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Modernizing the System Hierarchy for Tall Buildings: a Data‐Driven Approach to System Characterization

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Modernizing the System Hierarchy for Tall Buildings: a Data‐Driven Approach to System Characterization MODERNIZING THE SYSTEM HIERARCHY FOR TALL BUILDINGS: A DATA‐DRIVEN APPROACH TO SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering by Sally Suzanne Williams Tracy Kijewski‐Correa, Director Graduate Program in Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences Notre Dame, Indiana April 2014 © Copyright 2014 Sally Suzanne Williams MODERNIZING THE SYSTEM HIERARCHY FOR TALL BUILDINGS: A DATA‐DRIVEN APPROACH TO SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION Abstract by Sally Suzanne Williams In the mid‐1960s, Fazlur Khan created a hierarchy of structural systems, ranging from two‐ dimensional moment resisting frames to three‐dimensional tubular systems, to aid designers in making efficient choices to resist lateral loads. While this hierarchy has historically been a valuable tool for designers, the ever‐advancing modeling and computational capabilities have enabled far more exotic structures to become inhabitable possibilities. This implies that few modern systems obey this classical hierarchy, requiring a new approach to classify structural systems and their applicability to modern practice as both a design aid and educational tool for future designers. Therefore, this thesis will respond to this need by modernizing the hierarchy, not from first principles or theory, but actually from practice by mining the attributes of constructed systems already in existence. The result of this thesis is a newly proposed system descriptor, a database structure and procedure to generate modern hierarchies that can be dynamically updated with time. CONTENTS Figures .............................................................................................................................................. v Tables ix Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................ x Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Overview of Traditional System Classification .............................................................. 2 1.2.1 Overview of Historical System Hierarchy...................................................... 3 1.2.2 Limitations of Historical System Hierarchy ................................................... 5 1.3 Need for Updated Hierarchy ......................................................................................... 7 1.4 Parameterizing System Databases ................................................................................ 8 1.5 Research Objectives .................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Formalizing A New Descriptor of System Behavior ..................................................... 12 2.1 Historical DCA Measures ............................................................................................. 12 2.2 iDCA Development ...................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 iDCA Calibration: Continuous Mode Shapes ............................................... 16 2.2.2 iDCA Calibration: Discontinuous Mode Shapes .......................................... 19 2.3 Demonstrative Example .............................................................................................. 31 2.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3: DCA Validation Through Case Studies .......................................................................... 36 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 36 3.2 Results ......................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 CS1 Case Study ............................................................................................ 43 3.2.2 CS2 Case Study ............................................................................................ 48 3.2.3 CS3 Case Study ............................................................................................ 53 ii 3.2.4 CS4 Case Study ............................................................................................ 57 3.2.5 CS5 Case Study ............................................................................................ 61 3.2.6 CS6 Case Study ............................................................................................ 67 3.2.7 CS7 Case Study ............................................................................................ 73 3.2.8 CS8 Case Study ............................................................................................ 80 3.2.9 CS9 Case Study ............................................................................................ 84 3.2.10 CS10 Case Study ........................................................................................ 88 3.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 4: Database Population and Mining ................................................................................. 96 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 96 4.2 Data‐Driven Hierarchy for Modern Systems ............................................................. 108 4.2.1 Geometric Descriptors: Height ................................................................. 109 4.2.2 Geometric Descriptors: Aspect Ratio ........................................................ 114 4.2.3 Behavioral Descriptors: MS‐DCA .............................................................. 118 4.2.4 Behavior Descriptors: iDCA ....................................................................... 121 4.3 Modern System Hierarchies ...................................................................................... 127 4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Future Work .................................................................................... 133 5.1 Research Summary ................................................................................................... 133 5.2 DCA Development ..................................................................................................... 133 5.2.1 iDCA Verification ....................................................................................... 134 5.3 Database Population ................................................................................................. 134 5.3.1 Modernized System Hierarchies ............................................................... 135 5.4 Future Work .............................................................................................................. 136 5.4.1 iDCA Refinement ....................................................................................... 136 5.4.2 Database Expansion and Virtualization .................................................... 136 Appendix A: iDCA Mapping .......................................................................................................... 138 Appendix B: Supplementary Case Studies ................................................................................... 142 B. 1 CS3 Case Study ......................................................................................................... 142 iii B. 2 Central Plaza Case Study .......................................................................................... 145 B. 3 CS4 Case Study ......................................................................................................... 151 B. 4 John Hancock Tower Case Study ............................................................................. 154 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 157 iv FIGURES Figure 1.1: Premium for height for high‐rise structures (Zils and Viise 2003). ................................ 2 Figure 1.2: Khan’s hierarchal comparison of structural systems (CTBUH 1980). ............................ 3 Figure 1.3: Steel, reinforced concrete and composite companions to Khan’s structural system hierarchy (Sarkisian 2011). ................................................................................................. 4 Figure 1.4: Function of the 100 tallest buildings, per decade (CTBUH 2011). ................................. 6 Figure 1.5: Breakdown of existing tall buildings by (a) region, (b) function and (c) material (CTBUH 2013). ..................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 1.6: Story heights of existing buildings as a function of structural system type (CTBUH 2010). .................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 1.7: Damping as a function of DCA quantified by mode shape power (a)
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