Abstract Proceedings of the 2Nd Mediterranean Forum

Abstract Proceedings of the 2nd Mediterranean Forum for PhD students and Young Researchers Research and Innovation as Tools for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security

Bari, Italy 18-20 September 2018

CIHEAM Bari, Italy

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DISCLAIMER

Although every effort has been made to ensure accurate reproduction of these abstracts, the conference organizers cannot be held accountable for inaccuracies that may have occurred in their reproduction. Thank you.

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Contents DISCLAIMER ...... I Partners ...... X #MEDFORUM2018 Session 1 OP ...... 1 Modernization of surface irrigation systems in a Water - Food - Energy Nexus perspective: modelling approach ...... 2 Anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewater with municipal wastewater and cow dung ...... 3 The hydrant risk indicator for pressurised irrigation systems perturbation ...... 4 Characterization of Water and Soil Quality of the M’nasra region in the Gharb plain (Northwest Morocco) ...... 5 Heating an agricultural greenhouse with a solar passive water–sleeve system: Effects on microclimate, yield, and Tuta absoluta population ...... 6 Agricultural Roofs: sustainable systems to mitigate Climate Change impacts and make resilient cities...... 7 Etude de l'efficacité d'un système de pompage hybride (photovoltaïque / électrique) pour une meilleur gestion du milieu rurale ...... 8 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 2 OP ...... 9 Comment s’organise une action collective coopérative de transition vers l’économie circulaire entre les divers acteurs d’un territoire? Le cas du Plan régional d'action économie circulaire d’Occitanie...... 10 L'étoffe "Ouabri" à poils de dromadaire de la région de Djelfa-Algérie. Une filière essentielle pour la sécurité alimentaire ...... 11 Contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture: Nutritional programming of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and improvements towards better utilization of low n-3 HUFA diets ...... 12 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 3 PS1: PhD ...... 13 Evaluation de la résistance de génotypes de pois (Pisum spp.) vis-à-vis de la fusariose vasculaire ...... 14 L'utilisation des sucres de commerce pour lutter contre le carpocapse des pommes et des poires (Cydia pomonella L.) dans la région de Lambiridi (Wilaya de Batna, Algérie) ...... 15 Developing a Color Scale as a New Methodology in Sensory Science: Detecting Emotions Evoked By Organic Food Consumption ...... 16 Development and application of alternative control methods to control postharvest rots of fresh fruits and vegetables ...... 17 Investigation of the social behavior based on vibrational signals of Philaenus spumarius in semi- field conditions...... 18 The problem of the water in Libya at the present and in the future ...... 19 Plasticity of blackcurrant in a changing climate; focus on water efficiency ...... 20

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Zelus renardii (Hemiptera Reduviidae) a leafhopper assassin bug candidate for adult Philaenus spumarius biocontrol ...... 21 Investigation and characterization of phytoplasma infecting Ligustrum ovalifolium plants in Turkey ...... 22 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 3 PS2: PP ...... 23 Valorisation des produits du terroir Algérien ...... 24 Potentialities of using Tunisian Rock phosphate: an alternative insight for sustainable agriculture ...... 25 Agriculture traditionnelle et agrodiversité dans les oasis du Sud du Maroc: cas des oasis de la région Drâa-Tafilalet ...... 26 An assessment of wood bioenergy utilization in a compared analysis between Missouri and Emilia Romagna ...... 27 An integrated process for biodiesel production and food industry wastewater treatment using the oleaginous yeast Debaryomyces etchellsii ...... 28 Activity of Biochar on The Effectiveness and Persistence of Some Insecticides Against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) On Cotton Plants ...... 29 Crop Water Requirements estimation from open satellite and agro-meterological data ...... 30 Irrigation water use efficiency in the context of climate change - Case of citrus in Souss region, Morocco ...... 31 Participatory Multi-Criteria Analysis of Irrigation Management: A Case Study from Albania ...... 32 An integrated decision support tool for eco-efficiency assessment of agricultural production ....33 Precision agriculture for mapping olive grove facing drought challenges in Apulia region ...... 34 Isolation and use of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria from an abandoned mine site for it's rehabilitation ...... 35 Cultural landscapes for water management - A research work plan ...... 36 Traditional irrigation techniques in an agroecological perspective ...... 37 The influence of inulin addition on nutritional composition of spelt pasta ...... 38 Optimization of the extrusion process in creation of snack products from spelt wholegrain flour with added betaine ...... 39 Stability of ellagic acid from raspberry seeds during the extrusion process ...... 40 Microbial oil production from yeast growing on the hydrolysate of prickly pear ...... 41 Biocontrôle de Listeria monocytogenes CECT 4032 dans le lait et les produits laitiers, à l'aide d'une souche bactériocinogène de Lactococcus lactis isolée à partir du lait de chamelle fermenté du Maroc ...... 43 Phenotypical characterization and evaluation of a segregating population of sweet cherry (bing x lapins) ...... 44

III

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Supplementation by a commercial prebiotic «AVIATOR®» of broiler diet: Effect of breeding stages on performances and caecal microflora ...... 45 Classification of Pulses Specific Diversity for the Provision of Three Ecosystems Services: Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Weed Suppression, and Production Stability under Mediterranean conditions ...... 46 The difficulty of measuring biological assets under IAS41: Agriculture ...... 47 Effects of post-harvest low temperature conditioning of olive fruit on oil quality parameters ...... 48 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS1: PP ...... 49 Effect of Moroccan seaweed polysaccharides as biostimulants of Germination and Plant Growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ...... 50 Penicillium gravinicasei, a new species isolated from cave cheese in Apulia, Italy ...... 51 Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus p22 is able to bind single-stranded RNA molecules ...... 52 Molecular, mycotoxin and phylogenetic characterization of Alternaria species from wheat grown in Italy ...... 53 Screening of effective native common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) rhizobia and their use in mixed inocula with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria under different phosphorus conditions ...... 54 Bioactives metabolites for the antifungal and Plant Promoting Growth activities among Plant- associated Bacteria of Vicia faba L...... 55 Rhizobium laguerreae in combination with Enterobacter aerogens and Bacillus sp improves lentil water stress tolerance ...... 56 Une agriculture durable au service d'une alimentation durable: La culture de l'olivier dans la steppe algérienne...... 57 Impact du climat sur les accroissements et la qualité du liège dans la suberaie de Béni Ouarssous (Nord-Ouest d'Algérie) ...... 58 Est-ce que les plantations de palmiers dattiers et l'oasification peuvent être utilisées comme moyen de lutte contre la désertification et l'avancement du sable dans les zones arides ? ...... 59 Durabilité des systèmes d'´élevage pastoraux face aux changements environnementaux dans la steppe algérienne...... 60 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS2: PP ...... 61 Assessment of the current situation of organic food consumption in an emerging organic market (Lebanon) ...... 62 Controlling Aspergillus niger using chia essential oil and gemifloxacin-metal complexes ...... 63 Preliminary analysis of the growth performance of adults and larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets based on by-products ...... 64 Indigenous food formulation: which nutritional value of legume-based traditional Mediterranean dishes? ...... 65

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Pb-resistant PGPR effect on antioxidant status and genes expression pattern associated with lead tolerance and accumulation in Lathyrus sativus ...... 66 Patulin effects on viability of Penicillium spp...... 67 Assessment of the resilience of cereal-based cropping systems in the Mediterranean area: the Bekaa case study ...... 68 Trapping methodologies for functional canopy arthropod diversity in olive agroecosystem ...... 69 Investigation of endophytic microorganism's population diversity and their interaction with Xylella fastidiosa in olive trees and other hosts ...... 70 Insecticidal activity of bio-oils and biochar as pyrolysis products and their combinations with microbial agents against the Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ...... 71 Effect of drying methods on the phenolic compounds of white and black figs (Ficus carica L.) ..72 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS1: OP ...... 73 Evaluation des composés phénoliques et des activités antioxydantes des figues (Ficus carica L.) en Tunisie ...... 74 Evaluation des facteurs structurels d'insécurité alimentaire pour une bonne gouvernance au Maroc: Cas du blé tendre ...... 75 Gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire au Maroc: Défis et Opportunités ...... 76 Effet des biostimulants en plein champs sur le développement de Zymoseptoria tritici chez le blé dur en Tunisie...... 77 Etude de l'effet de la composition hormonale du milieu de multiplication sur le comportement des microboutures de l'arganier (Argania spinosa) ...... 78 Recherche des résidus de pesticides dans les tomates et évaluation de leur risque sur le consommateur Algérien...... 79 Potentiel allelopathique de chiendent pied de poule Cynodon dactylon, sur la germination et la croissance de ble dur (Triticum durum Desf.) ...... 80 Analyse et diagnostic de la nutrition azotée du blé dur pour la conception d'une grille de fertilisation azotée, en région semi-aride. Algérie ...... 81 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS2: OP ...... 82 Suppression and over-expression of a prolyl 4 hydroxylase is responsible for changes in tomato fruit abscission ...... 83 Obtaining double haploids of radish in culture Microspore in vitro ...... 84 First microscopic detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mytilus chilensis cultivated in Chile destined for human consumption ...... 85 Suppression of a tomato prolyl 4 hydroxylase alters fruit growth programs ...... 86 Producing beef meat under hard livestock conditions by crossing cattle with Belgian Blue-White breed ...... 87

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Innovation in Mediterranean organic greenhouse cultivation: protect the crops and protect soil arthropods ...... 88 Overexpression of prolyl 4 hydroxylase 3 decreases tomato fruit and flower size ...... 89 Effect of NaCl and harvest time on antioxidant compounds in Lollo Bionda and Lollo Rosso lettuces ...... 90 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 6: OP ...... 91 Computational motif discovery in promoters of Prunus persica co-regulated genes under various abiotic-stresses ...... 92 Does taste matter? The importance of taste in the valuation of European Union mandatory nutritional and health claim labelling program in Spain ...... 93 Sprouting: A sustainable tool for enhancing prebiotic properties of durum wheat seeds (Triticum durum) ...... 94 Study of radioprotective molecules and radioresistant microorganisms isolated from xerophytes ...... 95 Innovative agriculture and sustainable food production: applications of the Acquaponics system Simona Giordano ...... 96 Comparative characterization of olive prolyl 4 hydroxylases and cell wall glycoproteins in Greek olive cultivars under climate change conditions ...... 97 Preliminary bioassays on the susceptibility of stone fruits rootstocks to Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) ...... 98 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 6: PP ...... 99 Environment investigating phages. Salmonella-phage model in animal systems from Chile.... 100 Enrichment of the hydrological lexiconas a consequence of a climatic and anthropogenic transition phase ...... 101 Exploring survival strategies of Camelina sativa under flooding conditions ...... 102 Preliminary investigation of antimicrobial effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leathery exocarp extract against some serious phytopathogens ...... 103 Identification of volatiles released by fruit-associated yeasts for the specific attraction of Drosophila suzukii in the field ...... 104 Possible climate change impact on occurrence of Aspergillus flavus on spelt wheat in Serbia 105 Application of a real-time quantitative LAMP assay for the detection of Phytophthora infestans airborne inoculum ...... 106 Development of Direct Tissue Blot Immunoassay (DTBIA) as an efficient tool for the on- site detection of Spiroplasma citri, causal agent of Citrus stubborn disease ...... 107 Xylella fastidiosa vectors and their management ...... 108 Food industry by-products as natural sources of nematicide against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita ...... 109

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The behaviour of the Algerian vegetable crops farmers handling a panoply of phytosanitary products ...... 110 The hydraulic transfers ‘Setif –Hodna’ to cope with impact of climate change on Setif high plains region ...... 111 Study of tritrophic interactions in apple orchards to enhance sustainable management of pest aphids ...... 112 Bacterial overexpression, purification and antiserum production for a theoredoxin-like protein, an interactor of Pepino mosaic virus p26 ...... 113 #MEDFORUM2018 Session 7: OP ...... 114 Proposition d'un cadre méthodologique pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des exploitations agricoles au changement climatique ...... 115 Stratégies d'adaptations de la culture du blé dur aux changements climatiques futurs en Algérie: 1- Gestion des sécheresses de fin de saison...... 116 Rotting fungi of pomegranate fruit from Southern Italy ...... 117 Etude Epidémiologique Moléculaire de l'immunodéficience sévère combinée chez les chevaux Pur-Sang Arabes en Tunisie ...... 118 Clinical bovine mastitis in Tunisia: Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae ...... 119 Anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity of Enterococcus spp against Staphylococcus aureus ... 120 Seedling VOCs induce host preference in Bagrada hilaris Burmeister ...... 121 La composition chimique et l'effet insecticide d'huile essentielle Mentha spicata sur puceron noir de la luzerne Aphis craccivora, 1854...... 122 Evaluation of Fusarium Head Blight resistances in Italian wheat cvs. by phenotypic and molecular analyses...... 123 Photosynthetic down regulation in red and white Tempranillo under different climate change scenarios ...... 124 Integrated Pest Management system within Urban agriculture ...... 125

VII

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PREFACE

Dear Colleagues,

On Behalf of MEDFORUM 2018 Organizing Team Chair of the Scientific and Organizing Committees Dr. Maroun EL MOUJABBER

VIII

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MEDFORUM 2018 Team

Chief Editor/s – Dr Maroun EL MOUJABBER Editors: Dr. Andi Mehmeti, Dott.ssa Roberta Cosentino…….. Editorial Board:

Advisory Committee Placido PLAZA, CIHEAM Paris, France Maurizio RAELI, CIHEAM Bari, Italy Pascal BERGERET, CIHEAM Montpellier, France George BAOURAKIS, CIHEAM Chania, Greece Javier SIERRA, CIHEAM Zaragoza, Spain Nahla HWALLA, CIHEAM Advisory Board

Scientific Committee

Maroun EL MOUJABBER, CIHEAM Bari, Italy. Chair of the Scientific and Organizing Committees Hatem BELHOUCHETTE, CIHEAM Montpellier, France Panagiotis KALAITZIS, CIHEAM Chania, Greece Ramzi BELKHODJA, CIHEAM Zaragoza, Spain Roula KHADRA, CIHEAM Bari, Italy Mladen TODOROVIC, CIHEAM Bari, Italy

Local organizing committee Roberta COSENTINO Anna Maria CARECCIA Chiara CIANNAMEA Silvia CENTONZE Noureddin DRIOUECH Stefania LAPEDOTA Maria Carla MARTELLI Laura SCIVETTI .

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Partners

Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari

The Union for the Mediterranean

Agreenium - l'Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France,

The Center for Mediterranean Integration (CMI)

Ministero degli Affari Esteri e dellaCooperazione Internazionale

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Modernization of surface irrigation systems in a Water - Food - Energy Nexus perspective: modelling approach

Ahmed Ayoub 1*

1 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), CIHEAM-IAMB Ceglie 9, 70100 Valenzano, BA - Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Water, energy, and food are essential for human well-being, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. Global projections indicate that demand for freshwater, energy, and food will increase significantly over the next decades under the pressure of population growth and mobility, economic development, international trade, urbanization, diversifying diets, cultural and technological changes, and climate change. Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of total global freshwater withdrawals, making it the largest user of water. Water is used for agricultural production, forestry, and fishery, along with the entire agri-food supply chain, and it is used to produce or transport energy in different forms (FAO 2011a). On the other hand, extracting, delivering, and disposing of water requires energy, and similarly, many processes for extracting and refining various fuel sources and producing electricity use water. This so-called ‘water– energy- food nexus’. Although many publications and reports are done in the field of evaluation and assessment of modernization programs, the approach of addressing the nexus within the process is mainly steered by the policymakers (Harris, 2002; Hellegers et al., 2008; Bazilian et al., 2011), if a water perspective is adopted then energy and food are considered as users of the resource, from a food perspective energy and water are inputs (Mushtaq et al., 2009), from energy perspective water as well as bio-resources, are inputs. One could conclude the importance and potentiality of addressing the modernization of surface irrigation systems from a holistic perspective that could integrate the modernization expected technical results ex (WP, DU, irrigation efficiency, etc.) within a wider framework that integrates the NEXUS components according to policymakers prioritization. The main objectives of this study are: i) Comparative assessment of innovative gated pipe technologies according to furrow irrigation design criteria; ii) To assess the environmental impacts of rehabilitating the surface irrigation system in the elsawat command – Egypt using innovative gated pipe technique; iii) Integrating the nexus in a quantitative manner to present a modelling framework that can support effective policy when addressing local irrigation improvement programs in developing countries.

Keywords: surface irrigation, networks optimization, irrigation modernization, water, Energy, Food NEXUS

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Anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewater with municipal wastewater and cow dung

Anas Tallou 1*, Haouas Ayoub 1, Jamali Mohamed Yasser 1, Atif Khadija 1, Aziz Faissal 2,3, Amir Soumia 1

1 Interdisciplinary laboratory of research and development, Biology and Geology department, Faculté poly disciplinaire, Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Morocco 2 Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Ecotoxicology, Sanitation and Global Change (LHEAC, URAC33), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University of Cadi Ayyad, Morocco 3 National Centre for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Morocco as a part of Mediterranean countries, known by their high production of olive oil, is threatened by olive mill wastewater. This organic waste is unlawfully dumped in large quantities and can affect natural resources, especially soil and water. Anaerobic co-digestion is one of the best methods available to solve this problem. The aim of this work is the valuation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) mixed with municipal wastewater (MW) and cow dung (CD) in different composition by an anaerobic co-digestion process using three bioreactors (B1: OMW+MW / B2: OMW+MW+CD / B3: OMW+CD). The efficiency of this method was evaluated by biogas volume obtained, phytotoxicity test and pH evolution. The highest biogas volume was obtained from bioreactor B3 (550ml). Phytotoxicity test indicates that anaerobic co-digestion process reduced slightly the phytotoxicity, and need to increase time retention (8 days) in order to enhance the digestate safety.

Keywords: organic waste, Anaerobic co-digestion, biogas, phytotoxicity, olive mill wastewater

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The hydrant risk indicator for pressurised irrigation systems perturbation

Bilal Derardja 1*, Roula Khadra 2, Umberto Fratino 1, Nicola Lamaddalena 2

1 Polytechnic University of Bari, via Amendola, 126/B - 70126 BARI - Italy 2 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), CIHEAM-IAMB Ceglie 9, 70100 Valenzano, BA - Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The perturbation in hydraulic networks for irrigation systems is often created when sudden changes in flow rates occur into the pipes. This is essentially due to hydrants manipulation and depends mainly on the gates' closure time. Such perturbation may lead to a significant pressure variation which may cause pipe breaking. In this study, two indicators have been set up and a software simulating unsteady flow in pressurised irrigation systems generated by the farmers' behaviour was developed. The Hydrant Risk Indicator (HRI), providing the hydrant degree of danger on the system; and the Relative Pressure Exceedance (RPE), providing the variation of the unsteady state pressure in respect to the nominal pressure. Then two indicators could help managers in better understanding the network behaviour with respect to the perturbation by defining the most dangerous hydrants and the potentially affected pipes. The study was applied to an on-demand pressurised irrigation system in Southern Italy.

Keywords: Pressurised irrigation systems, On-demand operation, Perturbation, Unsteady flow, Hydrant risk indicator, Relative Pressure Exceedance

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Characterization of Water and Soil Quality of the M’nasra region in the Gharb plain (Northwest Morocco)

Serine Omrania 1*, Najib El Khodrani 2, Abdelmjid Zouahri 2, Ahmed Douaik 2, Hamza Iaaich 2, Souad El Hajjaji1

1 Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Waters and Environment, CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco 2 Research Unit on Environment and Conservation of Natural Resources, Regional Center of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this work is to carry out an evaluation of the quality of agricultural soils and water in the irrigated area of the M’nsara region in the Gharb plain (Northwest Morocco) with the goal of describing the degree of degradation of natural resources and improve the sustainability of the environment and irrigated farming systems of the region through optimal management of these resources. Eighteen water and nineteen soil samples were collected based on existing soil and piezometric maps of the irrigated areas, distributed into 3 different zones: A, B, and C. Characterizations of the main parameters of soil and irrigation water quality were made. Irrigation water salinity varies between 0.5 and 1.3 dS/m. The irrigated soils from the groundwater have shown a secondary salinization superior to that of irrigated soils by the waters of the dam. Cultivated soils present a salinity that reaches 1.90 dS/m in some areas. The results show that 68.4% of the soil samples are poor to moderately poor in organic matter. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) shows a minimal risk to accumulate sodium in the soil with 16.7% is slightly alkaline. The soils are weakly to moderately basic and represent respectively 73.7 and 10.5 % of the study area. Potassium and available phosphorus have very low values in the majority of soils which will have a negative impact on the environment. The spatialization of these parameters was performed by the deterministic method of inverse distance weighted (IDW). In order to delineate areas that are a priori subject to environmental degradation in order to understand the effect of agricultural intensification on the sustainability of natural resources, taking into account the type of management water irrigation in the arid region.

Keywords: M’nasra, Morocco, quality, soil, water

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Heating an agricultural greenhouse with a solar passive water–sleeve system: Effects on microclimate, yield, and Tuta absoluta population

Lahoucine Gourdo 1*, Hicham Fatnassi 2, Rachid Bouharroud 3, Hassan Demratti 1, Ahmed Wifaya3, Ahmed Aharoune 1, Lahcen Bouirden 1

1 Thermodynamics and Energetic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Agadir, Morocco 2 INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France; 3 Regional Centre of Agricultural Research, Agadir, Morocco *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Heating of greenhouses is a necessity especially in winter when the air temperature of the greenhouse is lower than the temperature optimum for plant development. Solar heating is a good alternative that has attracted a lot of attention because of its many advantages, in contrary conventional systems using fossil fuels (petroleum, coal and natural gas) that are very expansive and highly polluting. In this research paper, we have studied a passive solar heating system making use of black plastic sleeves filled with water positioned on both sides of crop rows near the roots. By comparing the microclimate, the height of plant, the crop yield and the Tuta absoluta population in the greenhouse equipped with a solar passive water–sleeves with a control greenhouse without a heating system, we found that this system allowed to increase the nighttime temperature inside the greenhouse by 3.1 °C and to decrease the relative humidity of the greenhouse by 10%. This improvement of the microclimate of the greenhouse has promoted (i) the development of planting, (ii) the increase of tomato yield and (ii) the reduction of the development of T. absoluta.

Keywords: Solar energy, solar passive, Tomato, Greenhouse microclimate

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Agricultural Roofs: sustainable systems to mitigate Climate Change impacts and make resilient cities.

Mario Maiolo 1, Gilda Capano 1*, Palermo Stefania Anna 2, Patrizia Piro 2

1 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The ongoing urbanization and climate change led to several environmental impacts. To mitigate these effects, new sustainable solutions are needed to make cities more resilient to this changing. Among the Low Impact Development Techniques, agricultural roofs could represent an innovative solution with beneficial effects from a hydraulic, energetic, environmental, economic and social point of view. In this direction, starting from previous studies carried out on a specific experimental green roof, located at the University of Calabria, this work introduces first results on the sustainability of a similarly roof, currently in designed phase, on which the cultivation of vegetables is expected. In order to estimate the sustainability of the specific designed agricultural roof, a Synthetic Sustainability Index was evaluated. This Index, based on a procedure with scores and weights, associated with each layer of the system, is a useful method to link sustainability estimates with a performance parameter of a LID.

Keywords: Low Impact Development (LID), Agricultural Roof, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Sustainability estimate

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Etude de l'efficacité d'un système de pompage hybride (photovoltaïque / électrique) pour une meilleur gestion du milieu rurale

Naima Mebrek 1,2,3*, Mohamed Toufik Bouziane 1, Fatma Demnati 2,3, Abd Elhak Nemdil 3

1 Laboratoire d’Aménagements Hydrauliques et Environnement (LAHE), University Mohamed Khider of Biskra, Alger, Algeria 2 Laboratory of Ecosystems Diversity and Agricultural Production Systems Dynamics in Arid Zones (DEDSPAZA) – University Mohamed Khider of Biskra, Alger, Algeria 3 Département des Sciences Agronomiques, University Mohamed Khider of Biskra, Alger, Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Les pays du Maghreb et en particulier l'Algérie ont un potentiel solaire élevé. Les taux d'irradiation solaire effectués par satellites par l'Agence Spatiale Allemande (DLR), montrent des niveaux d'ensoleillement exceptionnels de l'ordre de 1200 kWh/m2/an dans le Nord du Grand Sahara. Suite à une évaluation par satellites, l'Agence Spatiale Allemande (ASA) a conclu, que l'Algérie représente le potentiel solaire le plus important de tout le bassin méditerranéen, soit: 169.000 TWh/an pour le solaire thermique, 13,9 TWh/an pour le solaire photovoltaïque et 35 TWh/an pour l'éolien. Cette énergie renouvelable présente à l'heure actuelle une réponse aux problèmes environnementaux et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre qui menace la planète entière et une solution durable à la crise actuelle de l'énergie, avec la hausse du prix du baril de pétrole. En Algérie, la consommation de l'énergie électrique dans le secteur agricole représente une part non négligeable par rapport à la consommation nationale. Les fermes agricoles dans les régions sahariennes utilisent le groupe diesel pour satisfaire les besoins en énergie électrique en cas d'absence de réseau (dû à des pannes ou à l'isolement). Par ailleurs, les ressources d'énergie provenant des gisements de combustible fossile sont épuisables, ce qui a conduit à la recherche d'autres moyens d'énergie renouvelable. Dans ce contexte, une étude a été réalisée au niveau du laboratoire d'énergie renouvelable du département électronique de l'université de Biskra dont le but est de déterminer l'efficacité d'un système de pompage hybride, il s'agit d'un système sous- alimentation électrique et d'un autre sous-alimentation photovoltaïque. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l'efficacité des deux systèmes est similaire. Cela prouve que l'utilisation d'une source photovoltaïque pour l'irrigation est le meilleur compromis économique pour un développement agricole durable dans les régions arides isolées.

Keywords: milieu rurale, efficacité, pompage, système hybride, photovoltaïque

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 2 OP

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Comment s’organise une action collective coopérative de transition vers l’économie circulaire entre les divers acteurs d’un territoire? Le cas du Plan régional d'action économie circulaire d’Occitanie.

Anne-Claire Savy 1,2*, Myriam-Emilie Kessari 3, Gérald Naro 4

1 Laboratoire Montpellier Recherche en Management, Université de Montpellier 2 Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie 3 CIHEAM - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (IAMM) 4 Laboratoire Montpellier Recherche en Management, Université de Montpellier *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Cette communication fait état de travaux en cours. Elle vise à mettre en évidence, avec la transition vers l’économie circulaire (EC) engagée en France, l’émergence d’actions collectives coopératives entre un grand nombre d’acteurs locaux hétérogènes, et la nécessité d'identifier et de développer des savoir-faire solidaires. Elle a pour cadre la littérature gestionnaire sur le dispositif de transition vers l’EC, et aborde la problématique de l’action collective. Le constat, dans la littérature opérationnelle, d’un recours à des innovations organisationnelles pour activer la transition, induit la question de recherche: Comment s’organise une action collective coopérative d’EC entre les divers acteurs d’un territoire? La posture constructiviste posée amène la méthodologie de recherche action sur la concertation pour le Plan régional d’action économie circulaire (PRAEC) d’Occitanie. Les données qualitatives sont constituées des notes d’observation participante, de 2 entretiens semi-directifs auprès des prestataires en charge du PRAEC et de 3 autres entretiens semi-directifs ainsi que 7 courts témoignages écrits par des participants. L’analyse de ces données montre que l’action collective de transition vers l’EC impulsée par le gouvernement et coordonnée par la Région Occitanie se caractérise 1) par l’ampleur et l’hétérogénéité des participants, 2) par une programmation co-construite grâce à un savoir-faire d’actions collectives solidaires, 3) par une nécessaire structuration opérée par les décideurs finaux mais souhaitée en auto-organisation par certains participants. La théorie de la transition multi-scalaire (Geels, 2004) éclaire ces questionnements. Enfin une voie de recherche est ouverte sur les savoir-faire alternatifs d’action collective et leur auto-organisation.

Keywords: économie circulaire, inclusion, transition, action collective, coopération entre acteurs

#MEDFORUM2018

L'étoffe "Ouabri" à poils de dromadaire de la région de Djelfa-Algérie. Une filière essentielle pour la sécurité alimentaire

Amel Kanoun-Meguellati 1*, Mohamed Kanoun 1,2, Johann Huguenin 3, Mohamed Saadaoui 2, Ahmed Bellahrache 4

1 INRA Algérie, Division Agrosystème Ouest-Steppe 2 CIRAD Montpellier 3 ENSA El-Harrach Algérie 4 INRA ALGER * *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Cette étude aborde les savoir-faire concernant la transformation et la commercialisation des produits de terroir conçus à partir du Tissage "Ouabri" à base de poils de dromadaires de type "Aiguiga". Ce sujet s’avère pertinent car il n'existe que peu de travaux dans ce domaine. L'élevage des ruminants en steppes conserve une place majeure sur le plan de la production alimentaire, socioéconomique, cohésion culturelle et environnemental. Ses sous-produits assurent une part importante des revenus d'une grande proportion des populations rurales. Ils leur permettent de se procurer les intrants nécessaires à la production artisanale et faire face à des dépenses importantes (maladie, mariage, scolarisation des enfants, etc.). Les femmes rurales entreprennent des activités artisanales, riche en savoir-faire, au niveau des exploitations et des ménages ruraux. Elles sont à considérer comme des acteurs économiques clés du développement rural et de la sécurité alimentaire. La Wilaya de Djelfa est le berceau de la production d'une grande gamme d'étoffes Ouabri à poils de dromadaires. Cependant, ces sociétés rurales et agropastorales, comme dans l'ensemble du monde méditerranéen ont subis des mutations socio-économiques et territoriales. Elles ont engendré des changements dans la structure et l'organisation de la filière Oubari. Cette situation a vulnérabilisé les savoir-faire ancestraux en particulier ceux utilisés dans le "Tissage Ouabri" local. L'objectif de cette étude vise à fournir des éléments de compréhension de la situation actuelle du Tissage Ouabri. Notre questionnement porte sur les contraintes qui peuvent peser sur le développement de cette filière traditionnelle. Au vue de la complexité de ce domaine, nous avons eu recours à une démarche systémique en tenant compte de la dimension genre et de l'approche filière. Les résultats ont montré que cette activité génératrice de revenus constitue une source d'emplois et de complément de revenu pour un grand nombre d'individus. Cette mise en évidence est essentielle dans un contexte marqué par des incertitudes économiques et de raréfaction d'emplois. Cependant, des contraintes multiples peuvent nuire au développement de cette filière notamment l'absence d'une organisation des acteurs, de la reconnaissance territoriale du produit et de l’inégalité des revenus.

Keywords: Tissage, filière, élevage, étoffe, poils, dromadaire, Djelfa, Algérie

#MEDFORUM2018

Contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture: Nutritional programming of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and improvements towards better utilization of low n-3 HUFA diets

Serhat Turkmen 1*, Maria Zamorano 1, Marisol Izquierdo 1

1 Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), Research Institute in Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Conservation (IU-ECOAQUA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract There is an increasing number of evidences regarding how dietary interventions during the early stages of development can have long-term on the metabolism of different organisms, including fish. In the recent years, in commercially important fish species, it has been demonstrated the possibility of routing the metabolism for better usage of more sustainable formulated diets. In this review, the effects of early dietary interventions, focusing on improving the utilisation of the novel feeds on growth of gilthead sea bream will be presented. Our studies showed offspring's utilisation of low n-3 LC-PUFA improved if nutritional clues were supplied during the spawning period, not during early or late larval stages in gilthead sea bream. Obtained progenies from different fed brood fish showed altered gene expression of lipid metabolism gene such as fads2, at the larval stage even fed with the same commercial diets. This altered metabolism led better utilisation of low n-3 LC-PUFA diets at 6 and 18 months of juveniles; we observed lower feed conversion ratios thus higher final weight if fishes were nutritionally challenged with low n-3 LC-PUFA diets in later life stages. Following studies showed the possibility of improving the growth of the offspring by selection of the broodstock by fads2 expression levels at eight-months-old juveniles if fed with low n-3 LC-HUFA diets. On the other hand, our recent studies showed a genetic selection of the broodstock could contribute better utilisation of the vegetable meal and oil-based diets and affects progenies' performance. This novel feeding strategy may lead to better utilisation of low n-3 LC- HUFA, vegetable-based diets this, in turn, can contribute to the sustainable growth of the aquaculture sector.

Keywords: nutritional programming, lipid metabolism, genetic selection, epigenetics in aquaculture, DHA

#MEDFORUM2018

#MEDFORUM2018 Session 3 PS1: PhD

#MEDFORUM2018

Evaluation de la résistance de génotypes de pois (Pisum spp.) vis-à- vis de la fusariose vasculaire

Delel Mekhaldi 1* Nicolas Rispail 2, Messaoud Benchabane1

1 Laboratoire de Protection et de Valorisation des Ressources Agrobiologiques (LPVRAB), University of Blida 1, B. P: 270, Route de Soum_aa, Blida, Algeria 2 Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS-CSIC), Cordoba, Spain Spain *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract La fusariose vasculaire du pois causée par Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi (Fop), est une maladie redoutable et cause de graves pertes sur les cultures du pois. En raison de l'inefficacité des fongicides utilisés et l'orientation des méthodes de contrôle vers une protection durable, l'utilisation de cultivars résistants semble l'approches la plus adéquate. L'objectif du présent travail est de déterminer le niveau de résistance d'une collection de 24 génotypes de pois vis-à-vis de deux souches de Fop (R1: race 1 et R2F42: race 2). Les plantes des différents génotypes ont été inoculées par immersion des racines dans les suspensions fongiques. Le taux d'infection (TI%), représenté par la proportion de feuilles symptomatiques par rapport au nombre total de feuilles, a été calculé. Face à la souche R1, 16 génotypes sont résistants. Face à la souche R2F42, 7 génotypes sont résistants. De telle variabilité de réponses suggère que la résistance de la collection étudiée est de nature quantitative. Les génotypes révélés résistants peuvent être considérés comme source potentielle de gènes de résistance à la fusariose vasculaire et peuvent être intégrés dans des programmes de croisement et d'amélioration.

Keywords: Pisum spp; fusariose vasculaire; résistance

#MEDFORUM2018

L'utilisation des sucres de commerce pour lutter contre le carpocapse des pommes et des poires (Cydia pomonella L.) dans la région de Lambiridi (Wilaya de Batna, Algérie)

Imene Brahim 1*, Nadia Lombarkia 1

1 Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Techniques de Protection Phytosanitaire en Agrosystèmes Montagneux (LATPPAM), Département des sciences Agronomiques, ISVSA, Université de Batna 1, Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract En Algérie, le carpocapse demeure le ravageur le plus redoutable dans les vergers pomicoles, dont il cause plus de 60% des dégâts. Les fortes infestations obligent le recours à la lutte chimique (6-8 traitements), avec tous ses effets nocifs. D'où la nécessité de développer de nouvelles alternatives. Une nouvelle technologie reposant sur l'application foliaire d'infra-doses (1 à 10g/100L) de sucres. Cette étude présente les résultats des essais menés dans la région de Lambiridi (35° 30' 46.0'' N, 6° 4' 59.0'' E) et visant à tester l'effet de pulvérisations d'infra-doses des sucres de commerce (saccharose et fructose) à une dose de 100 ppm et 50 ppm, sur pommier (variété Starkrimson) pour limiter les attaques, ainsi que le nombre des larves de C. pomonella capturées dans les bandes-pièges placées sur le tronc des arbres au mois de mai et retirées la fin du mois d'octobre 2017. Les traitements ont été appliqués dès la fin de la floraison (27 Avril 2017) jusqu'à la récolte (25 Août 2017), tous les 21 jours, au milieu de la journée (entre 10h00-12h00). La comparaison de pourcentage moyen des fruits attaqués par arbre à la récolte et tombés à terre (24h avant et après le traitement, le 7ème et le 14ème jour de traitement) a été analysée par une analyse de la variance (ANOVA) suivie par le test de Fisher L.S.D. (P < 0.05). Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les sucres testés réduisent les attaques dus à C. pomonella vs. le témoin, soit à la récolte ou pour les fruits tombés. Le calcul de l'efficacité des traitements (Abbott) engendre des pourcentages significativement identiques allant jusqu'à 65,48 ± 19,10. De même, le nombre moyen de larves capturées dans les bandes pièges des arbres traités par sucres avec une moyenne allant de 6,00 +/- 0,55 jusqu'à 08,40 +/- 0,51 dans les parcelles traitées par le saccharose (100 ppm) et le fructose (50 ppm) respectivement, contre 13,20 +/- 1,16 pour les arbres de la parcelle témoin. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles voies alternatives à l'utilisation de la lutte chimique dans la protection des pommiers contre C. pomonella.

Keywords: Cydia pomonella, Sucres de commerce, Ponte, Dégâts, Pommier, Starkrimson

#MEDFORUM2018

Developing a Color Scale as a New Methodology in Sensory Science: Detecting Emotions Evoked By Organic Food Consumption

Diana Ismael 1*, Angelika Ploeger 1

1 Specialized Partnerships in Sustainable Food Systems and Food Sovereignty *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract This study develops a new sensory methodology to gain an insight into the role of implicit emotions in organic food consumption. A specific color scale with light and dark colors was designed and used in the current study as a new nonintrusive method to obtain spontaneous answers and avoid biased answers as much as possible during the sensory evaluation. The first part of this study investigated how people would express their implicit positive and negative emotions with light and dark colors. The new color scale was developed based on two types of measures, self-report questionnaire and eye-tracking methods. The results showed that people tend to choose light colors to express their positive emotions and dark colors to show their negative emotions, in both self-report and eye-tracking methods. In the second part, the new color scale with eye-tracking method was used in a sensory evaluation in addition to a verbal emotion questionnaire to measure the consumers’ implicit emotions evoked by organic food. The results showed that the participants’ dwell time on the light colors were significantly higher than on the dark colors after testing the organic food samples. Moreover, the color of the tested samples had no impact on the most fixed-on color by participants perception. Furthermore, the results showed, for each sample, a consistency between the rate of the positive emotions and the higher dwell time on the light colors, and the same results between negative emotions and dark colors.

Keywords: Sensory evaluation, Organic food, Color scale and Eye-tracking

#MEDFORUM2018

Development and application of alternative control methods to control postharvest rots of fresh fruits and vegetables

Imen Belgacem 1*, Sonia Pangallo 1, Giulia Li Destri Nicosia 1, Ahmed Abdelfattah 1, Leonardo Schena 1

1 Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari - 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Pomegranate Peel Extract (PGE) is a new promising alternative mean to control plant diseases. Studies on plant fungal diseases showed high curative and preventive antimicrobial effect of the extract in reducing fruit rots caused by major fungal fruit pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea on table grapes, Colletotrichum ssp. on olives, Monilinia laxa on sweet cherries, Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum on lemon and grapefruits, and P. expansum on apples. Interestingly, recent studies showed that PGE was able to control fruit rots without any direct contact with the pathogens. Same studies reported the activation of several genes involved in plant defense responses such as CHI, CHS, MAPK, MAPKK, and PAL following the PGE application. This suggests the implication of the extract in the plant resistance induction. Therefore, the aim of the project is to study the mechanism of action of PGE in plants and fruits using metagenomic and transcriptomic analysis. In addition, an optimization of the extract efficiency will be conducted by its combination with other control means such as biological control agents (BCAs). An evaluation of the efficacy of different chemical components of PGE in reducing rots will also be performed in this project.

Keywords: Plant extracts, plant pathology, alternative control, methods, metagenomics, transcriptomics

#MEDFORUM2018

Investigation of the social behavior based on vibrational signals of Philaenus spumarius in semi-field conditions.

Imane Akassou 1,2*

1 IAMB (Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari) 2 Department of civil, environmental and mechanical engineering (DICAM), Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 TRENTO – Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Evaluation of the social behavior based on vibrational signals of Philaenus spumarius in semifield conditions and investigation of other communication cues. Communication by substrate-borne vibrational signals underlies insect social and ecological interactions in a complex vibrational environment containing interferences from other species and sources of noise. In many hemipteran species, mating behavior is mediated by vibrational signals that are emitted in different social contexts: individuals, pairs, and groups. The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa that is the causal agent of the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in the Apulia region (Italy). The aim of our study was to investigate the social communication behavior between individuals of P. spumarius based on vibrational signals exchange and to evaluate the temporal pattern of the emitted vibrational signals, but also to study other possible cues based on the exchange of chemical substances. To exclude sexual interactions, the studied groups consisted of only males and only females, from 6 to 10 individuals. They were observed simultaneously but in two different net-cages containing each two grapevine plants. Recordings were performed outdoor, in semi-field conditions, via two laser vibrometers. To evaluate the seasonal pattern of the insect vibrational signaling activity the trials were carried out from June to the end of September in three periods of the day: from 06:30 to 11, from 11:30 to 16 and from 16:30-21. Our results indicate that males interact significantly more than females during the whole season of recording. The next step will be to characterize the signals and their association to their behavioral meanings.

Keywords: vibrational signals, substrate vibration, Hemiptera, Philaenus spumarius

#MEDFORUM2018

The problem of the water in Libya at the present and in the future

Jamal Ali Mohamed Ehdadan 1*

1 Pisa university Department of Agricultural, Food and Agri-environmental Sciences (Pisa university) *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Libya is a sovereign state in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The country is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. Libya is mostly arid and semi-arid covers a total of 1,759,540 square Kilometers (GAI,2008), The cultivable area of the Libyan state is estimated to be about 2.2 million hectares(1.2% of the total area) (NASID ,2006) Groundwater is the main source of fresh Water in the country more than 90%of agricultural production achieves from irrigated agriculture , also under conditions of the rapid growth in the population Water demand exceed 83% of the total annual consumption ( LGWA,2006) Rapidly increasing population in many parts of the World place growing demands on Water for agricultural , domestic , and industry use Responses to these increased demand include not only steps such as well drilling , and dam construction ,Libya has more complicated problem compare with another country because the country depend heavily on groundwater about 90% of the water resources . and the groundwater comes from desert, but most of the people live in north part of the country where is not enough water for them. The Great Man-Mad River project was carried out to transport Fresh water from underground reservoirs in south Libya to north of the country where most people live, water availability in Libya is very low and does not amount to 1000 cubic meters /years /person were 538 and 154 cubic meters/years / person in 1960 and 1990. respectively (FAO 2002), in Libya the amount of water withdrawal is over eight time its renewable water resources (FAO 2001).

Keywords: Libya, water problem, population growth

#MEDFORUM2018

Plasticity of blackcurrant in a changing climate; focus on water efficiency

Natasa Cerekovic 1*, Karen Koefoed Petersen 2, Hanne Kristenen Lakkenborg 3, Majken Pagter3, Rex Brennan 4

1 Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Denmark 2 Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Denmark 3 Aalborg University, Denmark 4 The James Hutton Institute, Scotland UK *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract During the most recent growing seasons, more extreme weather conditions – such as extended periods of drought and increased global temperature – have had a negative impact on the productivity and sustainability of the crops. It is therefore important for growers to have access to plant material with increased ability to adapt to these unfavourable climatic conditions while maintaining a commercial crop. Changing climatic conditions are becoming a limiting factor in the sustainable production of blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.) from existing commercial cultivars. Differences in drought stress tolerance among blackcurrant cultivars during flower initiation and flowering and their ability to recover has studied in thesis by looking at plant water relations, flowering, biomass partitioning, root growth, and gene expression. Special attention was paid to the physiological responses of blackcurrants during and after drought stress but in one cultivar changes in leaf gene expression due to drought stress during flowering were evaluated. The new research findings stress the importance of irrigation management during flower initiation and flowering to counteract negative effects of drought stress on blackcurrant production. The knowledge from this study provides indications for future studies aimed at developing molecular markers for the selection of drought-tolerant cultivars.

Keywords: climate change, drought stress, temperature, blackcurrants, irrigation

#MEDFORUM2018

Zelus renardii (Hemiptera Reduviidae) a leafhopper assassin bug candidate for adult Philaenus spumarius biocontrol

Valdete Sefa 1,2*

1 Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy 2 CIHEAM Bari, Valenzano (BA), Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The demonstration that X. fastidiosa is transmitted in Italy by the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (P.s) (Hemiptera Aphrophoridae), prompted control measures in order to limit the spread of this bacterium and prevent further outbreaks. Despite the increasing interest to develop biological control programs for P.spumarius many biological and ecological aspects of native and invasive populations of the pest remain unknown. Thus, we focused mostly on the research of potential control agents. The presence of the leafhopper assassin bug Zelus renardii (Hemiptera Reduviidae) and its abundance in our area of study was another encouraging factor to investigate the capacity of this predatory species to prey on P. spumarius through in vitro assays. Our laboratory experiences define the killing bug as manageable. We have evidences to propose Z. renardii as biocontrol component in X. fastidiosa vector IPM. Furthermore, leafhopper assassin bug mass rearing on artificial diets and adult field mass release will contribute to the effectiveness of the biological control action for the adult vector.

Keywords: invasive, predator, quarantine, artificial diet breeding

#MEDFORUM2018

Investigation and characterization of phytoplasma infecting Ligustrum ovalifolium plants in Turkey

Toufic Elbeaino 1*, Zeinab Alsaheli 2

1 Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari (IAMB), Department of Integrated Pest Management of Mediterranean Fruit and Vegetable Crops, Via Ceglie 9, Valenzano (Italy) 2 Bologna university, Department of agricultural and food sciences, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 – Bologna (Italy). *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract During field survey conducted in Turkey (Adana region), typical phytoplasma -like symptoms such as leaf yellowing, witches' broom, dieback and decline were observed in California privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk.) plants. During its first report in 2013, witches' broom disease detection was carried out on the basis of molecular tools using two rounds of PCR assays (Direct and Nested-PCR) for the amplification of 16S rDNA, employing primers R16F1/R16F0 followed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2. The unique molecular information available on its genome span 1,200 nucleotides from its 16S rDNA, whose sequence showed homology with members of group 16SrII (peanut witches' broom) and share with them ca. 92% of identity. TuLiWB showed molecular characteristics different from all previously described phytoplasma species to possibly represent a new taxon. In the present study P1/P7 universal phytoplasma-primer set has been used for the first round of PCR and amplified products (1.8kbp) were cloned and sequenced. Results showed that the new sequence enclosed the old sequence acquired from the previous use of primers R16F2n/R16R2 (1.2kbp); in addition, has expanded the sequence information up to 1.8 Kbp covering also the spacer region between 16Sr and 23Sr DNA of the phytoplasma. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA, the examined phytoplasma formed a separate cluster from all previously reported phytoplasma groups and species.

Keywords: PCR, DNA, ovalifolium plants, species

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 3 PS2: PP

#MEDFORUM2018

Valorisation des produits du terroir Algérien

Naziha Fedala 1*, Lakhdar Mekimene 2, Moussa Mokhtari 3

1 Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires (ESSAIA), Alger, Algerie 2 Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA) 3 Unité de Recherché en Analyse et Développement Technologique en Environnement/ Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyse Physico-Chimique (UR_ADTE/CRAPC), Tipaza, Algérie *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Le secteur des industries laitières en Algérie connait ces dernières années un développement remarquable malgré sa dépendance du marché mondial. A partir de cette situation, nous avons pensé à innover une gamme de produits laitiers à base de lait de chèvre et de datte pour la valorisation des produits du terroir. Le lait brut est analysé, pasteurisé, puis refroidi pour passer à l'ensemencement, par la suite il est conditionné. Durant l'incubation (40-42°C) pendant quelques heures, les ferments transforment le lactose du lait en acide lactique. On recherche une acidité finale en fin d'étuvage de 80 à 90°Dornic pour les yaourts en pots. Jusqu'à 90 °Dornic, le yaourt est doux, au-delà de 95°Dornic, il est acide. Et enfin refroidissement et stockage. La densité du lait de chèvre est située dans l’intervalle: 1,027-1,035; l'acidité du yaourt est de 77°D. L'EST du yaourt bicouche est de 187g/l, et celui du yaourt brassé est de 160g/l, cependant nos produits sont légèrement liquides, ceci s'explique par l'adjonction de la marmelade de datte. Pour le yaourt la teneur en matière grasse est de 3,3% ce qui est conforme à la norme de la FAO. Promouvoir des produits de terroir pour un meilleur accès aux marchés nationaux et internationaux dans le but de sécuriser ou même d'accroître les parts de marché dans le cadre de politiques et stratégies de promotion des exportations agricoles.

Keywords: Yaourt, chèvre, datte, terroir

#MEDFORUM2018

Potentialities of using Tunisian Rock phosphate: an alternative insight for sustainable agriculture

Ameni Ben Zineb 1,2*, Darine Trabelsi 2, Fathi Barhoumi 2, Sana Dhane 3, Ridha Mhamdi 2

1 National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, University of Carthage (INAT), 43 Charles Nicolle Street, 1082 Tunis-Mahrajène, Tunis, Tunisi 2 Laboratory of Legumes, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunis, Tunisi 3 School of Higher Education in Agriculture-Mateu (ESAM), Tabarka Road, 7030 Mateur, Bizerte, Tunis, Tunisi *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Cost and concerns about environmental pollution make fertilization with rock phosphates a more suitable alternative for sustainable agriculture. Tunisia rock phosphate (TRP) extracted from the region of Gafsa is one of the most promising rock phosphates worldwide. In this study we wanted to investigate the potential impacts of the amendment of TRP with two forage legumes, Vicia sativa (vetch) and Medicago sativa (alfalfa). A short-term study was carried out in the greenhouse with phosphorus deficient soils sampled from Tunisia, the region of Siliena (36◦ 0.383'N, 9◦ 26.04'E). TRP was used as P fertilizer at two rates 50 kg P ha–1 (1x) and 150 kg P ha–1 (3x). We studied the mycorrhizal root colonization and investigated the environmental impacts on the rhizosphere microbiota in front of conventional fertilization by the chemical triple superphosphate (TSP). Fertilization with TRP 3x significantly increased V. Sativa and M. Sativa dry yields (+38 to +64%). Both TSP and TRP fertilization allowed a significant increase in shoot and root phosphorus content. However, TSP negatively affected the frequency and average intensity of endomycorrhizal colonization of roots. Using PCR-TRFLP, the genetic fingerprinting of bacterial communities was analyzed in rhizosphere soils at different P-fertilization treatments. A clear separation between TRF communities of the different treatments was found. Application of TRP induced a significant increase in species richness. The stimulation involved mainly Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. However, application of TSP induced a drastic significant decrease in species richness touching mainly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Rock Phosphate amendment could well stimulate microbial richness; it may drive the selection of microbial communities with beneficial soil functions and favor the establishment bacteria of able to exploit it, which correlates with the agronomic benefits observed. Consequently, the use of these bacteria in the future will be a very interesting, and therefore, its inoculation to the vetch with Rock Phosphorus amendment could be economically profitable.

Keywords: Phosphorus, Tunisian Rock Phosphate, Microbial communities, Diversity, Rhizosphere

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Agriculture traditionnelle et agrodiversité dans les oasis du Sud du Maroc: cas des oasis de la région Drâa-Tafilalet

Mhammad Houssni 1*, Mohamed El Mahroussi 1, Hasnae Ben Sbih 1, Mohamed Kadiri 1, Mohammed Ater 1

1 Laboratoire Botanique Appliquée, Equipe Bio-Agrodiversité. Faculté des Sciences, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi. Tétouan, Maroc. *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Cette étude contribue à l'évaluation de l'agrodiversité dans les agroécosystèmes oasiens où nous avons inventorié les cultures pratiquées à base de variétés locales ainsi le savoir-faire traditionnel associé. Elle est basée sur l'utilisation d'enquêtes avec les agriculteurs structurées en questionnaires qui comportent les aspects relatifs à l'agrobiodiversité et des données socio- économiques. L'étude a été effectuée dans 4 oasis, contrastées par leur typologie, qui figurent parmi les plus principales oasis traditionnelles du Sud Marocain (Rich, Aoufouss, Alnif et Zagora). Dans chaque oasis, des enquêtes ont été conduites dans 5 Ksours avec un échantillon de 20 paysans interrogés par Ksar. L'étude est basée sur un total de 400 enquêtes. Ces oasis sont caractérisées par la pratique de polyculture et montrent un niveau de diversité remarquable. En fait, nous avons recensés la présence de 50 cultures différentes: 4 céréales, 5 légumineuses, 23 maraîchages, 5 fourrages et 13 arbres fruitiers. Le profil variétal du palmier dattier culture structurante de l'agroécosystème est très riche avec 31 variétés recensées. Les agroécosystèmes oasiens constituent un refuge de la diversité agricole et représentent une opportunité d'une grande importance pour conserver l'agrodiversité et maintenir des activités agricoles bien adaptées aux écosystèmes locaux dans une perspective de développement durable de ces régions.

Keywords: Oasis, agrobiodiversité, variétés locales, agroécosystème, agriculture traditionnelle.

#MEDFORUM2018

An assessment of wood bioenergy utilization in a compared analysis between Missouri and Emilia Romagna

Edoardo Desiderio 1,2*

1 University of Bologna – Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33 - 40126 Bologna, Italy 2 University of Missouri-Columbia – Columbia, MO 65211, United States *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Although used since the origins of civilization, woody biomasses may have a major future role in helping mankind finding a renewable source of energy. Energy derived from wood biomasses has widely been recognized by the scientific community as a carbon neutral one, since emissions released from wood burning processes are counterbalanced by carbon-stocking growing trees. The poster shows the main concept of my thesis, led between the University of Bologna and the University of Missouri-Columbia, in an effort to identify through a four levels analysis, a way to optimize this technology.

Keywords: Wood, Wood pellets, Bioenergy, Circular economy, Sustainability

#MEDFORUM2018

An integrated process for biodiesel production and food industry wastewater treatment using the oleaginous yeast Debaryomyces etchellsii

Fatma Arous 1*, George Aggelis 2, Atef Jaouani 3, Tahar Mechichi 4

1 Laboratory of microorganisms and ative biomolecules (LMBA) – Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunisia 2 Unit of Microbiology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Development Biology – University of Patras, Greece 3 Laboratory of microorganisms and active biomolecules (LMBA) – Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunisia 4 Laboratoire de Biochimie et Genie enzymatique des lipases – University of Sfax, Tunisia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The present investigation involves the performance of the oleaginous yeast Debaryomyces etchellsii strain BM1 to produce lipids from different agro-industrial wastewaters, i.e. deproteinized cheese whey (DCW), olive mill wastewater (OMW), wastewaters from confectionary industries (CW1 and CW2) and expired soft drinks (ESD) with simultaneous pollution load removal. Results indicated that this strain can produce substantial amounts of reserve lipids (14.7-25.9% wt/wt in dry biomass) of similar fatty acid composition to that of vegetable oils currently used in the biodiesel manufacture. Biodiesel produced from different substrates satisfied the limits imposed by the European Standard EN 14214 for some critical parameters. Medium optimization was performed using simplex-centroid mixture design method based on three media components, i.e. ESD, OMW (25%, v/v in water) and DCW. The model estimated that a maximum lipid content of 28.1% wt/wt in dry biomass, a lipid yield of 1.2 g/L and a cell mass yield of 4 g/L could be obtained when a mixture of ESD and OMW (25% in water, v/v) is used as substrate at percentages 62.4% and 37.6%, respectively. On the other hand, a medium containing DCW and ESD at 50:50 (v/v) yielded 7.9 g/L dry biomass containing 15.1% lipids, leading to the same lipid yield (1.2 g/L). In this medium, a significant reduction (around 58%) of the chemical oxygen demand was observed. This study provides an efficient approach for wastewater valorization by the production of microbial lipids suitable for biodiesel production and simultaneously a strategy to reduce wastewater pollution loads.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Debaryomyces etchellsii, Chemical oxygen demand, Simplex, centroid mixture design, wastewater

#MEDFORUM2018

Activity of Biochar on The Effectiveness and Persistence of Some Insecticides Against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) On Cotton Plants

Ghada N. EL-MASRY 1*, Oiva Niemeläinen 2, El-Zahi S. EL-ZAHI 1, Kari Tiilikkala 2, Magdy M. MOHAMED3

1 Plant Protection Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt 2 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland 3 Field Crops Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Slow pyrolysis is the method by which agriculture wastes can be processed into value added products such as biochar. It can increase e.g. soils ability for sorption. Applications rates of synthetic pesticides that are used as soil treatments to suppress the population of pests should be revised. In Egypt, cotton is susceptible to a wide range of pests, especially the Egyptian cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). A broad amount of pesticides are used for its control. To study the effect of biochar on the effectiveness of pesticides pot experiments were conducted at the Ismailia Agricultural Research Station, Egypt in 2017. Our main aim was to study the effect of mixing biochar with soil on the efficacy of methomyl, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and thiamethoxam applied as soil drenching to cotton plants after 60 days of emergence against S. littoralis. All the tested insecticides were applied at three concentrations against S. littoralis. The obtained results indicated that biochar treatments resulted in the higher effectiveness of the three tested concentrations of each insecticide against the 2nd and the 4th instar larvae of S. littoralis compared with the treatments without biochar. The biochar treatments prolonged the effectiveness of the tested insecticides up to 21 days post application, as without biochar the insecticides were effective only 7 days from the application. The lowest concentrations of all the tested insecticides applied to biochar treated soil were more effective than the highest concentrations applied to treatments without biochar in soil.

Keywords: Cotton, biochar, Spodoptera littoralis, Insecticides

#MEDFORUM2018

Crop Water Requirements estimation from open satellite and agro- meterological data

Giuseppe Peschechera 1*, Umberto Fratino 1

1DICATECh - Politecnico di Bari – Via Orabona, 4 - Bari, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Rational and sustainable agricultural water resources management can be achieved through Water Balance (WB) estimation. This study shows how to estimate the seasonal WB and the Irrigation Water Requirements (IWR) over large areas by using meteorological in-situ measurements and crop parameters (e.g. Leaf Area Index) estimated from open satellite datasets. The estimation of the evapotranspiration was carried out using the standard single crop coefficient (Kc) approach proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Focusing on the “Sinistra Ofanto” irrigation district, the present study performs WB and IWR evaluations for the 2016 irrigation season at sub-district scale. The IWR was carried out by comparing the retrieved value of IWR with the data of supplied water provided by the irrigation Consortium.

Keywords: water management, DSS, CWR, Remote Sensing, Open Data

#MEDFORUM2018

Irrigation water use efficiency in the context of climate change - Case of citrus in Souss region, Morocco

Hicham Elomari 1*

1 Faculté des sciences d’Agadir- universit´e Ibn zohr (FSA-IZU) – Faculté des Sciences - Agadir BP 8106 – Cité Dakhla Agadir, Morocco *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract This work was conducted in the Souss region, known by severe water scarcity and a high agricultural activity dominated by the citrus (representing 40% of the area of Morocco's citrus). The objective of this work is to diagnose the current situation of the water efficiency in citrus irrigation and analyze the impact of various production factors on water productivity and its sustainability in the context of climate change. A field survey was conducted on 65 farms with areas varying from 0.5 to 350 ha. The stratification method was adopted as a sampling frame. Initial result indicates that the use of water shows a huge shortfall, since 31% of farms in the region are still using the surface irrigation system and 67% of farms are still using only the experience of the manager to control and adjust irrigation. The assessment of water productivity showed a value of 1.2 kg/m3 for surface irrigation and 3.8 kg/m3 for drip irrigation. The use of tools for control and adjustment of irrigation increases the water productivity of drip irrigation by 25%. The availability of the technical staff (internal or external) allows an increase in productivity of 172.4% compared to farms without technical advice.

Keywords: Citrus, irrigation efficiency, water productivity, drip irrigation.

#MEDFORUM2018

Participatory Multi-Criteria Analysis of Irrigation Management: A Case Study from Albania

Kledja Canaj 1*, Pandi Zdruli 1, Fatbardh Sallaku 2, Roula Khadra 1

1 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), CIHEAM-IAMB Ceglie 9, 70100 Valenzano, BA- Italy 2 Agroenvironment and Ecology Department, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder, Kamez, Tirana, Albania *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract In recent decades, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) programs and Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) policies have become the most popular management patterns to ensure the sustainability of irrigation systems. However, monitoring and evaluation tools must be used to guarantee their ongoing implementation, adequate development and the maintenance of their capacities over time. The present study aims to assess the performance of Cukas Water User Association (WUA) located in Lushnja district in Albania following the transfer of irrigation management from government structures to local entities. The analysis was performed using MONEVA software, an innovative decision-making tool developed by IAM-Bari in the framework of “Sustainable Water Integrated Management – Support Mechanism” (SWIM-SM) project. Overall, the Cukas WUA is functioning adequately by well maintaining and operating the irrigation scheme; however, future agricultural development will require profound changes to the present operation of the services at all levels in order to achieve a better performance. Under current conditions, the financial long-term sustainability of the WUA remains questionable; especially if a suitable water pricing mechanism with the goal of cost recovery is not adopted in the near future. Currently, Albania is performing institutional changes in irrigation management and PIM policies, consequently accentuating the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of irrigation performance. Thus, assessment tools such as MONEVA could assist the stakeholders and policymakers to analyze the performance of irrigation management and to identify the best strategies towards mutual interests. In this context, the utilization of the system shall be incentivized at the national level particularly by the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Water Administration.

Keywords: Albania, Evaluation, Irrigation Management, MONEVA, Monitoring

#MEDFORUM2018

An integrated decision support tool for eco-efficiency assessment of agricultural production

Andi Mehmeti 1*, Mladen Todorovic 1

1 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), CIHEAM-IAMB Ceglie 9, 70100 Valenzano, BA- Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The author's structured product-specific data and assessment methods into an interactive Excel- based decision support tool to evaluate agronomic, environmental and economic aspects of farm systems using a life cycle thinking perspective. Model carry out standard calculations for reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop water requirements (CWR), and crop irrigation requirements using an extended water balance model based on methodologies presented in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Papers No. 24 "Crop water requirements" and No. 33 "Yield response to water". Calculations of the crop water requirements and irrigation requirements are carried out with inputs of climatic, crop and soil data. The model allows the analysis of net and gross irrigation requirement, irrigation energy consumption (electricity or diesel, or both), irrigation infrastructure (pump + materials for irrigation system), tractor field operations and other production means needed for crop production (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides). Fertilizer induced emissions (FIE) from different pathways (direct/indirect) and fuel combustion emission are included. A compilation of all agricultural inputs and outputs in terms of resources from the environment and emissions to different compartments such as air, soil, and water is performed. An environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed to help users to assess the environmental performance of crop production from cradle-to-farm-gate (i.e. from the extraction of the resources to the delivery of product to farm gate) and distinguishing between foreground (on-farm) and background (pre- farm) impacts when analyzing datasets. Background impacts are the impacts due to the production of generic materials (e.g. seeds, agrochemical, tractors, and material for the pump), energy (electricity and diesel), transport and waste management. The main foreground impacts are due to fuel combustion on agricultural operations, fertilizer application and nutrient fate; heavy metal (HM) input, irrigation water application and land occupation and transformation. Meanwhile, an economic model (TVA) is used to estimate farm income, variable cost (cost of production resources such labor, water, fuel, fertilizers, seeds, etc.) and generate a total value added to the system's final products due to resource use and applied management practices. Eco-efficiency is quantified based on a set of indicators integrating economic and environmental indicators. The tool is of great contemporary academic significance that would be of added value for farmers, water user associations and environmental agencies, agricultural researchers to measurement crop water requirements, irrigation water balance and system analysis, and eco-efficiency analysis of farm systems.

Keywords: DSS, LCA, crop, sustainability, farm

#MEDFORUM2018

Precision agriculture for mapping olive grove facing drought challenges in Apulia region

Nada Mzid 1*, Moeko Shinoda 2, Mladen Todorovic 1

1 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), CIHEAM-IAMB Ceglie 9, 70100 Valenzano, BA- Italy 2 Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550 Tottori-shi (Koyama-cho), Japan *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract A methodology to assess the response of olive trees to water stress by interoperable satellite and ground based remote sensing data was developed in this study. The experimental layout was established in Valenzano, Apulia region, Southern Italy. A rainfed regime was compared against a fully irrigated treatment (I100) at 100% of crop evapotranspiration. Measurements were carried out for four growth stages: flowering, fruit sat, maturity and ripening stage. The spectral reflectance pattern through the different growth stages, together with the canopy thermal response, the standard measurements of stem water potential (ΨStem), chlorophyll concentration and stomata conductance (gs) were identified. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery data were acquired at 10 m resolution. Vegetation indices such as GDVI², NMDI, TCARI-OSAVI, MCARI2 and CVI were evaluated for their performance in tracking water status and the effects of sustained water stress on fruit quality at harvest. A statistically significant relationship between (Tc - TA) and (Ψstem) and stomata conductance (gs) was found at the canopy level (R²=0.92 and R²=0.91, respectively). Drought derived VIs of both irrigation treatments yielded relationships with (Ψstem) (R²=0.85 for the GDVI² and 0.75 for the MSI), enabling the identification of stressed crowns. Chlorophyll content was calculated from the multispectral remote sensing imagery with the CVI for detecting stress levels, obtaining R²=0.87 with stem water potential and R²=0.85 with stomata conductance. Sentinel-2 results demonstrated the link between seasonal drought and chlorophyll related VIs and crown temperature acquired from instrumented trees and field measurements of stomata conductance and stem water potential.

Keywords: Sentinel 2, water stress, multispectral remote sensing, thermal, chlorophyll content

#MEDFORUM2018

Isolation and use of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria from an abandoned mine site for it's rehabilitation

Najoua Mghazli 1*, Rachid Hakkou 2, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf 1, Odile Bruneel 3, Laila Sbabou 1

1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire (LMBM) – Faculté des Sciences, Av Ibn Batouta BP1014, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc, Morocco 2 Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et de l’Environnement (LCME) – Faculté des Sciences et Technique Guéliz Université de Cadi Ayyad Marrakech Maroc., Morocco 3 Laboratoire Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM) – Laboratoire Hydrosciences Montpellier – UMR 5569 (CNRS, IRD, Université de Montpellier), Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier France, France *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Mining activities are highly polluting, and generate significant quantities of waste that have a deleterious impact on the environment and on human health. When sulphide minerals are present in these wastes, they can form –in the presence of water and oxygen- acidic effluents, rich in metals and metalloids, known as acid mine drainage (AMD). The former Kettara mine, located near Marrakech, was exploited for the production of sulfuric acid. It has produced more than 3 million tons of mineral deposits very rich in pyrrhotite, which are a source of pollution for water and soil and present a health risk to the 2000 inhabitants of the village of Kettara. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the bacterial communities involved in the revegetation of the site, which constitutes the ultimate stage of the rehabilitation scheme.

Keywords: Acid mine drainage, Kettara, Plant growth promoting bacteria

#MEDFORUM2018

Cultural landscapes for water management - A research work plan

Stefano Basso 1*

1 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ (UFZ) – 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany, Germany *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The broad Mediterranean region is facing important social and environmental challenges. Rainfall events characterized by reduced duration and increased intensity reveal the ongoing climatic changes and result in natural hazards affecting populations. Rural areas have been abandoned as a consequence of modifications of the social and economic structures, and the growing risk of water scarcity threatens to intensify depopulation of farmlands and migration, especially in the southern Mediterranean countries. In this context, a deeper understanding of the unfolding changes of the hydrological cycle is needed to ensure safety and early warning of populations and sustainable use of scarce water resources. The need to move beyond a view focused on blue water (i.e. rivers, lakes and groundwater), on which global water policies are still grounded, is manifest. The renaissance that traditional green-water practices aimed at soil conservation (i.e. subsurface water storage in soils) is experiencing, and the rising number of novel technologies to harvest atmospheric water, hint at the high expectations existing for these alternative approaches to water supply and management in arid regions. Archeological findings and agricultural practices suggest the efficacy of terracing and dry-stone walling - widespread features of the Mediterranean cultural landscape built from local materials and well-integrated into the natural environment - as a measure to increase soil wetness and provide water for agriculture. However, a clear understanding and quantitative assessment of the modifications to the terrestrial part of the hydrological cycle operated by these man-made structures are lacking. The few studies that tried to quantify the effect of terraces and dry-stone walls on soil moisture in the surrounding lands suggest a decline of their reliability when these traditional landscapes are not properly maintained, as is the case for most of the Mediterranean region. This contribution outlines a research proposal which aims to enhance scientific understanding of the functioning of terraces and dry-stone walls and quantify their potential for large-scale water harvesting and management. The project intends to lay the scientific foundation for a large-scale restoration of cultural landscapes aimed at counteracting water scarcity and buffering the effect of climate change in the Mediterranean basin.

Keywords: terracing, dry stone walls, water, hydrology, cultural landscape

#MEDFORUM2018

Traditional irrigation techniques in an agroecological perspective

Vladimiro Boselli 1*, Dario Pezzotti 1, Marco Peli 2, Giovanna Grossi 1, Roberto Ranzi 2, Stefano Barontini 2

1 Università degli Studi di Brescia – Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics (DICATAM) – Italy 2 Università degli Studi di Brescia – Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Many countries in Mediterranean area and central Asia are characterized by water scarcity and aridity. Traditional agriculture has been made possible thanks to strongly anthropogenic ecosystems, i.e. the oases, which are the result of a symbiosis, between humankind and nature, leading to strongly coevolutive agricultural ecosystems. Traditional irrigation techniques (e.g. terraces, qanats, barrages, cob walls, zaï, and water lifting and distribution techniques) made the cultivation possible in adverse environments thanks to the exploitation of distant water sources or atmospheric humidity. These techniques can be considered as one of the axles of the oases and an active defense against desertification. Moreover, their cultural value goes far beyond the mere local historical heritage, since they have innervated traditional societies in all Mediterranean area and central Asia. They spread in remote territories, thanks to migrations, conquests and caravans which followed commercial routes, were able to adapt, time by time, to local environments. This work aims at presenting some cases of traditional irrigation techniques, and reflecting above their cultural value and their current importance for soil protection and land planning in an agroecological framework.

Keywords: Agroecology, Soil protection, Irrigation, Traditional knowledge

#MEDFORUM2018

The influence of inulin addition on nutritional composition of spelt pasta

Jelena Perović 1*, Jovana Kojić 1, Jelena Krulj 1, Jelena Filipović 1, Marija Bodroža-Solarov 1

1 Institute of Food Technology, Novi Sad (FINS) – Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Serbia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L) is a subspecies of an ordinary, soft wheat and is often used for production of different food products such as pasta production. Pasta is excellent choice for incorporating some nutrient components, and therefore inulin can be used due to its ability to function as a fat or sugar replacer. Both spelt and inulin have excellent nutritional and medical characteristics, functional properties and technological importance. According to accepted experimental plan, it was investigated the effect of addition of inulin (5 g/100 g of sample and 10 g/100 g of sample) on the nutritional quality of spelt pasta. By consuming 200 g of integral pasta with 10% of inulin, 21,6 g of dietary fibers is took in, fulfilling the daily intake of dietary fibers recommended by nutritionists and the world healthcare organizations (WHO). Based on obtained results it can be concluded that nutritive composition of spelt pasta is dependent on inulin content, and maximum dietary fibers and indigestible carbohydrates content are measured in pasta with 10% of inulin. The amount of digestible carbohydrates decreases and the content of non- digestible carbohydrates increases by adding inulin. By increasing the content of inulin, the energy value of the spelt pasta was reduced. Inulin incorporated in pasta is a potential solution for increasing the necessary level of dietary fibers. Spelt pasta with the addition of inulin is a new functional product with changed nutritive composition in order to improve human health.

Keywords: spelt pasta, inulin, functional product, dietary fibers, nutritional composition

#MEDFORUM2018

Optimization of the extrusion process in creation of snack products from spelt wholegrain flour with added betaine

Jovana Kojić 1*, Nebojša Ilić 1, Jelena Krulj 1, Jelena Perović 1, Marija Bodroža-Solarov 1

1 Institute of Food Technology, Novi Sad (FINS) – Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Serbia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Betaine has a range of health benefits and therefore has been recommended as a functional ingredient in dietary supplements. Betaine is considered as GRAS ingredient in the US, while in Europe, it has an approval for use in foods by the European Commission (Commission Regulation EU 432, 2012). Cereal-based food has been implicated as the major source of betaine in the Western diet. One of the ways to increase betaine intake in human nutrition is through betaine enriched functional foods. The influence of extrusion cooking parameters like screw speed, feed flow rate, and feed moisture on the betaine content during the preparation of extruded snack products enriched with betaine was analyzed. Under the most extreme conditions applied during the extrusion process, betaine losses were from 50 to 60%. The most important part of the study deals with effects such as screw speed, feed rate and moisture content on characteristics of snack product and the consumption of specific mechanical energy. The optimum operating conditions to achieve simultaneously maximum betaine and minimum energy consumption, when the spelt flour enriched with betaine was extruded, was found by genetic algorithm and constructed the artificial neural network. Results for optimal solution showed betaine content at 1687.6 mg/40 g which is 9.4% higher than the maximal experimentally obtained value at 1543.09.4 mg/40 g. Our findings imply that the betaine content and specific mechanic energy are the key outputs that represent competing objectives in the extrusion process. Parameters for a new functional snack product that can potentially expand the range of snack products were defined.

Keywords: betaine, snack, extrusion, optimization

#MEDFORUM2018

Stability of ellagic acid from raspberry seeds during the extrusion process

1* 1 1 1 1 Bosko Maric , Marija Bodroža-Solarov , Nebojša Ilić , Jovana Kojic , Jelena Krulj

1 University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology, 21000 Novi Sad *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Production of raspberry products leaves large amounts of seeds which are considered as by- product or waste. These seeds are rich source of ellagic acid and about 88% of the total ellagic acid content in raspberries comes from the seeds. This study investigates the influence of extrusion process at different temperatures on the content of ellagic acid in “Willamette” raspberry seeds. The extrusion was performed on a Brabender single-screw laboratory extruder at three temperature regimes: 140, 160 and 200°C. HPLC/DAD analysis was used to determine and quantify the content of ellagic acid in the extruded samples. Ellagic acid content was quantified by using a calibration curve established from ellagic acid standard. The content of ellagic acid in raspberry seeds was found to be 286.54 μg/g. Use of different extrusion temperatures did not have any impact on the stability of ellagic acid from “Willamete“ raspberry seeds, i.e. did not make significant differences in the content of the ellagic acid. These findings indicate that raspberry seeds may be suitable as an ingredient for the high temperature food processing.

Keywords: Extrusion, raspberry seeds, ellagic acid, corn grits

#MEDFORUM2018

Microbial oil production from yeast growing on the hydrolysate of prickly pear

Chebbi Halima 1*

1 Food security – Tunisia *Corresponding author Email:[email protected]

Abstract Most microbial oil production studies were focused on the use of simple sugars, especially glucose, as the carbon substrate. However, large-scale production of microbial oils from pure sugars is not economical. The opportunity exists to reduce the cost for microbial oil production with the use of cheaper feedstock such as lignocellulosic biomass. The prickly pear, widely abundant biomass in Tunisia, was studied as a potential source for microbial oil production using the oleaginous yeast Meyerozyma caribbica. Prickly pear was directly hydrolyzed through SSF (Solid State Fermentation) to convert lignocellulose into glucose and proteins into directly assimilable amino acids and peptides. Enzyme-rich SSF solids were mixed with prickly pear suspensions for the production of fermentation feedstocks that were subsequently evaluated for microbial oil production using the oleaginous yeast strain M. caribbica. Lipid content in the recovered biomass was as higher as 50% (w/w) with a lipid yield were higher than 50% and 200 mg/g, respectively in batch culture. The produced lipid had similar fatty acid compositional profiles to those of vegetable oils, which suggested their potential for biodiesel production. The FAME content was as higher as 96%. These findings strongly support the use of prickly pear as appealing substrates for lipid production via oleaginous yeast. Indeed, this low cost and abundant feedstock provides promising alternatives for sustainable biodiesel production.

Keywords: Prickly pear, Meyerozyma caribbica, FAME content, lignocellulotic enzymes.

#MEDFORUM2018

MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 Oral Presentations

#MEDFORUM2018

Biocontrôle de Listeria monocytogenes CECT 4032 dans le lait et les produits laitiers, à l'aide d'une souche bactériocinogène de Lactococcus lactis isolée à partir du lait de chamelle fermenté du Maroc

Abdelkhaleq Elmoslih 1,2*, Mariem Zanzan 1,2, Abdellah Ait Ben Aoumar 2, Fouad Achemchem 1

1 Equipe Bioprocédés et Environnement, LASIME, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d’Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Maroc. 2 Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Microbiennes et Protection des Végétaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Maroc *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Les bactéries lactiques forment un groupe de bactéries bénéfiques. Ils existent spontanément dans les aliments, surtout les aliments fermetés, le lait et ces dérivées. Depuis l'antiquité, les humains ont su tirer bénéfice de ce groupe, dans l'élaboration de divers aliments fermentés, sans avoir aucune connaissance de leur existence ou de leur rôle. Au temps actuel la prise de conscience du rôle des bactéries lactique a permis leur application dans les technologies alimentaires. Dans notre étude, on a testé la souche Lactococcus lactis G8.10 isolée dans le lait camelin. La souche étudiée a été sélectionnée sur la base de leur efficacité et leur sureté sanitaire. Elle a été appliquée dans le lait, afin de tester leur aptitude à inhiber la croissance de Listeria monocytogenes CECT 4032. Nous avons utilisé le lait entier UHT, le lait écrémé UHT ainsi que le lait fermenté (le Raib) fabriqué dans notre laboratoire. Les résultats montrent que L. lactis subsp lactis G8.10 a été très efficace. Cette bactérie a réduit la croissance du pathogène par 4 unité logarithmiques pendant quelques jours. En plus de son efficacité, L. lactis subsp lactis G8.10 ne peut pas être une source d'aucune préoccupation sanitaire. Cela encourage son utilisation dans d'autres produits laitiers traditionnels.

Keywords: le lait, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes CECT 4032, la bioconservation, les bactériocines

#MEDFORUM2018

Phenotypical characterization and evaluation of a segregating population of sweet cherry (bing x lapins)

Alson Time 1*, Nathalia Kuhn 1, Jose Manuel Donoso 2, Boris Sagredo 2, Lee Meisel 1

1 Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), L Molecular Vegetal. Santiago. Chile. 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias CRI Rayentué, Av. Salamanca s/n, Sector Choapinos, Rengo, Chile *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Fruits quality parameters are very important for any new sweet cherry (Prunus aviumL.) cultivars because they are directly related to consumer preference in important markets around the world, and economic profitability for the growers. It is for this reason, that determining the genetic components of these traits is a high priority for sweet cherry breeding programs. The present work aims to characterize phenotypically a segregating population for fruit quality characters, in order to further identify QTLs and candidate genes related to these parameters in the segregating populations 'Bing X Lapins'. Towards this end, the following phenological traits were analysed: fruit equatorial width (cm), fruit weight (g), fruit firmness (durometer units), skin color, anthocyanin and chlorophyll absorbance, soluble solids concentration (SSC %), and acidity. Rsesults from the first season revealed phenological trait segregations for all the parameters measured in this population. Further analyses of the segregating parameters in this population, sould provide insight into the genetic regulation of important fruit quality parameters as well as molecular markers and associated candidate genes that may be incorporated into sweet cherry breeding programs. This work has been financed by Fondecyt Regular 1171016, Fondecyt Regular N° 1161377 and the Internationalization Project UCH-1566 of the ‘Campus Sur' doctorate programs of the Universidad de Chile.

Keywords: Fruit quality, Ripening, QTLs

#MEDFORUM2018

Supplementation by a commercial prebiotic «AVIATOR®» of broiler diet: Effect of breeding stages on performances and caecal microflora

Amani Askri 1, Aziza Raach-Moujahed 2, Cyrine Darej 2, Mohamed Salah Abbassi 3, Zied Maalaoui 4, Hajer Debbabi 1

1 INAT (Département des Industries agroalimentaires, UR17GR01 PATIO; Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082) 2 INAT (Département des Ressources animales, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 43 Av. Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082) 3 IRVT (Institut de Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Rue Djebel El Akhdhar, 1006 Tunis, Tunisie) 4 ARM&HAMMER (Société Arm & Hammer Animal Nutrition, North Africa, Tunis, Tunisie, Adresse, Tunis 1002) *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotic «AVIATOR®» (Arm & Hammer) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisae cell wall, as a potential substitute of antibiotics as growth promoter in poultry industry, during different breeding period. A total of 160 male chicks Arbor Acres were divided in three groups and were housed in cages (8 birds/ cage). The first group was considered as a control and received a normal diet (D0). The second group received D0 supplemented with the dose of 2g/kg of prebioticin starter grower and finisher diets for the whole trial period ie. 42 days (P1). The third group was fed with the dose of 2 g of prebiotic during only the two first weeks (P2). Performances (body weight, DWG, FI and FCR) were measured and caecal microflora (lactic acid bacteria, total coliforms and Escherchia coli) was analysed. Results showed that control and experimental groups exhibited similar performances, whereas FCR value was improved in P1 group. However, no significant effect of breeding periods was observed on animal mortality (P=0.81). Interestingly, microbiological analysis showed a modification in caecal microflora, by an increasing in Lactobacillus, and decreasing in Escherchia coli and total coliforms, in treated animals when compared to controls. This effect was more pronounced when the prebiotic was added throughout the breeding period (P1), leading to a better protection of the animal against pathogens. In conclusion, addition of prebiotic «AVIATOR®» at a dose of 2g/kg during the whole breeding period can improve performances through a selective effect on caecal microflora.

Keywords: broiler, prebiotic, breeding period, FCR, gut microbiome

#MEDFORUM2018

Classification of Pulses Specific Diversity for the Provision of Three Ecosystems Services: Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Weed Suppression, and Production Stability under Mediterranean conditions

Julie Pitchers 1,2*, Hélène Marrou 2, Michel Ghanem 3, Jacques Wery4

1 Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier (IAMM) – Centre International des Hautes Etudes ´ Agronomiques Méditerranéennes – 3191, route de Mende 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 2 Montpellier SupAgro (UMR SYSTEM) – Montpellier SupAgro – 2, place Viala - 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France 3 ITK (ITK) – ITK [Clapiers] – France 4 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) – Egypt *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Pulses meet several agricultural challenges in the perspective of ecological intensification. They have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which make them highly suitable for low-input system. Originated from Mediterranean and tropical areas, they have a high potential of adaptation to dry and hot environment around the Mediterranean basin. They also represent a source of diversification to break pest and weeds cycles and optimize nutrient management. However, the specific diversity of pulses is poorly represented in most cropping systems despite the growing demand from food chains. While over than 80 pulses are consumed by humans, the FAO database covers only 11 pulse species. The number of released cultivars is also very low: in France, only 7 chickpeas cultivars are available, while more than 90,000 accessions are recorded in the world's genetic resources. The objective of this study is to characterize the genetic diversity of a wide range of species and varieties of pulses through a functional approach that links agro-morphological traits, physiological functions and ecosystem services. Three ecosystem services have been identified as crucial for Mediterranean cropping systems: 1) yield production and stability under dry conditions (i.e; drought resistance), 2) nitrogen fixation and accumulation in the plant for future return to the soil, and 3) competitiveness toward weeds. An extensive literature review (120 ref.) allowed us to identify and document 41 species regarding a set of 12 traits. The full data was then analyzed with CART regressions. As an example, drought resistance was well predicted by the maximum height, day to flowering, seed size, and leaf size. Figure shows that, in general, large species are more likely to be sensitive to water stress unless they flower very early. Small-sized species are at resistant or tolerant. When they tend to flower late, they are all the more that they have large seeds and small leaves. Species were then assembled into groups of species with similar patterns of ecosystem services, according to their agro- morphological traits. These results allow a better understanding of how specific diversity of grain legumes is organized and can be used with respects to target ecosystem services.

Keywords: inter and intra specific diversity, seed legumes, ecosystem services, trait, function, service approach

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The difficulty of measuring biological assets under IAS41: Agriculture

Azhari Amine 1*, Si Mohamed Bouaziz 1

1 FSJES - Université Ibnou Zohr, Agadir, Maroc *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The paper focuses on the possible ways of valuation of biological asset under IAS 41 ‘Agriculture'. It is also propose a brief comparative analysis between fair value and historical cost accounting in the agriculture sector. Based on the literature review and the results of several other empirical studies of the adoption of IAS 41 in various countries, we find that the standard is hampered by problems of adequacy of evaluation tools that counteract its implementation. The paper shows also that the IAS 41 guidelines that require the measurement of the fair value of biological assets instead of historical cost are not welcome by all researchers and practitioners in the field. Because of this last finding, we believe that the standard should be optimized taking into account the criticism that is sent to him especially those concerning its cost of establishment which remains always higher than the expected profit.

Keywords: Fair Value, Historical cost, Valuation, Biological Assets, IAS 41

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Effects of post-harvest low temperature conditioning of olive fruit on oil quality parameters

Athanasia-Maria Dourou 1*, Stefano Brizzolara 1, Franco Famiani 2, Pietro Tonutti 1

1 Scuola Superiore SantAnna [Pisa] (SSSUP) – Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33 - 56127 Pisa, Italy ´ 2 Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG) – piazza Università, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract After harvest, olives may undergo a pre-processing period from few hours to some days often under uncontrolled environmental conditions, in particular considering temperature. The pre- processing handling and conditioning of the harvested olives represents a factor that, together with the general features of the fruit and the extraction process, affect the quality of the resulting oil. Olives of Leccino cv. were harvested at two different ripening stages and, after reaching the experimental mill facility, maintained under different conditions until the pulp temperatures reached the values of 10 °C (T1), 15 °C (T2). Control (CTRL) samples (no temperature conditioning) had a pulp temperature of 19 °C. Oil extraction (crushing, malaxation, separation) has been carried out under the same conditions for the three samples. Oil samples were analyzed for commercial parameters and the volatile profile (SPME/GC-MS). 27 compounds were identified and sequentially analyzed via multivariate analysis (Partial Least Squares regression, PLS). The PLS revealed profound differences, mainly associated with C5 and C6 compounds, for both harvests in relation to the post-harvest temperature condition of the fruit: T1 and T2 oils were correlated with C6 (Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 3-Hexen-1-ol) compounds, which are mainly associated with the perception of herbal/vegetable olfactory traits which correspond to highly sensory quality oils. On the other hand, CTRL oils were characterized by compounds responsible for the perception of sweet/fruity traits (1-Hexanal, 2-Hexen-1-ol, 2-Penten-1-ol (E) and (Z)) but also with compounds such as 1-Penten-3-ol, 1-Penten-3-one and acetic acid which are associated with off- flavors. Our data indicate that changes of key oil volatile organic compounds can be induced with appropriate management of temperature of olives just before crushing. Higher levels of aldehydes and less ripening and defect-related aromas result from lowering olive temperature. Ripe olives appear to respond better to pre-processing temperature management.

Keywords: Olea europaea, olive oil aroma, polyphenols, preprocessing

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS1: PP

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Effect of Moroccan seaweed polysaccharides as biostimulants of Germination and Plant Growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Abir Mzibra 1,2*, Abderrahim Aasfar 1, Ahmed Bamouh 2, and Issam Meftah Kadmiri 1

1 Laboratory of green biotechnology of Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR). – Rabat Design Centre, Rue Mohamed Al Jazouli, Madinate Al Irfane, Rabat 10100, Morocco 2 Unité de Production, Protection et Biotechnologie Végétales de l’Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV HII). – BP: 6446, Madinate Al Irfane, Rabat 10100., Morocco *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Polysaccharides extracted from marine seaweeds can act as plant biostimulants by applying them to seeds, plants, or growing substrates, but only at specific concentration, which is provided by accurate formulations. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Polysaccharides Enriched Extracts (PEEs) obtained from 17 Moroccan seaweeds belonging to Chlorophyceae (5 species), Phaeophyceae (5 species) and Rhodophyceae (7 species) on germination and growth of tomato plants, using a direct applications to seeds and foliar or soil drench to seedlings. We evaluated PEEs at 3 concentrations (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mg.mL-1) on germination parameters: Germination Percentage (GP), Germination Speed (GS) and Mean Germination Time (MGT) and at 4 concentrations (0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg.mL-1) on plant growth parameters: Shoot length, fresh weight of the aerial and root parts of plants as well as their dry weight, number of the leaves and on biochemical parameters: chlorophyll a and b content. Our results indicated that seeds treated with PEEs extracted from U. rigida, C. tomentosum, C. decorticatum, B. bifurcata and S. polyschides at the 3 concentrations enhanced germination (significant increase in germination percentage associated with lower significant mean germination time and high significant germination speed) and seeds treated with PEEs of Gigartina sp, G. pistillata, C. acicularis, G. crinale, S. dubyi, C. foeniculacea and F. spiralis accelerated significantly germination parameters just at lowest concentrations (0.02 mg.mL-1). G. pistillata at higher concentration (0.1 mg.mL-1) showed an inhibition of germination. Most of PEEs improved tomato plant growth parameters when compared to the control, total chlorophyll concentration of seedlings in all PEEs treatment was higher than in the control plants. Their Application as soil drench was found to be more effective in influencing the plant growth parameters. Also G. pistillata at higher concentration (0.2 mg.mL-1) showed a decrease of tomato plant growth parameters. This study emphasizes the use of Moroccan seaweed PEEs as biostimulants inducing early tomato seed germination and plant growth promoters at the corresponding concentration for a sustainable agriculture instead of using chemicals synthetic products.

Keywords: Biostimulant, Polysaccharides enriched extracts, Seaweed, Seed germination, Germination parameters, Plant Growth parameters

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Penicillium gravinicasei, a new species isolated from cave cheese in Apulia, Italy

Pamela Anelli 1, Steve Peterson 2, Miriam Haidukowski 1, Antonio Logrieco 1, Antonio Moretti 1, 1 1 Filomena Epifani , Antonia Susca

1 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy 2 Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Several species of the genus Penicillium were isolated during a survey of the mycobiota of Apulian cave cheeses ripened in a cave in Gravina di Puglia, Italy. A novel species, Penicillium gravinicasei, is described in Penicillium section Cinnamopurpurea. Its taxonomic novelty was determined using a polyphasic approach, combining phenotypic, molecular (β-tubulin, calmodulin, ITS and DNA dependent RNA polymerase) DNA sequences and mycotoxin production data. Phylogenetic analyses of the RPB2 data showed that isolates of the novel species form a clade most closely related to Penicillium cinnamopurpureum and P. parvulum with high bootstrap support. The fungus did not produce ochratoxin A, citrinin, patulin, sterigmatocystin or aflatoxin B1 on standard agar media. The novel species had a high growth rate on agar media supplemented with 5% NaCl, and could be distinguished from other Penicillium section Cinnamopurpurea species by phenotypic and molecular characteristics.

Keywords: Penicillium, Cheese, Cave

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Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus p22 is able to bind single-stranded RNA molecules

Ferran Salavert 1*, Jose A Navarro 2, Carolyn Owen 1, Souheyla Kechmar 1, Vicente Pallás 2, Ioannis Livieratos 1

1 Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Chania, Crete, Greece – Greece 2 Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Polit´ecnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia 46010, Spain – Spain *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) is a newly-reported crinivirus, firstly observed in greenhouse-grown melons in Japan (2004), and recently in the Mediterranean basin (Lebanon and Greece). CCYV mainly affects cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) and melons (Cucumis melo), reducing photosynthesis, crop yield (by approximately one third) and fruit quality. Criniviruses possess a bi-partite RNA genome, where RNA 1 is able to self-replicate, as it encodes the RNA- dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and is essential for the replication of RNA 2. CCYV RNA 1 encodes for four proteins: a long polyprotein containing viral methyltransferase and RNA helicase 1 moieties, and the RdRp through a +1 ribosomal frameshift, plus two small proteins, p6 and p22. As it has been reported for proteins encoded by similarly located genes in four other criniviruses, CCYV p22 represents a suppressor of RNA silencing (unpublished data). In this work, the ability of CCYV p22 to bind RNA has been examined as the counter-attack mechanism to suppress the plant-induced defense of RNA silencing. For this purpose, a recombinant CCYV p22 fusion with maltosebinding protein (MBP-CCYV p22) was overexpressed in E. coli cells, purified, and analysed in gel retardation assays with various RNA probes. These experiments showed that CCYV p22 has the ability to bind RNA molecules in vitro in a non-sequence specific manner. Latest results and consequences of this work finding will be presented and discussed.

Keywords: MISSING

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Molecular, mycotoxin and phylogenetic characterization of Alternaria species from wheat grown in Italy

Francesca Anna Ramires 1*, Mario Masiello 1, Stefania Somma 1, Antonia Susca 1, Antonio Francesco Logrieco 1, Carlos Luz 1, Giuseppe Meca 2, Antonio Moretti 1

1 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (ISPA-CNR) – Via Amendola 122/O – 70126 Bari, Italy 2 Laboratorio de Qu´ımica de los Alimentos y Toxicolog´ıa de la Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València – Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s / n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Wheat is main source of carbohydrates worldwide. Under specific pedo-climatic conditions, wheat plants can be attacked by phytopathogenic fungi causing harvest reduction. In addition, several fungal genera can produce harmful mycotoxins, and therefore represent also a serious toxicological risk. In particular, Alternaria species can produce several mycotoxins such as tenuazonic acid (TA); alternariol (AOH) and alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME); altenuene (ALT), provided of haemato-toxic, genotoxic and mutagenic activities, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination of wheat kernels by Alternaria species in Tuscany region of Italy. From 2013 to 2016, representative wheat kernels were randomly collected at harvesting time from 100 wheat fields located in the Region. Alternaria contamination was detected in 90 out of 100 field samples, with values ranging between 1-54% (mean value of 17%). Representative Alternaria strains were molecularly and chemically characterized. According with a multi-locus gene sequencing approach, 134 strains were analyzed through the combined sequences of the allergen alt1a, glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and translation elongation factor 1α genes. Maximum Parsimony tree showed 2 well defined groups: Alternaria and Infectoria sections. Alternaria infectoriareference strain clusterized with 26 field strains; Alternaria section included all the reference strains belonging to this section and 37, 9 and 62 field strains morphologically identified as A. tenuissima, A. arborescens and A. alternata, respectively. The capability of 57 representative strains to produce mycotoxin on sterilized rice was evaluated. All strains included in Alternaria section produced AOH (0.3 -5618 µg/g) and AME (0.9 -17415 µg/g) with mean values of 761.1 and 2389.2µg/g, respectively. Thirty-one strains and 44 out of 50 strains produced ALT (mean value 39.7µg/g) and TA (142.2µg/g), respectively. On the other hand, a low capability to produce both AOH (mean value 3.9µg/g) and AME (mean value 5.0µg/g), was observed in Infectoriasection strains. Furthermore, only one strain was able to produce a great amount of TA (413µg/g); however, the level of ALT (3.2µg/g) and TA (82µg/g) was low. Although, a high variability in mycotoxin profile was observed, a statistically significant mycotoxin profile among the different sections exist, confirming the need of using a poly-phasic approach to define species boundaries in Alternaria genus.

Keywords: Alternaria Section, Infectoria Section, tenuazonic acid, alternariol (AOH) alternariolmonomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT)

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Screening of effective native common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) rhizobia and their use in mixed inocula with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria under different phosphorus conditions

Imane Elattar 1*, Boubakar Diouf 1, Hajar Ait Jenk Hajar 1, Kaoutar Taha 1, Imane Thami Alami 2, Jamal Aurag 1

1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biologie moléculaire, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V, BP 10 14, Rabat – Morocco 2 Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), B.P.415, Rabat – Morocco *Corresponding author Email:[email protected]

Abstract In Morocco, common bean production is mainly based on an intensive use of chemical fertilizers which are known worldwide for their harmful effects (topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination...). Moreover, Moroccan native rhizobia have not been studied sufficiently to take advantage of their potential to fix nitrogen with common bean and improve its growth. To address this issue, intensive efforts are needed to select and test the best rhizobial strains able to enhance bean growth through bacterial inoculation. In this context, our major objective is to develop bacterial fertilizers as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilization of common bean using mostly some interesting microbial properties such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation and inorganic phosphate solubilization. As a first screening step, we characterized a collection of native Moroccan common bean root-nodules isolates obtained from distinct regions of the country in terms of Plant Growth-Promoting (PGP) traits and tolerance to salt and pH. The collection of isolates showed high diversity of salt and pH tolerance and different levels of PGP activities. A correspondence analysis (CA) was carried out to establish possible relationships between the above-mentioned characteristics and the biogeography of the isolates. Several associations between specific PGP characteristics, salt tolerance and the province of origin were found. Among the screened isolates, a set of strains displaying high in-vitro performances were evaluated for their nitrogen fixation ability under optimal controlled conditions. Out of 45, only18 isolates nodulated common bean were identified as Rhizobium sp based on partial sequence analysis of the 16s rRNA gene. Among the nodulating isolates, three rhizobia exhibiting the highest relative effectiveness were used in a common bean co-inoculation trial. These isolates where used in mixture with PGP bacteria (Bacillus and Pseudomonas) on common bean to evaluate nodulation and growth under phosphorus limiting and optimal conditions. It was observed that common bean response to co- inoculation varied depending on the bacterial combination used. The bacterial efficiency was fertilizer rate-dependent. Our results revealed effective combinations that can be used in the formulation of bacterial inocula which can provide cheaper alternatives to farmers for common bean production in Morocco.

Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium sp., PGPR, bacterial fertilizers, co, inoculation, phosphorus

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Bioactives metabolites for the antifungal and Plant Promoting Growth activities among Plant-associated Bacteria of Vicia faba L.

Imen Haddoudi 1,2*, Isabel Mora 3, Jordi Cabrefiga 3, Emilio Montesinos 3, and Moncef Mrabet 2

1 University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis (FST) – Campus Universitaire El-Manar, 2092 El Manar Tunis, Tunisia 2 Legumes Laboratory, Center of biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Tunisia (CBBC) – Centre of Biotechnologu of Borj-C´edria (CBBC) BP. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia., Tunisia 3 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona (CIDSAV) – Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain, Spain *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Vicia faba L. plants are very important culture in Tunisia and over the world, however, emergence of severe factors is compromising the economical fit of this culture. Different products are been used to fight against biotic stress such as fungal diseases and abiotic stress such as drought, salt, etc. Among them, chemicals product shows good results in short term to reduce diseases, but it has consequences, the accumulation of residues in the environment became dangerous and the development of resistances in the pathogen. One of the biggest challenges in new research is the development of a biological product to replace chemical treatment for an environment friendly approach. The purpose of this study is selecting good candidates used as Biocontrol agents against fungal diseases. A collection of 33 bacterial strains was selected from 500 plant-associated bacterial based on their high antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum as first screening, then selected strains tested against 11 different phytopathogenic fungi. The most active strains were identified as Bacillus species. Analysis of the presence of cLPs genes showed that that fenD and srfAA were the most frequently genes detected (50% and 70%, respectively), then bmyB(40%), when the spaS and dfnM were the less frequent genes (10% and 20%, respectively). A 78% of stains presented at least one of the cLPs genes, although 22% of isolates had not any biosynthetic genes. The analysis of the production of the cLPs by HPLC showed that 30% of strains produced Iturin, Fengycin and Surfactin, when 12% only Iturin and Surfactin, 6% Iturin and Fengycin, when others strains were able to produce only one type of Lipopeptide Fengycin and Iturin (18% and 6%, respectively). The 33 strains were tested also for some PGP activities, 90% of strains produced Siderophores, 12% able to solubilize to phosphate, 85% of isolates produced AIA and 18% produced HCN. The biocontrol essay on Vicia faba L. plants under greenhouse shows the capacity of selected strains to protect plants from two different phytopathogenic fungi, the PGP activities was noticied by promoting growth of inoculated Vicia faba L. plants than no inoculated.

Keywords: Antifungal activity, phytopathogenic fungi, Cyclolipopeptides genes, Lipopeptides, AIA, Siderophores, HCN, phosphate solubilization

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Rhizobium laguerreae in combination with Enterobacter aerogens and Bacillus sp improves lentil water stress tolerance

Kaoutar Taha 1*, Imane El Attar 1, Amina Raif 1, Imane Thami Alami 2, Jamal Aurag 1, Gilles Béna 3, El Bekkay Berraho 1

1 Centre de recherche Biotechnologies Végétales et Microbiennes, Biodiversité et Environnement Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat – Morocco 2 Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Rabat (INRA-RABAT) – Morocco 3 Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-Environnement (UMR-IPME) – Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] – France *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Drought stress severely affects the growth and yield of cultivated lentil (lens culinaris Medik.). Though, inoculation and co-inoculation with rhiobia and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) having different PGP traits namely Phosphate solubilazing, IAA producing and ACC deaminase producing improve the plant tolerance and growth. Hence, 29 R. laguerreae phylogenetically different and collected from four biogeographic regions were selected, all isolates were phenotypically characterized and showed better suited to optimal conditions 28°C, pH7, and three isolates could grow beyond to 1% of NaCl. 82,6% of the strains were showed important IAA production and 45% were identified as high phosphate solubilizers. Moreover, significant correlation between the two activities and symbiotic efficiency (SE) was obtained. three elite strains (SE>76%) with important PGP activities, R. laguerreae LMR575 [KY912861], LMR597 [KY912878] and LMR655 [MF317541] were selected, their ACC desaminase production was tested, then the growth of all the symbionts was evaluated separately under osmotic stress using different concentration of PEG6000. LMR655, LMR597 and Bacillus sp. were considered completely tolerant at 30% of PEG6000, exclusively LMR655 could maintain growth at 35%. While, lentil could preserve growth until 20% of PEG6000 in hydroponic culture. Co-inoculation essay with Enterobacter aerogenes (P1S6) and Bacillus sp. (P4S9) revealed that the combination LMR655+P1S6 enhanced, under normal irrigation conditions the best that yielded SE=138 % was supported by the higher number of nodule (NN=54). However, drought stress allowed us to identify the couple LMR597+P1S6 in addition to LMR655+P1S6 with SE = 108% and 103% respectively.

Keywords: Rhizobium laguerreae, Lens culinaris, efficiency, PGPR, drought stress

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Une agriculture durable au service d'une alimentation durable: La culture de l'olivier dans la steppe algérienne.

Malika Zoubeidi 1*, Ammar Foufou 2

1 Laboratoire de Nutrition et biotechnologie des zones Arides (LANZA), BP78 Zone industrielle Tiaret 14000 – Algérie 2 Université 20 aût 155kikda (US) – Université 20 Août 1955, BP 26, Route d’El Hadaiek-Skikda 21000, Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract L'oléiculture a une place considérable dans l'économie de l'Algérie. D'ailleurs, une prise de conscience s'est opérée depuis le début du millénaire à ce sujet pour améliorer la conduite du verger oléicole, réfléchir à son extension sur des terres où l'intensification de la production est possible. Classée septième à l'échelle mondiale, en matière de production d'huile d'olive, et cinquième mondialement pour la production de l'olive de table avec 220.000 t/an (Amarni, 2015). La filière oléicole s'est ouverte de nouveaux espaces ces dernières années, notamment à l'est, les haut plateaux et au sud du pays, avec une production appréciable. En effet, grâce à la politique du soutien depuis 2000, des localités qui, avant, étaient entièrement indifférentes affichent dernièrement un intérêt important pour la culture de l'olivier vu l'accroissement des besoins de consommation des olives et d'huile d'olive. La présente étude a pour objectif d'analyser les effets induits par le PNDAR mené depuis l'an 2000, à travers une étude de cas dans la zone nord de la wilaya de Djelfa. Les résultats ont révélé que les agriculteurs bénéficiaires du soutien dans la filière en question, n'ont profité que d'un encouragement d'extension des superficies cultivées en oliviers et d'une augmentation de la production d'olives et d'huile d'olive. Cependant, malgré le faible taux de rentabilité financière, les habitudes alimentaires ont été modifiées et la consommation de l'huile d'olive est devenue plus qu'indispensable. Sur le plan écologique, cette culture a aidé à protéger les sols et à améliorer le couvert végétal.

Keywords: Olivier, PNDA, Soutien, Algérie

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Impact du climat sur les accroissements et la qualité du liège dans la suberaie de Béni Ouarssous (Nord-Ouest d'Algérie)

Ahmed Chorana 1*

1 Laboratoire Gestion Conservatoire de l’Eau, Sol et Forêts et développement durable des zones montagneuses de la région de Tlemcen-Algérie – Rocade1, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen –ALGERIE, Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Les accroissements annuels et la qualité du liège de la forêt Béni-Ouarssous ont été étudiés pour la première fois par rapport aux variations climatiques. Les 30 échantillons récoltés au hasard dans le canton de Ménarah révèlent une croissance très lente. Pour un âge homogène de 9 ans, le liège flotte domine avec 87% soit un accroissement moyen annuel de l'ordre de 1,70mm. Les indices d'accroissements (Iac) des quatre types de liège (régulier, juste, mince et flotte) se sont montrés indifférents à la pluviométrie annuelle, printanière et aussi à l'indice de déficit pluviométrique (IDP) (r proche du zéro que de 1). La température printanière et estivale suit la même tendance. La qualité du liège est mauvaise suite à la densité accrue, très supérieure à 300 kg/m3 malgré la faible présence de la porosité. Ce fait est très lié à la concurrence marquée du sous bois qui obligent les arbres à une croissance méristématique primaire que secondaire à la recherche de la photosynthèse.

Keywords: liège, concurrence, climat, accroissement, qualité

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Est-ce que les plantations de palmiers dattiers et l'oasification peuvent être utilisées comme moyen de lutte contre la désertification et l'avancement du sable dans les zones arides ?

Ali Mihi 1*, Tarai Nacer 2, and Haroun Chenchouni 1

1 Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, 12002 Tebessa, Algeria – Algeria 2 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Mohamed Khidder, 07000 Biskra, Algeria – Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract La présente étude montre l'impact des mutations agricoles dans les zones arides, et met en évidence l'effet des Plantations de Palmiers Dattiers (PPD) sur le phénomène de la désertification dans les oasis du Sahara Algérien. L'étude spatiotemporelle a été réalisée à partir de trois images satellitaire de Landsat (TM-1984, ETM +-1999 et OLI-2013). La classification supervisée par maximum de vraisemblance a été utilisée pour quantifier le changement de PPD sur trois décennies, tandis que quatre indices de télédétection ont été calculés comme indicateurs de processus de désertification dans la zone d’étude: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Salinity Index (SI-T) et Crust Index (CI). Le modèle Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) a été appliqué pour tester les effets de l'année et de la «présence / absence» de PPD pour l’NDVI; année, PPD et NDVI pour CI et NDMI; année, PPD, NDVI et NDMI pour SI-T. La superficie du PPD et le nombre de palmiers sont quadruplés au cours des trois dernières décennies avec 4822 ha, et plus de 0,5 million de palmiers. La présence de PPD influencée positivement NDVI, NDMI et CI, mais affectée négativement SI-T. Des relations significativement positives ont été trouvées entre NDVI-DPP, NDVI-NDMI et NDVI-CI, bien que des relations négatives aient été obtenues entre SI-T-NDVI et SI-T-NDMI. Les zones de PPD ont indiqué des valeurs de NDVI, NDMI et CI très élevées, mais des valeurs de SI-T très faibles par rapport au reste des habitats désertiques. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence le rôle potentiel du PPD dans le contrôle et l'atténuation de la phénomène du désertification dans les zones arides chaudes. Cela découle de l'efficacité des programmes stratégiques de politique agricole. De plus, Le potentiel et l'opportunité de Télédétection comme outil efficace pour cartographier, et évaluer les changements ou les dégradations environnementale à long terme et avec un coût relativement faible dans les régions sahariennes.

Keywords: Sahara Algérien, Oasis, Désertification, Plantations de Palmiers Dattiers, Télédétection

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Durabilité des systèmes d'´élevage pastoraux face aux changements environnementaux dans la steppe algérienne.

Mohamed Benidir 1,2*, Boussad Belkheir 3, Sofia Kalli 4, Aissam Bousbia 5

1 INRAA – Algeria 2 Algeria’s National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRAA). S´etif 19000, Alegria. (INRAA) – Algeria 3 Algeria’s National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRAA). Bejaia 06000, Algeria. (INRAA) – Algeria 4 Higher National School of Agronomy, El Harrach Algiers Algeria. (ENSA) – Algeria 5 Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Guelma 24000 Guelma (Algeria). – Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract La steppe algérienne a subi de nombreuses transformations sur le plan écologique et socio- ´économique. La croissance démographique sans cesse croissante et le désir de l'augmentation des revenus, associés aux sécheresses à répétition, étaient à l'origine de ces profondes transformations. Ces mutations se sont manifestées par la genèse d'un certain nombre de phénomènes à savoir la sédentarisation des éleveurs et l'émergence d'une nouvelle forme de transhumance, la dégradation des parcours, la désertfication des sols et enfin, l'érosion des ressources génétiques végétales et la baisse de la biodiversité. La durabilité de l'élevage ovin, principale activité génératrice de revenu pour la population pastorale dans cette zone a été donc mise en péril. Dans cette optique, le présent travail vise à la fois de proposer un outil d'´évaluation multi-critère des systèmes d'élevages existants et de tracer des voies de développement durable de l'agropastoralisme en steppe. 92 agropasteurs de la région de Djelfa ont fait l'objet d'une enquête afin de recueillir des informations liées à la structure et le fonctionnement de leurs exploitations, le système d'élevage pratiqué et les données liées à la durabilité. L'étude typologique efftuée à l'aide d'une analyse factorielle a fait ressortir sept groups distincts: dans leur structure et leur fonctionnement et le système d'élevage pratiqué. L'analyse de la durabilité a montré que les meilleures performances ont été enregistrées par l'échelle économique alors que les échelles agro écologique et socio territoriale constituent une limite pour la durabilité totale. Pour cela, nous avons proposé des voies pour améliorer la durabilité des systèmes d'´élevage et de maintenir les moyens de subsistance pour la population pastorale

Keywords: durabilité, élevage, pastoralisme, steppe, changement climatique

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS2: PP

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Assessment of the current situation of organic food consumption in an emerging organic market (Lebanon)

Malak Tleis 1*, Rocco Roma 2, Roberta Callieris 3

1 Universita degli studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via Amm. F. Acton, 38 - 80133 Napoli, Italy 2 University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Piazza Umberto I - 70121 Bari, Italy 3 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (iamb), Via Ceglie, 09 Valenzano, Bari, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Organic consumption is continuously growing worldwide, as highlighted by Willer and Lernoud (2018) who estimated the organic global market growth rate increased 10% in 2016. To understand such a phenomena, one approach starts from understanding the consumer. The current study considers the emerging organic market in Lebanon, with focus on the demand side. This market is a particular case in the South-East Mediterranean region, where the demand for organic goods is vastly growing, while local supply lacks behind. This study employs the means- end chain theory to reveal the values behind the choice of organic food for the Lebanese consumer. A consumer survey, using the hard-laddering technique (N: 180) was conducted in various areas of Lebanon (November- December, 2015). Results revealed two distinct groups, characterised mainly by their level of organic food consumption. The “frequent organic consumer” and the “occasional organic consumer” groups. The laddering interviews showed that the Lebanese organic consumers relate organic food consumption to a deeper value system, mainly “better life quality” and “peace of mind” values. The environmental dimension in choosing organic appears as a new concept for the Lebanese frequent consumers group, while the occasional consumer group gives more importance for the aspects of organic being similar to traditional food and for “personal pleasure” value. The structural model predicting organic purchase behaviour resulted in two predictors significant at the 5% level: “Respect for Nature” and “My children stay healthy”. The results of this study should be employed in directed marketing strategies specially designed to address the Lebanese consumer, based on the cognitive structures he has in relation to organic consumption. The traditional focus of marketing positioning based on the product's attributes should be extended to include the possible benefits and/or values that consumer satisfies when buying these products.

Keywords: means end chain, organic purchasing behavior, structural equation modeling

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Controlling Aspergillus niger using chia essential oil and gemifloxacin-metal complexes

Shimaa Sakr 1*, Hazem Elshafie 2, Mariana Amato 2, Vincenzo De Feo 3, Sadeek Sadeek 1, Ippolito Camele 2

1 University of Zagazig – Zagazig city, Egypt 2 Universit`a degli studi della Basilicata [Potenza] (UNIBAS) – Via Nazario Sauro 85 - 85100 Potenza, Italy 3 University of Salerno (UNISA) – Universita degli Studi di Salerno - Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 - Fisciano (SA), Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Aspergillus niger Tiegh. is one of the most common species of the genus Aspergillus. It causes black mould disease on fruits and vegetables among them grapes, peach and apricot [1]. Some strains of A. niger have been reported to produce potent mycotoxins called ochratoxin A and isoflavone orobol in post-harvest [2]. In addition, A. niger is one of the most common causes of otomycosis and human pulmonary aspergillosis [3]. The public concern is growing daily about the health and environmental hazards due to the excessive use of synthetic pesticides. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual herb of the Lamiaceae family with origin of Mexico and Guatemala [4]. Chia essential oil (EO) was composed from 52 different components, where β-caryophyllene is considered the main component [5]. Different quinolone, especially fluoroquinolone such as gemifloxacin (GMFX) have a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity against different phypathogens [6]. Fluoroquinolone in general react with several metal ions and in many cases, the metal complexes are more active than the parent fluoroquinolone [7]. The purposes of the current research is to evaluate the fungicidal effect of chia EO compared to GMFX and its prepared metal complexes of Sn (II), Zn (II) and Ce (III) against A. niger. The outcomes of the current research showed that GMFX and its metal complexes have promising interesting antifungal activity. However the use of those synthetic compounds on long term surly have a negative impact on the environment and human health. In addition, the obtained results of both GMFX, its synthesized complexes and chia EO are not dramatic statistically different. Certainly, the use of chia EO is highly recommended being a natural alternative for conventional synthetic pesticides.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Salvia hispanica essential oil, Gemifloxacin, Ligand, Metal complexes

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Preliminary analysis of the growth performance of adults and larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets based on by- products

Somaya Naser El Deen*1, Vincenzo Verrastro 2, Flutura Lamaj 2, Lina Al Bitar 1,2, Ferdinando Baldacchino 3

1 Parthenope university of Naples, Environment, resources and sustainable development department, 80133 Napoli (NA), Italy 2 CIHEAM-IAMB Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy 3 ENEA C. R. Trisaia, Depart. SSPT-BioAg-ProBio, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract As a sustainable alternative protein-rich food source, the consumption of insects (entomophagy) started to receive increasing attention. Furthermore, it is advantageous to rear these edible insects on local and sustainable diets composed of industrial by-products. This study aims to determine the effects of high protein diet under 2 different feed substrates on the lifespan, fecundity, survival rate and development time of Tenebrio molitor adults and larvae. Four treatments of different diets each replicated 6 times were done starting from adults that were reared to finish the cycle. Four diets were prepared using wheat bran, mixed grain, fresh yeast and dry yeast, and fresh potato slices. As preliminary results, the adults reared on mixed grain substrate showed shorter lifespan compared to those reared on wheat bran. The mixed grain substrate, with or without yeast, is expected to affect the longevity of adults. As a first observation, the new larvae reared on mixed grain seem to be bigger in size (average 0.063g/ larva) than those reared on wheat bran (average 0.042g/ larva). Also, those reared on mixed grain are more consistent where almost all the larvae in one tray are of the same size and same larval stage. However, the larvae reared on wheat bran are of different sizes and stages. The pupae and adult emergence is expected to be highly affected by the presence of yeast and the type of the substrate.

Keywords: Yellow mealworm, protein, rich, lifespan, circular economy

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Indigenous food formulation: which nutritional value of legume-based traditional Mediterranean dishes?

Sondos Njoumi 1,2*, Marie-Josèphe Amiot 3, Christèle Icard-Verniere 2, Isabelle Rochette 2, Sihem Bellagha 1, Claire Mouquet-Rivier 2

1 VPNATI, UR17AGR01 INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia. 2 NUTRIPASS, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, SupAgro, Montpellier, France. 3 MOISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAAM, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France. *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Legumes are excellent candidates to help ensure the sustainability of food systems. Five different types of legumes are used in a traditional Mediterranean dish called Bahthoula, used as a model in our study; we studied the nutritional potential and assessed the micronutrient composition (minerals and folate) and contents of bioactive compounds with negative and/or positive effects, such as phytates and a-galacto-oligosaccharide (α-GOS) as well as insoluble and soluble dietary fibers (IDF and SDF). The results showed a good nutritional profile of this legume-based dish, which contained high amounts of minerals, folate and dietary fibers. Indeed, a portion of 296 g of Bahthoula would meet 16% of RNI for folates and 62% of the average recommended intake of TDF for adults. Also, it would provide 0.6 g of total α-GOS, contributing to 22% of the effective daily dose to provide prebiotic effect and corresponding to low flatus induction. Phytic acid content was low. The bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium was estimated by calculating the phytate/mineral molar ratios. For zinc and calcium, the obtained values were far below the reported critical maximum values, indicating an optimal bioavailability. However, for iron, the predicted bioavailability was still low. Bahthoula could be considered as an outstanding source of total dietary fiber and rich of minerals and folates and would be effective for obtaining a beneficial prebiotic action.

Keywords: Legumes, Mediterranean dish, micronutrients, antinutritional, factors

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Pb-resistant PGPR effect on antioxidant status and genes expression pattern associated with lead tolerance and accumulation in Lathyrus sativus

Souhir Abdelkrim 1,2*, Salwa Jebara 1, Ghassen Abid 1, Omar Saadani 1, Manel Chiboub 1, Khediri Mannai 1, Faten Louati 1, Moez Jebara 1

1 Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Laboratory of Legumes (CBBC) – BP 901, 2050 Hammam Lif, Tunisia 2 National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT) – 3, Avenue Charles Nicole, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Recently, the improvement of the interactions between plants and beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms is considered to be an important component of phytoremediation technologies. The impact of lead treatment (1 mM Pb) on Lathyrus sativus inoculated with four efficient and Pb resistant PGPR: R. leguminosarum, B. simplex, Luteibacter sp and Variovorax sp and exposed for 3, 6, 9 and 14 days in a hydroponic system, was studied at biochemical and molecular levels. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique was used with L. sativusspecific primers to study the impact of Pb on steady-state accumulation of messengers corresponding to stress responsive genes. Rise in proline content, as well as increases in thiols formation and Pb accumulation were recorded in inoculated plant roots as compared to control Pb stressed plants. The antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, APX, GPOX and GR) in L. sativus roots were stimulated under Pb stress after PGPR co-inoculation, suggesting these bacterial strains could be used for amelioration of stress tolerance in L. sativus plants. Increases of root transcripts accumulation of LsPCS (phytochelatine synthase), LsCNGC (cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel) and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) indicated that these genes are differentially expressed under Pb treatments, which revealed that PGPR inoculation enhanced accumulation and detoxification mechanisms involving metal transporter family. The response of each gene to Pb stress is strictly regulated and was accompanied with high metal accumulation. This process probably resulted from systemic signals originating from the lead accumulation in the roots. In the present study, the co-inoculation with R. leguminosarum, B. simplex, Luteibacter sp and Variovorax sp could alleviate Pb toxicity in L. sativus plants which confirmed that the application of PGPR participate in the regulation of plant metal uptake which constitutes a strategy for enhancing the phytostabilization efficiency of Pb contaminated soils.

Keywords: Antioxidant activities, lead, PGPR, phytoremediation

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Patulin effects on viability of Penicillium spp.

Vincenzo Tragni 1*, Ciro Pierri 2, Antonio Ippolito 1, Simona Sanzani 1

1 Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, delle Piante e degli Alimenti, Universit`a degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Universit`a degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70124 Bari, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by 60-plus species of fungi encompassing over 30 genera, but it is mainly associated to Penicillium expansum, which is the causal agent of blue mould, a common disease of pome fruits particularly apples. Apple juices and puree made from affected fruit are the major potential dietary sources of patulin (Watanabe & Shimizu, 2005). Patulin is a toxic secondary metabolite that has been reported to cause intestinal disorders (Mahfound et al., 2002), and have cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunosuppressive properties (Moake et al., 2005). The European Union has fixed the maximum tolerated level for patulin at 50 µg/kg for apple juices and derived products, and 25 µg/kg for solid products. The maximum level in food intended for babies and young children was set at 10 µg/kg (European Union, 2006). Several studies have attributed to patulin a role in aggressiveness in Penicillium expansumapple interaction (Sanzani et al., 2012; Barad et al., 2014; Snini et al., 2015) and a broad-spectrum antifungal/antibiotic activity (Moake et al., 2005). Out of more than 70 species of microorganisms tested, none was completely resistant to the inhibitory effect of patulin. Not all fungi are sensitive to patulin, and there is a considerable variation in the sensitivity of different species (Gottlieb and Shaw, 1967). The growth of some species was inhibited at 5 μg/ml, whereas others, such as Aspergillus clavatus, were not affected even at 1000 μg/ml. The sensitivity of different species is dependent on the concentration of patulin and the period of incubation. However, as far as we know (OR: to the best of our knowledge), the toxicity of patulin to P. expansum and Penicillium digitatum had not been tested.

Keywords: P. expansum, Patulin

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Assessment of the resilience of cereal-based cropping systems in the Mediterranean area: the Bekaa case study

Ali Nasrallah 1,2*, Salem Darwich 3, Talal Darwich 4, Nicolas Baghdadi 2, Hatem Belhouchette1

1 CIHEAM-IAMM, UMR System-1123 – Centre International des Hautes Etudes Agronomiques ´ Méditerranéennes- Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier [CIHEAM-IAMM] 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France, France 2 IRSTEA, University of Montpellier, TETIS – Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture - IRSTEA (FRANCE) – 34090 Montpellier, France, France 3 Lebanese University, Faculty of Agriculture – Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon 4 National Center for Remote Sensing, National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS) – Riad al Soloh, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon, Lebanon *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Recognition that climate change could have negative consequences for agricultural production has generated a desire to build resilience into agricultural systems. The assessment of cereal- based agricultural systems' resilience in the Mediterranean area is an essential topic of study because many Mediterranean communities greatly depend on the provisioning ecosystem services of such systems (food and fodder) for their livelihoods. As testing hypotheses and management options relying solely on field experiments requires a wide set of resources, and since large increases in system productivity rarely come from a single transformational change, yet they arise when several interacting factors combine, crop models could be an essential backup. The main objective of this study is to assess the resilience of cereal-based systems in Mediterranean under various climatic scenarios, focusing on wheat cultivation in the Beqaa plain Lebanon. For this purpose, we developed a framework based on three main steps: (1) defining the resilience concept applied to cropping systems (e.g. water use efficiency and Nitrogen use efficiency), (2) employing and calibrating (by mobilizing experimental data and in-situ measurements from sowing to harvesting) a cropping system model “CropSyst”, and combining it to GIS interface for representing a large diversity of cereal-based systems with more representative extrapolation and finally, (3) using the calibrated model, we assess the impact of different climatic scenarios on cereal-based cropping systems' performance (i.e. above ground biomass, yield, organic matter, Nitrogen, soil water content...etc.). The main result to be highlighted is to test the hypothesis that the diversity (in term of rotation, crop association, crop management and agricultural practices) can increase the cropping system flexibility, resilience and productivity.

Keywords: Mediterranean, Resilience, Cereal, based cropping systems, Crop modeling, GIS

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Trapping methodologies for functional canopy arthropod diversity in olive agroecosystem

Anastazija Dimitrova 1*, Vassilis Gkisakis 1, Ioannis Livieratos 1

1 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh) – CIHEAM IAM Chania Alsyllio Agrokepio, 1 Makedonias str Chania 73100 Crete GREECE, Greece *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The importance and benefits from a diverse and well-balanced community of canopy arthropods are undeniable in terms of pest management and overall agroecosystem functionality, but still a suitable monitoring methodology for them has not been well defined, especially in perennial crops. Field sampling conducted in Crete, Greece during autumn and spring was done in order to look into two types of trapping methodologies, yellow sticky traps (YST) and transparent sticky traps (TST) in organically managed olive orchard. Identification and organization of the arthropods in functional groups according to their impact on the olive crop with positive or negative functionality set the basis for statistical analysis and in-depth comparison between the two trapping methodologies. The diversity indices (J, H', 1-D) were not significantly different between the two trapping methodologies. However, the YTS had a statistically more significant catches with a much higher abundance of arthropods while in absolute numbers, the TST present a more diverse and even canopy arthropod community. The agroecological approach seems to be useful and practical in terms of characterization of the properties of the YTS and TST. Using the TST as a low cost, less labour demanding, replicable and easily set trapping methodology is suitable for estimation of the biodiversity of the canopy arthropods. This suggested that further research set on this approach can help in assessment and recommendation for further practices in perennial crops in order to reach a more stable and productive agroecosystem from ecological, social and economical aspect.

Keywords: agroecology, canopy arthropods, functional biodiversity, monitoring, olive

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Investigation of endophytic microorganism's population diversity and their interaction with Xylella fastidiosa in olive trees and other hosts

Arafat Hanani 1,2*, Franco Valentini 2, Salvatore Davino 1, Ana Maria D'onghia 2

1 Università degli studi di Palermo (Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest science), Piazza Marina, 61 90133 – PALERMO, Italy 2 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), CIHEAM-IAMB Ceglie 9, 70100 Valenzano, Bari, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) is a devastating serious disease affecting olive trees. The disease was identified recently in the province of Lecce (south-eastern Italy). Later, the syndrome was associated with a fastidious, polyphagous, gram-negative, slow growing and strictly aerobic bacterium belonging to the family Xanthmonadaceae called Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca De Donno. X. fastidiosa is a widely distributed plant pathogen as it can colonize the xylem of many different species, causing various severe diseases. Commonly, the bacterium is transmissible by xylem-feeding leafhoppers, where Philaenus spumarius is the most active vector in the outbreak area. Even though X. fastidiosa has been one of the most studied plant pathogen microorganisms in recent years, currently there is no definite cure for this disease. Based on observations in the outbreak area, different potential susceptibilities among olive varieties were noticed. Therefore, this study has drawn out the attention to evaluate whether microbial communities inhabiting the xylem vessels of olive and other X. fastidosa hosts (which show different susceptibilities to X. fastidiosa-infection), play a role in resistance and or tolerance. Olive trees, as any wooded tree, harbor a complex microbial ecosystem or plant microbiome, as neutral, beneficial or pathogenic microorganisms that are in a close interaction with the plant. The balance of these interactions is a key element for plant health, therefore this study will carry out wide spectrum surveillance and sampling. The obtained samples will be metagenomically assayed and efforts will be pursued to isolate culturable endophytic microorganisms, which may affect antagonistically against Xylella fastidiosa.

Keywords: OQDS, De Donno, microbiome, endophytic microorganisms, antagonistic

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Insecticidal activity of bio-oils and biochar as pyrolysis products and their combinations with microbial agents against the Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Atef Sayed 1*, Behle Robert 2, Kari Tiilikkala 3, Steven Vaughn 2

1 Agricultural Research Center, Plant Protection Research Institute, Biological Control Research Department, Giza, Egypt – Egypt 2 USDA-ARS – United States 3 MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Natural Resources Institute (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland – Finland *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Pyrolysis technology for producing biochar and bio-oils can be used as a potential alternative to make biopesticides, which are urgently needed in integrated pest management (IPM). Insecticidal activity of three components of bio-oils: aqueous, organic and their mixture, was evaluated individually and with three different entomopathogens of the baculovirus Agrotis ipsilon nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipMNPV), bacterium Bacillus thuringensis var. kurstaki (Btk) and fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb) against black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). The effect of alkaline conditions of spray-dried biochar was studied simultaneously with the microbial pathogens. Our bioassay results indicated that the organic bio-oil phase was the most active, causing 100% mortality after 24 h, when the median lethal toxicity values LC50s (mg/mL) were found. However, the bio-oil fractions applied alone tended to cause higher mortality of the exposed larvae than did either mix with the microbial agents. Also, the results revealed that maximum mortalities were found in spray-dried formulations made with biochar at pH 7.1. It was concluded that pyrolysis oils are effective insecticides, and biochar could be a useful additive in production and formulation of biopesticides. This interesting finding further promotes the use of pyrolysis bio-oils and biochar compounds as eco-friendly alternatives to replace conventional pesticides.

Keywords: Pyrolysis products, bio, oils, biochar, Microbial agents, Insecticidal activity, Agrotis ipsilon

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Effect of drying methods on the phenolic compounds of white and black figs (Ficus carica L.)

Souhila Mahmoudi 1,2*, Cristina Barrocas Dias 3, Ana Manhita 3, Mustapha Khali 4, Nacéra Mahmoudi 2

1 Université de Saâd Dahlab [Blida] (USDB), LÚniversité Saâd Dahlab de Blida ou lÚniversité de Blida 1 route de Soumâa BP 270 Blida (09000) - Algérie 2 Université Med. Boudiaf M'sila 3 HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, 4 Université de Saâd Dahlab [Blida] *Corresponding author Email:[email protected]

Abstract Fig (Ficus carica L.) is an excellent source of sugars, dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins and organic acids. It is also known for its high phenolic content with antioxidant capacity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of sun drying and oven under vacuum drying (50 and 60 °C, 250 mbar) on drying kinetics, surface color, phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of white and dark figs (Bidha and Bakkor Khal). Fig skin color (b*, L*and C*) was measured using a portable colorimeter. The phenolic compounds were extracted by the sea-sand-disruption method (SSDM) and characterized by a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS). Antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts was determined by the DPPH. Method (2,2'- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Data showed an important variation in colorimetric parameters after drying for white figs but not for dark ones. Various flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives had been identified in fresh and dried white and dark figs. The studied drying techniques had a variable impact on the phenolic profiles of the both fig varieties but in general, dried figs preserved important amounts of phenolic compounds. In addition, the highest antioxidant activities were recorded by the ethyl acetate extract of sun-dried white figs and the methanolic extract of oven under vacuum dried dark figs. Dried fig is an important crop in the Mediterranean diet and a good source of bioactive compounds.

Keywords: Ficus carica L., drying techniques, color, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS1: OP

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Evaluation des composés phénoliques et des activités antioxydantes des figues (Ficus carica L.) en Tunisie

1* Fateh Aljane

1 Institut des R´egions Arides – Route El Jorf Km 22.5 Medenine 4119, Tunisia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Les substances naturelles issues des fruits ont des intérêts multiples mis à profit dans la biotechnologie tant dans l'industrie alimentaire, cosmétique que pharmaceutique. Parmi ces composés, on retrouve les molécules bioactives et les antioxydants naturels chez les fruits de figuier (Ficus carica L.) qui font l'objet de cette étude. Ce travail vise essentiellement à une caractérisation comparée des potentialités en polyphénols totaux, flavonoïdes totaux, anthocyanines totales et des antioxydants naturels (ABTS ''2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonate '' et ''DPPH 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical '' de 30 accessions locaux de figuier de la Tunisie. Les échantillons de fruits (20 unités par accession) sont collectés de la collection variétale de l'Institut des Régions Arides (IRA) de Médenine (Tunisie). La méthodologie mise au point pour le dosage de ces composés par des méthodes d'analyses chimiques (spectrophotométrie), nous ont permis de faire une évaluation quantitative des composés phénoliques des fruits de ces 27 cultivars locaux de figuier. Les résultats de ces travaux nous ont permis d'affirmer que les figues sont riches en composés phénoliques. Les résultats ont montré que les teneurs dépendent du cultivar. En effet, la teneur en polyphénols totaux varie de 51.50 (Bouholi) à 100.23 (Nasri) mg EAG / 100 g de poids frais. Par contre, le taux de flavonoïdes totaux varie de 0.33 chez les figues blanches (Bayoudhi1) à 17.59 chez les figues noires (Soltani Ahmar) mg quercétine équivalent / 100 g de poids frais. Concernant la teneur en anthocyanines totales, elle est plus élevée chez Zidi2 (peau noirâtre) 11.67 mg/ 100 g de poids frais. Ce pigment est légèrement présent dans les cultivars à peau de couleur claire telle que Besbessi ; 1.61 mg / 100g de poids frais. Les analyses des activités antioxydantes des fruits de 27 cultivars de figuier ont permis d'affirmer que l'inhibition de DPPH % et la ABTS varie de 11.3.6 (Besbessi) à 64.73 % (Bouharrag) et de 38.50 (Sawoudi5) à 676.13 (Nemri), respectivement. Il est A signaler que les figues peuvent être valorisé dans plusieurs secteurs à savoir l'agroalimentaire, la cosmétique et le médical.

Keywords: Ficus carica, Cultivars, Fruits, Polyphenols, Anthocyanines, DPPH, ABTS

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Evaluation des facteurs structurels d'insécurité alimentaire pour une bonne gouvernance au Maroc: Cas du blé tendre

Kawtar Rerhrhaye 1*

1 Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire de Rabat (IAV) – Maroc *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Aujourd'hui, compte tenu de la forte fluctuation des cours mondiaux des blés et les menaces prévues sur les marchés d'importation à l'horizon 2030, la question alimentaire au Maroc se pose en termes de vulnérabilité et devient désormais un enjeu politique. Selon les projections établies par les institutions internationales (FIDA, BM, FAO), le pays pourrait être confronté à un double risque. Il s'agit d'une part, du risque lié aux quantités limitées mises en vente par les principaux pays exportateurs et, d'autre part, une probabilité d'un nouveau choc des cours pour l'accès aux marchés d'importation des blés. Face à ce constat, notre objectif consiste à évaluer les facteurs structurels aggravant la vulnérabilité alimentaire du pays dans les années à venir.En s'inspirant d'un modèle économétrique, le recours aux marchés d'importation des blés au Maroc varie en fonction de l'offre nationale,la croissance démographique, le revenu par habitant, la disponibilité des ressources en eau et en terre. A travers la méthode « Régression Linéaire à Variables Multiples », nous identifions le facteur déterminant, les axes d'intervention de l'Etat pour une bonne gouvernance de sécurité alimentaire, en particulier le blé tendre (aliment stratégique en consommation des céréales). Les données nécessaires à l'analyse ont été collectées à travers des entretiens menés auprès des responsables techniques et politiques liés à la filière dudit produit. D'après nos résultats d'évaluation, si la population augmente de 1%, le Taux de Dépendance aux Importations (TDI%) évolue de 1,32%. Par contre, toute augmentation de 1% de la production ou du revenu per capita pourrait se traduire par une baisse du TDI% respectivement de 0,45% à 0,56%. Enfin, pour une efficience du choix politique, l'accroissement de la productivité en zones Bour, à travers des programmes de Recherche-Développement (R.D) appropriés, constitue l'un des facteurs déterminants pour réduire la vulnérabilité, améliorer les revenus des agriculteurs et renforcer par conséquent, la sécurité alimentaire en blé tendre.

Keywords: Gouvernance, Vulnérabilité alimentaire, Blé tendre, Choix politique, Productivité

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Gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire au Maroc: Défis et Opportunités

Larbi Toumi 1*, Noureddin Driouech 2

1 Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II) – Morocco 2 Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Bari (CIHEAM Bari) – Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract La gouvernance requiert, aujourd'hui, une importance stratégique dans les politiques publiques de développement. Ce présent travail de recherche vise, d'une part, à faire le point sur les différentes approches de la gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire et d'autre part, analyser la gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire au Maroc et proposer une conception de dispositif de gouvernance. L'approche méthodologique est une approche qualitative qui consiste en une analyse bibliographique sur les approches de gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire, une analyse SWOT à travers des entretiens semi-directifs avec des personnes ressources sur la gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire au Maroc et une analyse comparative du Maroc avec des pays ayant une riche expérience dans la gouvernance alimentaire (France et Singapour). Les résultats atteints montrent que pour le contexte marocain, l'approche de gouvernance opportune que nous proposons est l'approche institutionnelle et que nous qualifions d'hétérodoxe. Elle est focalisée sur les aspects de transversalité et de décloisonnement des institutions qui œuvrent pour la sécurité alimentaire au Maroc. D'autant plus, le Maroc dispose d'une multitude d'acteurs de la sécurité alimentaire avec des stratégies sectorielles qui ne reflètent pas pleinement la nature transversale de la sécurité alimentaire et ne s'inscrivent pas dans une vision globale intégrée et durable. Toutefois, l'analyse comparative met en exergue l'approche intégrée et multidisciplinaire pour asseoir une gouvernance de la sécurité alimentaire au Maroc. Finalement, ce travail propose un dispositif de gouvernance sous forme d'un comité interministériel de pilotage doté d'antennes régionales et locales faisant recours aux experts, chercheurs et opérateurs privés et de la société civile et ayant pour mission l'élaboration d'une feuille de route de la sécurité alimentaire au Maroc.

Keywords: Gouvernance alimentaire, Gouvernance institutionnelle héetérodoxe, Sécurité alimentaire, Durabilité, Maroc

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Effet des biostimulants en plein champs sur le développement de Zymoseptoria tritici chez le blé dur en Tunisie.

Marwa Hassine 1*

1 National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia (INAT) – 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle 1082 -Tunis- Mahraj`ene TUNISIE, Tunisia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Le blé dur (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) est la principale culture céréalière en Tunisie. Ce secteur présente plusieurs facteurs limitant dont le stress abiotique (stress salin, stress hydrique) et le stress biotique (les maladies). Septoria tritici blotch (STB) causée par le champignon Zymoseptoria tritici (télemorphe Mycosphaerella graminicola) est actuellement la plus importante maladie foliaire du blé dur (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) en Tunisie, causant de pertes de rendement considérable allant jusqu'à 50% en condition épidémique. Quatre cultivars de blé dur (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.) à différents niveaux de sensibilité ont été évalués pour leur réponse respective à Z. tritici en utilisant deux Stimulateurs de défense naturelle (SDN) dérivés d'extraits d'algues, oligosaccharide végétal et acides aminés. Le test a été réalisé durant deux compagnes agricoles (2014-2015 et 2015-2016) selon le dispositif en bloc complet aléatoire (RCB) avec trois répétitions, dans des conditions climatiques subhumides dans l'unité expérimentale du Centre Régional de Recherche en Grandes Cultures à Béja. La sévérité de la maladie, a été évaluée à l'aide de l'échelle à deux chiffres Double digit (de 1 à 9), et le poids de mille grains (PMG) ont été mesuré vue la corrélation positive entre ces deux paramètres. Les résultats de ces deux compagnes ont montré que le cultivar tolérant Salim avait un avantage de rendement de l'ordre de 6% par rapport au cultivar sensible (Karim). Une augmentation de PMG associés aux traitements SDN variait de 5 à 15% avec Salim et Karim, respectivement. Les traitements SDN indiquent que la gravité de Z. tritici sur les cultivars tolérants (Salim) et sensibles (Karim) a été réduite de 13% et 30% à la première compagne comparé à 3% et 6% à la deuxième compagne, et ceux par rapport aux témoins. Ces résultats suggèrent que les deux éliciteurs testés et utilisés comme traitement préventif pourraient être perçus comme un moyen de contrôle clé de Z. tritici. Cette étude a mis en évidence également l'efficacité de ces biostimulants en termes de rendement et de lutte biologique à la septoriose.

Keywords: biostimulant, lutte biologique, rendement, SDN, Triticum durum, Zymoseptoria tritici

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Etude de l'effet de la composition hormonale du milieu de multiplication sur le comportement des microboutures de l'arganier (Argania spinosa)

Meriyem Koufan 1,2*, Ilham Belkoura 3, Ilham Belkoura 3, Tajelmolk Alaoui 1, Meriem Hajjioui 3

1 Faculté des sciences de Meknès (FSM) 2 Institut National de Recherche Agronomique d'Agadir (INRA Agadir) 3 Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès (ENAM) *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Chez l'Arganier, les techniques de multiplication in vitro sont actuellement les voies à privilégier pour une micropropagation rapide, efficace et à une grande échelle. Ce sont des techniques qui ont prouvé leur efficacité chez de nombreuses espèces. Or, malgré cela, l'arganier reste une espèce très peu concernée par ces voies de multiplication. Dans ce présent travail, nous abordons l'utilisation de la micropropagation par développement des bourgeons axillaires de l'arganier (Argania spinosa). Après la détermination du protocole de désinfection des microboutures, l'effet du milieu hormonal a été étudié pour déterminer les conditions optimales pour l'obtention d'un bon taux de démarrage de bourgeons en pousses feuillées. Les cultures axéniques ont été cultivées dans le milieu de base MS/2 en présence ou non de l'AG3 (1mg/l et 2mg/l) et MS/2 additionne de 2 mg/l de la zéatine et 0,5 mg/l d'ANA. Les résultats ont montré qu'une désinfection pendant 10 minutes à l'aide de NaOcl (50%) permet l'obtention de 82.5 % de cultures saines. De plus, l'utilisation du milieu de multiplication MS/2 additionné de 1mg/l d'AG3 permet à 90% des bourgeons axillaires de débourrer soit en pousses feuillées soit en rosettes. Cependant, 26,07% des microboutures présentent un développement en pousses feuillées de forte vigueur qui dépassent 2 cm en moyenne. Les pousses feuillées, obtenues lors de la phase de multiplication, sont utilisées par la suite pour l'établissement d'un protocole d'enracinement des microboutures de l'arganier.

Keywords: Argania spinosa, Microbouturage, composition hormonale, Désinfection, Débourrement

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Recherche des résidus de pesticides dans les tomates et évaluation de leur risque sur le consommateur Algérien.

Moussa Mokhtari 1*, Fazia Mouhouche 2, Naziha Fedala 3

1 Unité de Recherche en Analyses et Développement Technologique en Environnement/ Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (URADT E/CRAP C) − Tipaza, Algerie., Algeria ´ 2 Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie [Alger] (ENSA) – Avenue Hassan Badi-El Harrach Alger, Algeria 3 Ecole Supérieure des Sciences d’Aliments et de l’Industrie Agroalimentaire (ESSAIA) – Alger, Algérie, Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract La plupart des agriculteurs manipulent incorrectement les pesticides. La contamination de nos aliments par les pesticides constitue la plus grande cause de l'ingestion d'un véritable cocktail de pesticides dont on sait que beaucoup sont cancérogènes et perturbateurs endocriniens. Ce travail a pour but de déterminer les résidus de 13 pesticides dans les tomates, issues de marchés de gros et de détails de la région d'Alger ainsi que d'estimer leur risque potentiel sur le consommateur Algérien. Nous avons analysé 65 échantillons de tomate. Nous avons utilisé la méthode d'extraction QuECHERs et le dosage par GC-MS. Nous avons calculé les apports journaliers estimés (AJE, (µg/Kg p.c./J)). Nous avons observé que 83,1% des tomates étaient contaminés par au moins un pesticide; 50,8% par au moins deux pesticides et il existe des échantillons contaminés par 3; 4 ou 6 pesticides à la fois. Nous avons observé le dépassement des LMRs fixées par le Codex Alimentarius dans 4 échantillons. Malgré que les AJE soient inférieurs aux doses journalières admissibles (DJA), cela ne signifie pas que le consommateur est à l'abri des risques liés à l'utilisation des pesticides, car il existe beaucoup de pesticides, ainsi que plusieurs produits consommés qui peuvent contenir des pesticides. Donc la nécessité de développer des systèmes de culture durables à l'abri de l'utilisation intensive des pesticides par la promotion d'une agriculture méditerranéenne fondée sur la force des uns et des autres s'avère indispensable pour préserver le label alimentaire méditerranéen connu par sa richesse, sa diversification et ses vertus sanitaires.

Keywords: Tomate, Résidus de pesticides, AJE, GC, MS, Algérie

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Potentiel allelopathique de chiendent pied de poule Cynodon dactylon, sur la germination et la croissance de ble dur (Triticum durum Desf.)

Zohra Melakhessou 1*, Fatma Demnati 2, Mohamed ridha Demes 2

1 Institut des sciences vétérinaires et sciences agronomiques Université Batna 1ALGERIE - Algérie 2 Département des sciences agronomiques, Université Mohamed Kheidar Biskra -Algérie- *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract En conclusion, l'etude de potentiel allelopathique de l'extrait aqueux 10% 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, de Cynodon dactylon a fait ressortir leur action sur le taux de germination, la cinetique de germination, le taux d'inhibition et leur action sur le developpement et la croissance des graines. l' l'extraits de C. dactylon a montre une activite allelopathique interessante. Les resultats ont revele egalement que l'extrait est fortement inhibe la germination et la croissance des pousses et des racines de Triticum durum En fait, cet extrait est probablement riches en composes allelochimiques. On conclu que, l'inhibition est quasi-totale sur les graines des trois varietes de ble dur testees a la concentration (10%). L'inhibition augmente lorsque la concentration des extraits augmente, cette augmentation n'est pas proportionnellement similaire pour les 3 varietes. Pour les graines traitees par les extraits dilues a 2,5%, un faible taux d'inhibition est note. Il s'agit vraisemblablement d'une phytotoxicite de ces extraits a forte concentration vis-à-vis des graines des trois varietes utilisees. Cette etude a analyser les eets d'extraits de plantes sur la germination des du ble dans des conditions de laboratoire. D'autres etudes devraient ^etre menees avec les m^emes plantes en pots et sur champs.

Keywords: alléllopathie, blé dur, extrait aqueux, Cynodon dactylon, croissance

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Analyse et diagnostic de la nutrition azotée du blé dur pour la conception d'une grille de fertilisation azotée, en région semi-aride. Algérie

Chadda Douniazed 1*, Asma Halitim 1

1 Université des sciences vétérinaires et des sciences agronomiques Batna1 Algérie *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract L'amélioration de l'efficience d'utilisation de l'azote par les cultures est devenue impérative dans le contexte économique et environnemental actuel et à venir. La fertilisation azotée est souvent considérée comme la pratique ayant le plus grand impact sur la croissance des cultures. Cependant, l'optimisation de sa gestion est fortement dépendante des conditions de sol et des réalisations climatiques intra-annuels (Basso et al., 2012). Le fractionnement des apports d'engrais azotés est une approche pertinente pour une meilleure adéquation entre les besoins de la culture et les fournitures en azote (Goffart, 2013). Les stratégies de fertilisation azotée qui combinent le fractionnement de la dose totale recommandée à l'échelle de la parcelle agricole avec l'évaluation du besoin en azote en cours de saison culturale peuvent aider largement à mieux faire coïncider les besoins et les fournitures en azote. Il en résultera un accroissement de l'efficience d'utilisation de l'azote de l'engrais appliqué (Vos et al., 2000; Alva, 2004). Ces stratégies ont pour objectif final d'aider à la décision quant à la nécessité d'appliquer des fractions complémentaires d'azote et à la quantité d'azote à appliquer. Il peut être plus simple de s'intéresser à la culture elle-même comme indicatrice de son besoin en azote. La biomasse produite est en effet souvent considérée comme intégrant bien les effets des conditions apparaissant durant la saison de croissance (Schröder et al., 2000). L'objectif de ce travail réalisé sur plusieurs années sur plusieurs sites où nous avons choisi la région de El-outaya pour la campagne agricole 2016/2017, est d'étudier les effets de différentes modalités de fractionnement d'une dose de 69 unités d'azote par hectare sur la biomasse aérienne , le poids de 1000 grains, le rendement en grains, la teneur en protéines du grain, la teneur en azote de matière sèche et la teneur en chlorophylle du blé dur (Triticum durum Desf) afin d'établir une grille de fertilisation azotée en région semi-aride. Les résultats obtenus ont montré des effets hautement significatifs sur l'ensemble des paramètres étudiés. Cette étude confirme qu'une dose de 69 unités d'azote, appliquée en deux fractions (Df) réparties 2/3 au tallage et 3/4 au stade épi 1cm améliore tous les paramètres étudiés par rapport au témoin (Dt) et la dose apportée en totalité au stade tallage (D0). La teneur en chlorophylle enregistrée dans (Df) indique que la plante est bien alimentée en azote, donc il n'est pas intéressant de faire recours à une autre fraction d'azote, sachant que la protéine n'est pas valorisée à ce jour en Algérie.

Keywords: Fractionnement, nutrition, fertilisation azotés. Conception d’une grille de fertilisation azotée. Région semi, aride

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 5 PS2: OP

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Suppression and over-expression of a prolyl 4 hydroxylase is responsible for changes in tomato fruit abscission

Dusan Denic 1*, Elena Craita Bita 1, Andreas Perrakis 1, Afroditi Krokida 1, Maria Kosma 1, Khansa Mekkaoui 1, Aline Monzer 1, Mohamed Kouhen 1, Konstantinos Blazakis 1, Aristotelis Azariadis 1, Dimitrios Kaloudas 1, Stelios Arhondakis 1, Haytham Hamedeh 1, Panagiotis Kalaitzis 1

Abstract Proline hydroxylation is a major post-translation modification of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) that is catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs). The tomato genome comprises several putative P4Hs. Transgenic tomato plants with suppressed expression of P4H3 by an RNAi construct as well as over-expression lines were produced in order to investigate their physiological significance mainly in fruit abscission. A delay was observed in pedicel abscission of over-ripe RNAi fruits which was associated with expression of cell wall hydrolase genes. Ethylene induced fruit abscission was accelerated in the over-expression lines while was delayed in RNAi lines compared to control. However, immunolocalization of Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) showed lower expression in flower abscission zones in the RNAi lines. Collectively, these results indicate that the target P4H plays a significant role in tomato fruit abscission.

Keywords: Tomato, Fruit, Abscission, P4Hs, Ethylene

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Obtaining double haploids of radish in culture Microspore in vitro

Elena Kozar 1*, Elena Domblides 1, Alex Soldatenko 1

1 FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI) – Selectionaya St. 14, VNIISSOK, Odintsovo region, Moscow oblast, 143072, Russia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Radish (Raphanus sativusL.) is a root plant of Brassicaceae family (Brassicaceae Burnett). Advances in living standards are associated with greater market requirements to the product quality. For this purpose, the enhancing of genetic diversity and acceleration of the breeding process is of great importance. At present it takes about 8-10 years to create new varieties and F1 hybrids using conventional breeding methods, which becomes unacceptable for satisfaction of modern market requirements. Modern biotechnological methods allow to shorten the time period required for production of fully homozygous lines to one year, thus shortening the breeding process. Biotechnological methods have already incorporated into the selection process of many vegetable crops of Brassicaceae Burnet family, however, no efficient protocols have been yet developed for the species Raphanus sativus L. Only sporadic articles on obtaining of daikon double haploids (DH-plants) can be found in literature (Liechter, 1989; Takahata et al., 1996; Chun et al., 2011). Furthermore, the use of biotechnological methods not always leads to spontaneous doubling of the chromosome set, and this results in occurrence of hardly viable haploid plants, which cannot be used for seed material production, and in view of this the methods of stimulated chromosome doubling in already produced haploid regenerant plants are required. The studies involving colchicine treatment of haploid plants for chromosome doubling in various crops have been published, but for Raphanus sativus L. such methods are also unavailable. Therefore, the objective of our study is to develop the efficient technology for radish double haploid production in in vitro microspore culture (the microspore culture was selected as the most promising method of DH-plant production, since in vitro culture is free from somatic tissues), and to develop efficient methods of chromosome doubling for type Raphanus sativus L.. haploid plants. As a result of our work, we have been the first who succeeded to produce DH plants from the samples of European radish subspecies and to transfer the seed material to the plant breeders for introduction into the selection process. Furthermore, the study will be supplemented with the results of experimental stimulated chromosome doubling in originally haploid regenerant plants.

Keywords: Double haploids, in vitro, DH, plants, radish, microspore, biotechnology

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First microscopic detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mytilus chilensis cultivated in Chile destined for human consumption

Juan Quiroga 1*, Karin Lohrmann 2

1 Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Cat´olica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. – Chile 2 Departamento Biologia Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Centro de Innovación Tecnológica Aquapacífico, Coquimbo, Chile. – Chile *Corresponding author Email:[email protected]

Abstract The disease caused by protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium, both in animals and in humans, is called Cryptosporidiosis. The transmission in humans is mainly through the intake of water and / or food contaminated with this protozoan agent. Cryptosporidium spp. it is found mainly in areas that are affected by the overflow of wastewater, which causes environmental pollution in marine waters. The objective of this study was to perform the first microscopic detection of the presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in populations of Mytilus chilensis cultivated. The mussels were collected during the fall (June 2017), winter (September 2017), spring (2017) and summer (2018), in 3 growing centers, located in the Los Lagos Region, Chile. Specifically, in the city of Calbuco, Castro and Quellón. A total of 480 specimens of M. chilensis were obtained. Ziehl Neelsen stain was used for the detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in the histological sections of the samples. The prevalence, the average intensity, the intensity range and the average abundance were calculated. This study found the microscopic presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in the three mussel culture centers (M. chilensis) during the four seasons of the year. The higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. it was registered in the winter season with 67.5%, in the culture center of the town of Quellón. The histological detections of Cryptosporidium spp. were performed in four anatomical structures of the mollusk; intestinal epithelium, lumen of the intestine, gill and interstitial space.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium, Mytilus chilensis, epidemiology, foodborne disease, aquaculture

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Suppression of a tomato prolyl 4 hydroxylase alters fruit growth programs

Khansa Mekkaoui 1*, Andreas Perrakis 1, Dimitrios Kaloudas 1, Elena Bita 1, Afroditi Krokida 1, Helen Giannoutsou 2, Stelios Arhondakis 1, Kostas Blazakis 1, Elhassan Emam 1, Maha Thabet 1, Dusan Denic 1, Aline Monzer 1, Aristotelis Azariadis 1, Panagiotis Kalaitzis 1

1 Dept of Horticultural Genetics Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh (CIHEAM)) – CIHEAM IAM Chania Alsyllio Agrokepio, 1 Makedonias str Chania 73100 Crete, Greece 2 Lab of Botany, Dept of Biology, Kapodistrian University of Athens (UOA) – Lab of Botany, Dept of Biology, 15781 Zografo’s Academic Campus, Athens, Greece, Greece *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Proline hydroxylation is a major post-translational modification of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) that is catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs). Their involvement in plant growth and development has been recently investigated in Arabidopsis, tobacco and carnation. Therefore, transgenic tomato plants expressing an RNAi construct were produced in order to suppress tomato P4H3 which was expressed during fruit development and ripening. All of the lines exhibited a reduction in fruit diameter while the number of viable seeds was significantly reduced. Towards the investigation of the fruit size reduction phenotype, the gene expression of Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins was determined during stages of fruit cell division and expansion while their protein levels were determined using western blot analysis and an immunolocalization approach. The results indicate that the suppression of tomato P4H3 might be responsible for a reduction in AGPs content. Collectively, these results indicate that the target P4H3 plays a significant role in tomato fruit development.

Keywords: prolyl 4 hydroxylases, suppression, Arabinogalactan proteins, extensins, fruit size

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Producing beef meat under hard livestock conditions by crossing cattle with Belgian Blue-White breed

Lynda Allouche Hamadouche 1*, Toufik Madani 1, Mohamed Mechmeche 2, Allaoua Bouchemal

1, Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, Setif, Algeria 2 National Center for Artificial Insemination. Algiers, Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Crossing cows with pure meat breed bull is widely used in the world for beef meat production. More than 100 cows from different breeds as Montbeliard, Fleckvieh and Holstein were inseminated in Sétif (Algeria), a semi-arid region, by Belgian Blue-White bull. The current project aims to evaluate the reproduction performance and calf growth under our hard livestock conditions where animals should reproduce and produce under heat stress and bred for long period of drought. Most cows who were inseminated with Belgian Blue-White bull are Montbeliard cows. A very high pregnancy frequency was observed after the first insemination (78%). Also, the total pregnancy rate is very satisfactory (95%) and most of calves were born easily or with few assistances by breeders (92%). Cross calves born in Algeria and bred under hard conditions can reach around 500 Kg of weight at one year old whose the heaviest calf weighed 570 Kg. However, the cross calves born from the Montbeliard cows were heavier by 59 Kg than those born from Fleckvieh cows. Hence, crossing cattle with Belgian Blue-White breed is highly recommended for beef meet production under hard livestock conditions.

Keywords: beef meat, insemination, cattle, hard livestock conditions

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Innovation in Mediterranean organic greenhouse cultivation: protect the crops and protect soil arthropods

Suzana Madzaric 1*, Francesco Ceglie 1, Lina Al Bitar 1, Laura Depalo 2, Giancarlo Mimiola 1, Fabio Tittarelli 3, Giovanni Burgio 3

1 CIHEAM – Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, 70010 Valenzano BA. 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie-Entomologia, Università di Bologna 3 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA) – Rome *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The challenge for a balance between environmental impact and productivity of agricultural systems remains actual despite significant progress in impact assessment and mitigation strategies. As a result, we have the spread of intensive production systems, especially when considering protected systems of cultivation. This emphasizes the further need for identifying and dissemination of alternative production practices which could contribute to more balanced agricultural production, in terms of yield and environmental footprints. Organic farming is seen as more sustainable and environmentally friendly compared to conventional agriculture, mainly due to the prohibited use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides and reliance on internal inputs (Leifeld, 2012). This aspect becomes questionable when taking in consideration protected organic cultivation (e.g. greenhouses), since intensification phenomena known as “conventionalization” (and/or input substitution) of organic practices is becoming a relevant concern at world level (Goldberger, 2011). To be able to distinguish different systems of organic production based on intensification level, environmental impact etc. we need to use, beside common indicators (as classical soil analysis), bioindicators – organisms with potential to reflect environmental changes resulting from all interactions and processes occurring in the agroecosystem (physical, chemical and biological). Soil arthropods are recognized as reliable bioindicators, due to their important roles in terrestrial ecosystem services delivery, especially because of their capability to affect organic matter decomposition processes (Sackett et al., 2010) and to contribute in biological control of pests (Coleman et al., 2015). Following this, the objective of our study was to assess the impact of three different organic greenhouse production systems on seven soil arthropods macrogroups (Coleoptera - Carabidae, Coleoptera - Staphylinidae, Araneae, Opiliones, Isopoda, Myriapoda and Collembola) abundance and activity density.

Keywords: Agroecology, Organic agriculture, Conventionalization, Soil arthropods

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Overexpression of prolyl 4 hydroxylase 3 decreases tomato fruit and flower size

Mohamed Kouhen 1*, Andreas Perrakis 1, Dimitrios Kaloudas 1, Asma Ghorab 1, Khansa Mekkaoui 1, Elena Craita Bita 1, Afroditi Krokida 1, Eleni Giannoutsou 2, Stelios Arhondakis 1, Kostas Blazakis 1, Elhassan Emam 1, Dusan Denic 1, Aline Monzer 1, Aristotelis Azariadis 1,

Abstract Proline hydroxylation is a post-translational modification which hydroxylates cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) and is catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs). Transgenic tomato plants expressing an overexpression P4H3 construct were produced in order to upregulate expression during fruit growth and development. All of the lines exhibited a reduction in both fruit and flower size. Towards investigation of the fruit size reduction phenotype, the gene expression of Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins was determined during four stages of fruit growth and their protein contents were monitored by using western blot analysis and immunolocalization. Upregulation of protein content was observed which might be related to the alterations in the size of fruits and flowers. Collectively, these results indicate that the target P4H3 plays a significant role in tomato organ size.

Keywords: cell wall, prolyl 4 hydroxylase, tomato, overexpression, fruit size

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Effect of NaCl and harvest time on antioxidant compounds in Lollo Bionda and Lollo Rosso lettuces

Mónica Flores 1*, Víctor Escalona 1,2

1 Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile. 2 Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Lettuce is the most popular vegetables in salads due to it perception as healthy. There are huge amounts of varieties and cultivars but little information about antioxidant compounds in each cv. Also, it is known that a little environmental change can generate an important variation in plant secondary metabolites as antioxidant compounds. Salinity is the mayor environmental factor that restrict plant growth and productivity. Lettuce is classified as moderately salt tolerant culture but there is not enough information about tolerance in different cultivars and there is a little information about the effects of salinity in antioxidant compounds concentration. Therefore, the aim of this study was determined the effect of salt content and harvest times on antioxidant compounds of cv. Levistro Lollo Bionda (green and crispy leaves) and cv. Carmoli Lollo Rosso (red and crispy leaves). Fresh weight was significantly affected by NaCl contents and harvest times. Dry weight percentage was also affected by NaCl and harvest time, showing higher values in presence of NaCl and longer culture period. Also, antioxidant compounds as TPC, total flavonoids, anthocyanins content and AC as FRAP, and DPPH of lettuce were affected by salt contents and harvest times for both cultivars. Salt contents increased antioxidant compounds in both cultivars but reduced yield. Also, at 3rd harvest time all antioxidant compounds were significantly higher than previous harvests showing that time of harvest is relevant to obtain a rich antioxidant product.

Keywords: Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, salinity stress, harvest time, lettuce

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 6: OP

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Computational motif discovery in promoters of Prunus persica co- regulated genes under various abiotic-stresses

Najla Ksouri 1*, Bruno Contreras-Moreira 2, Yolanda Gogorcena 1

1 Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei-CSIC (EEAD-CSIC) – Avda de Monta˜nana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain 2 Laboratory of Computational and Structural Biology, Department of Genetics and Plant Production *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], a model plant for Rosaceae family, is considered as an interesting species for genomics and computational researches. Considering the advances of experimental technologies, including genome sequencing and gene expression profiling, attention has been shifted towards deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying gene regulation under various environmental stimuli. In fact, the transcription machinery is based on a combinatorial cooperation between transcription factors (TFs) and their cognate transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) known as cis-regulatory elements (CREs) or motifs. By binding these specific non coding motifs upstream the promoters, TFs may act either as activator or repressors of gene expression leading to dynamic changes of the cellular responses. In peach, the transcriptional regulation is mediated by 2780 TFs grouped into 58 families. While much is known about TFs, CREs involved in gene expression regulation remains a challenging task as the number of possible combinations between TFs and their targets is enormous. A widely used approach for motif discovery is clusters construction of co-expressed genes as they are more likely to have their promoters bound by a common TF. In this work, eight peach RNA-sequencing data sets were used as raw data. Gene expression profiling has revealed 11335 stress-related genes classified into 45 modules. Different motif finding algorithms, offered by (RSAT: Plants) and upstream lengths were assessed to find out the over-represented sites within each cluster. This work represents thus a great step toward scoping out the fundamental bases of transcriptional regulation in P. persica under different environmental changes.

Keywords: Prunus, transcriptional regulation, DNA motif, gene expression

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Does taste matter? The importance of taste in the valuation of European Union mandatory nutritional and health claim labelling program in Spain

Petjon Ballco 1,2*, Tiziana de-Magistris 1,2

1 Agro-food Research and Technology Center of Aragon (CITA) Department of Agro-food Economy and Natural Resources - Zaragoza, Spain) 2 Agro-alimentary Institute of Aragon-IA2 (CITA-University of Zaragoza - Spain) *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract This research investigates the importance of taste in the valuation of European Union (EU) mandatory labelling program of nutritional claims (NCs) and health claims (HCs) on a selection of yogurts in Spain. Information regarding nutritional and health claims (NHCs) were collected from yogurt labels in the shelves of the main representative retail shops in Zaragoza - Spain. The final sample included 261 yogurts with one NC and 67 HCs on the front-of-pack (FOP) as defined by official European Council (EC) Regulation No 1924/2006 and No 432/2012. The experiment consisted of two treatments, each composed by three stages: (i) the sensorial analysis, where participants would taste/no-taste six different types of yogurts with NHCs, (ii) the evaluation of different products through a choice experiment method, and (iii) a brief questionnaire. The data were estimated using a generalized multinomial logit model (GMNL) that captures taste and scale heterogeneity in consumer preference. Results indicate that there were differences obtained in participants´ utility when products were tasted with respect to the other treatment that did not include taste. In overall, our findings suggest that health claims outperform nutritional claims leading to higher utilities.

Keywords: nutritional claims, health claims, safety choices, taste, utility.

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Sprouting: A sustainable tool for enhancing prebiotic properties of durum wheat seeds (Triticum durum)

Sarra Jribi 1*, Otilia Tamara Antal 2, Zoltan Fustos 2, Greta Papai 2, Zoltan Naar 2, Sarra Marzougui 3, Hajer Debbabi1

1 National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia (INAT), Research Unit UR17AGR01 “Valorization of the Tunisian natural and agro-food heritage through innovation” University of Carthage, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia. 2 Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Herman Otto utca 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary 3 National Institute of Cereal Crops (INGC), 8170 Bou Salem, Tunisia. *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Functional foods consumption became widespread. An understanding of food components behaviour during digestion is needed to prove the suggested physiological effects proposed by functional foods claims. In vitro digestion is a useful approach to do so. Sprouting has been widely used as a green engineering tool improving cereals and pulses nutritional properties. Thus, sprouts could be suggested as a functional food. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of sprouting bioprocess in enhancing durum wheat (Triticum durum) prebiotic properties, through the use of an in vitro digestion model. The methodology consisted in sprouting two Tunisian different cultivars of durum wheat (a modern and an old one) for 48 hours then digest them according to the protocol developed by Food Science Research Institute (Budapest, Hungary) to calculate the prebiotic index. Results showed that the two tested cultivars had a positive prebiotic index weather before or after sprouting. Interestingly, this bioprocess increased prebiotic index. However, the intensity of evolution for this parameter was dependent on the genetic background of the sample tested. Results provided by our study, showed that sprouting is a sustainable tool for enhancing prebiotic properties of durum wheat seeds.

Keywords: Durum wheat, sprouting, prebiotic index

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Study of radioprotective molecules and radioresistant microorganisms isolated from xerophytes

Sihem Guesmi 1,2*

1 Laboratory of “Energy and Matter for Development of Nuclear Sciences” (LR16CNSTN02), National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technology (CNSTN), Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020, Tunisia. – Tunisia 2 University of Carthage, Tunisian National Institute of Agronomy (INAT), 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia. – Tunisia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Extensive research has been conducted on the development of new radioprotective agentsagents delivered prior to or at the time of irradiation with the intent of preventing or reducing cellular damage-with a joint interest in the bioremediation of toxic compounds such as organic molecules or heavy metals in radioactive environments and the effects of ionizing radiations (IR). The latter interacts with biological molecules and induces cellular damage by the generation of free radicals. The problem behind this study is twofold: first, the applicability of the majority of synthetic radioprotectors remains limited; and second, the majority of presently available dosimeters- devices that measure exposure to IR-are synthetic and high-cost. Thus, the objective of this study is to look for alternative natural sources, such as plants (xerophytes), focusing particularly on their bioactive components and associated radioresistant microorganisms as potent radioprotectors and biodosimeters.

Keywords: Biodosimetry, bioremediation, radioresistant microorganisms, radioprotective molecules, xerophytes

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Innovative agriculture and sustainable food production: applications of the Acquaponics system Simona Giordano

1* Simona Giordano

1 University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy & Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III, France *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The present global scenario shows a twofold consumer´ behavior: on one hand, there is evidence of a growing demand for modern food; on the other one, it is easy to observe an increasing desire for natural foods. As far as innovations in the food industry are concerned, they often originate a lack of acceptance by the market, partly as a consequence of a phenomenon known as food neophobia; this involves the unwillingness to try new foods, as well as implies consumer reluctance with regard to emerging technologies in processing and producing food, known as food technology neophobia. As a consequence, in order to support marketing research, it is fundamental to analyse population segments that show food technology neophobic attitudes, as well as those groups regarded as early adopters of such innovative technologies. With reference to a specific application of the mentioned discourse, related to innovation in agriculture, the present contribution proposal aims at analyzing the potential of Aquaponics, defined as “the combination of aquaculture (raising fish) and hydroponics (the soil-less growing of plants) that grows fish and plants together in one integrated system”. This technology is considered at institutional level as “a resource efficient and environmentally friendly food production system”; aquaponics products are locally produced and attract an increased attention among consumers. The present contribution proposal will outline factors related to the mentioned food neophobia and applications of the Aquaponics system, responding to diverse ecological and social challenges related to efficient and sustainable forms of agricultural production. In particular, the case study of Agricoltura 2.0, in Italy, will be discussed as a best practice to reach relevant development objectives with specific reference to periurban areas.

Keywords: Sustainable food production, Acquaponics system, Innovative agriculture, New food technologies

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Comparative characterization of olive prolyl 4 hydroxylases and cell wall glycoproteins in Greek olive cultivars under climate change conditions

Aristotelis Azariadis 1*, Konstantinos Blazakis 1, Mohamed Kouhen 1, Georgios Kostelenos 2, Panagiotis Kalaitzis 1

1 Dept of Horticultural Genetics Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh (CIHEAM)) – CIHEAM IAM Chania Alsyllio Agrokepio, 1 Makedonias str Chania 73100 Crete GREECE, Greece 2 Kostelenos Olive Nurseries – Kostelenos Olive Nurseries, 18020 Poros-Trizinias, Greece, Greece *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Constant decline in water resources for agriculture and limited rainfall often leads to the use of either low quality or saline water for irrigation indicating that salinity stress might be a major problem for olive culture in the years to come. However, the molecular response of olive to this stress has not been thoroughly investigated. The main objective of this work is to identify key molecular components of the adaptive mechanism to a dual abiotic stress, salinity and heat. In this study, Greek cultivars were exposed to NaCl stress for a 90-day period during the summer under heat stress conditions. The olive trees were placed in barrels in order to simulate in the degree that was possible, olive growing conditions in the field. Phenomics approaches were applied to determine growth alterations in response to salinity treatment by using in house image analysis algorithms. Previous reports indicated that cell wall glycoproteins such as Arabinogalactans (AGPs) might be involved in the response of plants to salinity stress; therefore, transcripts encoding AGPs were identified in the olive genome as well as transcripts encoding prolyl 4 hydroxylases which are involved in the hydroxylation of hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) such as AGPs. The expression patterns of the olive P4Hs and AGPs were determined in roots and leaves during the time course of the salinity treatment. In addition, the protein content of AGPs was also determined in roots and leaves by using western blot analysis. This is a first attempt to investigate the role of cell wall glycoproteins in olive under climate change conditions.

Keywords: AGPs, P4Hs, olive, salinity, stress, climate change

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Preliminary bioassays on the susceptibility of stone fruits rootstocks to Capnodis tenebrionis (L.)

Hysen Kokici 1*, Giusseppe Bari 1, Massimiliano Meneghini 2, Ilaria Laterza 1, Rocco Addante 1, Enrico de Lillo 1

1 Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Giovanni Amendola 165, Bari, Italy 2Vivai Piante Battistini Societa Agricola s.s. *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), the so called Mediterranean flat-headed root-borer, is an economically important phytophagous pest mainly on stone fruit trees (apricot, plum, cherry, peach and nectarine). Chemicals and Entomopathogenic nematodes are used for the control of adults and neonate larvae, respectively. Further control means are under investigations in order to have more options within Integrated Pest Control strategies. This study is aimed at investigating the susceptibility of rootstocks to the larvae of C. tenebrionis. Two bioassays were carried out. A first bioassay was based on the evaluation of a potential antixenosis action expressed by neonate larvae infesting twigs of rootstocks (Marianna 26, Barrier, Adesoto, Myrabolano 29C, GF677, Garnem, Cab 6P, Max Ma60 and Colt). This bioassay has allowed to process a high number of different rootstocks in a short time. It has a preliminary value. The second bioassay has assessed the antibiosis influence of the rootstocks through the postembryonal development (since the neonate larvae to adults) on artificial diets containing bark flour of Adesoto, Cab 6P, Colt, Garnem, GF677, Max Ma60, Montclar and 29 C rootstock, detecting the weight rate increase, pupation occurrence and adult size. Colt, Myrabolano 29C and GF677 were the most susceptible rootstocks to larval infestation of C. tenebrionis and Max Ma60 was less favorable to the pest in the first bioassay. Concerning the effects of the diet, larvae reared on a diet containing Montclar, Cab 6P, MaxMa60 and GF 677 bark flour had a mean daily increase of their weight faster that those reared on cortex tissues of other genotypes whereas Garnem and Colt had a lower increase. Appearance of the first pupa occurred on Max Ma60, Adesoto, 29C and Garnem rootstock bark flour diets at the 31st week of breeding. The appearance of pupae on diet with Colt rootstock bark flour were found 8 weeks later. Differences were also observed on the size of the adults within the different treatments.

Keywords: Capnodis tenebrionis

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 6: PP

#MEDFORUM2018

Environment investigating phages. Salmonella-phage model in animal systems from Chile.

Dacil Rivera 1,2,3*, Fernando Dueñas 2, Rodolfo Tardone 2, Paula Soza 2, Maria Jesús Serrano 2, Christopher Hamilton-West 4, Luis López 3, Andrea Moreno-Switt 2

1 Doctorado en Nutrici´on y Alimentos. Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile. (D. Rivera) – Chile 2 Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile – Chile 3 Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos y Tecnolog´ıa Qu´ımica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu´ımicas y Farmac´euticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile – Chile 4 Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile – Chile *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract In a globalized world like ours, being able to ensure food safety from the field to the table, gets more important every day. Therefore, it is essential to prevent and safeguard food safety, in food primary production of animal origin. Salmonella is a pathogenic bacterium known for causing a great number of diseases in humans, as it remains in the environment for a long period of time and is part of the normal microbiome of several animals. The genus Salmonella represent a worldwide distributed pathogen that can be transmitted to humans mainly as foodborne or by contact with infected animals. Bacteriophages (also called phages) are viruses which recognize and specifically lyse their bacterial host, which have acquired great importance. Phages are abundant and widely distributed; through constant host lysis, phage play important roles driving host diversity. The ability of phages to lyse different hosts can be tested, this allowing to evaluate the affinity of phages in a given environment to certain Salmonella serovars, through of host range test. The objective of this work was to isolate and characterize Salmonella and Salmonella-phage from different animal production systems. The most susceptible strains Salmonella, present in all the systems studied, were Enteritidis, Javiana and Typhimurium. The phages could represent the great abundance of these serotypes in animal production systems in Chile and consequently that this Salmonella phages are adapted to animal production systems in Chile. It is important to be able to understand the role of phage-Salmonella dynamics in the different animal systems. Differences described here could indicate the potential application of using phages as prediction tools to investigate Salmonella diversity. It is also interesting to understand that phages could be acting as a source of maintenance, amplification and diversification of Salmonella enterica, considering that "Phages are the main engine of bacterial change".

Keywords: Salmonella, phage chile, Salmonella phage diversity, Environment investigating phages, food primary product, food safety

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Enrichment of the hydrological lexiconas a consequence of a climatic and anthropogenic transition phase

Dario Pezzotti 1*, Stefano Barontini 2, Vladimiro Boselli1

1 Universita degli Studi di Brescia – Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics (DICATAM) – Italy 2 Universita degli Studi di Brescia – Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract In contemporary literature many terms, originally used by other disciplines, have enriched the hydrological lexicon. This happens in order to move toward a mutidimensional and interdisciplinary approach to hydrological sciences, which will involve also land management and social sciences. Terms such as sustainability, resilience, adaptation, coevolution, etc. are in fact nowadays commonly used when talking about water resources, particularly in relationship to climatic and anthropogenic changes. As coming from different disciplines and epistemologies, it is not always immediate to come back to the original meaning of these terms, and on the contrary multiple interpretations are often given for a single lemma. So, aiming at identifying coevolutive and adaptive patterns in hydrological processes, in the framework of an agroecological perspective of water resources management, we firstly compiled a preliminary catalogue of the main lexical loans taken, by the hydrological sciences, from other disciplines. Particularly, starting from the literature, we tried to identify for each lemma the meaning it has in the original context and its current hydrological one. This collection will help to understand how to decline many concepts, taken from land management and social sciences, in the hydrological and water management applications.

Keywords: Agroecology, Soil protection, Irrigation, Traditional Knowledge, Hydrological lexicon

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Exploring survival strategies of Camelina sativa under flooding conditions

Haytham Hamedeh 1*, Lara Lombardi 2, Beatrice Giuntoli 2, Francesco Licausi 2

1 Scuola Superiore SantAnna [Pisa] – Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33 - 56127 Pisa, Italy 2 Università di Pisa – Università di PisaLungarno Pacinotti 4356126 Pisa, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The increase in flooding events due to climate changes is expected to lead to a severe reduction in agricultural yield. Flooding research in crops has been mainly focused on the genetic improvement of monocots such as rice, while the dicot Arabidopsis has instead served as a model for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved. Closely related to Arabidopsis within the Brassicaceae family, Camelina sativa (False flax) is of agronomic interest due to its short life cycle, low agricultural input and particularly high seed oil content (36-40%). The main goal of this study is to preliminary characterize Camelina's response to submergence stress to improve plant fitness. Plants, throughout evolution, developed different response strategies to flooding, namely LOES (low oxygen escape syndrome) and LOQS (low oxygen quiescence syndrome). Both strategies ultimately rely on the crosstalk of gibberellin hormone biosynthesis and signaling to either escape or endure submergence conditions. We tested the potential of LOQS strategy in Camelina seedlings by spraying the seedling with Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a GA biosynthesis inhibitor, before being subject to submergence. As expected, PBZ application significantly (p<0.005) induced a dwarfing effect on the hypocotyl and, remarkably, promoted higher survival rates, in comparison to both control treatments. Biochemical and molecular analyses are currently being performed to assess whether inhibition of growth induces a LOQS strategy that allows energy and resource saving in Camelina plants.

Keywords: Camelina, Low Oxygen Quiescent strategy, Flooding stress, Paclobutrazol

102

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Preliminary investigation of antimicrobial effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leathery exocarp extract against some serious phytopathogens

Hazem Elshafie 1*, Shimaa Sakr 2, Stefania Mang 1, Ippolito Camele 1, Salvatore Frisullo 3

1 Universita degli studi della Basilicata [Potenza] (UNIBAS) – Via Nazario Sauro 85 - 85100 Potenza, Italy 2 University of Zagazig – Zagazig city, Egypt 3 Universita degli Studi di Foggia - University of Foggia – Via Antonio Gramsci, 71122 Foggia FG, Italie, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits are important source of vitamins and minerals and widely used in dietary product industry. There are several biological properties of pomegranate extract, among them, anti-inflammation, anticancer and antioxidant [1]. The antimicrobial properties of leathery exocarp extract has been investigated in the present research. Antifungal activity has been carried out against 4 phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. Whereas, the antibacterial activity has been carried out against 2-gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli Migula and Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson and 2 gram positive: Bacillus megaterium de Bary and Clavibacter michiganensisSmith. Chemical characterization of the studied pomegranate extract has been carried out using GC-MS. The outcomes of this study suggested that pomegranate leathery exocarp extract can be used effectively as possible natural alternative for controlling several phypathogens. Further scientific research seems necessary in order to improve the knowledge and investigate the mechanism(s) of action. In addition, the revealing of chemical structure of the principal constituents of the pomegranate leathery exocarp extracts is in progress.

Keywords: Pomegranate, Antimicrobial activity, GC, MS

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Identification of volatiles released by fruit-associated yeasts for the specific attraction of Drosophila suzukii in the field

Irene Castellan 1*, Sergio Angeli 2, Urban Spitaler 2, Schmidt Silvia 2

1 Free University of Bozen-Bolzano – Piazza Universit´a, 1, Bolzano BZ, Italia, Italy 2 Laimburg Research Centre *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Chemical control of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) using synthetic insecticides is particularly challenging as it is difficult to respect pre-harvest intervals. Therefore, a different approach to tackle the problems caused by D. suzukii shall be developed. Applications within chemical ecology allow us to do this, modifying the insect's behaviour in the field. The ultimate goal would be to develop a new control strategy that will reduce or eliminate the residues of chemical insecticides on fruits. For this reason, we cultured eight yeast strains, previously found to be fruit-associated, on two different media (Yeast Minimal Medium and Potato Dextrose Broth) to characterise the specific volatile compounds (VOCs) they emit. The volatile profiles of each living yeast culture was characterised using direct headspace analysis and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (DHS-GC-MS). Results showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C release the highest emission of alcohols and ethyl esters, while the strains Candida sp. 3.3 and Hanseniaspora uvarum 1.21 release much more acetates and almost no alcohols. The strain Saccharomycopsis vini 1.23 instead, showed a high emission of just one acetate and some alcohols, but no esters. According to these results, we planned to use a selected group of yeast strainsto specifically target the oviposing females of D. suzukii. Our research is kindly supported by the European EFRE project “Dromytal”.

Keywords: pest insects, yeasts, volatile compounds, field, fruit, chemical ecology

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Possible climate change impact on occurrence of Aspergillus flavus on spelt wheat in Serbia

1 1 1 1 1 Jelena KRULJ , Jovana Kojić , Boško Marić , Jelena Perović , Marija Bodroža-Solarov

1 Institute of Food Technology, Novi Sad (FINS), Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad - Serbia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract In the recent time, there is heightened interest in the use of spelt wheat due to its health benefits and suitability for organic farming. Occurrence of Aspergillus flavus and production of associated mycotoxins in cereals pose a great risk to human and animal health in terms of food safety. Aflatoxins, well-known mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, have been classified as human carcinogens (group 1). The wide spread occurrence of aflatoxins in many food stuffs is more frequent due to climate change. The present study focused on the presence of Aspergillusspecies on spelt grains after the harvest in 2017, with a special focus on A. flavus. A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger and A. ochraceus were Aspergillus species isolated from the spelt wheat grains harvested in 2017. The relatively high frequency and low incidence ofA. flavus determined in tested spelt wheat samples can negatively impact on human health, animal productivity, and international trade. Most predictions indicate that climate change scenarios, with global warming, could affect more frequent occurrence of Aspergillus species and their toxins in cereals in temperate regions.

Keywords: A. flavus, spelt wheat, climate change

105

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Application of a real-time quantitative LAMP assay for the detection of Phytophthora infestans airborne inoculum

Melissa Si Ammour 1*, David Tremblay 2, Guillaume J. Bilodeau 3, Hervé Van Der Heyden 4, Thaer Yaseen 5, Leonardo Varvaro 6, Odile Carisse 2

1 Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Unicatt) – via Emilia Parmense, 84. 29122- Piacenza, Italy 2 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada – Canada 3 Canadian Food Inspection Agency – Canada 4 Compagnie de recherche Phytodata – Canada 5 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) – Egypt 6 Universit`a degli Studi della Tuscia. Viterbo. – Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans remains a major constraint to the production of potato and tomato worldwide. Being a polycyclic disease with multiple short infection-sporulation cycles of the pathogen, the inoculum quantity and dispersal are considered as a key factor in epidemic development. The aim of this study was the application of a real-time quantitative Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (qLAMP) assay for the detection and quantification of airborne inoculum of P. infestans. The evaluation of the analytical sensitivity and the laboratory validation of the qLAMP assay were performed following an absolute quantification approach. The qLAMP assay was sensitive to a single sporangium of P. infestans. Linear regressions were obtained and standard curves of P. infestans sporangia and ITS2 copy were constructed. Finally, the qLAMP assay was validated with silicon-coated rods containing a known number of sporangia. A linear relationship between the number of sporangia deposited onto the rods estimated with microscopy and the number of sporangia estimated with the qLAMP assay was obtained either using a real-time PCR machine (R2 = 0.96) or a portable Smart-DART instrument (R2 = 0.86) for on-site testing. No signal was detected from rods without sporangia. The present results are an indication of the reliability and the suitability of the assay for airborne inoculum quantification. However, field validation of the (qLAMP) assay coupled with a spore trap system is required. Prospects to develop accurate spore-based disease forecasting systems to provide rapid, early, and precise warning of increases in airborne inoculum have the potential to greatly improve the control of late blight epidemics.

Keywords: Loop, Mediated Isothermal Amplification, spore traps, airborne inoculum quantification, early detection, on, site diagnosis

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Development of Direct Tissue Blot Immunoassay (DTBIA) as an efficient tool for the on- site detection of Spiroplasma citri, causal agent of Citrus stubborn disease

Mounira Inas Drais 1,2*, Leonardo Varvaro 2, Khaled Djelouah 1

1 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (IAMB), CIHEAM-IAMB Ceglie 9, 70100 Valenzano, Bari, Italy 2 Università degli studi della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Direct Tissue Blot ImmunoAssay (DTBIA), which consist on the transfer of protein antigens from a freshly cut tissue surface to nitrocellulose membrane, that are reacting with enzyme-labelled antigen-specific antibodies. In order to develop a new protocol for the detection of S. citri, different parameters were investigated, including the type of explants for printing, pore size of nitrocellulose membranes, blocking solutions and available antibodies. All these components were also coupled with an evaluation of different time incubations and concentration of the used solutions. The developed protocol was validated on the membranes printed during a wide survey in Algeria, on two citrus varietal collections located in the main Algerian citrus growing areas. This investigation consented to detect for the first time 2 S. citri infected trees among the tested samples by the newly developed DTBIA protocol. The obtained results and the efficiency of the test were confirmed by molecular assays. Interestingly, the molecular characterization of the newly detected Algerian S. citri isolate, evidenced 99% nucleotide homology of the spiralin gene with the Iranian fasa I, isolated from a leafhopper vector. In addition, the Algerian isolate also reacted positively with the primer pairs, targeting the TraG gene, which is essential for insect transmission and predicts a natural diffusion of the pathogen in the case of the presence of insect vectors.

Keywords: DTBIA, S. citri, PCR, Algeria, Citrus

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Xylella fastidiosa vectors and their management

Nada Lahbib 1, Francesco Porcelli 2*, Rebha Souissi 1, Sonia Bouhachem 1

1 National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunis (INRAT) – Rue H´edi Karray 2049 Ariana TUNISIE, Tunisia 2 University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA) – Piazza Umberto I - 70121 Bari (Italy), Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera Aphrophoridae) is the main vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa pauca ST53, the causal agent of the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) now diseasing olive trees in Apulia (Southern Italy). This disease is widely distributed in many countries of the Palearctic such as Iran, Italy, France, Germany and Spain Many scientists are interested in concluding studies on the bionomics of the meadow spittlebug to set an effective control strategy against. Tunisia risks to introduce the bacterium and the consequent disease since the vector is already in the Country and the climate is favorable. It is noteworthy to mention that the olive production is among the most relevant in Tunisia ranking Tunisia among the top ten producers in Mediterranean. We discuss the need for (i) a prospection of the relevant olive productive areas and the inventory of Hemiptera basing on the 2018 collection in Bizerte, Cap Bon, Bousalem, Zaghouan, Enfidha and Kairouan regions; (ii) an available technique to detect X. fastidiosa in the insect food channel (iii) a rationale IPM strategy either in conventional and organic plant production.

Keywords: Alien, Invasive or quarantine pest

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Food industry by-products as natural sources of nematicide against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Nadia Thligene 1*, Giuseppe Mezzapesa 2, Donato Mondelli 3, Antonio Trani 2, Pasqua Veronico 4, Maria Teresa Melillo 4, Stefano Dumontet 1, Teodoro Miano 3, Nicola Sasanelli 4

1 Universita degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope” (UNIPARTHENOPE) – Dipartimento di Scienze per l’Ambiente, Universit`a degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”. Via F. Acton, 38, 80133 Napoli, Italy, Italy 2 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (C.I.H.E.A.M.- IAM Bari), Valenzano (Bari), Italy, – Italy 3 Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti (Di.S.S.P.A.), Universit`a degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy, – Italy 4 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (I.P.S.P.), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy – Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Nowadays, while the world is facing the exacerbation of human undernourishment and an unprecedented population growth, about one-third of all food generated globally is wasted (FAO, 2017). The strategies to face this situation seem to be oriented towards an increase of food production. Moreover, increasing productivity, by conventional agricultural techniques, results in a growth of using the chemicals that are known to cause serious environmental damages and able to negatively affect public health (Swaminathan, 2006). A sustainable approach to face such a situation would be the implementation of a strategy for the sustainable plant pests’ management, including parasitic nematodes. In this line of thought, we carried out a study on the nematicidal properties of two by-products of the food industry: Brewers’ Spent Grain (BSG) and Coffee Silverskin (CS). The raw material was selected on the basis of their potential nematicidal and their large availability. Results show that the use of BSG and CS extracts are a promising strategy for the biocontrol of plant-parasitic nematodes which would be interesting from environmental and economic standpoints. It would contribute (1) to reduce the impact of synthetic harmful nematicide on the environment, (2) to promote the re-use of industrial by-products. A further investigation is necessary to deepen our understanding of the physiological effect of the extracts and to set the proper application doses.

Keywords: Food industry by, products, sustainable plant pests’ management, Brewers’ Spent Grain (BSG), Coffee Silverskin (CS)

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The behaviour of the Algerian vegetable crops farmers handling a panoply of phytosanitary products

Nafissa Soudani 1*, Mohammed Belhamra 1

1 Laboratory of diversity of ecosystems and dynamic systems of agricultural production in arid zones. University Mohamed Khider of Biskra (Algeria) (DEDSPAZA) – Universit´e de Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000 Biskra, Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Around the world, food security is a worrying subject that certainly takes on a particular importance. So, intensifying agricultural production to limit the needs of the growing population, calls for the use of chemical inputs becomes mandatory to ensure protection against pests and diseases that are increasingly intense, and that weigh strongly on agricultural productivity. This study aims to verify the behaviour level's of vegetable crops farmers (greenhouses and open fields) regarding the use of pesticides intended for plant protection. For this, a survey conducted from October 2016 to December 2017, among 96 vegetable's crops farmers and 20 phytosanitary product sellers, randomly selected in two communes (Ain Naga in Ziban East and Doucenin Ziban West ) of Biskra, region. The results showed an intensive use and circulation of insecticides and fungicides phytosanitary products, coupled with a lack of real control and Sensitization on agricultural and phytosanitary practices, 70 % of farmer's in this zones are applying incorrectly the pesticides with unacceptable knowledge towards pesticides proprieties and safe use of it, in order to achieve their production objectives (quantity and quality). A series of factors can justify well this situation. As a real impact, severe health and environmental implications may occur in this intensive agriculture system, threatening the development of agriculture and its sustainability in these arid regions.

Keywords: Vegetable crops, Pesticides, Safe use of pesticide, Phytosanitary practices, Impacts, Doucen and Ain Naga

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The hydraulic transfers ‘Setif –Hodna’ to cope with impact of climate change on Setif high plains region

Tarek Bouregaa 1*

1 Department of agronomy, University Setif1 – Algeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract For a comprehensive assessment of the impact and implications of climate change it is necessary to apply a number of climate change scenarios that span a reasonable range of the likely climate change distribution. This study investigates likely changes in annual temperature and precipitation over Setif high plains region (North East of Algeria) under four SRES scenarios: A1B, B1, A2 and B2, between three time slices: 2030, 2060 and 2090. MAGICC-SCENGEN 5.3 v.2 was used as a tool for downscaling the two selected general circulation models output data. The projections of GFDLCM20 and GFDLCM21 show that annual temperature will increase and precipitation will decrease under the four scenarios and across the three time slices. These results indicate that the pressure on Setifian’s water resources will increase, leading to greater competition for surface water, and that domestic and agricultural demands will not be met by the year 2090. The hydraulic transfers project ‘Setif-Hodna’ is considered like an adaptive strategy to limit the effect of water scarcity in this region.

Keywords: GFDLCM20, GFDLCM21, SRES scenarios, temperature, precipitation, Hydraulic transfers

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Study of tritrophic interactions in apple orchards to enhance sustainable management of pest aphids

Zaid Badra 1*, Sergio Angeli 1

1 Free University of Bozen-Bolzano – Piazza Universita, 1, Bolzano BZ, Italia, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Plants respond to insect herbivory by releasing specific volatile compounds called herbivore- induced-plant-volatiles (HIPVs), and they are known to play important ecological roles, regulating several ecosystem interactions, such as plant-pest, plant-plant, and plant-predatory interactions. The chemical and functional characterisation of these ‘bioactive' natural compounds released by apple trees infested by aphids may allow to increase the presence of natural enemies, attracting them in the apple orchards. In this research, we aim to chemically characterise the volatile organic compounds released by apple trees, cv. Gala and cv. Fuji, infested by three aphid species in order to understand possible coevolution at species level and to enhance the attraction of natural pest enemies in apple orchards. Apple foliage infested with aphid colonies of rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, and apple aphid, Aphis pomi, were sampled in organic-managed apple orchards of Laimburg Reserch Center, Italy. The headspace of enclosed branches was collected by the closed-loop-stripping-analysis method. Each compound will be identified with a gas chromatographer coupled with a mass spectrometer. Preliminary results showed that each aphid species enhanced the release of specific volatiles, which is an indication of species-specific responses of apple trees to each aphid species. p- cymene was released only by cv. Fuji infested with E. lanigerum, while benzaldehyde and (E) beta-farnesene were released only by cv. Gala infested with Aphis pomi. linalool was realised only by cv. Gala infested with D. plantaginea. Moreover, laboratory behavioral experiments using olfactometer and electroantennography (EAG) will be done to understand the importance of these volatiles for the chosen pests. Finally, we also aim to investigate the ecological role of the potentially-active volatiles to attract the most important aphid natural enemies (i.e. predators and parasitoids) by doing field experiments. Chemical volatiles will be loaded as lures to delta traps in randomized plots of the organic-managed apple orchard and the abundance of attracted natural enemies will be estimated.

Keywords: Chemical ecology, plant, pest interactions, herbivore, induced, plant, volatiles

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Bacterial overexpression, purification and antiserum production for a theoredoxin-like protein, an interactor of Pepino mosaic virus p26

Souheyla Khechmar 1, Carolyn A. Owen 1, Ioannis Livieratos 1*

1 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Makedonias 1, Alsyllio Agrokepio, Chania, Greece *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract In a previous study, a theoredoxin (TRX)-like tomato protein has been identified to specifically interact with Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) p26 in vitro and in vivo. Here, the tomato TRX was over-expressed in E. coli cells, purified using affinity- and ion exchange chromatography and used to produce a polyclonal antiserum to allow further studies of its function and localization in plants. The expression vectors pRSF-1b and pMAL-c2X were used to overexpress two fusion proteins incorporating either a polyhistidine tag (his-TRX-S) or a maltose binding protein moiety (MBP-TRX). Each fusion protein was purified to homogeneity, dialyzed and concentrated, and 1 mg of the his- TRX-S was used to immunize two rabbits. The IgG fraction of the resulting crude immune serum was purified using protein A, and specific TRX antibodies were further selected on the basis of cross-reactivity to MBP-TRX. His-tag-specific antibodies were depleted using a column carrying his-tag proteins. In western blot analysis, the resultant a-TRX IgG recognized high dilutions of the recombinant purified TRX, and three proteins of similar size (~25kDa) in total protein extracts of PepMV-inoculated and healthy Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Sequencing of the proteins cross reacting with the raised antiserum in western blots assays will be utilized to verify their exact nature.

Keywords: potexviruses, plant-pathogen interactions

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#MEDFORUM2018 Session 7: OP

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Proposition d'un cadre méthodologique pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des exploitations agricoles au changement climatique

Abderraouf Zaatra 1*, Mélanie Requier-Desjardins 1, Hélène Rey-Valette 2

1 Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM) – CIHEAM – 3191 Route de Mende, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 3 Laboratoire Montpellierain d’´economie théorique et appliquée (LAMETA) – CNRS: UMR5474, INRA : UR1135, CIHEAM, Université Montpellier I, Montpellier SupAgro – 34960 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 2, France *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Les changements climatiques peuvent affecter négativement le fonctionnement d'un territoire rural, en particulier le secteur agricole. L'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des exploitations agricoles au changement climatique est nécessaire pour mieux adapter l'agriculture. Quels indicateurs pourraient être utilisés pour mesurer la vulnérabilité de l'agriculture dans un territoire rural et l'étendue de leur validité? La vulnérabilité est un terme commun, utilisé dans plusieurs disciplines et contextes. Le GIEC (2007) définit la vulnérabilité comme le "degré par lequel un système risque de subir ou d'être affecté négativement par les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, y compris la variabilité climatique et les phénomènes extrêmes". L'objectif de ce travail préliminaire est de proposer un cadre méthodologique pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des exploitations agricoles au changement climatique, pertinente pour l'analyse de l'agriculture de différents territoires ruraux. Notre méthode est basée sur le modèle classique de la vulnérabilité qui dépend de trois composantes, essentielles; l'exposition du système au changement climatique, sa sensibilité (conséquences possibles) et sa capacité d'adaptation. L'identification des différentes composantes de la vulnérabilité (exposition, sensibilité, et capacité d'adaptation) est souvent différente d'une étude à l'autre (ADEME, 2013; Adger, 2006). Dans notre cas, on choisit d'abord de considérer la variation de température et la pluviométrie comme représentant les aléas climatiques ; puis, nous développons une approche intégrée qui combine des variables socio- économiques et des variables biophysiques de vulnérabilité (Füssel, 2007). L'exposition est représentée par les éléments qui rendent l'exploitation agricole susceptible d'être affectée par un aléa climatique. Par exemple, la proximité des parcelles aux cours d'eau ou la présence d'une zone inondable indiquent une exposition de l'exploitation au risque d'inondation. La sensibilité fait référence à la réactivité d'un système aux aléas climatiques, elle sera représentée par un ensemble de variables comme le revenu, la SAU, le type de culture, .... Enfin, la capacité d'adaptation, est la capacité d'un système à évoluer de manière à mieux gérer son exposition et / ou sa sensibilité aux aléas climatiques. Elle est conceptualisée dans notre travail en s'appuyant sur la méthode des moyens de subsistances(Ellis, 2000). Ce cadre d'évaluation sera appliqué à l'échelle de deux territoires ruraux dans la région Occitanie.

Keywords: Vulnérabilité, capacité d'adaptation, changement climatique

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Stratégies d'adaptations de la culture du blé dur aux changements climatiques futurs en Algérie: 1- Gestion des sécheresses de fin de saison.

Nacira Chourghal 1*, Frederic Huard 2

1 Laboratoire de Caractérisation et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles – Université Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, 34000, Algeria 2 US 1116 AgroClim – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – 228, route de l’Aérodrome - CS 40 509 84914 Avignon Cedex 9 – France, France *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Il s'agit ici de présenter une stratégie d'atténuation des effets du changement climatiques basée sur la gestion des sécheresses de fin de saison. Deux zones d'étude sont choisies : Alger au centre et Bordj Bou Arreridj dans la zone Est du pays. Des données climatiques observées couvrant la période 1978-2007 pour Alger et 1980-2009 pour Bordj Bou Arreridj, et des simulations futures du climat actuel et du futur lointain (2071-2100), obtenues à partir du modèle climatique ARPEGE de Météo-France, exécutées selon le scénario SRES moyen A1B, sont utilisées pour la réalisation du présent travail. La simulation de la culture dans les conditions climatiques futures est réalisée par un simple modèle agro météorologique qui fonctionne à l'échelle journalière. La date de semis est choisie durant la période traditionnelle des semis sur la base d'un critère pluviométrique. Le modèle simule le développement de la culture à travers le temps thermique et le rendement potentiel au moyen de l'accumulation de l'énergie solaire. Un indice de stress hydrique est déduit d'un modèle journalier de bilan hydrique et enfin le rendement réel est estimé à partir du rendement potentiel corrigé par l'indice de stress hydrique. Le modèle prend en compte l'occurrence de périodes sèches pendant la saison de croissance en se basant sur le nombre de jours sec et leurs positionnements dans le cycle de la culture. L'interruption du cycle de la culture par une sécheresse de fin de saison peut provoquer un échec total ou partiel de la culture. Les projections futures indiquent un réchauffement de l'ordre de plus de 0,5 °C par rapport à la moyenne annuelle dans les deux régions d'études. La précipitation moyenne annuelle décroit principalement à Alger. Les précipitations augmentent pendent la période Juin-Octobre (+37%) à Bordj Bou Arreridj ce qui avantageux pour la culture du blé dur dans la région. A Alger l'échec de la culture est nul tant dans les conditions climatiques actuelles que futures. A Bordj Bou Arreridj, les conditions climatiques présentes sont moins favorables, mais s'améliorent dans le futur. L'échec total et partiel du cycle est significatif dans le climat présent mais diminue considérablement dans le futur.

Keywords: Algérie, changement climatique, sécheresse de fin de saison, modélisation, cycle de culture

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Rotting fungi of pomegranate fruit from Southern Italy

Annamaria Mincuzzi 1*, Antonio Ippolito 1, Simona Marianna Sanzani1

1 University of Bari Aldo Moro - Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences (Di.S.S.P.A.) – Via Amendola 165/A - 70126 Bari (Italy), Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an increasingly important crop in Apulia, where most of the Italian production occurs. The main yield problem is related to postharvest losses caused by fungi. The present research was conducted using fruit of various cultivars (Akko, Mollar de Elche, Wonderful, and Wonderful One), from local markets, orchards, and packinghouses located in southern Italy. Four new postharvest fungal pathogens of pomegranate fruit, were identified: Pilidiella granati, Cytospora punicae, Talaromyces albobiverticillius andColletotrichum acutatum s.s.. The last fungus caused antrachnose, the three others soft rots with c characteristic symptoms. The macro- and micro-morphological traits and the molecular characterization of the pathogens allowed the species identification. Koch's postulates supported the pathogenity of these fungi. They might represent a serious threat for this promising crop.

Keywords: pomegranate, Pilidiella granati, Cytospora punicae, Colletotrichum acutatum, Talaromyces albobiverticillius, postharvest, fungi

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Etude Epidémiologique Moléculaire de l'immunodéficience sévère combinée chez les chevaux Pur-Sang Arabes en Tunisie

Ikram Bensouf 1,2*, Hatem Ouled Ahmed 3, Atef Malek 4, Sara Torjemane 4, Faten Lasfar 5, Abdesselem Trimeche 4

1 Ecole nationale de Medecine veterinaire de Tunis (ENMV) – 04 rue de la bravoure Nabeul Tunisia, Tunisia 2 Institut nationale agronomique de Tunis (INAT) – Tunisia 3 Institut de recherche v´eterinainre de Tunis (IRVT) – Tunisia 4 Ecole Nationale de medecine Vétérinaire de Tunis (ENMV), Sidi Thabet, 2020, Tunisia 5 Fondation nationale d’amélioration de la race chevaline de tunis (FNARC) – Tunisia *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract L'immunodéficience sévère combinée (SCID) est une anomalie héréditaire transmise par voie autosomale récessive, porté par des chevaux Pur-Sang Arabes et croisés. Une délétion de cinq paires de bases au niveau du gène codant la sous unité catalytique de la protéine kinase ADN- dépendante (DNA-PKcs) est responsable de cette maladie par conséquent, les Poulains touchés par SCID meurent toujours dans les six premiers mois de la vie. Face à ce problème il est important d'effectuer une étude épidémiologique moléculaire afin d'estimer la fréquence de l'allèle SCID chez les chevaux pur-sang arabes en Tunisie Notre étude a porté sur 100 chevaux pur sang arabes appartenant au haras de Sidi Thabet. Les croisements de ces chevaux entre-eux ont donné des poulains qui sont morts à un âge qui ne dépassait pas les 6 mois. Nous avons donc examiné leurs parents pour voir s'ils étaient porteurs hétérozygotes de l'allèle SCID. Pour cela, l'ADN des lymphocytes du sang périphérique des parents a été extrait par la méthode silice. Afin de vérifier la qualité des ADNs utilisés les échantillons ont été dosés par un spectrophotomètre. L'amplification de l'ADN a été effectuée par deux amorces spécifiques dans une réaction PCR en ajoutant à chaque échantillon PCR un marqueur ou un standard de taille sachant que le fragment que nous avons cherché à amplifier est formé de 163 paires de base. Ensuite Les produits de PCR ont été séquencés à l' aide d' un séquenceur automatique. Les fichiers des séquences obtenus sont lus à l'aide du logiciel Gene Mapper version 4.0, ce logiciel retranscritles données enregistrées par le séquenseur en calculant la taille des fragments analysés en paires de bases et les transforme alors en pics sous forme de tracés electrophorétiques. Tout d'abord, nous avons fait la mise au point de la PCR afin de vérifier les conditions de la PCR, Pour cela nous avons commencé par tester un témoin SCID+ qu'on a demandé de nos collègues en maroc qui nous a donné un resultat positif . En analysant les éléctrophérogrammes obtenus, nous avons constaté l'absence de la délétion SCID chez le groupe de chevaux pur sang arabes étudiés

Keywords: chevaux ; SCID ; Lymphocytes ; ADN ; Amorces ; PCR ; éléctrophérogrammes

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Clinical bovine mastitis in Tunisia: Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae

Mariem Saïdani 1,2*, Marisa Haenni 3, Alya Soudani 1, Wassim Mahjoub 1, Monia Daaloul 1, Faten Ben Chehida 1, Aymen Mamlouk 1, Jean-Yves Madec3, Lilia Messadi 1

1 Service de Microbiologie et d’Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisie 2 Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisie 3 Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES Site de Lyon, Lyon, France *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Bovine mastitis is a major disease in dairy cattle that causes high economic losses annually. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are among the major pathogens responsible for such infections. While data on bovine mastitis are numerous in Europe where the efficacy of farm management was monitored, those are scarce in African countries. In this study, we reported the occurrence of Escherichia coli (118/372, 31.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (77/372, 20.7%), two environmental pathogens known to cause bovine mastitis. Resistance phenotypes were frequently identified for tetracycline (E. coli, 46.6%/K. pneumoniae, 20.8%), sulfonamides/ trimethoprim (17.8%/11.7%), gentamicin (19.5%/14.3%), and enrofloxacin (11.0%/6.5%). No carbapenem resistant isolate was detected. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were detected on selective medium in three E. coli and six K. pneumoniae, all carrying the blaCTX-M- 15 gene. The K. pneumoniae belonged to two highly uncommon sequence types (ST471 and ST1083), while E. coli clustered in the ST167/617 clones, which have been widely reported in humans, animals, and the environment. These data point out the necessity to improve farm management in Tunisia to reduce the occurrence of coliform-induced mastitis and to avoid the dissemination in this sector of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae, which are of public health concern.

Keywords: Clinical bovine mastitis, etiology, antimicrobial resistance, ESBL, Tunisia

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Anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity of Enterococcus spp against Staphylococcus aureus

Mariem Zanzan 1,2*, Fouad Achemchem 1, Fatima Hamadi 2, Hassan Latrache 3, Khadouj Amzil 2, Abdelkhaleq Elmoslih 2, Rachida Mimouni 2

1 Bioprocess and Environment Team, LASIME, Agadir School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco. – Morocco 2 Laboratory Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection, Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Agadir. – Morocco 3 Laboratory Bioprocesses and bio-interfaces, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Beni-Mellal. – Morocco *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been associated with dairy products and are generally considered as beneficial microorganisms. They are used to improve the safety and the quality of food products by the production of many substances, such as organic acids, diacetyl, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins. Enterococcus spp are among LAB group widely found in Mediterranean dairy products and they have been used as a probiotics and protective cultures in fermentative processes to control the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, they had the ability to form biofilms offering barriers against the colonization by other bacteria on biotic and abiotic surfaces. However, no study was realized on the use of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis as a biofilm positive to control bacterial adhesion on abiotic surfaces. The objective of this study in one hand was to explore novel Enterococcus spp potential applications as protective culture in the dairy industry. On the other hand, was the use of Enterococcus spp as biofilm positive against adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus on Stainless steel 316L commonly used in manufacturing of dairy products. The results showed that E. faecium and E. faecalis tested had a large spectrum against Staphylococcus aureus, and their ability to reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus were more than 2 log UFC/cm².

Keywords: Enterococcus spp, Adhesion, Biofilm, Staphylococcus aureus and Stainless steel 316L

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Seedling VOCs induce host preference in Bagrada hilaris Burmeister

Mokhtar Abdulsattar Arif 1*, Salvatore Guarino 1, Ezio Peri 1, Stefano Colazza 1

1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF) – Viale delle Science, edificio 5, 90128, Palermo, Italy *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract The Painted bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive stink bug species native from Asia and Africa, recently reported in United States, Mexico and Chile. This pest attacks mainly cruciferous plants and results particularly aggressive to seedlings at cotyledon stage, causing severe tissue damage, and in some the death of the plant. In this study the role of VOCs emitted by seedlings of four cruciferous species in the host preference behaviour of B. hilaris was evaluated. Two choice experiments using the vertical open Y-shaped olfactometer were carried out testing the attraction of B. hilaris adults toward seedlings of Raphanus sativus, Eruca sativa, Brassica rapa and B. carinata. The VOCs emitted by seedlings of these species were also collected in headspace using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) method and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of the behavioural experiment evidenced the B. hilaris preference for R. sativus, E. sativa and B. rapa over B. carinata. However, adults of B. hilaris did not elicit any significant preference among R. sativus, E. sativa and B. rapa. Results of the chemical analyses evidenced the VOCs of R. sativus, E. sativa and B. rapa have in common the same main compound identified as benzophenone, missing in B. carinata. These results suggest a role of this compound in the host preference elicited from B. hilaris and might be a possible candidate as attractant for this pest.

Keywords: Raphanus sativus, Eruca sativa, Brassica rapa, Brassica carinata, olfactometer

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La composition chimique et l'effet insecticide d'huile essentielle Mentha spicata sur puceron noir de la luzerne Aphis craccivora, 1854.

Rayane Saifi 1*, Hadjer Saifi 2, Messaouda Benabdelkader 3, Mohammed Belhamra 1

1 Laboratoire diversité des écosystèmes et dynamiques des systèmes de production agricoles en zones arides, Département des sciences agronomiques, Faculté des sciences exactes et des sciences de la nature et de la vie, Université Mohamed Khider, Biskra, Algérie. 2 Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et technologie Nucléaires, Centre National des Sciences et Technologies Nucléaires, Technopo le de Sidi Thabet ,2020 Tunisie. *Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisie 3 Département d’environnement et d’agronomie, Université de Jijel, Algeria * Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Notre étude est basée sur la recherche et la valorisation des substances naturelles bioactives issues de la menthe verte, son objectif est d'évaluer in vitro l'activité insecticide de l'extrait organique de la plante aromatiques Mentha spicata, poussant dans la région de Constantine en Algérie contre les pucerons noirs de la luzerne Aphis craccivora, 1854, après des extractions d'huile essentielle et une quantification des composés chimiques. Cette étude a montré que l'application de huile essentielle de cette plante par contact-inhalation suivant la méthode inspirée de la ligne directrice de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques manifeste un effet toxique vis-à-vis de ce ravageur. Leur CL50 et CL90 sont assez faibles et respectivement de 3.12µl/ml et 13.52µl/ml. Ces résultats nous orient vers des travaux plus approfondis et nous laissons supposer que cette plante expérimentée peut-être utiliser comme alternative aux insecticides chimiques de synthèse grâce à ses molécules naturelles non polluant pour l'environnement.

Keywords: Mentha spicata, Aphis craccivora, huile essentielle, bioinsecticide, Algérie

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Evaluation of Fusarium Head Blight resistances in Italian wheat cvs. by phenotypic and molecular analyses

Sara Francesconi 1, Angelo Mazzagli 2, Giorgio Mariano Balestra 2

1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100, Viterbo * Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Wheat is one of the most cultivated crop in the world. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease is manly caused by F. graminearum, which proliferates and spreads rapidly intracellularly followed by development of symptoms, involving necrosis and bleaching of heads resulting in shrivelled kernels. Nowadays, despite thousand wheat lines are available, a few resistant bread wheat genotype has been obtained and no durum wheat ones exist. The aim of this work was to evaluate the FHB type I and type II resistances of three Italian wheat cvs., Palesio, Marco Aurelio and Claudio, performing artificial infection at three different conidial concentrations and with two different type of inoculation methods. Moreover, fungal biomass (RT- qPCR) and the Thousand Kernels Weight (TKW) have been evaluated, in order to asses plant aptitude in reducing the pathogen diffusion and pathogen impact on grain yield. Present results underline that the three wheat cvs. could have a FHB type I tolerance but no FHB type II resistance (100 % of infected spikelets). In particular, cv. Marco Aurelio showed the most interesting infection progress: FHB type I resistance is clearly evident, since the percentage of infected spikelets reached a maximum of 30 %. RT-qPCR and the TKW results show that fungal biomass is higher when the pathogen is point inoculated, confirming the lack of type II resistance in all wheat cvs taken into account in this study. Marco Aurelio's TKW reported the minor impact on grain yields demonstrating, again, less FHB susceptibility.

Keywords: Wheat, FHB, Resistance, Phenotyping, Genotyping

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Photosynthetic down regulation in red and white Tempranillo under different climate change scenarios

Tefide Kizildeniz 1*, Juan Jose Irigoyen 1, Inmaculada Pascual 1, Fermin Morales 2

1 Universidad de Navarra, Plant Stress Physiology Group (Environmental Biology Department), Associated Unit to CSIC, EEAD, Zaragoza and ICVV, Logrono. Faculties of Sciences and Pharmacy, Irunlarrea 1, E- 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. – Spain 2 Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, PO Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain. – Spain * Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract -1 The atmospheric CO2 concentration has currently reached more than 400 μmol CO2 mol air (ppm) since preindustrial period (280 ppm) and it is expected to reach 700 ppm, at the end of this century. Due to its greenhouse effect, the high atmospheric CO2 concentration is leading to higher atmospheric temperatures accompanied with less water availability or drought periods. All these three-climate change-related factors have influence on photosynthesis in C3 plants including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), which is a plant species very sensitive to environmental factors. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the grapevine photosynthesis increases, modulated by temperature and water availability. However, under prolonged exposure to elevated CO2, grapevine down- regulates photosynthesis (also known as photosynthetic acclimation), decreasing photosynthetic capacity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the photosynthetic acclimation phenomenon in red Tempranillo grapevine plants and its natural, spontaneous mutant white Tempranillo growing under elevated CO2, elevated temperature and water deficit. Experiments in temperature gradient greenhouses located at the University of Navarra in Pamplona (Spain) were used to recreate these climate change conditions. The climate change scenarios were simulated on red and white Tempranillo grapevine with eight different treatments, which were applied from fruit set to maturity: CO2 level (400 versus 700 µmol mol-1), temperature (ambient versus ambient +4ºC), and water availability (well irrigated versus cyclic drought). The photosynthetic capacity decrease indicates leaf starch accumulation, and increases in leaf carbon/nitrogen ratio demonstrate as evidence of photosynthetic down-regulation. Photosynthetic down-regulation was well correlated to leaf starch, but not to soluble sugars accumulation. The white Tempranillo showed higher symptoms of photosynthetic down-regulation compared to the red cultivar for any given sink size (bunch, total vegetative or total plant dry matter) or any given leaf starch accumulation, which indicates that the white Tempranillo mutant altered its response to prolonged exposure to elevated CO2. In conclusion, mutation in white Tempranillo has affected loci other than grape color.

Keywords: Climate change, Elevated CO2 concentration, Water scarcity, High temperature, Grapevine, Photosynthetic acclimation, Photosynthetic down, regulation, Red and white Tempranillo

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Integrated Pest Management system within Urban agriculture

Zilal Suleiman-Alkadour 1*

1Pest control specialist – Netherlands * Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Sustainable future is becoming a fundamental global concern. The world population is expected to increase 25 % by 2050 reflecting a global challenge for food safety and security. We need efficient and healthy ways to produce more food with less environmental impact and short supply chain. Across Europe, many countries adopted the urban agriculture approach as an agricultural system to produce in close proximity to people and residences. Urban agriculture is a powerful, locally deployable tool that disrupts traditional way of thinking about food production and offers integrated solutions to some of the challenges that modern cities are facing. However, this approach requires the adoption of sustainable production patterns and methods. In this context, “Farm 2 Future” is a new research foundation under the umbrella of “World of Walas” company aims at applying the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system to urban agriculture as a good practice to enhance the environmental and economic concerns of both producers and consumers. World of Walas, inspired by the Earth Charter, was founded in 2010 by Gerben van Straten over 25 years of experience. World of Walas has a fundamentally different innovative approach to urban development with a particular focus on social, ecological and economic sustainability. Working primarily in North America and Europe, it carefully works to balance all the component of urban development and redevelopment. Successful IPM program is based on the most effective combination between different component starting by quarantine, cultural, physical, chemical and biological methods (Figure 1). Biological methods are given particular attention and importance for its role of enhancing the environmental performance of agricultural systems. Proceeding from the aforementioned facts, starting from July 2017

Keywords: IPM, Urban farming

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