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Incorporation: Constraints on variation Published by LOT phone: +31 20 525 2461 Kloveniersburgwal 48 1012 CX Amsterdam e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Marieke Olthof. The cover of this thesis shows eight of the reference grammars that have been used as data sources for this research. ISBN: 978-94-6093-360-8 NUR: 616 Copyright © 2020: Marieke Olthof. All rights reserved. Incorporation: Constraints on variation ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op vrijdag 4 september 2020, te 10.00 uur door Marieke Diana Olthof geboren te Zaanstad Promotiecommissie: Promotoren: dr. J. Don Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. P.C. Hengeveld Universiteit van Amsterdam Overige leden: dr. S.P. Aalberse Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. E.O. Aboh Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. M.B.H. Everaert Universiteit Utrecht dr. J. Mattissen Universität Köln prof. dr. A.P. Versloot Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen This work is part of the research program PhDs in the Humanities with project number 322–70–011, which is financed by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). Table of contents Acknowledgments ix Author contributions xi List of abbreviations xiii List of online materials xv 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research aim and research topics 5 1.3 Approach and data 7 2 Noun incorporation in Functional Discourse Grammar 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Functional Discourse Grammar 15 2.3 Defining noun incorporation in FDG 16 2.4 The IL-ML interface 19 2.4.1 The interpersonal category of the incorporated noun 20 2.4.2 The head of the incorporated noun 22 2.4.3 The pragmatic operators applying to the incorporated noun 23 2.4.4 The pragmatic function of the incorporated noun 24 2.5 The RL-ML interface 27 2.5.1 The semantic layer of the incorporated noun 27 2.5.2 The semantic function of the incorporated noun 30 2.5.3 Type of dependent with respect to the incorporating verb 34 2.5.4 Morphosyntactic alignment 38 2.5.5 Relationality 41 2.6 The ML-PL interface 42 2.6.1 The head of the incorporated noun 42 2.6.2 The phonological layer of the incorporated noun 44 2.7 A worked example 45 2.7.1 Introduction 45 2.7.2 The IL-ML interface 47 2.7.3 The RL-ML interface 48 2.7.4 The ML-PL interface 50 2.7.5 Mappings 51 2.8 Discussion and conclusions 51 vi 3 Formal variation in incorporation: A typological study and a unified approach 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Theoretical background 58 3.2.1 Previous accounts of incorporation 58 3.2.2 Incorporation in Functional Discourse Grammar 60 3.2.3 Implications of the FDG definition of incorporation 63 3.3 Hypotheses 70 3.3.1 The possible forms of incorporated elements 70 3.3.2 The cross-linguistic distribution of the various forms of incorporated elements 72 3.4 Method 73 3.4.1 Sampling procedure 73 3.4.2 Data analysis 76 3.5 Results 78 3.5.1 The possible forms of incorporated elements 79 3.5.2 The cross-linguistic distribution of the various forms of incorporated elements 88 3.6 Conclusion 89 4 Referentiality and modifiability of incorporated nouns: Cross- and intra- linguistic variation 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Referentiality and modifiability in FDG 93 4.2.1 Referentiality 93 4.2.2 Modifiability 98 4.2.3 Pragmatic-semantic typology of common nouns in FDG 101 4.3 Method 103 4.3.1 Sampling procedure 103 4.3.2 Definition of noun incorporation 107 4.3.3 Data analysis 110 4.4 Results 114 4.5 Discussion 118 4.6 Conclusion 123 5 Verb-based restrictions on noun incorporation across languages 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Definition, theoretical background and research questions 129 5.2.1 Defining noun incorporation 129 5.2.2 Theoretical background 132 5.2.2.1 Noun incorporation and semantic transitivity 132 vii 5.2.2.2 Noun incorporation and morphosyntactic transitivity 133 5.2.3 Research questions 136 5.3 Typological survey 137 5.3.1 Method and data 137 5.3.2 Results and discussion 139 5.3.2.1 Frequently incorporating verbs 139 5.3.2.2 Morphosyntactic transitivity 140 5.3.2.3 Other factors 141 5.3.2.4 Variation across languages 142 5.4 Questionnaire-based case studies 143 5.4.1 Method and data 143 5.4.1.1 Questionnaire design 143 5.4.1.2 Language sample and data 144 5.4.1.3 Method 146 5.4.2 Results and discussion 147 5.4.2.1 Frequently incorporating verbs 147 5.4.2.2 Morphosyntactic transitivity 150 5.4.2.3 Other factors 153 5.4.2.4 Variation across languages 156 5.5 Discussion and conclusion 157 6 Incorporation and linguistic theory 6.1 Theoretical approaches to incorporation 161 6.2 Basic settings and implicational hierarchies 162 6.3 Morphosyntactic forms of incorporated elements 163 6.4 Pragmatic referentiality and semantic modifiability 166 6.5 Verb-based lexical restrictions 171 6.6 Conclusion 172 References 175 Appendix 1 List of incorporating languages 191 Appendix 2 Proportions of language families 199 Appendix 3 Sources consulted for the sample languages in Chapter 3 201 Appendix 4 Sources consulted for the sample languages in Chapter 4 219 Appendix 5 Language sample and sources consulted for the typological survey in Chapter 5 227 Summary 235 Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) 239 Curriculum Vitae 243 Acknowledgments A lot of people have contributed to this thesis in many different ways. I am very thankful both for the help that has been essential for the content of the thesis and for the support that has made the four years of research a very positive experience. First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Kees Hengeveld and Jan Don, for all their advice, their time and the smooth cooperation. Kees, thank you for suggesting that we could write a proposal for the PhDs in the Humanities in the first place. I am also very grateful for your positivity, the insightful discussions and your generous help during the whole project. Jan, your non-FDG theoretical perspective has been extremely useful. Thank you for teaching me so much and for all your careful reading and detailed and constructive comments. I also wish to thank my co-authors with whom I wrote two of the chapters of this thesis: Kees Hengeveld, for Chapter 2, and Eva van Lier, Tjeu Claessen, Swintha Danielsen, Katharina Haude, Nico Lehmann, Maarten Mous, Elisabeth Verhoeven, Eline Visser, Marine Vuillermet and Arok Wolvengrey, for Chapter 5. Working together in this way was a very valuable experience. A special thanks goes to Eva van Lier. Eva, I really enjoyed all the times we sat together behind one of our desks to work on our project, and I learned a lot from you. I would like to express my gratitude to all the researchers who helped me analyze the data of their languages of expertise: Colleen Ahland, Alexandra Aikhenvald, Gregory Anderson, Anna Bugaeva, Michael Dunn, Nicholas Evans, William Foley, Michael Fortescue, Donald Frantz, Stefan Georg, Talmy Givón, Katharina Haude, Christian Lehmann, Diane Massam, Marianne Mithun, Thomas Payne, Keren Rice, Tomomi Sato and Fernando Zúñiga. I am indebted to the participants of the seventh International Workshop on Functional Discourse Grammar for their feedback on Chapter 2, to Frank Seifart and Ulrika Klomp for their suggestions for Chapter 3 and to Sune Gregersen and Søren Wichmann for their comments on Chapter 5. I am also thankful for the feedback that I received from the anonymous reviewers of Chapter 3, 4 and 5. Thanks to Tijmen Klous for proofreading Chapter 1 and 6 and the summary. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to Suzanne Aalberse, Enoch Aboh, Martin Everaert, Johanna Mattissen and Arjen Versloot for agreeing to be part of my doctorate committee. I gratefully acknowledge the financing of the project that resulted in this thesis (project number 322-70-011, research program PhDs in the Humanities) by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). I am also very thankful to all my (former) colleagues at the P.C. Hoofthuis for creating such a pleasant atmosphere and fruitful research environment. A big thanks x to Cindy, Dunja, Imme, Iris, Kiki, Klaas, Marloes, Merel, Natalia, Rosa, Sune, Sybren, Tessa, Thom, Tiffany and Ulrika for all the chats and for the lunches on the fifth floor. I am really happy that I got to spend my time as a PhD researcher with you. Thanks to my office mates Fabienne, Jakko, Nadia, Sune and Thom for making our attic room a nice place to work. Thanks to Andreas, Dunja, Hongmei, Jie, Kiki, Marloes and Ulrika for the open and encouraging talks about our experiences as PhD researchers in our peer coaching group. Thanks to the Language description & typology research group for the interesting and helpful meetings. Of course a special thanks goes to my paranymphs Sune and Ulrika. Ik wil ook graag mijn vrienden en familie bedanken die er de afgelopen vier jaar ook juist buiten de universiteit voor me zijn geweest. Bedankt Emma, Katja, Sabine, Sofie en Tereza voor alle IKC-tijd. Emma en Tereza, als ik denk aan de afgelopen vier jaar denk ik toch ook meteen aan alle gezellige avondjes bij elkaar thuis eten in Amsterdam.
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