In a Constant State of Flux: the Cultural Hybrid Identities of Second-Generation Afghan-Canadian Women

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

In a Constant State of Flux: the Cultural Hybrid Identities of Second-Generation Afghan-Canadian Women IN A CONSTANT STATE OF FLUX: THE CULTURAL HYBRID IDENTITIES OF SECOND-GENERATION AFGHAN-CANADIAN WOMEN By: Saher Malik Ahmed, B. A A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Post-Doctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Women’s and Gender Studies Pauline Jewett Institute of Women’s and Gender Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario July 2016 © 2016 Saher Malik Ahmed Abstract This study, guided by feminist methodology and cultural hybrid theory, explores the experiences of Afghan-Canadian women in Ottawa, Ontario who identify as second- generation. A qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with ten second-generation Afghan-Canadian women reveals how these women are continuously constructing their hybrid identities through selective acts of cultural negotiation and resistance. This study will examine the transformative and dynamic interplay of balancing two contrasting cultural identities, Afghan and Canadian. The findings will reveal new meanings within the Afghan diaspora surrounding Afghan women’s gender roles and their strategic integration into Canadian society. i Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Amrita Hari. I thank her sincerely for her endless guidance, patience, and encouragement throughout my graduate studies. I have benefited from her wisdom and insightful feedback that has helped me develop strong research and academic skills, and for this I am immensely grateful. I would like to thank Dr. Karen March, my thesis co-supervisor for her incisive comments and challenging questions. I will never forget the conversation I had with her on the phone during the early stages of my research when she reminded me of the reasons why and for whom this research is intended. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members Dr. Megan Rivers- Moore and Dr. Xiaobei Chen for taking the time to be an important part of this process. The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support of my mother, Masooda Ahmed. I cherish her stories of Afghanistan, including those that disclose her migratory journey as an Afghan refugee. She is the most intelligent, brave, and caring person I know. Thank you Mothar-jaan for sharing your personal experiences that are rarely shared between mothers and daughters in our culture. Dooset Daram. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my father, Arif Malik Ahmed, for I have felt his prayers and steadfast love even distance apart. I admire his strength in character to overcome adversities and I am thankful for his dedication in creating a space his daughters can always call home. I thank my sisters, Sabah and Kauser, for their love and emotional support throughout my academic development. They are my strength and inspiration. ii To my Khala-Jaan, Najia Azmat, who although physically not present, she has spiritually guided me through this process. You have taught me how to strive for excellence and the discipline that is required to attain it. Finally, and most heartfelt, I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my partner and best-friend, Liam Devine. I am thankful for his unwavering support of me throughout this journey, as we moved across the country, and transitioned from new Bachelor’s graduates to Master’s students. He has spent countless days and nights listening to my ideas, concerns and frustrations, and selflessly extended his advice and empathy while pursuing his own graduate research. Thank you Liam for making our journey more enjoyable when life became difficult. I am looking forward to our future adventures as a team (including wee Shanoos!), as individuals and as human rights activists— as we are always becoming and have never arrived. iii Dedication For the resilient Afghan-Canadian women, I hope your imaginaries of Afghanistan continue to safeguard the flourishing images of a country that once was. For my mother, My academic achievements are as much yours as they are my mine. iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................ ii Dedication ........................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1: Migration and memories of the Afghan diaspora in Canada ................................................ 1 Chapter 2: Building a Theoretical Framework— Cultural Hybrid Identity .............................................. 7 Defining Diaspora ........................................................................................................................ 7 Hybridity and Hyphenated Cultural Identities .......................................................................... 11 Homeland and Second-Generation Afghan Women ................................................................ 15 Research Questions: Building on Narratives and Creating New Discussions ........................... 16 Chapter 3: Research Methodology ...................................................................................................... 19 Participants and Demographic .................................................................................................. 23 Coding and Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 28 My Hybridity: Both an Outsider and Insider ............................................................................. 29 Chapter 4: Nuancing Second-Generation ............................................................................................ 33 Second-Generation: Definitions ................................................................................................ 35 Segmented Assimilation and Criticisms: ................................................................................... 36 Defining ‘Second-Generation’ for themselves .......................................................................... 40 Chapter 5: Cultural Conformity and Resistance ................................................................................... 53 Unequal Gender Roles............................................................................................................... 54 Young women exercising agency .............................................................................................. 67 Fear and Anxiety of the Afghan diaspora Second-generation Afghan Women Expressing Hybridity ........................................................ 90 Chapter 6: Neither Here, Nor There .................................................................................................... 98 Racialized Gendered Stereotypes ........................................................................................... 101 Racialized Gaze ...................................................................................................................... 105 Foreigner in Afghanistan ......................................................................................................... 111 Creating an Hybrid Identity as Outsiders in Afghanistan and Canada .............................. 115 Chapter 7: Final Discussion .......................................................................................................... 126 v Further Research and Limitations to this study ...................................................................... 128 Research as a way of coming together ................................................................................... 130 Appendix A: Interview Questions ..................................................................................................... 130 Appendix B: Recruitment Poster (Sample) ........................................................................................ 132 Glossary of Afghan Terms (in Dari): .................................................................................................. 133 Works Cited ...................................................................................................................................... 134 vi Chapter 1: Migration and memories of the Afghan diaspora in Canada Migration is often understood as the traveling of populations between different regions of the world motivated by opposing ‘pull factors,’ such as increased socio-economic opportunities and family-reunification, and ‘push factors’ such as famine, war, global injustices of conflict or profound social and economic equities (Brah 1996). ‘Push factors’ are primarily associated with ‘refugee’ or ‘involuntarily’ migrations of those who have been forcefully displaced from their home-countries. This thesis focuses mainly on push factors because, as will be seen below, the majority of Afghans who come to Canada do so as refugees rather than seeking family reunification and/or socio-economic opportunities. Push and pull factors become significant in identifying the diverse combinations of motives and external circumstances that create distinct typologies of migrants and contribute to the flows of migration. To understand the migratory and settlement experiences of Afghan refugees, we need to look at not only “who travels but when, how, and under what circumstances (Brah 1996, p. 182). In this introductory chapter, I will
Recommended publications
  • A Stone in the Water
    A STONE IN THE WATER Report of the Roundtables with Afghan-Canadian Women On the Question of the Application UN Security Council Resolution 1325 in Afghanistan July 2002 Organized by the The Honourable Mobina S.B. Jaffer of the Advocacy Subcommittee of the Canadian Committee on Women, Peace and Security in partnership with the YWCA of Canada With Financial Support from the Human Security Program of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada We acknowledge The Aga Khan Council for Ontario for their support in this initiative 0 Speechless At home, I speak the language of the gender that is better than me. In the mosque, I speak the language of the nation that is better than me. Outside, I speak the language of those who are the better race. I am a non-Arabic Muslim woman who lives in a Western country. Fatema, poet, Toronto 1 Dedication This report is dedicated to the women and girls living in Afghanistan, and the future which can be theirs 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………insert BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………………...….4 OBJECTIVES……...………………………………………………………………….…9 REPORT………………………………………………………………………………...11 Introduction………………………………………………………………………11 What Are The Barriers to the Full Participation of Women in Afghan Society (Question 1)…………………………………….……………13 Personal Safety and Security…………………………………………………….13 Warlords…………………………………………………………………14 Lack of Civilian Police Force and Army………………………………...15 Justice and Accountability……………………………………………………….16 Education……………………………………………………………………..….18
    [Show full text]
  • On Multiculturalism's Margins: Oral History and Afghan Former
    On Multiculturalism’s Margins: Oral History and Afghan Former Refugees in Early Twenty-first Century Winnipeg By Allison L. Penner A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of History Joint Master’s Program University of Manitoba / University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, Manitoba Copyright © 2019 by Allison L. Penner Abstract Oral historians have long claimed that oral history enables people to present their experiences in an authentic way, lauding the potential of oral history to ‘democratize history’ and assist interviewees, particularly those who are marginalized, to ‘find their voices’. However, stories not only look backward at the past but also locate the individual in the present. As first demonstrated by Edward Said in Orientalism, Western societies have a long history of Othering non-Western cultures and people. While significant scholarly attention has been paid to this Othering, the responses of orientalised individuals (particularly those living in the West) have received substantially less attention. This thesis focuses on the multi-sessional life story oral history interviews that I conducted with five Afghan-Canadians between 2012 and 2015, most of whom came to Canada as refugees. These interviews were conducted during the Harper era, when celebrated Canadian notions of multiculturalism, freedom, and equality existed alongside Orientalist discourses about immigrants, refugees, Muslims, and Afghans. News stories and government policies and legislation highlighted the dangers that these groups posed to the Canadian public, ‘Canadian’ values, and women. Drawing on the theoretical work of notable oral historians including Mary Chamberlain and Alessandro Portelli, I consider the ways in which the narrators talked about themselves and their lives in light of these discourses.
    [Show full text]
  • SREC Cleared Protocols
    SREC Cleared Protocols SREC # SREC Date Received Title Supervisor Supervisor Faculty/Dept Student PI Student Dept 2012 64 HASSREC 16-Nov-12 The Psychosocial impact of Retirement on Canadian G. Andrews Health,Aging & Society S. Paterson Professional Hockey Players 2012 63 KSREC 16-Nov-12 A study of human interaction with a virtual 3D world R. Teather Computing and Software G. Patriquin builder 2012 65 PSREC 19-Nov-12 Binaural Beats and Their Effects on Vigilance G. Hall Psychology A. Cheung 2012 66 PSREC 19-Nov-12 Cognitive aspects of Korean-to-English translation M. Stroinska Linguistics J. Kim process: A Translog study of word order differences in translation 2013 03 BESREC 8-Jan-13 D. Potter Engineering 2013 04 HSREC 14-Jan-13 E. Service Linguistics M. MacDonald 2009 04 HASGSREC 13-Jan-09 Gerontology 3H03: Diversity and Aging A. Joshi Health,Aging & Society 2009 05 HSREC 13-Jan-09 Appropriate technology organizations in recent history M. Egan History V. Rocca 2009 06 PSREC 14-Jan-09 Cognitive Neuroscience II: Psychology 4BN3 S. Becker Psychology 2006 37 KSREC 20-Apr-06 The realm of HIV/AIDS at the Naz Foundation in New B. Henderson Kinesiology Nitasha Puri Delhi, India 2006 40 HSREC 23-May-06 In Our Own Languages: Language, Religion and Identity in A. Moro Linguistics B. Chettle Local Immigrant Groups 2006 41 GGSREC 5-Jun-06 C. Eyles Geography M. Stoesser 2006 42 SSREC 25-Aug-06 Sociology 3O03: Qualitative Research Methods W. Shaffir Sociology 2006 43 GGSREC 11-Sep-06 M. Grignon Gerontology 2006 44 KSREC 15-Sep-06 KIN 4I03: Exercise Psychology K.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghan Diaspora in Germany
    Prof. Dr. Michael Daxner (project leader) Silvia-Lucretia Nicola M.A. (research associate) Prepare – Protect –Promote Mapping of and report on the Afghan Diaspora in Germany Prepare – Protect – Promote Mapping of and report on the Afghan Diaspora in Germany 3 11 April 2017 Prof. Dr. Michael Daxner (project leader) Silvia-Lucretia Nicola M.A. (research associate) Daylight Consultants GmbH Heinrich Heine Str. 92 228211 Bremen 4 This study was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and realized by the GIZ Programme Migration for Development (PME). Shaping Migration for Development Migrants are bridge-builders between their countries of origin and the countries in which they currently live and work. With their skills, ideas, experiences and contacts, they are key drivers of change in both settings and help to ensure that their countries of origin can also face the future with confidence. Many migrants contribute to their origin countries’ development while living elsewhere: some establish diaspora organisations and carry out projects on a voluntary basis, while others set up businesses and build economic ties between countries. A significant number of migrants decide at some point to return to their countries of origin on a temporary or permanent basis, enabling them to share their knowledge directly at local level. We support all these activities of migrants, because we believe in the potential of global migration for sustainable development. We also ad- vise people who are not yet sure whether they want to leave their country. We highlight legal migration options and show them alternatives in their country of origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity Formation and Negotiation of Afghan Female Youth . in Ontario
    Identity Formation and Negotiation of Afghan Female Youth . in Ontario Tabasum Akseer, B.A. Department of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies in Education . Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education · Faculty of Education, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © Tabasum Akseer, 2011 Abstract The following thesis provides an empirical case study in which a group of 6 first generation female Afghan Canadian youth is studied to determine their identity negotiation and development processes in everyday experiences. This process is investigated across different contexts of home, school, and the community. In tenns of schooling experiences, 2 participants each are selected representing public, Islamic, and Catholic schools in Southern Ontario. This study employs feminist research methods and is analyzed through a convergence of critical race theory (critical race feminism), youth development theory, and feminist theory. Participant experiences reveal issues of racism, discrimination, and bias within schooling (public, Catholic) systems. Within these contexts, participants suppress their identities or are exposed to negative experiences based on their ethnic or religious identification. Students in Islamic schools experience support for a more positive ethnic and religious identity. Home and community provided nurturing contexts where participants are able to reaffirm and develop a positive overall identity. 11 Ackilowledgements My Lord, increase me in knowledge (Quran 20:114) This thesis is first and foremost dedicated to my loving parents, Dr. M. Ahmad Akseer and Ambara Akseer. Thank you for your support throughout the years. My achievements are a reflection of the excellent guidance and support I have received from my family. Thank you especially to my eldest sibling Kamilla who has been a role model since the beginning.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghan Diaspora in Europe Mapping Engagement in Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom
    Afghan Diaspora in Europe Mapping engagement in Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom diaspora programme Acknowledgements This study was commissioned by Danish Refugee Council, as part of a larger project to support Afghan diaspora engagement in Europe and was carried out by Maastricht Graduate School of Governance/ UNU-MERIT. The report has been written by Dr. Biljana Meshkovska, Nasrat Sayed, Katharina Koch, Iman Rajabzadeh, Carole Wenger, and Prof. Dr. Melissa Siegel. Editing was conducted by Emily Savage, from Meraki Labs. We would like to thank Maximilian Eckel, Nina Gustafsson, Rufus Horne, Helle Huisman, Chiara Janssen, Bailey Kirkland, Charlotte Mueller, Kevin O’Dell, Wesal Ah. Zaman, and Gustaf Renman for their invaluable support in this research. Moreover, we thank all respondents for sharing their insights with us. Danish Refugee Council’s Diaspora Programme The Diaspora programme is part of DRC’s Civil Society Engagement Unit, and focuses on facilitating, supporting, and enhancing the role of diasporas as effective agents of humanitarian assistance, recovery and development. DRC is a private, independent, humanitarian organization working in more than 35 countries to protect refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) against persecution and to promote durable solutions to the problems of forced displacement based on humanitarian principles and human rights. Contact: [email protected] Website: drc.ngo/diaspora Asia Displacement Solutions Platform The Asia Displacement Solutions Platform is a joint initiative launched by the Danish Refugee Council, International Rescue Committee, Norwegian Refugee Council and Relief International, which aims to contribute to the development of solutions for populations affected by displacement in the region. Drawing upon its members’ operational presence throughout Asia, and its extensive advocacy networks in Europe and North America, ADSP engages in evidence-based advocacy initiatives to support improved outcomes for displacement-affected communities.
    [Show full text]
  • CANADA in AFGHANISTAN Report of the Standing Committee On
    HOUSE OF COMMONS CANADA CANADA IN AFGHANISTAN Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development Kevin Sorenson, MP Chair JULY 2008 39th PARLIAMENT, 2nd SESSION The Speaker of the House hereby grants permission to reproduce this document, in whole or in part for use in schools and for other purposes such as private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary. Any commercial or other use or reproduction of this publication requires the express prior written authorization of the Speaker of the House of Commons. If this document contains excerpts or the full text of briefs presented to the Committee, permission to reproduce these briefs, in whole or in part, must be obtained from their authors. Also available on the Parliamentary Internet Parlementaire: http://www.parl.gc.ca Available from Communication Canada — Publishing, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0S9 CANADA IN AFGHANISTAN Report of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development Kevin Sorenson, MP Chair JULY 2008 39th PARLIAMENT, 2nd SESSION STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHAIR Kevin Sorenson VICE-CHAIRS Bernard Patry Vivian Barbot MEMBERS Hon. Raymond Chan Johanne Deschamps Paul Dewar Peter Goldring Wajid Khan Denis Lebel Hon. Keith Martin Deepak Obhrai Hon. Bob Rae OTHER MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT WHO PARTICIPATED Bill Casey Hon. Ujjal Dosanjh Francine Lalonde Alexa McDonough Caroline St-Hilaire Hon. Bryon Wilfert CLERK OF THE COMMITTEE Angela Crandall LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT Parliamentary Information
    [Show full text]
  • Afghan Diaspora: Relationship with 'Homeland'
    Afghan Diaspora: Relationship with ‘Homeland’ Teymour Moinzadeh Thesis In this paper, I will be applying Professor William Safran’s definition of diaspora to make the case that Afghans in America influence Afghan society at the macro- level, whereas Afghans in Iran aid Afghan society along ethnic/familial lines. Outline I. What is diaspora? I. Diaspora as Transnational Identity Netoworks II. History II. Afghan-Americans III. Afghans in Iran. III. What does it mean to be Afghan? III. Afghan-American identity IV. Afghans in Iran – identity IV. Organizational Responses to Homeland IV. Afghan-Americans: California & Virginia V. Afghans in Iran: familial lines What is Diaspora? The word ‘diaspora’ derives from the Greek for being scattered or dispersed (Van Her; 1998 pg 5). This term has developed a particular social meaning associated with the traumatic dispersal of people. William Safran’s 6 concepts of expatriate communities 1. They or their ancestors have been dispersed from their original region 2. They retain a collective memory, vision, or myth about their original homeland 3. They believe they are not fully accepted by their host society 4. They regard their ancestral homeland as their true, ideal home. 5. They believe they should be committed to the maintenance or restoration of their homeland 6. They continue to relate, personally or vicariously, to that homeland. Transnational Identity Networks Thomas Faist, professor on social space and migration: Transnational ethnic group defined by a “Diaspora has been often used to denote common identity and attachment to a real or religious or national groups living outside imagined homeland. homeland, whereas transnationalism is often used more narrowly – to refer to migrants’ Could be applied to any transnational ethnic durable ties across countries – and, more group that results from boundary-crossing widely, to capture not only communities, but processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and United States Comparative Analysis and Recommendations for Engagement
    CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public INFRASTRUCTURE AND service of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND TERRORISM AND Browse Reports & Bookstore HOMELAND SECURITY Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Europe View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review
    [Show full text]
  • Diasporas Reimagined Spaces, Practices and Belonging
    Diasporas Reimagined Spaces, Practices and Belonging Edited by Nando Sigona, Alan Gamlen, Giulia Liberatore and Hélène Neveu Kringelbach III Published by the Oxford Diasporas Programme Oxford Department of International Development 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK Email: [email protected] www.migration.ox.ac.uk/odp The Oxford Diasporas Programme is funded by the Leverhulme Trust. Grant number F/08 000/H ©Oxford Diasporas Programme 2015 Cover illustration ©Alpha Abebe This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ISBN 978-1-907271-08-3 Designed and set by Advocate design agency www.advocatedesign.co.uk Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY Although every precaution has been taken with this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of this information contained herein. IV Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people for their invaluable support and feedback throughout different phases of the development of this collection. At the International Migration Institute, we are extremely grateful to Sally Kingsborough for having shepherded a very busy and dispersed motley crew of editors and contributors through most of the editorial process, to Jenny Peebles who took the baton with great competence and dedication in the final stage of preparation of the manuscript and led us through the production stage, and to Claire Fletcher for editorial assistance. Thank you also to our designer Mark Epton, who worked with us to very tight deadlines, and to Alpha Abebe for providing us with our cover image.
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Migration for Decent Work in Afghanistan -Adjusted
    Labour migration for decent work in Afghanistan: Issues and challenges Piyasiri Wickramasekara and Nilim Baruah Labour migration for decent work in Afghanistan: Issues and challenges by Piyasiri Wickramasekara Nilim Baruah ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Copyright © International Labour Organization 2013 First published 2013 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Wickramasekara, Piyasiri; Baruah, Nilim Labour migration for decent work in Afghanistan: issues and challenges / Piyasiri Wickramasekara and Nilim Baruah; ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. - Bangkok: ILO, 2013 iii. 49 p. ISBN 9789221279990; 9789221280002 (web pdf) ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific labour migration / international migration / promotion of employment / employment creation / labour demand / migrant worker / decent work / Afghanistan 14.09.1 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned? What Canada Should Learn from Afghanistan
    LESSONS LEARNED? WHAT CANADA SHOULD LEARN FROM AFGHANISTAN www.cdfai.org Lessons Learned? What Canada Should Learn from Afghanistan By David J. Bercuson CDFAI Senior Research Fellow And J.L. Granatstein CDFAI Senior Research Fellow With Nancy Pearson Mackie October, 2011 Prepared for the Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute 1600, 530 – 8th Avenue S.W., Calgary, AB T2P 3S8 www.cdfai.org © Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Lessons Learned? What Canada Should Learn from Afghanistan Canada fought for a decade in Afghanistan, its troops sustaining casualties and inflicting them. The war became progressively more unpopular at home, even while Canadian troops, well trained and well equipped, scored successes in the field. But what were the lessons of the war for Canada’s leaders? Did we secure more influence with our Alliance friends? Were there factors that made battlefield success more difficult to achieve? Were there flaws in the government’s organizational structure? In the goals it sought? Canada first went to Afghanistan in December 2001, dispatching some forty members of its secret Joint Task Force 2 to operate against al Qaeda. Early in 2002, the 3 rd Battalion of the Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry began serving in Kandahar Province with a United States Army division and after six months returned home. In July and August, 2003, the Canadian Forces began to return to Afghanistan in force with some 2000 troops, becoming the largest troop contributor to the Kabul Multinational Brigade under the still- nascent International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), operating in the Afghan capital while the United States’ Operation Enduring Freedom had operational control in the rest of Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]