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Full Project in English Exawatt Center for Extreme Light Studies (XCELS) Exawatt Center for Extreme Light Studies (XCELS) Draft Application was prepared by the Institute of Applied Physics RAS 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Project Summary ........................................................................................................5 Priority areas of research .............................................................................................5 Interest in the Project in other countries .......................................................................6 Basic parameters of the XCELS infrastructure ............................................................8 Total Project budget and schedule of its implementation ............................................11 2. XCELS: Why in Russia and why in Nizhny Novgorod ...........................................12 Major Russian scientific schools in the area of XCELS ...............................................12 Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod Region – overview .................................14 The Nizhny Novgorod scientific-educational cluster ....................................................17 Institute of Applied Physics, the host of the XCELS Project ........................................19 Experience of the Institute of Applied Physics in the field of the Project .....................23 Prospective XCELS sites .............................................................................................26 3. Technical Description of Project Infrastructure (Goal 1 of the Roadmap and Objectives to Achieve this Goal) .............................28 Objective 1. Creating two prototype 15 PW laser modules ....................................28 Activity 1.1. Construction of the building (3000 m2) and utilities ...................................31 Activity 1.2. Creation of the common front end .............................................................31 General scheme of the front end ..............................................................................31 Compact 200 J 527 nm Nd:glass laser for pumping final OPA ................................33 Parameters of final OPA ...........................................................................................35 Activity 1.3. Creation of the first 10 PW module prototype............................................37 Design and creation of a pump laser ........................................................................37 Development and fabrication of parametric amplifiers .............................................41 Design and creation of a pulse compressor .............................................................43 Development and fabrication of devices for contrast enhancement.........................46 Design and creation of adaptive optics.....................................................................48 Design and creation of control systems and diagnostics..........................................49 Activity 1.4. Creation of the second 10 PW module prototype......................................51 Activity 1.5. Phase locking of two modules ...................................................................52 Activity 1.6. Enhancing module power up to 15 PW .....................................................54 Activity 1.7. Creation of electron accelerator with an energy up to 20 MeV based on a photocathode and microwave resonators ..............................55 Activity 1.8. Creation of a prototype laser with 1 kHz pulse repetition rate...................62 Activity 1.9. Establishing and equipping a laboratory for studying laser-matter interaction ..................................................................................................63 Objective 2. Construction of buildings and utilities................................................64 Objective 3. Creation of 200 PW laser.......................................................................65 Activity 3.1. Preparing documentation for 200 PW laser...............................................65 Activity 3.2. Development of appropriate technologies .................................................67 Activity 3.3. Creation of the common front end .............................................................68 Activity 3.4. Creation of twelve modules .......................................................................68 3 Activity 3.5. Phase locking of twelve modules...............................................................71 Activities 3.6 and 3.7. Creation of the system for diagnostics and control of 200 PW laser............................................................................72 Activity 3.8. Transportation of twelve laser beams to the target chamber and to other laboratories............................................................................75 Objective 4. Creation of a complex of high-average-power femtosecond lasers for innovative applications .......................................................76 Activity 4.1. Developing the concept of a laser complex with high repetition rate ........76 Activity 4.2. Development of production technology of diode lasers.............................79 Activity 4.3. Creating a laser with a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz................................81 Activity 4.4. Creating a laser pulse with a repetition rate of a few kHz .........................82 Activity 4.5. Transportation of laser beams to the main target chamber and to other laboratories............................................................................84 Objective 5. Creation of an electron source with 100 MeV energy based on a photocathode and microwave resonators......................85 Objective 6. Creating the main target chamber .......................................................86 Objective 7. Establishing and equipping research laboratories............................88 Objective 8. Radiation safety .....................................................................................89 Objective 9. Constructing a computer and communication center.......................93 Objective 10. Equipment of engineering and supporting workshops...................94 Objective 11. Maintenance of the XCELS facility.....................................................95 References ...................................................................................................................96 4. Scientific Case & Innovative Research (Goals 2,3 and Objectives to Achieve these Goals) ................................................98 Objective 1. Simulation of interaction of extreme light with matter and vacuum............................................................................................99 Activity 1.1. Development of theoretical models of processes......................................99 Activity 1.2. Development and implementation of new computer codes ......................101 Objective 2. Carrying out experiments on laser-plasma acceleration of charged particles ..............................................................................106 Activity 2.1. Laser-plasma electron acceleration up to energies of 10-1000 GeV ........106 Activity 2.2. Laser-plasma acceleration of ions to 1-10 GeV energy ............................111 Activity 2.3. Combined acceleration in linear and laser-plasma particle accelerators ...............................................................................................119 Objective 3. Creating new sources of radiation in the hard X-ray and gamma-ray regions ...............................................................................121 Activity 3.1. Creating hard radiation sources with extremely high brightness...............121 Activity 3.2. Creation of a compact free-electron laser and wigglers ............................128 Activity 3.3. Creating high-brightness narrow-band gamma-ray beams.......................130 Activity 3.4. Creating sources of electromagnetic pulses of attosecond and subattosecond duration ......................................................................137 Activity 3.5. Use of sources for diagnostics of processes and structures with picometer spatial and subfemtosecond temporal resolution..............144 4 Objective 4. Study of nonlinear properties of vacuum in extreme light fields............................................................................148 Activity 4.1. Study of the nonlinear optical properties of vacuum exposed to laser light with an intensity up to 1025 W/cm2 ........................................148 Activity 4.2. Study of the phenomena of quantum electrodynamics in the presence of extremely strong laser fields, including processes of creating matter and antimatter by radiation...........................................150 Activity 4.3. Study of the space-time structure of vacuum irradiated by X-rays and gamma-rays with intensity up to 1027 W/cm2......................................155 Objective 5. Research on photonuclear physics.....................................................158 Activity 5.1. Development of diagnostic methods and tools of photonuclear physics .......................................................................................................158 Activity 5.2. The study of intranuclear processes initiated by secondary sources of radiation .................................................................................................158 Activity 5.3. Studying methods for control of intranuclear processes and creation of exotic nuclear structures...................................................159
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