DOCSLIB.ORG

A Relational Approach to Mortuary Practices Within Medieval Byzantine Anatolia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Relational Approach to Mortuary Practices Within Medieval Byzantine Anatolia A Relational Approach to Mortuary Practices Within Medieval Byzantine Anatolia Sophie Violet Moore Doctor of Philosophy School of History, Classics and Archaeology November 2013 Abstract How did Byzantine people treat their dead? How do the mortuary practices for which we have archaeological evidence relate to Byzantine understandings of eschatology and the other world? This thesis endeavours to fill a lacuna in the study of Medieval Byzantine mortuary practice by collating and analysing both previously published catalogues of graves and the data contained in two previously unpublished archives from the sites of Çatalhöyük and Alahan. A typology of sites and graves is developed categorising sites as interior church cemeteries, exterior church cemeteries, chapel burials and field cemeteries. Date ranges and standard grave forms for each category of site have been established as far as possible. This thesis aims to put the data from cemetery sites in context in terms of the religious and political climate of Medieval Byzantine Anatolia in order to assess issues of regionalisation and identity through diversity in mortuary practice. The culmination of this thesis poses the question of whether it is possible to use archaeological data in combination with theoretical approaches to mortuary practice, emotion and ontology to discuss experience at the graveside. The categories and type definitions of cemeteries and graves set out in this thesis form a suggested framework for the future analysis and publication of medieval graves from the region. The primary conclusions of this thesis are that a relational approach to archaeology allows for a greater engagement with the past at the level of the individual, and that the study of Byzantine mortuary practice has a considerable amount to contribute to questions of regionalisation and identity in the period. Finally, it is found that approaching mortuary practice from a symmetrical perspective and problematizing our understanding of Byzantine emotion enables a nuanced discussion of grief and mourning practices not accessible from the study of either the textual or the archaeological material alone. i To my family. ii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the financial support provided jointly by the School of History, Classics and Archaeology, and the Faculty of the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences at Newcastle University, I am deeply grateful for the opportunity. Equally I would not have written a word without the support and wisdom of my supervisors, Dr Mark Jackson and Dr Chris Fowler, both of whom have been excellent mentors throughout. I would like to thank Professor Ian Hodder and Professor Douglas Baird for granting me access to the archives of Çatalhöyük and Pinarbaşı respectively and also the site team at Çatalhöyük, particularly Shahina Farrid, for being so helpful and welcoming. Thanks go to Rachel Crellin, Oliver Harris and Lousie Tolson, members of the Latourian reading group 2011 at Newcastle University, for inspired discussions of relational concepts that came enmeshed with their wit and friendship. Thanks also to occupants of the postgraduate Historical Studies office in Newcastle, particularly Katie Green, Maria Duggan and Michelle Gamble for their encouragement and enthusiasm. Finally to my friends and colleagues throughout the United Kingdom and Turkey, I would not have got here without you. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research questions ................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2 Contextualising Methodology: Approaching Mortuary Practice and Byzantium ....... 6 2.1 Political context ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Borders ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Byzantine identities ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Mortuary practice and ‘social’ identity ................................................................................. 22 2.2.1 Ivison’s doctoral thesis: mortuary practices in Byzantium (950-1453)......................... 23 2.2.2 Wider theoretical approaches to mortuary practice .................................................... 33 2.3 Theoretical approaches to reality ......................................................................................... 37 2.3.1 Terms and concepts: network, assemblage, moment, thing, blackbox, present- to/ready-at-hand .......................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Relational approaches to archaeology .......................................................................... 41 2.3.3 Anthropological approaches to ritual – Structuralism .................................................. 47 2.3.4 Conclusions for chapter 2 ............................................................................................. 54 Chapter 3 Building a Corpus: Building a Chronology .............................................................. 56 3.1 Defining Medieval Byzantine burials .................................................................................... 57 3.1.1 Sampling and research strategy .................................................................................... 57 3.1.2 Published material ........................................................................................................ 59 3.1.3 Previously unpublished material................................................................................... 68 3.1.4 Defining characteristics of ninth to twelfth century cemeteries .................................. 75 3.1.5 Results: Limitations ....................................................................................................... 87 3.2 The picture from the texts: what can Byzantine history tell us about Medieval Byzantine mortuary practices? .......................................................................................................................... 88 3.2.1 Byzantine eschatology .................................................................................................. 89 3.2.2 Orthodoxy, heterodoxy and heresy .............................................................................. 90 3.2.3 Physical versus spiritual resurrection ........................................................................... 91 3.2.4 What do we know? Ready-to-hand belief .................................................................... 93 3.2.5 What do we know? Ready-to-hand practice .............................................................. 101 3.2.6 Exceptional practice; present-at-hand belief .............................................................. 106 3.2.7 Conclusions for chapter 3: drawing together bodies of evidence .............................. 109 Chapter 4 Tracing Experienced Mortuary Practices ............................................................. 112 4.1 Introduction to experienced moments of mortuary practice............................................. 112 iv 4.2 Locating a grave site and opening the grave ...................................................................... 118 4.2.1 Divergent traditions of burial ...................................................................................... 118 4.2.2 A relational analysis of tomb selection and construction ........................................... 126 4.3 Dispersal of material culture ............................................................................................... 131 4.4 Laying out the body ............................................................................................................ 132 4.5 Shrouding the body ............................................................................................................. 133 4.5.1 Archaeological, textual and artistic evidence for the prevalence of shrouding ......... 133 4.5.2 A relational analysis of the affective field of shrouding ............................................. 137 4.6 Procession to the graveside ................................................................................................ 139 4.7 Moments of deposition....................................................................................................... 140 4.7.1 Material culture in graves ........................................................................................... 140 4.7.2 Relational objects in grave assemblages .................................................................... 149 4.8 The cerecloth ...................................................................................................................... 156 4.9 Conclusions for chapter 4 ................................................................................................... 157 4.10 Possible experiences at the graveside of AMR004 ............................................................. 162 Chapter 5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 165 Appendix: Catalogue of Sites and Graves .................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Concert Choir Tour in TURKEY an Opportunity to Sing in Historic Christian Locations
    Concert Choir Tour in TURKEY An Opportunity to Sing in Historic Christian Locations Choir Tour in rt U R K E T U R K E ce T Y UR T Y n KE U R K E Co Y T Y s A n n CHOIR o CHOIR O i p t p a o c r o GROUPS t L u GROUPS n n i a t i y t s t i o r T S h C T U Si n c T R g U S i r K U i o n Ut O R H s T i T T K U T O U U T R S K U T O U An Opportunity to Sing in Historic Christian Locations alk in the footsteps of Paul and John. Travel to sites connected with Paul’s First, Second and Third Missionary Journeys W(Attalia, Perge, Aspendos, Pisidian Antioch, Loadicea, Hierapolis, Ephesus) and the Seven Churches (Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea) to whom John wrote the Book of Revelation. Added to these magnificent biblical sites is a two-day visit to Istanbul where you can enjoy its rich historical sites and impressive archeological museum, as well as a short cruise on the Bosphorus Sea. BLACK SEA ISTANBUL CANAKKALE ALEXANDER TROAS TURKEY A PERGAMON E S SARDIS PHILADELPHIA PSIDIAN ANTIOCH N IZMIR PAMUKKALE A EPHESUS (HIERAPOLIS) E LAODICEA G E A ANTALYA PERGE DAY 01 FRI DEPART USA EA DAY 02 SAT ARRIVE ISTANBUL MEDITERRANEAN S DAY 03 SUN ISTANBUL DAY 04 MON ISTANBUL - FLY ANTALYA DAY 05 THU PERGA - ASPENDOS - ANTALYA DAY 06 FRI ANTIOCH OF PISIDIA – LAODICEA - PAMUKKALE DAY 07 SAT HIERAPOLIS - PHILADELPHIA - SARDIS - IZMIR DAY 08 SUN PERGAMUM - IZMIR DAY 09 MON EPHESUS - KUSADASI DAY 10 TUE SMYRNA - IZMIR DAY 11 WED IZMIR AIRPORT - FLY BACK HOME PERFORMANCE SCHEDULE: Sun, Day 3 Morning Worship Service followed by a short concert performance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grave Goods of Roman Hierapolis
    THE GRAVE GOODS OF ROMAN HIERAPOLIS AN ANALYSIS OF THE FINDS FROM FOUR MULTIPLE BURIAL TOMBS Hallvard Indgjerd Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo This thesis is submitted for the degree of Master of Arts June 2014 The Grave Goods of Roman Hierapolis ABSTRACT The Hellenistic and Roman city of Hierapolis in Phrygia, South-Western Asia Minor, boasts one of the largest necropoleis known from the Roman world. While the grave monuments have seen long-lasting interest, few funerary contexts have been subject to excavation and publication. The present study analyses the artefact finds from four tombs, investigating the context of grave gifts and funerary practices with focus on the Roman imperial period. It considers to what extent the finds influence and reflect varying identities of Hierapolitan individuals over time. Combined, the tombs use cover more than 1500 years, paralleling the life-span of the city itself. Although the material is far too small to give a conclusive view of funerary assem- blages in Hierapolis, the attempted close study and contextual integration of the objects does yield some results with implications for further studies of funerary contexts on the site and in the wider region. The use of standard grave goods items, such as unguentaria, lamps and coins, is found to peak in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Clay unguentaria were used alongside glass ones more than a century longer than what is usually seen outside of Asia Minor, and this period saw the development of new forms, partially resembling Hellenistic types. Some burials did not include any grave gifts, and none were extraordinarily rich, pointing towards a standardised, minimalistic set of funerary objects.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arsenite Schism and the Babai Rebellion: Two Case Studies
    THE ARSENITE SCHISM AND THE BABAI REBELLION: TWO CASE STUDIES IN CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS by Hüsamettin ŞİMŞİR Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Sabancı University June 2018 © Hüsamettin Şimşir 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE ARSENITE SCHISM AND THE BABAI REBELLION: TWO CASE STUDIES IN CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS Hüsamettin Şimşir M.A Thesis, June 2018 Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Fac. Member Ferenc Péter Csirkés This thesis aims to present an analysis of the interaction between Christians and Muslims in the west of Asia Minor at the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th centuries after two religious-social movements in the Byzantine and the Rum Seljuk Empires, the Arsenite Schism and the Babai Rebellion. After the unsuccessful rebellion of the Babais, antinomian dervishes who had migrated to the west of Asia Minor because of a heavy oppression as well as inquisition by the state and had a different religious belief apart from the mainstream religious understanding of the center initiated missionary activities in the regions along the Byzantine border. Accordingly, these dervishes had joined the military activities of the Turcoman chieftains against the Byzantines and interacted with the local Christian population and religious figures. As a result of this religious interaction, messianic and ascetic beliefs were increasingly present among the Greek-speaking population as well as spiritual leaders of western Anatolia. Since such interfaith and cross- cultural interaction had a considerable impact on the course of all these events, this thesis focuses on them to create a better understanding of the appearance of the Hesychasm in the Byzantine spiritual environment in the later period.
    [Show full text]
  • Amisos / Amısos
    Yılmaz, L. 2020, “Mersin’de Somut Kültürel Miras Bilinci ve Koruma Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Amisos, 5/8, 156-177. AMİSOS / AMISOS Cilt/Volume 5, Sayı/Issue 8 (Haziran/June 2020), ss./pp. 156-177 ISSN: 2587-2222 / e-ISSN: 2587-2230 Özgün Makale / Original Article Geliş Tarihi/Received: 21. 04. 2020 Kabul Tarihi/Accepted: 27. 06. 2020 Ğ AN EVALUATION ON TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE AWARENESS AND I I N Lale YILMAZ* Öz Türkiye, birçok ülkeden daha fazla sayıda kültürel çeşitliliğe sahip ören yerlerine ve sit alanlarına sahiptir. Somut kültürel mirası oluşturan sit alanları ve ören yerleri güncel yerleşmelerle bir arada varlığını sürdürmektedir. Son yıllarda tarihi eserlere ve alanlara yönelik ilgi ve merak, koruma konusunu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Tarihi eserleri, yapıları ve kalıntıların korunması amacıyla yasaların yürürlüğe girmesi, Türkiye’de Avrupa ülkelerinden daha geç dönemlerde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ancak son yıllarda artan çalışmalarla birlikte tüm ülkede tarihi değer taşıyan mimari yapıların korunması, tanıtılması ve yeni işlevler kazandırılması söz konusudur. Mersin, kentsel ve kırsal alanda çok sayıda ören yeri ve sit alanının mevcut olduğu tarihi ve arkeolojik bakımdan önem taşıyan bir Doğu Akdeniz kentidir. Makalede Mersin kentinde kültürel mirasa yaklaşım belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve koruma sorunları üzerinde durularak çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden keşifçi araştırma yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiş, gözlem ve görüşme yöntemleriyle veriler bir araya getirilmiştir. Mersin merkez ve kırsal yerleşmelerde
    [Show full text]
  • Karaduvar Mahallesi Kentsel Tasarım Proje Yarışması Şartnamesi.Pdf
    0 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ 1. Yarışmanın Adı ve Amacı…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 2. Yarışmanın Şekli ve Türü………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6 3. Yarışmanın Yeri ve Konusu………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 4. İdarenin Adı, Adresi ve İletişim Bilgileri……………………………………………………………………………………………………6 5. Yarışmaya Katılım Koşulları……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 6. Jüri Üyeleri (Danışman, Asli ve Yedek) ve Raportörler……………………………………………………………………………..8 7. Yarışmacılara Verilecek Bilgi ve Belgeler………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 8. Yarışma Alanında Yapılacak Tasarımlara Dair Beklentiler…………………………………………………………………………9 9. Yarışmacılardan İstenenler…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13 10.Yer Görme …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14 11.Yarışmacıların Uymakla Zorunlu Olduğu Esaslar…………………………………………………………………………………...14 12. Yarışmaya Katılacakların Kimlik Zarflarının ve Eklerinin Düzenleme Şekli………………………………………………15 13.Yarışma Takvimi……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………15 14. Soru ve Cevaplar………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 15. Projelerin Teslim Yeri ve Şartları…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16 16. Sergi - Kolokyum Yeri ve Zamanı…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16 17. Projelerin Geri Verilme Şekline İlişkin Esaslar……………………………………………………………………………………….16 18.Rumuzlar ve Ambalaj Esasları……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17 19. Jürinin Değerlendirmesi ve Yarışma Sonuçlarının İlanı………………………………………………………………………....17
    [Show full text]
  • Yayını Görüntülemek Için Tıklayın
    Prof. Sir John Boardman Sir John Boardman’ın 90. Yaşı Onuruna In Honour of Sir John Boardman on the Occasion of his 90th Birthday TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology Sayı: 20 Volume: 20 2017 TÜBA-AR TÜBA Arkeoloji (TÜBA-AR) Dergisi TÜBA-AR uluslararası hakemli bir TÜRKİYE BİLİMLER AKADEMİSİ ARKEOLOJİ DERGİSİ dergi olup TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM (SBVT) ve Avrupa İnsani Bilimler Referans TÜBA-AR, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA) tarafından yıllık olarak yayın- İndeksi (ERIH PLUS) veritabanlarında lanan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir. Derginin yayın politikası, kapsamı ve taranmaktadır. içeriği ile ilgili kararlar, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Konseyi tarafından belir- lenen Yayın Kurulu tarafından alınır. TÜBA Journal of Archaeology (TÜBA-AR) TÜBA-AR is an international refereed DERGİNİN KAPSAMI VE YAYIN İLKELERİ journal and indexed in the TUBİTAK ULAKBİM (SBVT) and The European TÜBA-AR dergisi ilke olarak, dönem ve coğrafi bölge sınırlaması olmadan Reference Index for the Humanities arkeoloji ve arkeoloji ile bağlantılı tüm alanlarda yapılan yeni araştırma, yo- and the Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS) databases. rum, değerlendirme ve yöntemleri kapsamaktadır. Dergi arkeoloji alanında yeni yapılan çalışmalara yer vermenin yanı sıra, bir bilim akademisi yayın organı Sahibi / Owner: olarak, arkeoloji ile bağlantılı olmak koşuluyla, sosyal bilimlerin tüm uzmanlık Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi adına Prof. Dr. Ahmet Cevat ACAR alanlarına açıktır; bu alanlarda gelişen yeni yorum, yaklaşım, analizlere yer veren (Başkan / President) bir forum oluşturma işlevini de yüklenmiştir. Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü Dergi, arkeoloji ile ilgili yeni açılımları kapsamlı olarak ele almak için belirli Managing Editor bir konuya odaklanmış yazıları “dosya” şeklinde kapsamına alabilir; bu amaçla Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Kiyi Kilikya Bölgesi'nin Yeri Ve Önemi
    T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI KLASİK ARKEOLOJİ BİLİM DALI ROMA DÖNEMİ DOĞU AKDENİZ DENİZ TİCARETİNDE KIYI KİLİKYA BÖLGESİ’NİN YERİ VE ÖNEMİ AHMET BİLİR DOKTORA TEZİ Danışman YRD. DOÇ. DR. MEHMET TEKOCAK Konya 2014 II T. C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Bilimsel Etik Sayfası Adı Soyadı Ahmet Bilir Numarası 104103011001 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Arkeoloji / Klasik Arkeoloji Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora Öğrencinin Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Tezin Adı Kıyı Kilikya Bölgesi’nin Yeri Ve Önemi Bu tezin proje safhasından sonuçlanmasına kadarki bütün süreçlerde bilimsel etiğe ve akademik kurallara özenle riayet edildiğini, tez içindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, ayrıca tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel kurallara uygun olarak atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. Öğrencinin imzası (İmza) III T. C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Doktora Tezi Kabul Formu Adı Soyadı Ahmet Bilir Numarası 104103011001 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Arkeoloji / Klasik Arkeoloji Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet Tekocak Tez Danışmanı Öğrencinin Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Tezin Adı Kıyı Kilikya Bölgesi’nin Yeri Ve Önemi Yukarıda adı geçen öğrenci tarafından hazırlanan Roma Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Ticaretinde Kıyı Kilikya Bölgesi’nin Yeri Ve Önemi Yeri başlıklı bu çalışma ……../……../…….. tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonu- cunda oybirliği/oyçokluğu ile başarılı bulunarak, jürimiz tarafından yüksek lisans tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ünvanı, Adı Soyadı Danışman ve Üyeler İmza IV Önsöz Geriye dönüp bakınca hep üniversite yılları, kazılar, bölümün koridorları, dostluklar ve hocalar akla geliyor. Bu süre zarfında hissettiğim duygunun bir tarifi olarak aile sıcaklığı kavramını yakıştırabilirim.
    [Show full text]
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca
    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Deadly CO2 Gases in the Plutonium of Hierapolis (Denizli, Turkey)
    Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2019) 11:1359–1371 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0599-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Deadly CO2 gases in the Plutonium of Hierapolis (Denizli, Turkey) Hardy Pfanz1 & Galip Yüce2 & Ahmet H. Gulbay3 & Ali Gokgoz4 Received: 30 March 2016 /Accepted: 16 January 2018 /Published online: 12 February 2018 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Using a portable gas analyzer system, the geogenic gas regime below and around an ancient gate to hell at Hierapolis/Phrygia was characterized. The site was first described by Strabo and Plinius as a gate to the underworld. During centuries, it attracted even ancient tourists. In a grotto below the temple of Pluto, CO2 was found to be at deadly concentrations of up to 91%. Astonishingly, these vapors are still emitted in concentrations that nowadays kill insects, birds, and mammals. The concentrations of CO2 escaping from the mouth of the grotto to the outside atmosphere are still in the range of 4–53% CO2 depending on the height above ground level. They reach concentrations during the night that would easily kill even a human being within a minute. These emissions are thought to reflect the Hadean breath and/or the breath of the hellhound Kerberos guarding the entrance to hell. The origin of the geogenic CO2 is the still active seismic structure that crosses the old town of ancient Hierapolis as part of the Babadag fracture zone. Our measurements confirm the presence of geogenic CO2 in concentrations that explain ancient stories of killed bulls, rams, and songbirds during religious ceremonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Numismata Graeca; Greek Coin-Types, Classified For
    NUMISMATA GRAECA GREEK COIN-TYPES CLASSIFIED FOR IMMEDIATE IDENTIFICATION PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, MACON (fRANCb). NUMISMATA GRAEGA GREEK GOIN-TYPES GLASSIFIED FOR IMMEDIATE IDENTIFICATION BY L^" CI flu pl-.M- ALTAR No. ALTAR Metal Xo. Pi.ACi: OBVEnSE Reverse V\t Denom . 1)a Pl.A Ri;it:iii;n(:i; SlZE II Nicaen. AVTKAINETPAIANOC. Large altar ready laid with /E.8 Tra- II un teriaii (]oll Jiilhijni:t. Ileadof Trajan r., laur. wood and havin^' door in 20 jan. p. 247, Xo 8. front; beneath AIOC. Ves- Prusiiis AYTKAilAPIIEBAI EniMAPKOYnAAN. P. I. R. .M. Pontus, etc, pasian, ad IIy])ium. TnOYEinAIIAN KIOYOY APOYAN- 22.5 12 p. 201, No 1. A. D. Billiynia. Headof Altar. nnPOYIIEII- eYHATOY. 200 Vespasian to r., laur. \:i .Aiiiasia. (]ara- 10, \o 31, AYKAIMAYP AAPCeYANTAMACIACM... , , p. Ponliirt. ANTnNINOC-Biislof in ex., eTCH. Altar of 1.2 caila. Caracalla r., laureale two stages. 30 A. n. in Paludamentum and 208 ciiirass. 14 l ariiini. Hust of Pallas r., in hel n A Garlanded altar, yE.5 H. C. R. M. Mysia, p. 1(11, Mijsiu. niet ; borderofdots. 12.5 P I 200 No 74. to Au- gus- tus. 15 Smyrna. TIB€PIOC C€BAC- ZMYPNAICON lonia. TOC- Ilead of Tibe- lePGONYMOC. Altar -ar- .E.65 Tibe- B. M. lonia, p. 268, rius r.,laur. landed. 10 No 263. 16 .\ntioch. BOYAH- Female bust ANTlOXenN- Altar. ^E.7 Babelon,/»^. Wadd., C.nria. r., veiled. 18 p. 116, \o 21.')9. 17 ANTIOXeWN cesAC CYNAPXiA AFAAOY .E.6 Au- ,, ,, No 2165. TOY- Nil^e staiiding. TOY AfAAOY. Altar, 15 gus- tus.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Use of Byzantine Routes in Central Anatolia (Ca
    Studia Ceranea 9, 2019, p. 259–278 ISSN: 2084-140X DOI: 10.18778/2084-140X.09.14 e-ISSN: 2449-8378 Tülin Kaya (Ankara) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-6833 Understanding the Use of Byzantine Routes in Central Anatolia (ca. 7TH–9TH Centuries) Introduction he Byzantine routes in central Anatolia were previously studied in the series T of Tabula Imperii Byzantini1 by Austrian scholars. The TIB gives invaluable information about the routes in Byzantine Central Asia Minor; however, this is the first attempt to understand the use of the main routes in the region within the context of ‘transformation’ and ‘continuity’. In this regard, this paper aims to explain and understand the use of the main routes in Byzantine Central Anatolia by taking into consideration the change in the role and the status of the main urban centres2. The period from the seventh to the ninth century is known and often defined as the age of ‘transition’3. Radical changes which occurred in the political and administrative structure of the Byzantine Empire had an impact on the urbaniza- tion and the use of the main routes in Byzantine Asia Minor between the seventh and ninth century. The changes in the political/administrative and economic con- text that Asia Minor witnessed were more transformative, when compared to the previous centuries. The main factor behind this transformation was the situation of warfare that continued until the ninth century4. 1 See K. Belke, M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini, vol. IV, Galatien und Lykaonien, Wien 1984; K. Belke, N. Mersich, Tabula Imperii Byzantini, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • A Late Roman Building Complex in the Papaz Tarlası, Vezirköprü (Ancient Neoklaudiopolis, Northern Asia Minor)
    A Late Roman building complex in the Papaz Tarlası, Vezirköprü (ancient Neoklaudiopolis, northern Asia Minor) KRISTINA WINTHER!JACOBSEN & TØNNES BEKKER!NIELSEN Cruciform structures are common in the Late Roman sistivity survey just north of Vezirköprü, Samsun prov- and Byzantine religious architecture of Asia Minor. Most ince, Turkey, in the region known in antiquity as Pontos structures, however, have arms of unequal length; the (Fig. ). Vezirköprü was founded as Neapolis by Pompey ‘Greek cross’ shape with arms of equal length is quite the Great in BC and later renamed Neoklaudiopolis rare. is paper discusses a building complex including in honour of the emperor Claudius or Nero. e city a Greek cruciform structure identied by geoelectric re- continued, however, to be known under its indigenous 2\PDD÷D ! " ! # ¡ ¢ ¡ £ ¤ ¡ ¥ ¦ ¡ § © Õ ¨ N 8OXdD\Õ @ A@ @ B @ @ C @ @ D @ @ E @ @ F ¢ ¥ § * § ( ' : ¡ ( ; ¥ ( % % - % $ & % $ - < % ¥ ¡ ¦ ¥ ' ¢ ' ¦ ( § $ % & ¤ ¡ ¥ § % - % % ¥ ¢ ¥ § ú , 7DúN|SU ./ ) ¥ ¡ * ' § + % % 0 1 2 2 3 (VHQOLdD\Õ 3 4 1 5 6 7 7 4 8 ¤ ¢ ¥ ¡ ? £ ¡ % % % $ = > 9 Fig. Map of ancient remains in Vezirköprü and surroundings (Map: Richard Szydlak). All dates are AD unless otherwise indicated. e work was done under the auspices of the Where East meets West Project , investigating the Pompeian model of se!lements in northern Anatolia and its trajectory from di"erent material and historical perspectives focusing on one of its cities, Neoklaudiopolis, see Bekker-Nielsen #$; # ; Bekker-Nielsen et al. #%; Winther-Jacobsen #%. 25 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DANISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS ∙ VOL UME VIII Fig. !. Ploughed surface of the Papaz Tarlası (Photo: Kristina Winther-Jacobsen). Fig. Google image of the Papaz Tarlası on December ", #$%#. name, Andrapa, as well.
    [Show full text]