DOCSLIB.ORG

Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa: Dialogues

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa: Dialogues edited by Emma Hunter Dialogues between Past and Present Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa cambridge centre of african studies series Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa CAMBRIDGE CENTRE OF AFRIcaN STUDIES SERIES Series editors: Derek R. Peterson, Harri Englund, and Christopher Warnes T he University of Cambridge is home to one of the world’s leading cen- ters of African studies. It organizes conferences, runs a weekly seminar series, hosts a specialist library, coordinates advanced graduate studies, and facilitates research by Cambridge- and Africa-based academics. The Cambridge Centre of African Studies Series publishes work that ema- nates from this rich intellectual life. The series fosters dialogue across a broad range of disciplines in African studies and between scholars based in Africa and elsewhere. Derek R. Peterson, ed. Abolitionism and Imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic Harri Englund, ed. Christianity and Public Culture in Africa Devon Curtis and Gwinyayi A. Dzinesa, eds. Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa Ruth J. Prince and Rebecca Marsland, eds. Making Public Health in Africa: Ethnographic and Historical Perspectives Emma Hunter, ed. Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa: Dialogues between Past and Present Dialogues between Past and Present Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa Edited by Emma Hunter Ohio University Press • Athens Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701 ohioswallow.com © 2016 by Ohio University Press All rights reserved To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax). Printed in the United States of America Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paper ƒ ™ 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hunter, Emma, 1980– editor. Title: Citizenship, belonging, and political community in Africa : dialogues between past and present / edited by Emma Hunter. Other titles: Cambridge Centre of African Studies series. Description: Athens : Ohio University Press, 2016. | Series: Cambridge centre of African studies series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016024890| ISBN 9780821422564 (hc : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780821422571 (pb : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780821445938 (pdf ) Subjects: LCSH: Citizenship—Africa. | Political rights—Africa. | Political Socialization—Africa. Classification: LCC JQ1879.A2 C58 2016 | DDC 323.6096—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016024890 AcknowledgmentsContents ix Introduction EMMA HUNTER 1 Unhelpful Pasts and a Provisional Present JOHN LONOneSDALE 17 PArt I: CItIzens And suBjeCts In AfrICAn HIstOry Rethinking Citizenship and Subjecthood in Southern Africa Khoesan, Labor Relations,twO and the Colonial State in the Cape of Good Hope (c. 1652–1815) NICOLE ULRICH 43 “We Are Oppressed and Our Only Way Is to WritetHree to Higher Authority” The Politics of Claim and Complaint in the Peripheries of Condominium Sudan CHERRY LEONARDI AND CHRIS VAUGHAN 74 Burundi, 1960–67 Loyal Subjects andfO urObedient Citizens AIDAN RUSSELL 101 v Contents PArt II: CItIzensHIP And tHe POstCOlOnIAl stAte “Double Nationalité” and Its Discontents in Ivory Coast, 1963–66 HENRI-MfIICHveEL YÉRÉ 127 The Nubians of Kenya Citizenship in thesI Gapsx and Margins SAMANTHA BALATON-CHRIMES 149 Divided Loyalties and Contested Identities Citizenship ins evenColonial Mauritius RaMOla RaMTOHUL 179 PArt III: CItIzensHIP In COntemPOrAry AfrICA The Ethnic Language of Rights and the NigerianeI PoliticalgHt Community V. ADEFEMI ISUMONAH 211 The State and the “Peoples” Citizenship and the Future ofnI Politicalne Community in Ethiopia SOLOMON M. GOFIE 240 Ethnicity and Contested Citizenship in Africa EGHOSAt Een. OSAGHAE 256 vi Contents Postscript FREDERICK COOPER 282 Contributors 299 Index 303 vii This book is the result of discussions and debates made possible by the Cambridge CentreAcknowledgments of African Studies’ visiting fellows program. For several years, thanks to the generous support of Cambridge University’s Isaac Newton and Smuts Memorial Trusts and the Ford, Leverhulme, and A. G. Leventis Foundations, together with hospitality from Wolf- son College, the center has each year hosted a number of African aca- demics for a six-month term. In October 2011 we welcomed as visiting fellows academics whose research interests lay in different aspects of the theme of citizenship, belonging, and political community in Africa. During the period that the visiting fellows spent in Cambridge, we ex- plored these themes through formal and informal seminars, a workshop in Cambridge in March 2012, and a conference in Nairobi in July 2012. The Centre of African Studies provided a wonderful environment for the discussions that led to this volume. I am particularly grateful to Megan Vaughan for her unfailing support and enthusiasm for this project. Dorian Addison and Eva Rybicki ensured that the seminar se- ries and the workshop in Cambridge ran smoothly and efficiently, and I thank them on behalf of all the presenters and participants. The confer- ence in Nairobi could not have happened without the generous support of Ambreena Manji and everyone at the British Institute in Eastern Africa. I am enormously grateful to Humphrey Mathenge, who ensured that the conference in Nairobi was a fantastic finale to the program. Many people were involved in the visiting fellowship program, as well as the seminars, workshop, and conference, and thanking them all here would be impossible. But particular thanks are due to Lovise Aalen, Akoko Akech, Charles Amone, Warigia Bowman, Joel Cabrita, Geert Castryck, Dominique Connan, Marie-Aude Fouéré, Sarah Jenkins, Patience Kabamba, Edmond Keller, Miles Larmer, Baz Lecocq, Malika Rebai Maamri, Claire Mercer, Misha Mintz-Roth, Godwin Murunga, Abdul Raufu Mustapha, Hassan Mwakimako, Ridwan Osman, Tara Polzer-Ngwato, Andrea Scheibler, and Anders Sjögren. I would also like to thank former colleagues in the Centre of African Studies, par- ticularly Florence Brisset-Foucault, Christopher Clapham, Devon ix Acknowledgments Curtis, Harri Englund, Alastair Fraser, Adam Higazi, John Lonsdale, Sharath Srinivasan, and Liz Watson, whose searching questions and contributions to our discussions helped shape the ideas developed in this volume. The comments from the series editors and the two anonymous re- viewers were enormously helpful in strengthening the volume. It has been a pleasure to work with the series editors—Derek Peterson, Harri Englund, and Chris Warnes—as well as Gillian Berchowitz, the direc- tor of Ohio University Press. Derek Peterson in particular has gone above and beyond the duties of a series editor, and I am very grateful to him for his participation in the Nairobi conference and for his insight- ful comments and suggestions as the volume developed. x Introduction EMMA HUNTER citizenship.1 Since the return of multiparty politics, new dynamics of AfrICA, It Is Often s AId, Is suffer Ing fr Om A CrIsIs Of inclusion and exclusion have led to the denial of rights and privileges to those designated as “strangers.”2 In a continent where movement has always been the norm, designating particular groups as outsiders and seeking to exclude them from political rights on that basis has proved a tempting political tactic.3 At the same time, even those who enjoy the legal status of citizenship and the political rights that flow from it face difficulties in approaching the state as active citizens engaged in ruling themselves.4 At the heart of contemporary debates over citizenship in Africa lie dynamic exchanges between the present and the past, between politi- cal theory and political practice, and between legal categories and lived experience. Yet studies of citizenship in Africa have often tended to foreshorten historical time and to privilege the present at the expense of the past. The very term citizen is often understood as relevant primarily to the postcolonial state, limiting comparative analysis of political status across space and time. As we shall see, this neglect of history poses problems, given that theories of contemporary African politics often rest heavily on readings of the past. More broadly, a tension has emerged between the approach taken by historians and that taken by social scientists. Among the latter, it has become axiomatic that colonial states were characterized by a dichotomy between subjecthood and citizenship, representing a clear difference between the majority of the population and a privileged minority accorded full legal rights. But this focus on legal status and terminology misses the ways in which there have always been different 1 sorts of subjects, with differentEmma sorts Hunt of Erights,r duties, and prerogatives negotiated on the ground as much as defined in colonial law, in ways not captured by the citizen/subject dichotomy. Still more important, the focus on legal status means that we risk losing sight of broader dis- cursive spheres in which political membership is articulated and claims are made. We need to look beyond the normative texts of colonial and postcolonial lawmaking and more closely into the domains of history, narrative, and social practice.5 This is an opportune moment to survey the field and propose new ways forward. It emerges from a visiting fellowship program
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2018 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report1
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons TTCSP Global Go To Think aT nk Index Reports Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) 1-2019 2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report James G. McGann University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks Part of the International and Area Studies Commons McGann, James G., "2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report" (2019). TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports. 16. https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/16 2019 Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the University of Pennsylvania, Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program. All requests, questions and comments should be sent to: James G. McGann, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, International Studies Director, Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program The Lauder Institute University of Pennsylvania Email: [email protected] This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/16 For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report Abstract The Thinka T nks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) of the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania conducts research on the role policy institutes play in governments and civil societies around the world. Often referred to as the “think tanks’ think tank,” TTCSP examines the evolving role and character of public policy research organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hinduism Around the World
    Hinduism Around the World Numbering approximately 1 billion in global followers, Hinduism is the third-largest religion in the world. Though more than 90 percent of Hindus live on the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan), the Hindu diaspora’s impact can still be felt today. Hindus live on every continent, and there are three Hindu majority countries in the world: India, Nepal, and Mauritius. Hindu Diaspora Over Centuries Hinduism began in the Indian subcontinent and gradually spread east to what is now contemporary Southeast Asia. Ancient Hindu cultures thrived as far as Cambodia, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Some of the architectural works (including the famous Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia) still remain as vestiges of Hindu contact. Hinduism in Southeast Asia co-worshipped with Buddhism for centuries. However, over time, Buddhism (and later Islam in countries such as Indonesia) gradually grew more prominent. By the 10th century, the practice of Hinduism in the region had waned, though its influence continued to be strong. To date, Southeast Asia has the two highest populations of native, non-Indic Hindus: the Balinese Hindus of Indonesia and the Cham people of Vietnam. The next major migration took place during the Colonial Period, when Hindus were often taken as indentured laborers to British and Dutch colonies. As a result, Hinduism spread to the West Indies, Fiji, Copyright 2014 Hindu American Foundation Malaysia, Mauritius, and South Africa, where Hindus had to adjust to local ways of life. Though the Hindu populations in many of these places declined over time, countries such as Guyana, Mauritius, and Trinidad & Tobago, still have significant Hindu populations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gordian Knot: Apartheid & the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order, 1960-1970
    THE GORDIAN KNOT: APARTHEID & THE UNMAKING OF THE LIBERAL WORLD ORDER, 1960-1970 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ryan Irwin, B.A., M.A. History ***** The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Professor Peter Hahn Professor Robert McMahon Professor Kevin Boyle Professor Martha van Wyk © 2010 by Ryan Irwin All rights reserved. ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the apartheid debate from an international perspective. Positioned at the methodological intersection of intellectual and diplomatic history, it examines how, where, and why African nationalists, Afrikaner nationalists, and American liberals contested South Africa’s place in the global community in the 1960s. It uses this fight to explore the contradictions of international politics in the decade after second-wave decolonization. The apartheid debate was never at the center of global affairs in this period, but it rallied international opinions in ways that attached particular meanings to concepts of development, order, justice, and freedom. As such, the debate about South Africa provides a microcosm of the larger postcolonial moment, exposing the deep-seated differences between politicians and policymakers in the First and Third Worlds, as well as the paradoxical nature of change in the late twentieth century. This dissertation tells three interlocking stories. First, it charts the rise and fall of African nationalism. For a brief yet important moment in the early and mid-1960s, African nationalists felt genuinely that they could remake global norms in Africa’s image and abolish the ideology of white supremacy through U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNITED STATES and SOUTH AFRICA in the NIXON YEARS by Eric J. Morgan This Thesis Examines Relat
    ABSTRACT THE SIN OF OMISSION: THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE NIXON YEARS by Eric J. Morgan This thesis examines relations between the United States and South Africa during Richard Nixon’s first presidential administration. While South Africa was not crucial to Nixon’s foreign policy, the racially-divided nation offered the United States a stabile economic partner and ally against communism on the otherwise chaotic post-colonial African continent. Nixon strengthened relations with the white minority government by quietly lifting sanctions, increasing economic and cultural ties, and improving communications between Washington and Pretoria. However, while Nixon’s policy was shortsighted and hypocritical, the Afrikaner government remained suspicious, believing that the Nixon administration continued to interfere in South Africa’s domestic affairs despite its new policy relaxations. The Nixon administration concluded that change in South Africa could only be achieved through the Afrikaner government, and therefore ignored black South Africans. Nixon’s indifference strengthened apartheid and hindered liberation efforts, helping to delay black South African freedom for nearly two decades beyond his presidency. THE SIN OF OMMISSION: THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE NIXON YEARS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Eric J. Morgan Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2003 Advisor __________________________________ (Dr. Jeffrey P. Kimball) Reader ___________________________________ (Dr. Allan M. Winkler) Reader ___________________________________ (Dr. Osaak Olumwullah) TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . iii Prologue The Wonderful Tar Baby Story . 1 Chapter One The Unmovable Monolith . 3 Chapter Two Foresight and Folly .
    [Show full text]
  • Politics, Identity, Territory. the “Strength” and “Value” of Nation-State, the Weakness of Regional Challenge
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Trento : UNITN-eprints Politics, Identity, Territory. The “Strength” and “Value” of Nation-State, the Weakness of Regional Challenge Gaspare Nevola The post Cold War age reveals itself as being characterized mostly by the flourishing of “identity politics”. Identitary issues affect the public dimension of collective life and they often develop Politics, Identity, Territory. into economic, legal, political terms. There are many types of collective identity. We would clarify some of them in order to focus the analytical tools that are necessary to face the phenomena we The “Strength” and “Value” of Nation-State, are interested with: national and regional identities. Crucial in our argument are the concept of “political identity” and its “territorial” dimension. This concept and this dimension consent to the Weakness of Regional Challenge compare Nation-State and (sub-national) region as space of collective life, and their “authoritative” degree. According to this subject this essay will treat the following points: the return of identity Gaspare Nevola politics nowadays (section 1); the concept of collective identity (section 2); the many faces of collective identity (section 3); the relationship among politics, territory and identity, analyzed through the paradigmatic case of Nation-state and national identity (section 4); the structuring of political space between centre and peripheries, where we consider how the dominance of Nation- State model has to face persisting of territorial cleavages (section 5); the case of the regional issue (section 6); the “strength” and the “value” of Nation-State (sections 7 and 8).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. Hobsbawm 1990, 66. 2. Diamond 1998, 322–33. 3. Fairbank 1992, 44–45. 4. Fei Xiaotong 1989, 1–2. 5. Diamond 1998, 323, original emphasis. 6. Crossley 1999; Di Cosmo 1998; Purdue 2005a; Lavely and Wong 1998, 717. 7. Richards 2003, 112–47; Lattimore 1937; Pan Chia-lin and Taeuber 1952. 8. My usage of the term “geo-body” follows Thongchai 1994. 9. B. Anderson 1991, 86. 10. Purdue 2001, 304. 11. Dreyer 2006, 279–80; Fei Xiaotong 1981, 23–25. 12. Jiang Ping 1994, 16. 13. Morris-Suzuki 1998, 4; Duara 2003; Handler 1988, 6–9. 14. Duara 1995; Duara 2003. 15. Turner 1962, 3. 16. Adelman and Aron 1999, 816. 17. M. Anderson 1996, 4, Anderson’s italics. 18. Fitzgerald 1996a: 136. 19. Ibid., 107. 20. Tsu Jing 2005. 21. R. Wong 2006, 95. 22. Chatterjee (1986) was the first to theorize colonial nationalism as a “derivative discourse” of Western Orientalism. 23. Gladney 1994, 92–95; Harrell 1995a; Schein 2000. 24. Fei Xiaotong 1989, 1. 25. Cohen 1991, 114–25; Schwarcz 1986; Tu Wei-ming 1994. 26. Harrison 2000, 240–43, 83–85; Harrison 2001. 27. Harrison 2000, 83–85; Cohen 1991, 126. 186 • Notes 28. Duara 2003, 9–40. 29. See, for example, Lattimore 1940 and 1962; Forbes 1986; Goldstein 1989; Benson 1990; Lipman 1998; Millward 1998; Purdue 2005a; Mitter 2000; Atwood 2002; Tighe 2005; Reardon-Anderson 2005; Giersch 2006; Crossley, Siu, and Sutton 2006; Gladney 1991, 1994, and 1996; Harrell 1995a and 2001; Brown 1996 and 2004; Cheung Siu-woo 1995 and 2003; Schein 2000; Kulp 2000; Bulag 2002 and 2006; Rossabi 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • The Laws of War and the Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War Mike J
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 9 | Issue 2 1977 The Laws of War and the Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War Mike J. Hoover Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Mike J. Hoover, The Laws of War and the Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War, 9 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 323 (1977) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol9/iss2/4 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 1977] NOTES The Laws of War and The Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War BETWEEN THE 11th and the 19th of June, 1976, the People's Revolutionary Court of Angola tried and convicted 13 white soldiers on the charge of being mercenaries, finally sentencing nine to prison and four to death.' This Note entails an examina- tion of the circumstances of that trial. The narrow focus here will be the aspects of procedural and substantive fairness in the trial, while the broader concern will be the impact of this trial on the development of the laws of war, particularly as regards the status of mercenaries under international law. This is only the beginning of the larger inquiry which the legal community must undertake.
    [Show full text]
  • Social, Formal, and Political Determinants of Trade Under Weak Rule of Law: Experimental Evidence from Senegalese Firms
    SOCIAL,FORMAL, AND POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF TRADE UNDER WEAK RULE OF LAW:EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM SENEGALESE FIRMS∗ ABHIT BHANDARIy FEBRUARY 2021 Abstract How do firms ensure secure exchange when the rule of law is weak and contracting institutions privilege the politically connected? In developing countries, firms may use social, formal, or political heuristics when selecting business partners, but how these factors jointly impact exchange remains understudied. This article develops these the- oretical mechanisms and tests their impact with a conjoint experiment administered to 2,389 formal and informal firms in Senegal. I find evidence in support of all three theories: To varying degrees, social, state, and political factors simultaneously impact firms’ sense of deal security and likelihood of exchange. The results demonstrate the substantial influence of formal predictors of exchange even in an overwhelmingly in- formal business environment, and also establish the countervailing effects of political connections on trade. These findings suggest that firms in developing countries must contend with an intricate political calculus to ensure their growth. ∗I thank Fodé Sarr and the enumeration team for excellent research assistance. I thank Christopher Blattman, Nikhar Gaikwad, Jessica Gottlieb, Macartan Humphreys, Kimuli Kasara, Robert Kubinec, John Marshall, Mohamed Saleh, Tara Slough, and seminar participants at the African Studies Association, NYU-Columbia Informal Institutions Workshop, and IAST/TSE Economic History and Political Economy Working Group for helpful comments. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation (SES-1647457 and DGE-1644869) and was approved by the Columbia Institutional Review Board (IRB-AAAQ9047). I acknowledge funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Investments for the Future program (Investissements d’Avenir, grant ANR-17-EURE-0010).
    [Show full text]
  • The Religious Lifeworlds of Canada's Goan and Anglo-Indian Communities
    Brown Baby Jesus: The Religious Lifeworlds of Canada’s Goan and Anglo-Indian Communities Kathryn Carrière Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the PhD degree in Religion and Classics Religion and Classics Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Kathryn Carrière, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 I dedicate this thesis to my husband Reg and our son Gabriel who, of all souls on this Earth, are most dear to me. And, thank you to my Mum and Dad, for teaching me that faith and love come first and foremost. Abstract Employing the concepts of lifeworld (Lebenswelt) and system as primarily discussed by Edmund Husserl and Jürgen Habermas, this dissertation argues that the lifeworlds of Anglo- Indian and Goan Catholics in the Greater Toronto Area have permitted members of these communities to relatively easily understand, interact with and manoeuvre through Canada’s democratic, individualistic and market-driven system. Suggesting that the Catholic faith serves as a multi-dimensional primary lens for Canadian Goan and Anglo-Indians, this sociological ethnography explores how religion has and continues affect their identity as diasporic post- colonial communities. Modifying key elements of traditional Indian culture to reflect their Catholic beliefs, these migrants consider their faith to be the very backdrop upon which their life experiences render meaningful. Through systematic qualitative case studies, I uncover how these individuals have successfully maintained a sense of security and ethnic pride amidst the myriad cultures and religions found in Canada’s multicultural society. Oscillating between the fuzzy boundaries of the Indian traditional and North American liberal worlds, Anglo-Indians and Goans attribute their achievements to their open-minded Westernized upbringing, their traditional Indian roots and their Catholic-centred principles effectively making them, in their opinions, admirable models of accommodation to Canada’s system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Sash, Vol. 16, No. 7
    The Black Sash, Vol. 16, No. 7 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org/. Page 1 of 41 Alternative title The Black SashThe Black Sash Author/Creator The Black Sash (Johannesburg) Contributor Duncan, Sheena Publisher The Black Sash (Johannesburg) Date 1973-11 Resource type Journals (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1973 Source Digital Imaging South Africa (DISA) Relation The Black Sash (1956-1969); continued by Sash (1969-1994) Rights By kind permission of Black Sash. Format extent 39 page(s) (length/size) Page 2 of 41 SASHVol. 16. No. 7Nov. 1973Price: 40cThe Black Sash magazine Page 3 of 41 BLACK SASH OFFICE BEARERSIlEADQUARTERSNational President: Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Diasporas, Remittances and Africa South of the Sahara
    DIASPORAS, REMITTANCES AND AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT MARC-ANTOINE PÉROUSE DE MONTCLOS ISS MONOGRAPH SERIES • NO 112, MARCH 2005 CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR iv GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 5 African diasporas and homeland politics CHAPTER 2 27 The political value of remittances: Cape Verde, Comores and Lesotho CHAPTER 3 43 The dark side of diaspora networking: Organised crime and terrorism CONCLUSION 65 iv ABOUT THE AUTHOR Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos is a political scientist with the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). He works on forced migrations and has published various books on the issue, especially on Somali refugees (Diaspora et terrorisme, 2003). He lived for several years in Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya, and conducted field investigations in the Comores, Cape Verde and Lesotho in 2002 and 2003. This study is the result of long-term research on the subject. v GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS ANC: African National Congress BCP: Basotho Congress Party BNP: Basotho National Party COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States FRELIMO: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique GDP: Gross Domestic Product GNP: Gross National Product INAME: Instituto Nacional de Apoio ao Emigrante Moçambicano no Exterior IOM: International Organisation for Migration IRA: Irish Republican Army LCD: Lesotho Congress for Democracy LLA: Lesotho Liberation Army LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam MASSOB: Movement for the Actualisation
    [Show full text]
  • Winds of Change Speech by British Prime Minister Maurice Harold Macmillan
    Winds of Change Speech by British Prime Minister Maurice Harold Macmillan 3 February 1960 It is, as I have said, a special privilege for me to be here in 1960 when you are celebrating what I might call the golden wedding of the Union. At such a time it is natural and right that you should pause to take stock of your position, to look back at what you have achieved, to look forward to what lies ahead. In the fifty years of their nationhood the people of South Africa have built a strong economy founded upon a healthy agriculture and thriving and resilient industries. No one could fail to be impressed with the immense material progress which has been achieved. That all this has been accomplished in so short a time is a striking testimony to the skill, energy and initiative of your people. We in Britain are proud of the contribution we have made to this remarkable achievement. Much of it has been financed by British capital. According to the recent survey made by the Union Government, nearly two-thirds of the oversea investment outstanding in the Union at the end of 1956 was British. That is after two staggering wars which have bled our economy white. But that is not all. We have developed trade between us to our common advantage, and our economies are now largely interdependent. You export to us raw materials, food and gold. We in return send you consumer goods or capital equipment. We take a third of all your exports and we supply a third of all your imports.
    [Show full text]