from state licensed quarries and/or borrow pits. Extraction and use of aggregates constitute depletion of non-renewable natural resources. If borrow pits or quarries are poorly sited, extraction can have adverse impacts on ecology, water resources, cultural heritage and communities.

418. Spoil Disposal - Excavated material from footings will be backfilled into the excavated area and compacted. Any excess spoil material will be spread around the base of the tower. Likewise, any excavated material from Zafarabad substation will be compacted and spread within the boundary of the substation.

419. Agricultural Land – Construction works could impacts upon small areas of agricultural land during the growing season.

Impact summary and assessment of significance

420. Table 36 provides an assessment of the significance of potential impacts to soil and geology before implementation of the proposed mitigation measures that are discussed in the rest of this section.

Table 36: Potential Impacts to Soils and Geology Phase Potential Receptors Impact

No. of Receptors Affected No. of Receptors Sensitivity of Receptors of ConcernPublic Level Legal of Risk Exceeding Threshold Magnitude Timeframe Spatial Scale Consequence Probability Significance C Soil Soils and L L L - MIN ST SMALL LOW UNLIKE L Compaction agricultural land C Soil Erosion Soils and local L L L - MIN ST SMALL LOW POSS L vegetation C Soil Agricultural soil L M L L MIN ST SMALL LOW POSS L contamination and local community

112 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Phase Potential Receptors Impact

No. of Receptors Affected No. of Receptors ReceptorsSensitivity of of ConcernPublic Level Legal of Risk Exceeding Threshold Magnitude Timeframe Spatial Scale Consequence Probability Significance C Aggregate Ecology, water L L L - MIN ST SMALL LOW POSS L requirements resources, cultural heritage and communities Key: H: High / M: Medium / L: Low / MAJ: Major / MOD: Moderate / MIN: Minimum / H/F: High Frequency / M/F: Low Frequency / L/F: Low Frequency / LT: Long term / MT: Medium Term / ST: Short term / MED: Medium / DEF: Definitely / POSS: Possible: / UNLIKE: Unlikely. Cells shaded in blue are positive impacts.

Mitigation and Management Measures

Pre-construction / Construction Phase

421. Management Planning – The EPC Contractor will, as part of his Specific Environmental Management Plan (SEMP), prepare and implement a Pollution Prevention Plan (C-SEMP-02) and a Reinstatement Implementation Plan (C-SEMP-04). The Plans will include measures to limit soil pollution during the construction phase of the Project and measures to reinstate land affected by construction works.

422. Soil Compaction - To avoid compaction impacts outside the cleared areas, i.e. pad sites and stringing areas, vehicle movements will be restricted to defined access routes (unless in the event of an emergency) and demarcated working areas which will be agreed upon with landowners (C-SO-08).

423. Soil Contamination - The following mitigation measures will be implemented with the aim of reducing the risk of soil contamination:  The storage of hazardous materials will be restricted to designated impermeable hazardous materials storage areas located at least 50m from any surface water course or seasonal water channel (C-SO-14).  A refueling procedure will be developed by the EPC Contractor, which will include a restriction on refueling within 50m of any watercourse (C-SO-15).  The EPC Contractor's will ensure all material safety data sheets (MSDS) are kept on site with the relevant materials (C-SO-16).  Materials that can potentially react with each other will be segregated during storage (C- SO-17).  Procedures will be established to determine acceptability of material storage and to promote the minimization of storage volumes (C-SO-18).  Hazardous chemicals will be securely stored on site in a designated storage area (C-SO- 19).  Relevant personnel will be trained in safe use and handling of hazardous materials (C- SO-20).  Diesel storage tanks at construction camps will be located in suitably sized and constructed bunded areas that are designed to be impervious to water and fuel. The bund volume will be designed to no less than 110% of the tank volume. Loading and off-loading connections will be located over secondary containment (C-SO-21).

113 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

 Regular inspections and maintenance will be carried out of secondary containment areas at camps to confirm that they are functioning effectively (C-SO-22).  Information will be incorporated into the Site induction process and will outline the role of personnel in the management of waste and emissions from site and spill response procedures (C-SO-23).  Site induction training will be supplemented by regular ‘toolbox’ talks with relevant personnel if inspections or audits highlight failings in waste management (C-SO-24). If a spill does occur, the following measures will reduce the associated potential impacts: o Spill response equipment (absorbents etc.) will be available in hazardous materials storage areas (C-SO-25). o Relevant construction personnel will be trained in use of spill kits and disposal practices (C-SO-26). o Vehicles delivering fuel or hazardous liquids will carry appropriate spill kits to allow an initial response to any spill to be deployed (C-SO-27). o All mobile plant (excluding vehicles) will be integrally bunded or will be equipped with a bund or drip tray which will be regularly inspected and emptied to prevent rainwater accumulating (C-SO-28).

424. Restoration - To facilitate natural re-vegetation of the pad sites, the separately stockpiled topsoil and vegetation debris will be spread over the surface of the work sites following completion of works (C-SO-29). Once the topsoil has been replaced it will be stone picked to remove any large stones which are not in keeping with the surrounding soil texture (C-SO-30). Upon completion of subsoil and topsoil reinstatement, the EPC Contractor and PIC will inspect disturbed areas and implement remedial measures, if necessary (C-SO-31).

425. Borrow Pits – Only state licensed borrow pits will be allowed for use (C-SO-32). The EPC Contractor will provide copies of the borrow pit operator’s license and permit prior to the PIC before any materials from the borrow pit are delivered to site (C-SO-33).

426. Agricultural Land – The EPC Contractor shall be responsible for the following measures:  Providing advance notice to harvest the crops and where feasible, adjust the construction schedule harvest crops; construction works shall not exceed more than one crop season at a particular stretch (C-SO-34).  Saving the top-soil and restoration of land will be done by the EPC Contractor to previous use and farmers will be allowed to continue their cultivation post the construction (C-SO- 35).  Ensure continuous consultation with affected households and residents; the schedule of the civil works shall be consulted with the farmers to schedule irrigation supply during the irrigation season (C-SO-36).

Residual Impacts

Table 37: Soils and Geology Residual Impacts Phase Potential Potential Residual Impact Residual Impact Impact Impact Significance Significance C Soil Low Soil compaction is not likely to result in Not Compaction significant impacts during the significant C Soil Erosion Low construction phase. Implementation of Not the proposed mitigation measures will significant further limit the potential for impacts to occur.

114 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Phase Potential Potential Residual Impact Residual Impact Impact Impact Significance Significance C Soil Low Soil contamination would only be of low Not contamination significance even without mitigation as in significant general any leaks or spills will be minor and localized. Additional mitigation will ensure that there are no significant residual impacts. C Aggregate Low No residual impacts are anticipated if Not requirements licensed borrow pits are used. significant

6.2.4. Landscape and Visual Amenity

427. Landscape effects can be defined as the result of physical changes to the landscape arising as a result of new a development, or from indirect effects such as poor environmental management, resulting in the deterioration of a landscape. Such physical changes may include the addition of structures, such as overhead transmission towers, extent of access tracks/roads etc.

428. Visual effects relate closely to landscape effects but concern changes to views. Visual assessment relates to people’s perception of and response to changes in visual amenity, i.e. the value of a particular area or view in terms of what is seen. Effects may result from new elements located in the landscape that cause visual intrusion (i.e. interference with or interruption of the view) or new features that physically obstruct views across the landscape.

429. In a general context, the visibility of objects in the landscape relates to a range of factors, as follows:  The distance from the viewer to the object;  The extent to which landform, vegetation cover or structures such as buildings may interrupt, or screen all or part of the view;  The degree of solidity of the object,  The extent to which the object differs in color from its background;  The extent to which the object ‘breaks’ the horizon.

430. A typical methodology was used 25 to assess the landscape effects from the proposed project with landscape effects assessed using a combination of factors, comprising evaluation of the following elements:  The sensitivity of the landscape.  The degree to which change from a particular development can be accommodated,  The pattern / diversity and scale of the landscape, its openness,  The value of the landscape resource including areas designated for such value.

Aspects of the Project that have the potential to impact Landscape and Visual Amenity

 Construction activities, such as storage areas, foundations, presence of machinery and equipment etc.  Presence of towers and transmission lines, and access tracks.  Presence of a new substation.

25 This methodology was based upon a similar methodology used by NEGU as part of the Navoi - Besopan Transmission Line Upgrade, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), prepared for EBRD in July 2019

115 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Key Sensitivities and Receptors

431. The landscape value along the entire transmission corridor, including the area proposed for Zafarabad substation is considered of low value, dominated by agricultural fields. Within the visual envelop there are no:  Areas of significant amenity value.  Significant heritage or tourism sites.

432. In addition, the first 30 kilometers of the Project corridor is already occupied by transmission lines for much of its extent and as such the local population in this area (the most populated portions of the alignment) are used to the presence of multiple towers within the existing landscape. The addition of an additional set of towers within the existing OHL grouping is unlikely to result in significant aesthetic changes.

Potential Impacts

Construction Phase

433. The construction of the Project will present visual intrusion, i.e. through the temporary storage of construction material, machinery and temporary access roads, construction of tower foundations and erection of towers.

434. This temporary change in the landscape due to construction will have short-term effect in the area. There are no areas of landscape value, tourist attractions or amenity areas present within the Project corridor. There will be some short-term visual impact to persons living or working in the immediate area of the transmission corridor.

Operational Phase

435. The proposed transmission line, and Zafarabad Substation does not pass through or sit within the vicinity of, any important scenic areas or areas of landscape that is highly valued, rare or distinctive, nor does it host any major tourism destination of national importance, or areas of significant amenity value. Overall, the landscape along the proposed alignment is not sensitive and is tolerant to changes. The switchgear works will be undertaken in the boundary of the existing TPP, therefore no visual impacts are anticipated.

Impact summary and assessment of significance

436. Table 38 provides an assessment of the significance of potential visual and landscape impacts before implementation of the proposed mitigation measures that are discussed in the rest of this section.

116 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 38: Potential Landscape and Visual Impacts Phase Potential Receptors Impact No. of Receptors AffectedNo. of Receptors Sensitivity of Receptors of Concern Public Level Legal of Risk Exceeding Threshold Magnitude Timeframe Spatial Scale Consequence Probability Significance C General Local L L L - LOW ST SMALL LOW DEF L constructi community, on works project infrastructure O Presence Local L L L - LOW MT INTER LOW DEF L of towers, community, lines and project access infrastructure tracks and substation Key: H: High / M: Medium / L: Low / MAJ: Major / MOD: Moderate / MIN: Minimum / H/F: High Frequency / M/F: Low Frequency / L/F: Low Frequency / LT: Long term / MT: Medium Term / ST: Short term / MED: Medium / DEF: Definitely / POSS: Possible: / UNLIKE: Unlikely. Cells shaded in blue are positive impacts.

Mitigation and Management Measures

Design Phase

437. The area crossed by the transmission line route is flat, with limited and low vegetation coverage. As such, there is little opportunity for using the natural landscape to limit the visibility of the tower structures. Nevertheless, the project design followed a number of principles with the aim of reducing visual impacts:  The route has been designed with the maximum approximation to a straight line, this greatly reduces the number of angle-tension towers.  The route has been selected to avoid, as far as possible, inhabited areas.

438. The following general mitigation measures will be implemented to mitigate the effects of the proposed project on the landscape:  During detailed design for the micro-siting of pylons, pylon structures should be located as far away as practical from residential dwellings (D-VIS-01).  Include visibility of the towers among the factors considered during final tower positioning, including determining the proper balance between heights of towers and the number of towers (D-VIS-02) (In general, larger scale landscapes would be better able to accommodate taller towers and the reduced disturbance to the landscape with fewer construction sites would also be of benefit).

Construction Phase

439. General good construction management and housekeeping should be implemented to control activities and maintain clean working areas; this will be achieved through the implementation of the general construction measures outlined in the Project EMP and the EPC Contractors SEMP. The project should also ensure that continued consultation with local communities is maintained throughout the construction period (C-VIS-01).

440. Width of all access roads and tracks should be kept to the minimum necessary for their use during construction and operational (C-VIS-02).

117 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Residual Impacts

Table 39: Landscape and Visual Residual Impacts Phase Potential Potential Residual Impact Residual Impact Impact Impact Significance Significance C General Low None anticipated. Not construction significant works O Presence of Low None anticipated. Not towers, lines significant and access tracks

6.2.5. Geohazards

441. This section discusses potential impacts geohazards may have on the Project during construction and operation phases and associated mitigation measures to be adopted.

Key Sensitivities and Receptors

442. Project infrastructure, e.g. towers, could be impacted by geohazards during both the construction and operational phases of the Project.

Potential Impacts

443. The Project is located in a seismically active area. Seismic events could lead to the failure of towers and lines which could result in safety impacts upon the local community residential areas, or in areas where lines cross public land., e.g. roads. Failure of Project infrastructure would also lead to power outages in the network until the facilities could be fixed.

444. No areas specifically prone to landslides or mudslides have been identified at this stage of the Project due to the flat nature of the alignment, including the area of the substation. It is assumed that detailed engineering surveys of the alignment will be undertaken by the EPC Contractor during the design stage and that any such areas would be identified and avoided.

Impact summary and assessment of significance

445. The following table provides an assessment of the significance of potential impacts from geohazards before implementation of the proposed mitigation measures that are discussed in the rest of this section.

118 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 40: Potential Impacts from Geohazards Phase Potential Receptors Impact

No. of Receptors AffectedNo. of Receptors Sensitivity of Receptors of Concern Public Level Legal of Risk Exceeding Threshold Magnitude Timeframe Spatial Scale Consequence Probability Significance C / O Seismic Local L H L - MED LT SMALL MOD LOW L events community, project infrastructure Key: H: High / M: Medium / L: Low / MAJ: Major / MOD: Moderate / MIN: Minimum / H/F: High Frequency / M/F: Low Frequency / L/F: Low Frequency / LT: Long term / MT: Medium Term / ST: Short term / MED: Medium / DEF: Definitely / POSS: Possible: / UNLIKE: Unlikely. Cells shaded in blue are positive impacts.

Mitigation and Management Measures

Design Phase

446. Designing towers and substation considering earthquake loading (D-GEO-01).

Residual Impacts

Table 41: Geohazards Residual Impacts Phase Potential Potential Residual Impact Residual Impact Impact Impact Significance Significance C / O Seismic events Low None identified as long as earthquake Not loading, and national design standards significant are considered.

6.3. Biodiversity

6.3.1. Flora, Fauna and Habitat

447. This section discusses the impacts of the Project on habitat and flora during construction and operation of the Project and associated mitigation measures to be adopted. The Section should be read alongside the sections addressing surface water resources and geology and soils which include additional information on mitigation for potential impacts to aquatic species and habitat restoration respectively.

Aspects of the Project that have the potential to Impact to Flora, Fauna and Habitat

448. Construction Phase:  Land clearing and vegetation removal for the construction of towers, camps and laydown areas.  Development of access roads.

449. Operational Phase:  Siting of towers and overhead lines in, or close to sensitive sites.

119 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Sensitive Receptors

 Special status flora and fauna  White Stork

Potential Impacts

Construction Phase

450. During the construction phase, the key potential impacts to flora, fauna and habitat relate to vegetation clearance within the working corridor, vehicle movements and the siting of construction camps and the presence of workers. The following discusses these generic impacts in more detail:

Table 42: Generic Construction Phase Impacts Activity Impact Mitigation Habitat loss, Impacts arise as a result of vegetation In general, the majority of habitats will be degradation clearance for the preparation of the restored naturally around towers following and tower sites; construction of camp construction resulting in effects of short- simplification facilities / laydown areas etc. Impacts term degradation and disturbance only. associated with vehicle use include Only minor long-term habitat loss is soil compaction, dust emissions from expected to occur in the immediate areas vehicles affecting plants and habitats beneath the towers. and laying of temporary roads. Impacts on Pollution of soil and groundwater by Mitigation is described in the hydrology water discharging wastewater and waste section resources can cause mortality of vegetation. Impacts from Dust generated during construction Impacts from dust, will typically have an dust deposition can affect vegetation through effect up to 50m from the source. With reducing levels of photosynthesis and mitigation, this can be reduced to 25m and can also led to soil pollution via is unlikely to be significant, especially deposition from the air or water run-off given the existing arid nature of much of and create a surface film on still water the receiving environment. bodies. Direct mortality Vegetation clearance can lead to Locating construction camps away from of fauna direct fatalities of fauna. Indirect sensitive areas and enforcing a hunting fatalities can also occur when ban on construction workers will help excavations (for foundations) are left ensure that there are no significant open. adverse effects. Speed limits on vehicles and restriction to existing and/or dedicated haul routes will prevent direct mortality and disturbance from vehicles. Pre- clearance site surveys and the movement of animals out of the working corridor will prevent direct mortality. There may be some low level unavoidable direct mortality, but this would not be significant in the short or long term. Disturbance to Construction noise and visual Construction noise and visual disturbance sensitive disturbance can result in short term, will result in short term, localised effects, species localised effects, although many although many animals will become animals will become habituated to the habituated to the noise. The nosiest noise. Noise levels in excess of 65dB activities associated with the development over the long term or spikes over are those from static plant used to 70dBs are likely to elicit an adverse excavate trenches and clear vegetation. response. This may result in a short-term adverse effect. Monitoring by EPC Contractor will ensure that should notable species be

120 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Activity Impact Mitigation breeding in an area, additional mitigation measures (e.g. regarding timing of works) will be implemented as required ((e.g. for birds so that the young have successfully fledged) Spread of non- Spread of non-native invasive species Pre-clearance surveys of invasive species native or will reduce the ecological value of an combined with the demarcation and invasive area. treatment of non-native species will species prevent their spread. Monitoring post- construction will ensure that newly restored areas are not inundated with non- native species from adjacent areas. Use of Good Industry Practice (GIP) such as cleaning of machinery before import to site, wheel washes on site, etc. will avoid import of invasive species. Poaching As the majority of mammals and This risk can be reduced by appropriate reptiles identified in the baseline worker training sessions and studies are subject to poaching. The implementation of a strict code of conduct introduction of temporary workforce to with regards to treatment of local fauna. the area may increase risk of poaching / deliberate killing of animals at or near temporary construction camps.

451. At the tower sites and at construction camps and equipment lay-down areas, clearing vegetation and soil will cause temporary loss of land. No sensitive habitat has been identified in this IEE that would be significantly impacted however pre-clearance surveys will be used to avoid any unanticipated impact as far as practical. The camps, laydown areas and access roads will be selected by the EPC Contractor following such surveys.

452. According to NEGU, the new alignment will pass between two existing HV lines within a sanitary protection zone in a tree nursery. Thus, there will be no major damage to the nursery. Transplantation or felling of trees will take place only within the sanitary protection zone of the existing HV lines.

453. No other tree cutting is currently foreseen in the Project. If any unforeseen tree cutting is to be undertaken, compensation planting will be undertaken based on the number of trees to be removed and using an appropriate re-planting ratio as recommended by the relevant country laws “On Protection and Use of Flora” № 543-I dated 26.12.1997, Law “On forest” No. 770-I dated 15.04.1999; Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers “On Regulation of the Use of Biological Resources and Procedure for Licensing Procedures in Environmental Management” № 290 dated 20.10.2014; Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers “On Approval of Certain Legal Texts for Protection of Forests” No. 506 dated 22.11.1999 or based on international best practices.

454. According to the draft Project LARP approximately 55m2 of permanent land acquisition is required per single circuit tower and 71m2 for double circuit towers. 1250 towers are proposed for the Project. The work site areas will cover at least this area, plus another 25% in order to work around the tower site. This gives an area impacted by the tower sites of 8.6 hectares. Assuming 10% of the Project area is natural habitat and the remaining 90% is modified habitat, around 0.86 hectares of natural habitat could be impacted by the Project. This is considered to be a negligible impact.

121 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

455. Mitigation for impacts to habitats is presented below and includes reduction in the corridor working width where needed and restricting traffic to the working strip as well as avoiding impacts to habitats through habitat restoration and post construction remediation.

Operational Phase

456. The key impacts of the Project to consider during the operational phase relate to the potential for bird electrocutions and bird collisions with towers and lines.

457. Impacts to bats have been excluded from further study based on a review of recent literature which suggests there is no national or international (published, peer reviewed) literature on bat fatalities from power line collision. 26 in addition, Orbach & Fenton (2010) cite only ‘anecdotal reports’ of bats colliding with other stationary objects including television towers. One bird study in California did however report a single (unidentified) bat found during a search for bird carcasses surrounding a 110 kV transmission line (Dedon et al., 1989). Further, EIRGrid note that electrocution caused by interaction with electricity transmission infrastructure is not possible for Irish bat fauna as conductor spacing at 110 kV line for example is a minimum of 1.1m, and is generally 4.5m in the field. The largest Irish bat has a maximum wingspan of only 34cm. Of the bats identified in this IEE, the Greater Noctule Bat has the largest wingspan of 46cm, meaning that electrocution is also unlikely for the bats potentially present in the Project area.

458. Bird Electrocutions – Electrocutions occur when a bird completes a circuit by simultaneously touching two energized parts or an energized part and a grounded part of electrical equipment on a power pole, specifically with the span of its wings. According to the America Eagle Foundation the majority of electrocutions occur on medium-voltage distribution lines (4kV to 34.5kV),27 the reason being that the spacing between conductors are oftentimes narrow enough to be bridged by a bird’s wingspan. Also, poles that contain closely spaced energized parts (such as transformers) can be especially hazardous to birds off all sizes. This finding corresponds with that of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) which state that most bird electrocutions occur on distribution lines and poles compared with transmission lines. Birds can be electrocuted on transmission lines; however, it is rare and there is a lack of data on the scale of this problem. 28 29 Further, according to reports by International Wildlife Consultants 30 ‘high voltage lines pose no danger to Sakers (Saker Falcon)’.

459. Consultations undertaken as part of this project indicated that the White Stork often can be found nesting on transmission towers in the Project area. There is little data available on the rate of electrocution of this species due to its nesting habits in Uzbekistan. However, in Europe, over a 16‐year period, it was estimated that approximately 25% of juvenile and 6% of adult white storks died annually from power‐line collisions and electrocution.31

460. Power Line Bird Collisions – Collisions occur when birds fly into wires. Bird size, agility, experience, flocking, territorial or courtship activities, weather, time of day, human activities, configuration and location of the line, line placement, and line size can all contribute to these collisions. Many species of birds are especially vulnerable to collisions with high voltage

26 EirGrid Evidence Based Environmental Studies. Study 3: Bats. December 2015 27 American Eagle Foundation. Promote Avian Friendly Power Lines. https://www.eagles.org/take-action/avian-friendly-power- lines/ 28 https://www.fws.gov/birds/bird-enthusiasts/threats-to-birds/electrocutions.php 29 Guidance on appropriate means of impact assessment of electricity power grids on migratory soaring birds in the Rift Valley / Red Sea Flyway. GEF, UNDP, Birdlife International. 2015 30 Fatal attraction: electrocution of Saker Falcons at electricity power lines in Mongolia / Andrew Dixon - International Wildlife Consultants Ltd 31 Reducing death by electrocution of the white stork Ciconia Ciconia. Journal of the Society of Conservation Biology. 2011

122 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination transmission lines because of the height of these structures with respect to flight altitude, and because of their low visibility, whereas many species are potentially less vulnerable to collisions with distribution lines. 32

461. The Uzbekistan Society for the Protection of Birds along with several other NGOs including Birdlife International and the SCNP prepared action plans for the conservation of the globally endangered bird species in Uzbekistan in 2011. Issue 1 focuses of the Saker Falcon and the Egyptian Vulture. The report considers these species within the context of several regions of the country where their populations can be found, one of which is the Gissar Range.

462. The report indicates that in general, data relating to the deaths of these species on power lines in Uzbekistan is absent. However, in open landscaped the towers are used for perches and may pose a threat to these birds. For both species the report classifies the severity of risks associated with electrocution and collisions with structures as either low or absent in the Nuratau Range (the nearest area identified in the report to the alignment).

463. The report describes several measures to manage the potential issue of electrocutions and collisions, including:  Evaluation of the most dangerous power-line segments and the monitoring of bird mortality level; the search for ways of risk reduction.  The installation of dangerous power line towers with deterrent devices.  Control of disposal of carrion and organic waste in vast territories near dangerous power- line segments.

464. Critical Habitat – Given that several special status species were identified by IBAT as part of the baseline studies an additional assessment of critical habitat has been undertaken. The assessment is compliant with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. The IFC Guidance Note 6 (GN6) thresholds have also been adopted and build on the ADB SPS. The following section summarizes the findings of the assessment which are provided in full as a supplementary report to this IEE.

465. 461 species are recorded by IBAT within a 50km buffer around the Project alignment. 21 species may meet the ADB SPS critical habitat criterion. Each of the 21 was analyzed in greater detail to determine the likelihood of them regularly occurring in the Area of Influence (AoI)33 and meeting the IFC GN6 critical habitat thresholds. Where relevant areas of analysis (AoA’s) were developed to quantify the importance of the local population.

466. Several species were found to meet more than one ADB SPS critical habitat criterion and have been assessed against each relevant criterion. Sensitive ecological receptors were identified as regularly occurring for the following ADB SPS criterion:  Criterion 1 – Critically Endangered and Endangered Species  Criterion 2 – Endemic and Restricted Range Species  Criterion 3 – Migratory and Congregatory Species

467. Results of the analysis for each species are provided and conclusions whether they trigger Critical Habitat are given. No ecological receptors relevant to Criterion 4, 5, 6 or 7 were found to regularly occur in the AoI.

Criterion 1(a) - Globally Endangered and Critically Endangered Species

32 Avian mortalities due to transmission line collisions: a review of current estimates and field methods with an emphasis on applications to the Canadian electric network. Avian Conservation and Ecology, 2013 33 The AoI is a specific reference for the Project Area as used in the Critical Habitat Assessment Report.

123 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

468. The following 6 globally endangered and critically endangered species were identified as being potentially present within 50km of the route, see Table 43.

Table 43: Endangered and Critically Endangered Species potentially present. Species name Common name IUCN Category Taxonomic Class 1. Vanellus gregarius Sociable lapwing CR Aves 2. Aquila nipalensis Steppe eagle EN Aves 3. Falco cherrug Saker falcon EN Aves 4. Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas's Fish-eagle EN Aves 5. Neophron percnopterus Egyptian vulture EN Aves 6. Oxyura leucocephala White-headed duck EN Aves

Criterion1(b) – Globally Vulnerable Species

469. The following 15 globally vulnerable species were identified as being potentially present within 50km of the route, see Table 44.

Table 44: Vulnerable Species potentially present. Species name Common name IUCN Taxonomic Category Class 1. Cyprinus carpio Wild Common Carp VU Actinopterygii 2. Luciobarbus Aral Barbel VU Actinopterygii brachycephalus 3. Gazella subgutturosa Goitered Gazelle VU Mammalia 4. Vormela peregusna Marbled Polecat VU Mammalia 5. Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose VU Aves 6. Marmaronetta Marbled Teal VU Aves angustirostris 7. Aythya ferina Common Pochard VU Aves 8. Columba eversmanni Yellow-eyed Pigeon VU Aves 9. Streptopelia turtur European Turtle-dove VU Aves 10. Otis tarda Great Bustard VU Aves 11. Clanga Greater Spotted Eagle VU Aves 12. Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Eagle VU Aves 13. Chlamydotis Asian Houbara VU Aves macqueenii 14. Picipes rhizophilus none VU Fungi 15. Testudo Horsfieldii Central Asian Tortoise VU Reptilia

Criterion 1(c) – Nationally endangered species

470. IFC guidance states that as appropriate, areas containing important concentrations of a nationally or regionally listed EN or CR species should be considered for Critical Habitat. These are summarized in National Red Lists. However, in order for a national/regional red list to be relevant to the Critical Habitat criteria it must have adhered to IUCN guidance. Although Uzbekistan has a national red list, it is not considered to be compliant with IUCN guidelines. Criterion 1(c) is thus not applicable for this Critical Habitat Assessment. However, key threatened species should be adequately assessed under Criteria 1 (a) and (b).

471. Screening Results - The initial assessment concluded that 2 of the 21 species are not likely to regularly occur in the Project Area of influence and were screened out - Picipes rhizophilus and Gazella subgutturosa. The remaining 19 species have the potential to meet the ADB SPS CH criteria and either regularly occur in the Project Area or, in accordance with

124 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination the precautionary approach, were assumed to regularly occur. Further details on all 19 species are present in Table 45.

Table 45: Results of the Criteria 1 Screening Critical Habitat Assessment Latin Common IUCN Comments CH Likelihood name name Category Potentially in passage only. Although Migratory data suggests their main migration route passes to the west of the project alignment, they could migrate through the area (although this is likely to be rare). No stopover Not CH under locations for this species have been Criterion 1. Vanellus Sociable identified in the region, the last local CR gregarius lapwing sighting was from Aydar lake around To be assessed 20 years ago. The region does not again under support this species but instead another Criterion individuals may pass over in passage during each migratory season. It is thus more appropriately assessed under criterion 3 (areas critical for the survival of migratory species). This species breeds to the north in Russia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan and migrates through Uzbekistan to overwintering sites in India, Pakistan, Not CH under Africa or the Middle East. It is present Criterion 1. Aquila Steppe only in passage in the project area. EN nipalensis eagle Steppe Eagle are more appropriately To be assessed assessed under criterion 3, since a again under population is not concentrated in the another Criterion area at any one point in time, but individuals may pass over during each whole migratory season. Estimated 100-150 breeding pairs in Uzbekistan. Saker falcon are known Potential Critical to breed in the nearby Nuratau range Habitat Falco Saker to the west as well as the Turkestan EN cherrug falcon range to the south and have been Requires Further sighted close to the project AoI. Analysis/ Further Assessments is required.

Usually restricted to wetland when not on migration. 6 adults were reported Potential Critical to overwinter in Tuskan Lake IBA, Haliaeetus Pallas's Habitat around 20km north of the AoI, in 2004. leucoryphu Fish- EN The proximity of this site and it’s s eagle Requires Further seeming importance for this very rare Analysis species means further assessment is required. The estimated breeding population in in Uzbekistan rangers between 143 and 140. Egyptian Vulture are known Potential Critical Neophron to breed in the nearby Nuratau range Habitat Egyptian percnopter EN to the west as well as the Turkestan vulture us range to the south and have been Requires Further sighted close to the project AoI. Analysis Further Assessments is required.

125 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Latin Common IUCN Comments CH Likelihood name name Category Known to overwinter in the Northern Shores of the Aydarkul Lake’ IBA, around 50km from the AoI (8 Not CH under individuals in 2004). Restricted to Criterion 1. Oxyura White- wetland when not on migration, and leucocepha headed EN therefore potentially found in the AoI To be assessed la duck only in passage. Because of this again under white-headed duck are more another Criterion appropriately assessed under Criteria 3. The native population is widely distributed across the Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins. This species has also been introduced across the world for food and sport fishing. The project Wild Cyprinus AoI contains just one river, and thus Not considered Common VU carpio even if it contains a population of Critical Habitat Carp common carp it is infeasible that the loss of this single population would result in a change of this species’ IUCN threat status from VU to EN.

The native population is distributed across the Caspian and Aral Sea basins. The project AoI contains just Luciobarbu one river, and thus even if it contains s Aral a population of Aral Barbel, it is Not considered VU brachycep Barbel infeasible that the loss of this single Critical Habitat halus population from one river would result in a change of this species’ IUCN threat status from VU to EN.

Primarily associated with steppe habitat but is known to live in cultivated areas, and therefore could be present. Very widespread species Vormela Marbled Not considered VU across much of Asia and the Middle peregusna polecat Critical Habitat East. As such, it is infeasible that the loss of a local population would result in a change of this species’ IUCN threat status from VU to EN. This species is closely associated with waterbodies. It breeds much further north in Arctic Russia and Scandinavia. It is known to winter in Uzbekistan in small numbers as well as migrating through the country. Not CH under Winter roosting colonies are also Lesser Criterion 1. formed on large lakes and rivers, or in Anser White- VU reedbeds and rushes. 5-15 individuals erythropus fronted To be assessed were recorded to winter in Dalverzin Goose again under State Forestry and Hunting another Criterion Management Area IBA on the banks of the Syr Darya river around 20km from the AoI (2006). However, there is an absence of suitable habitat closer than this to the AoI, and thus overwintering birds are very unlikely

126 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Latin Common IUCN Comments CH Likelihood name name Category to regularly occur in the AoI. Therefore, as they are likely only present in passage in the AoI they are more appropriately assessed under Criterion 3. Closely associated with wetlands when breeding and overwintering. Not thought to be present in large local waterbodies, which would provide the Not CH under Marmarone best habitat locally, (e.g. Aydar lake) Criterion 1. tta Marbled and so regular presence in the AoI is VU angustirost teal very unlikely. It may pass through the To be assessed ris region on migration and so, as this again under species is likely only present in another Criterion passage in the AoI, it is more appropriately assessed under Criterion 3. Closely associated with wetlands when breeding and overwintering. Not thought to be present in large local waterbodies, which would provide the Not CH under best habitat locally, (e.g. Aydar lake) Criterion 1. Aythya Common and so regular presence in the AoI is VU ferina pochard very unlikely. It may pass through the To be assessed region on migration and so, as this again under species is likely only present in another Criterion passage in the AoI, it is more appropriately assessed under Criterion 3. Potentially present and breeding in the area but very widespread species, European minimum population 12 million. As Streptopeli Not considered turtle- VU such, it is infeasible that the loss of a a turtur Critical Habitat dove local population would result in a change of this species’ IUCN threat status from VU to EN. Potentially breeds in the area. Uses steppe/semi-desert habitat as well as agricultural areas for feeding. Very little information on this species’ distribution in Uzbekistan, although it has not been recorded in local Columba Yellow- Important Bird Areas so a large Not considered eversmann Eyed VU regional population seems unlikely. Critical Habitat i Pigeon This species occurs across much of Central Asia and so it is infeasible that the loss of the local population, which is unlikely to be significant, would result in a change of this species IUCN threat status from VU to EN. Although formerly breeding in Great Uzbekistan, this species no longer Not considered Otis tarda VU bustard breeds in the country, and is rarely Critical Habitat sighted in passage or overwintering34.

34 Kessler and Smith (2014), The Status of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda tarda) in Central Asia: from the Caspian Sea to the Altai, Aquila (2014), Vol. 121, p. 115–132

127 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Latin Common IUCN Comments CH Likelihood name name Category There are observations of lone females with clutches in the Jizzakh region, but there are more than 50 years old. Birds overwintering in the Karatau foothills of Kazakhstan sometimes move into nearby regions including the Jizzakh region, but this is thought to be to the northwest of the project AoI. It is very unlikely that this species is regularly found in the project AoI, and if it is ever present it will be in very low numbers. This species breeds in Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and some of Eastern Europe. Birds are mainly found in passage in Uzbekistan on migration overwintering sites in India, Pakistan or the Middle East. However, they are known to overwinter in the project region, with 3-9 individuals recorded to winter in Dalverzin State Not CH under Forestry and Hunting Management Criterion 1. Greater Area IBA on the banks of the Syr Clanga spotted VU Darya river around 20km from the AoI To be assessed eagle (2006). Although these individuals again under might regularly occur in the AoI, the another Criterion local population is far too small for its loss to result in a change in the IUCN threat rating of this species to EN. Therefore, it is not CH under criterion 1. Nevertheless, Greater spotted eagles are known to migrate through the area and thus this species will also be assessed under criterion 3. This species breeds in Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and some of Eastern Europe. Birds may migrate through Uzbekistan to overwintering Not CH under sites in India, Pakistan or the Middle Criterion 1. Eastern East. It is present only in passage in Aquila imperial VU the project area. The Eastern imperial heliaca To be assessed eagle eagle is more appropriately assessed again under under criterion 3, since a population is another Criterion not concentrated in the area at any one point in time, but individuals may pass over during each whole migratory season. Breeds in Uzbekistan but not thought to breed in the project area. Tends to breed in steppe or semi-desert habitat Not CH under rather than agricultural land. Key Criterion 1. Chlamydoti breeding sites in Uzbekistan are the Asian s VU Kyzyl-Kum desert to the north (which houbara To be assessed macqueenii also is an important stop-off on again under migration) and the Bukhara region to another Criterion the south-west. The project area does form part of the migratory route for birds migrating to overwintering sites

128 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Latin Common IUCN Comments CH Likelihood name name Category further south, although the major migratory flyway seems to pass to the west of the region. There are records of this species from the region, but they are to the south and to the west of the Project AoI, where the habitat is less modified by agriculture and thus more suitable for this species (Bondarenko and Peregontsev 2017). It is unlikely that Central Testudo this species regularly occurs in the Not considered Asian VU Horsfieldii AoI, and if it does it is likely in low Critical Habitat Tortoise numbers, as the region seems of lesser importance than other areas of Uzbekistan. Therefore, it is infeasible that the loss of a local population would result in a change of this species IUCN threat status from VU to EN.

472. Of the 19 species that have the potential to regularly occur in the project AoI 3 have the potential to trigger critical habitat and required further Scoping analysis, 9 do not trigger critical habitat under Criterion 1 but should be assessed again under another Criterion and 7 were confirmed as unlikely to meet the thresholds and have been screen out.

473. Scoping - Critical Habitat thresholds are not met for any of these species. The local population sizes are not deemed large enough to meet the criteria set out in IFC GN6. Full justification of this for each species is detailed in Appendix A of the supplemental Critical Habitat Assessment. Thus, the project does not trigger Critical Habitat for Criterion 1, see Table 5.

Table 46: Results of the Criteria 1 scoping assessment Latin name Common name IUCN Category Critical Habitat? Falco cherrug Saker falcon EN No Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas's Fish-eagle EN No Neophron percnopterus Egyptian vulture EN No

474. Despite these species not meeting Critical Habitat requirements it is recognized that they are globally threatened, and the Project must ensure the protection of their conservation status at least and no deterioration of it. Mitigation may be needed to prevent net loss for these globally threatened species, particularly the Endangered Saker Falcon and Egyptian Vulture.

Criterion 2 – Restricted-range Species

475. The IBAT tool was used to identify any species potentially present within 50km of the alignment that was listed by the IUCN as having an (Extent of Occurrence) EOO of less than 50,000km2. None were found to be present. This is not surprising as Uzbekistan, and central Asia as a whole, does not have high rates of endemism compared to other geographic locations, with the majority of species widely distributed but rare across their range. Therefore, the project area does not contain Critical Habitat under Criterion 2.

Criterion 3 and 4 – Migratory and Congregatory Species

129 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

476. Migratory Birds - For all species researched the migration routes pass over a wide corridor, with different individuals taking different routes, some over the mountains to the east, without any evidence that they pass through a bottleneck site. This is also supported by the general topography, which is fairly uniform and flat, with a few areas of higher relief but no steep valleys or rivers likely to bottleneck species. There is therefore no indication that the area meets the criteria for KBA designation. Given this, and that it is part of a more extensive flyway of similar importance for a substantial distance, it is not appropriate to consider the Project area to be Critical Habitat for criteria 3 migratory birds.

477. Stopover sites/ sites supporting congregations - The landscape is almost entirely modified agricultural land. Lake Aydar and the associated wetlands are important standing water bodies used as stopovers for migratory waterbirds, but these are all well outside the project AoI. No other standing waterbodies have been identified in the AoI, apart from small artificial ponds, which are surrounded by heavily modified cropland and unlikely to be suitable waterbird habitat. There is no evidence that these are of importance as stop over locations for migratory birds.

478. Some species such as the Houbara bustard are known to stop-off in desert and semi- desert habitat, but this habitat type is not present in or near the AoI. Raptor species may also stopover in the area, but there is no reason to imply this region has a greater abundance of prey than the rest of the broad migration corridor and so it is very unlikely they stop over in significant concentrations. This is supported by the available data, including that from satellite tracking, which includes nothing to suggest that the area is a significant stop-off for any species researched. This is further supported by the fact that the project area does not contain any KBAs or IBAs designated for migratory or congregatory species. The IBA criteria A4 is equivalent to CH Criterion 3a - ‘the site is known or thought to hold congregations of ≥1% of the global population of one or more species on a regular or predictable basis’ and so key stopover locations are often already designated as IBAs.

479. Therefore, the project area does not contain Critical Habitat under Criteria 3 and 4. Nonetheless, the data suggests that the wider area is of importance to migratory species. Transmission line developments in this migratory corridor present a risk to these species and the project should aim to mitigate potential impacts to at least no net loss. They may otherwise have disproportionate effects on the global population.

Criterion 5 – Evolutionary Processes and Ecosystem Services

480. ADB Critical Habitat Requirement 7 is that Critical habitat includes areas with unique assemblages of species or that are associated with key evolutionary processes or provide key ecosystem services. The IFC Guidance note 6 gives some guidance on this, stating that areas associated with key evolutionary processes tend to have high spatial heterogeneity, which can lead to speciation via isolation or divergent evolution or environmental gradients, also known as ecotones, which produce transitional habitat and are associated with the process of speciation. The study area does not fit these criteria and the landscape is almost entirely modified agricultural land.

481. The area is also not thought to provide key ecosystem services. The AoI crosses a single waterway, however, this runs through almost entirely agricultural land rather than natural land and so the area does not act as a water catchment. The project area does not contain Critical Habitat under Criterion 5.

Criterion 6 – Community Importance

130 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

482. No species of significant social, economic or cultural importance have been identified. Therefore, the project area does not contain Critical Habitat under Criterion 6.

Criterion 7 – Protected or designated areas

483. No protected or designated areas occur within the Area of Impact for this project, and thus the project area does not contain Critical Habitat under Criterion 7.

Critical Habitat Summary

484. The Project does not trigger Critical Habitat under ADB requirements. However, internationally endangered species are present. Egyptian vulture, an endangered species that is in global decline and susceptible to the risks associated with transmission lines are present in numbers close to the IFC GN6 thresholds. Should there be any material increases in local populations, critical habitat may be triggered under ADB SPS Criterion 1. The data used to inform this assessment is ten years old and should be validated and under ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS) the Project is required to avoid a reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species (no net loss). Therefore, further data collection and monitoring is required and a Framework Biodiversity Action Plan (F-BAP has been prepared for the Project. The requirements of the F-BAP are outlined below.

Box 1: Benefits of Electrical Infrastructure

Electrical power lines, towers, and distribution poles can have a number of beneficial effects for wild bird species too. For instance they may offer:  Breeding substrate, nest site: There are a variety of reasons why birds sometimes breed on electricity structures including: lack of alternative nesting sites such as trees and cliffs; electricity structures offer a mammalian-predator-safe and sturdy platform for birds to build their nests (van Rooyen, 2004; McCann, 2005). Utility structures can provide nesting substrates in habitats where natural elements are scarce, and offer some protection thereby facilitating the range expansion of some species or increasing the local density of some species, (APLIC, 2006).  Perching, roosting and hunting post: Vultures and storks often seek power line structures for roosting since they are more protected from harsh weather and ground predators. The presence of electric poles in open-country habitats is beneficial to some raptors by providing perches with commanding views of hunting areas. Power line structures in relatively treeless areas have made millions of kilometres of suitable habitat available to perch-hunting raptors (Olendoff et al., 1980).  Habitat management: Power lines can also provide continuous habitat for species that require low vegetation. Research undertaken in the United States has shown that open rights-of-way along utility lines provide habitat for declining species of birds (Confer & Pascoe, 2003; Askins, 2012).

Source: Guidance on Energy Transmission Infrastructure and EU Nature Legislation. European Commission, 2018

Impact summary and assessment of significance

485. Table 47 provides an assessment of the significance of potential ecology impacts before implementation of the proposed mitigation measures (discussed further in the rest of this section).

131 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Table 47: Potential Impacts to Habitat, Flora and Fauna Phase Potential Impact Receptors Affected No. of Receptors Sensitivity of Receptors of ConcernPublic Level Risk of Exceeding Threshold Legal Magnitude Timeframe Spatial Scale Consequence Probability Significance C Degradation/ Terrestrial L L L L MIN ST SMALL LOW DEF L fragmentation of wildlife habitat caused during site clearing (for camps, access roads, etc.) C Loss of Habitat / Terrestrial L M L L MOD ST SMALL LOW DEF L Biodiversity and aquatic wildlife C Physical damage Terrestrial L L L L MIN ST SMALL MED PO L (road kills, accident, wildlife – SS loss of birds, bats, roosts/nesting etc. sites, etc.) C Poaching Terrestrial L L L L MIN ST SMALL MED PO L wildlife SS C Vehicle Movements Terrestrial M L L L MIN ST SMALL MED PO L wildlife SS C Construction noise / Terrestrial M L L L MIN ST SMALL MED DEF L light wildlife C Spread of non- Terrestrial M M L L MIN ST SMALL MED PO L native / invasive Habitats SS species O Bird Electrocution Birds L H L L MAJ LT SMALL HIGH PO M SS O Bird Collisions Birds L H L L MAJ LT SMALL HIGH PO M SS Key: H: High / M: Medium / L: Low / MAJ: Major / MOD: Moderate / MIN: Minimum / H/F: High Frequency / M/F: Low Frequency / L/F: Low Frequency / LT: Long term / MT: Medium Term / ST: Short term / MED: Medium / DEF: Definitely / POSS: Possible: / UNLIKE: Unlikely

Mitigation and Management Measures

Design Phase

486. Bird Electrocution - The FWS have indicated that electrocutions from transmission lines are rare and according to recent technical papers electrocution mitigation can be far more controlled than collision mitigation since the problem is a physical one, whereby a bird bridges certain clearances on a pole structure, the solution is relatively straightforward, and involves ensuring that a bird cannot touch the relevant components.35 However, some studies have identified White Stork as being at specific risk of electrocution from power lines (although the reports do not differentiate between voltages, e.g. transmission or distribution).

35 Guidelines on How to Avoid or Mitigate Impact of Electricity Power Grids on Migratory Birds in the African-Eurasian Region. AEWA Conservation Guidelines No. 14. 2012

132 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

487. Nonetheless, the WBG EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution provide the following mitigation to reduce the risk of bird electrocution and this will be applied to the Project:  Maintaining 1.5 meter (60-inch) spacing between energized components and grounded hardware or, where spacing is not feasible, covering energized parts and hardware (D- BIO-01).

488. There is a nationally important population of White stork in the vicinity of the Project and although the species is not internationally threatened a relatively small change in this local population may affect the Uzbekistan population. This species shows a strong preference for nesting on tall man-made structures. Approximately 34% of nests in the local population are on steel high voltage electricity pylons. Accordingly, nesting deterrents shall be placed on all towers. The Contractor will consult with the Uzbek Society for the Protection of Birds (UzSPB) during the design phase so that the most suitable design measures are incorporated into the Project for this species in this region (D-BIO-02).

489. In addition, the F-BAP discussed further below provides a program for monitoring of White Stork during the operational phase and where above average mortality rates are identified adaptive measures will be applied.

490. Bird Collisions – The following measures are recommended during the construction phase to reduce the potential for bird collisions:  Provision of bird’s reflector on top of every tower (D-BIO-03).  Provision of line marking devices for the last 45 km of the alignment to avoid birds’ collision with transmission line (D-BIO-04). It is vitally important that the markers are placed on the earth line on the top of the tower. According to some reports, this can reduce collision accidents by 50-85%. 36 At close range, birds recognize the relatively thick conductor cables and perform obstacle avoidance maneuvers, that can lead them crashing into the thin neutral cable.

491. Additional mitigation measures may be required based on the surveys required as part of the F-BAP discussed further below.

492. Sensitive Habitats - To prevent impacts to sensitive habitats, the following requirements shall be followed:  Micro-alignment changes will be adopted where it is possible to avoid natural habitat and locate towers on already disturbed sites (D-BIO-05).

Construction Phase

493. General Construction Mitigation - The following is proposed to reduce or mitigate general construction impacts on ecology and nature conservation:

Table 48: General Mitigation Measures Objective Actions Minimize impact The worksite shall be fenced (C-BIO-06). Vehicle movements will be restricted footprint to defined access routes and demarcated working areas (unless in the event of an emergency) to reduce unnecessary impacts to habitat (C-BIO-07). Sensitive habitats that need to be avoided during construction will be marked for protection (C-BIO-08). Minimize Pre-construction surveys will be undertaken along the route and at camp impacts on locations to identify any need for site or species-specific mitigation measures (C-

36 http://birdsandpowerlines.org/cm/media/Protecting_birds_on_powerlines.pdf

133 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination sensitive BIO-09). Any notable species recorded prior to construction will be surveyed and species translocated prior to construction if needed (C-BIO-10). Tree Protection Compensation planting will be undertaken to off-set the essential removal of any trees (C-BIO-11). An inventory will be made of all trees felled during the Project construction phase, in accordance with the requirements of national legislation. Any Red Book species will be identified and protected via fencing or bunting throughout the construction phase in the specific location of works (C-BIO-12). Avoid invasive No species that are considered likely to out-compete the indigenous plant species species will be used in seed mixes. No invasive species will be used in seed mixes for erosion control or bio-restoration (C-BIO-12). The Contractor shall inspect and wash all plant and equipment prior to shipping to the country of use with the aim of ensuring, as far as it is free from soil and plant material (C-BIO-14). Reinstatement Temporary works areas will be reinstated to near original condition (as compared of works areas to preconstruction survey reports or adjacent areas) (C-BIO-15). Reinstatement will be undertaken as early as practicable and in accordance with the Reinstatement Implementation Plan (C-BIO-16). Recontouring Recontouring should be sympathetic and in keeping with the surrounding landscape, and as approved by the Project, where this is not precluded by risk to integrity of the pipeline or erosion considerations (C-BIO-17). Monitoring and A monitoring plan will be developed to determine the success of bio-restoration restoration activities, including the appropriateness of species composition. The re- establishment of vegetation will be monitored following reinstatement until it has reached Project near- and long-term re-vegetation targets (C-BIO-18). The Project will seek to achieve an increasing trend in vegetation re-growth and species diversity (specifically species composition) in reinstated areas with reference to nearby areas undisturbed by Project activities, as recorded by the percent similarity and commonality indices (C-BIO-19). Erosion control Any areas that have a high erosion risk will be reseeded using an appropriate seed mix (C-BIO-20). Poaching Worker training sessions (C-BIO-21) and implementation of a strict code of conduct with regards to treatment of local fauna (C-BIO-22). Bird Nesting Avoidance of construction activities during the nesting season near sensitive sites Periods (C-BIO-23).

134 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination

Figure 38: Example of a Fenced Tower Worksite

Source: Consultants own photo, Stockholm, 2020

494. Sensitive Habitats - To prevent impacts to sensitive habitats, the following requirements regarding siting of facilities shall be followed:  Construction camps shall not be located: o Within 100m of any irrigation channel. o Within 250m of any natural surface water course. o Within any of the identified areas of natural habitat or any other sensitive habitat identified by the EPC Contractors ESO (C-BIO-29).

Operational Phase

495. Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) - Based on the data available at this stage, should there be any material increases in local populations, two species have the potential to trigger CH in the future and a watching brief should be maintained on these species (Saker Falcon and Egyptian vulture).

496. Further up to date data collection is recommended for these species (as well as the Steppe Eagle, Pallas’s Fish Eagle, Greater Spotted Eagle, Eastern Imperial Eagle and Asian Houbara). This should include some long-term field surveys that would allow an adaptive management approach to the species to be adopted if required.

497. A precautionary approach has therefore been taken to these species and a F-BAP prepared to help manage and monitor the possible impacts on special status species during implementation of the Project.

498. NEGU will retain overall responsible for implementing the requirements of the F-BAP. During the construction phase the EPC Contractor (through his ESO) will update the F-BAP

135 Syrdarya TPP – Zafarabad Substation 220kV Transmission Line Project Initial Environmental Examination and convert to a full BAP and undertake the stakeholder engagement activities currently outlined in the F-BAP (C-BIO-32). Additional field surveys will be completed by national independent experts (e.g. baseline surveys of Egyptian Vultures) (C-BIO-33). If monitoring during construction indicates that populations are declining and / or nesting success falls and / or dead birds are observed, the Project will adopt an adaptive management approach which includes detailed species action plans or specific adaptive management (C-BIO-34) ) which will be prepared by national specialists and groups (e.g. Uzbek Society for the Protection of Birds (UzSPB)) including; bird perch preventers on certain towers where bird electrocutions are identified and feeding stations for vultures located at a safe distance from the Project alignment. Conservation awareness and support may also form part of any adaptive management. Monitoring will continue through the first three years of operation with support from NEGU and national independent experts, and adaptive management measures applied if needed (O-BIO-01).

499. A budget for implementation of the F-BAP has been added to the Project EMP costs to ensure monitoring is undertaken effectively and to provide for any required adaptive management measures. A Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Plan (BMP) will be prepared by the EPC Contractor to monitor the implementation of the BAP (C-SEMP-11). The requirements of the BMP are outlined in the supplemental F-BAP.

Residual Impacts

Table 49: Habitat and Flora Residual Impacts Phase Potential Potential Residual Impact Residual Impact Impact Impact Significance Significance C Impacts on Low In general, only small areas of natural Not Habitats habitat are anticipated to be impacted significant permanently along the corridor. The loss of around 0.8 hectares is not considered to be significant. O Bird Medium Without mitigation measures impacts, Low Electrocution bird collisions could occur with and Collisions consequences for special status species. Electrocution is considered less likely than collisions with towers. Implementation of the proposed best practice mitigation measures for birds will help reduce the risk of impacts to birds. Notwithstanding the above, it is possible that some collisions (and even electrocutions) may still occur despite the proposed mitigation. A Framework BAP has been prepared which will include a program for surveying the bird population and mortality rates during the operational phase. The adaptive nature of the Framework BAP will ensure that any issues arising during the operational phase of the Project can be managed accordingly.

6.4. Socio-economic Environment

136