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NEW RECORD OF PHLOEOTRIBUS SCARABAEOIDES (BERNARD, 1788) ON INTRODUCED OLIVE TREES IN BISKRA REGION–ALGERIA

Nacima Deghiche-Diab*, Lahcen Deghiche** and Youcef Islem Belhamra***

* CRSTRA. Scientific and Technical Research Centre on Arid Areas. PoBox 1682. Biskra, ALGERIA. E-mail: [email protected]; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4544-2083 ** Department of Agronomic Sciences, Laboratory of Ecosystem Diversity and Dynamics of Agricultural Production Systems in Arid Region, Mohamed Khider. Biskra University. PB 145 Biskra, ALGERIA. ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4104-1146 *** Department of Agronomic Sciences, Saad Dahlab University. PoBox 270 Blida, ALGERIA. ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0079-0116

[Deghiche-Diab, N., Deghiche, L. & Belhamra, Y. I. 2021. New record of Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard, 1788) on introduced olive trees in Biskra region– Algeria. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 16 (2): 1093-1102]

ABSTRACT: During an examination of the ’ species living in association with olive trees after reconquest in Ziban at Biskra region, it was recorded 69 species grouped in 10 orders and 41 families. Under olive grove ecosystem and from the total recorded species, different type of niches were identified where 25% a phytophagous species, 21% omnivorous, predator and 13% were pests of olive trees. In addition to the known pest of olive trees that were sampled from our traps, an xylophagous species; Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard, 1788) belonging to Curculinidae family and Coleoptera order, was recorded for the first time in Biskra region feeding and boring on olive trees.

KEY WORDS: First record, Ziban olive grove, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, introduction, reconquest

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) from Oleaceae family, is a small evergreen tree, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Region, from Lebanon and the maritime parts of Asia Minor to northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea (Haber & Mufsud, 2007). Its fruit is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean Region and other Mediterranean type climates as a source of olive oil and table olives. Olive tree cultivation is one of the oldest known cultivated trees in the world (Fabbri et al., 2009; Kiritsakis & Shahidi, 2017), with a great socio-economic importance in Mediterranean countries (Bachouche & Kellouche, 2012). In the wild or spontaneous state, the olive grows in environments with a rainfall greater than 400 mm, in places favorable to the accumulation of runoff (Loussert & Brousse, 1978). In Algeria, in recent years, intensive olive cultivation has experienced great development, especially in the Saharan areas. Because of its large adaption, the olive tree is present everywhere in the wilaya of Biskra, ranging from mountainous to the most arid areas (Diab & Deghiche, 2014). The olive sector in the region was developed through the various mechanisms put in place by the Agricultural Services (DSA, 2012). Human contributed to the introduction into new areas of many organisms as they transported them around the globe accidentally or voluntarily (Besnard et al., 2007). The introduction of

Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 1094 https://www.munisentzool.org/ 16 (2) (June, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ______new crops in an area can have a negative effects (Strong et al., 1977, 1984; Jourdan et al., 2001) by the emergence of new species indirectly by modifying habitats and can also affect native natural enemies or alter habitats (Van Lenteren, 1997; Didier & Guyot, 2011). Insects which alone represent 70 to 80% of the living world (Martinez & Gauvrit, 1997). With more than 1.8 million species in the world important for human health, they are unrecognized and extremely essential to agricultural activities for the ecosystem services they provide. A few are harmful such as agriculture pests and disease vectors whereas others are beneficial such as decomposers, seed dispersers, pollinators and natural enemies of pests. The olive tree can suffer from the depredations of a good number of specific insects; more than 255 species over the world (Haniotakis, 2003). Despite several recent revisions to actualized list (Louadi et al., 2008; Deghiche-Diab, 2009; Laamari et al., 2010, Deghiche-Diab et al., 2015a,b; Djoamaa et al., 216; Deghiche-Diab et al., 2019; Deghiche Diab et al., 2020) still new species are regularly found and described (Barták & Kubík, 2015, 2016). Less than 0.5 percentage of the total number of the known species are considered pests (Jankielsohn, 2018). In order to inventory the main species of pests and auxiliaries on olive cultivation, a study of the biodiversity of the entomofauna was carried out in the olive groves represented by the Demonstration and Seed Production Farm (FDPS) belonging to the Technical Institute for the Development of Saharan Agriculture (ITDAS) at El Outaya site. Our study aims to characterize pests and useful fauna whose knowledge in the long term could allow the development of prevention strategies against harmful species, without harming useful species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area Covering an area of 20 986 km², Biskra is one of the wilaya of southern east in Algeria. Its’ vast expanse, combined with geological and geographic characteristics as well as climat factors, show a various ecosystems where various cultivation were practice; palm groves, olive groves, fodder, cereal,…(Fig. 1). In order to collect the entomofauna present in association with olive trees, a site at El Outaya plain was selected. It is an experimental olive grove (34°55’58.27’’N, 5°39’34.41’’E) belonging to the Technical Institute for the Agronomic Saharan Development, situated at 12kms to the North of Biskra touwn and elevated at 207m above the sea level. It covers an area of 3 hectars where the olive trees were planted with two densities (4x4) and (2x4) with different varieties including eleven local and two foreign planted since 2005 (Diab & Deghiche, 2014). Sampling methods During the sampling period (2012-2013), an sampling was performed every week using different technics; • Pitfall traps: a total of five traps were set on diagonal and separated 15m a far from each other and were filled with water and detergent at a third of their volume (Benkhelil, 1992); • Aerial traps: five aerial traps were fixed on foliage tree spaced 15 m from each other • Japanese umbrella; it consist by beating one branch on the four cardinal directions of the tree from top to bottom one a week.

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Every week, the sampled species were transported to laboratory to be identified and stored in tubes filled with 70° alcohol on which we indicated all necessary information (date, traps, site,…).

Figure 1. Soil occupation at the Wilaya of Biskra (Deghiche-Diab et al., 2020).

Data treatment The collected specimens placed in small-labelled sampling bottles or tubes will be identified using collection of reference (Deghiche-Diab, 2009; Deghiche-Diab, 2015; Deghiche-Diab, 2020) and treated using ecological indices on an Excel program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During an insects sampling performed at El Outaya site using different technics, on a plot cultivated with olive trees since 2005, the obtained results treated in laboratory indicated a richness of 69 species grouped in 10 orders and 41 families (Table 1).

Ecological analysis The most diversified orders were, Coleoptera with 25 species, Diptera with 11species, Hymenoptera with 10 species and with 9species. The other orders; Mantodea, Nevroptera, Thysanoptera and Orthoptera were represented with less than 10 species for each. The importance of families by orders was also different from order to another were Coleoptera order groups a height number of families (10 families) followed by Hymenoptera and Diptera order with 6 families whereas Thysanoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera grouped only 4 families (Fig. 2).

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Collected insects species present in an olive grove at El Outaya site. Outaya El at grove inolive an present species insects Collected Table 1. 1. Table

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Figure 2. Importance of species and families by orders.

From a total of 725 individuals collected during the sampling period starting from September 2013 until latest January 2014, in an olive grove, the most abundant species were from Hemiptera order; Myzus persicae (8.05%) Rhopalosiphum maidis (5.66%), Coleoptera order; Aspidapion aeneum (7.46%) and Brachinus explodens (6.12%). Different type of groups were identified under olive grove ecosystem where we counted 18 rare species (±4.17), 17 accidental species (20.83±12.50), 13 sporadic species (±8.33) and 11 accessories (41.6 ±25) and 10 were qualified as constant species (91.67 ±50). Despite unfavorable climate conditions for the diversity and distribution of species in our study region (arid region), but in general the temperature is a vital and fundamental ecological factor for insects as for the vegetative cover (Soltner, 1987) where some species can support and lives under arid conditions (Ward, 2009). In our study, species from Coleoptera order that support the arid climate conditions were the most abundant because of their behavior as thermophile species (Dajoz, 2002). In addition the ease of their trapping, sampling, and conservation (Perrier, 1927; Barney & Pass, 1986) could be another explanation of the presence of some Tenebrionidae species in our traps. The direction and speed of winds can also effect the distribution and spread of insects and their natural enemies (Fink & Völkl, 1995), where they can be transported between 150 and 300km far from (Robert, 1987). This observation was also indicated by auteurs in their studies in different natural and cultivated ecosystems (Deghiche-Diab et al., 2015a,b; Chafaa et al., 2019; Deghiche & Belhamra, 2019; Deghiche-Diab et al., 2020a). The presence of some spontaneous plants adapted to the climate conditions of the region, can be another explanation of the presence of aphids that were recorded in our traps as the most abundant species (Bassino, 1983; Deghiche- Diab et al., 2020b). Trophic guild Because insects make up the most numerous group of organisms on earth found almost everywhere, with around 66% of all species (Borror et al., 1989; Wheeler, 1990). They are being good dispersers and form an important part of every ecosystem services (Wigglesworth, 1948; Atwal & Dhaliwal, 2003; Jankielsohn, 2018). They occupies several ecological niches and adapts best to

Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ 16 (2) (June, 2021) 1099 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ______changes in food, climatic conditions and to competition with other (Ujagir & Oonagh, 2009). Different type of niches were identified under olive grove ecosystem (Fig. 4), the most important group was formed by the phytophagous species with 25% from the total species. In the second position the omnivorous and predator species with 21%. Followed by far by pests mainly those related to olive trees (13%).

Figure 4. Trophic guild at El Outaya olive grove.

Under olive grove ecosystem, Coleoptera order was the most diversified in number and function. As indicated results from table 1, species from this order can be pollinators case of Protaetia morio (Fabricius, 1781) and Tropinota squalida (Scopoli, 1783), others are predators; Adalia bipunctata (Linné, 1758), Psyllobara viaintiduopunctata (Linné, 1758), Coccinella algerica (Kovàr,1977 ), Coccinella septempunctata (Linné, 1758). Wheareas others were pest of cultivated crops or even olive trees. This was also confirmed by auteurs (Auber, 1945; Floate et al., 1990; Auber, 1999; Kromp, 1999; Chenchouni et al., 2015; Deghiche-Diab & Belhamra, 2019) that indicated the important outstanding diversity of beetle, their ecological niches as well the diverse functional and ecological roles. The Phytophagia goup was best-represented, it grouped species represented mainly by pollinators from bees and butterflies, they are related to the flowering period of olive trees and weeds present in and around field (Deghiche-Diab & Deghiche, 2016; Deghiche-Diab et al., 2020a). Previous work has shown also the dominance of this trophic category (Deghiche-Diab, 2009; Gettala-Frah, 2009). It is known that olive groves are agricultural ecosystems characterized by human intervention (tillage, amendment, irrigation, treatment, etc.); and the presence of different herbaceous and shrub strata, that influence either negatively or positively on the presence of insects species. Herbivores or phytophagous species can be controlled at higher trophic levels by omnivores, and parasitoids by regulating their density and composition. The diversity of spontaneous plants can act as primary and/or secondary hosts in the study area and increases the insects richness. Thus, diverse flora will generally contain a greater number of specific phytophagous or generalist herbivore species (Strong et al., 1984), but also considered as a good shelter to many pests of crops. It is also known that Increasing crop diversity may offer advantages in reducing disease, weed and pest population densities and severity over sole crops (Pan et al., 2020). Because of its rusticity and plasticity, olive tree is one of the important economical crops in Algeria. Its cultivated area has been expanded largely in the last decade. Despite its agronomic benefits (Malézieux et al., 2009), which enable

Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 1100 https://www.munisentzool.org/ 16 (2) (June, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ______it to thrive and produce under difficult ecological conditions. It is also already subjected to attack by many insect pest species that affect yield quality and quantity. In addition to the known pest of olive trees in the study region; Bactrocera oleae from Diptera order and Liothrips olea from Thysanoptera order (Coutin, 2003), during our sampling, an xylophagous species both in the larval and adult stages was observed feeding and boring on olive trees, it is Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard, 1788) belonging to Curculinidae family and Coleoptera order (Didier & Guyot, 2011). It was probably introduced and adapted to the climate condition of the region due to the re-introduction of olive tree in south of Algeria (Diab & Deghiche, 2014). This species was indicated as a pest of olive trees in north of Algeria (Menzer et al., 2016). In South and after re-introduction of olive trees a list of species associated with this crops was established (Diab & Deghiche, 2014; Boukhlouf, 2018; Deghiche-Diab & Belhamra, 2019) but without indication of the presence of species. This beetle is an occasional olive pest found in all the Mediterranean Region. It also occurs in North Africa except the Sahara Region (Haber & Mifsud, 2007). Its presence in the region was related to different conditions. Ouyang et al. (2014) suggested that climate change and agricultural intensification could potentially induce outbreaks of many pest insects. Introducing vegetation diversity in agro-systems may also lead to different pest and disease regulation processes. Even, the geographical distribution and taxonomic isolation of plant species can affect the insect community associated with (Costa et al., 2011; Grandez-Rios et al., 2015). The studies of Weisser & Siemann (2004, 2008) have shown convincingly the drastic consequences on the ecosystem because of the changes in the diversity and composition of a community. The decrease in cultivated crops diversity (monoculture) effect the loss in ecosystem function could be also another explanation (Loreau et al., 2001, 2002). In addition, the decrease of faunal wealth induced by the use of pesticides in the case of monocutlure have always been responsible for polluting pests in agriculture (Van Emden & Williams, 1974). From another point of view, the diversified cropping system tends to be more resilient and agronomically stable thus reduced insect and weed pressure. In addition, phytophagous species decrease with the diversity of cropping system and the diversity of species and microclimate. On the other hand, habitats with high plant diversity should have a greater diversity of generalist insects (Novotny et al., 2002, 2006; Ricklefs & Marquis, 2012). But even though increased vegetation diversity and the general biodiversity it induces at different trophic levels lead to more efficient natural control of pests and diseases in agroecosystems (Andow, 1991), whereas Helenius (1998) disagree with this idea and consider that the diversification of vegetation did not have no guarantee of a reduction in the impact of pests and diseases.

CONCLUSION

Among the 69 insect species collected during our study, where those qualified as pests of olive trees, Bactocera oleae (Diptera order), Liothrips oleae (Thysanoptera order) and new recorded species from Coleoptera order “Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bernard, 1788)” an xylophagous species which according to the bibliography, did not exist in southern Algeria. It was Introduced and adapted to cause damage on the trunk of olive trees when introduced into the

Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ 16 (2) (June, 2021) 1101 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ______new environment (reconquest of the olive tree). This appearance is probably due to climate change in recent times combined with the introduction of new crops intensively. The continuity of our work would be to arrive at conclusive results, with the aim of considering future studies aimed at deepening our knowledge on this pest, its bio-ecology, its population dynamics, as well as the study of its predators in interest within the framework of an integrated pest management.

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