CTBUH Journal

About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of CTBUH Journal Technology in Chicago, is an international International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat not-for-profi t organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Council’s mission is to disseminate multi-disciplinary information on Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2012 Issue IV tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved in creating Inside Canada’s “Marilyn” Towers the built environment, and to make the latest knowledge available to professionals in a useful Creating an Energy-Producing Skyscraper form. Fluid-based Aerodynamic Performance The CTBUH disseminates its fi ndings, and facilitates business exchange, through: the Ice, Snow and Tall Buildings publication of books, monographs, proceedings and reports; the organization of Assessing Korea’s Technology Potential world congresses, international, regional and specialty conferences and workshops; the Talking Tall with Bjarke Ingels maintaining of an extensive website and tall building databases of built, under construction In Numbers: Canada Rising and proposed buildings; the distribution of a monthly international tall building Reports: Shanghai Congress & 2012 Awards e-newsletter; the maintaining of an international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces/ working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars and practicing professionals.

The Council is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of "The World’s Tallest Building" determined. CTBUH is the world’s leading body dedicated to the fi eld of tall buildings and urban habitat and the recognized international source for information in these fi elds.

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

S.R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487 Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820 Email: [email protected] http://www.ctbuh.org

ISSN: 1946 - 1186 (As of October 31, 2012)

This Issue CTBUH Organizational Members http://membership.ctbuh.org

Supporting Contributors are those who contribute $10,000; Patrons: $6,000; Donors: $3,000; Contributors: $1,500; Participants: $750.

Editor When I fl y from advanced technologies are already having a SUPPORTING CONTRIBUTORS DK Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. Fortune Shepler Consulting Kevin Brass, CTBUH AECOM DongYang Structural Engineers Co., Ltd. FXFOWLE Architects, LLP Shanghai to New dramatic impact. Al Hamra Real Estate Company Dow Corning Corporation Gale International / New Songdo International City Development, LLC [email protected] Broad Sustainable Building Co., Ltd. Ellumus LLC GCAQ Ingenieros Civiles S.A.C. York, it usually takes BT – Applied Technology EW Cox Hong Kong Glass Wall Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd Buro Happold, Ltd. Far East Aluminium Works Co., Ltd. Gold Coast City Council Associate Editors China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC) Goettsch Partners Gorproject (Urban Planning Institute of Residential and Public Buildings) me a few days to After the Congress, CTBUH organized several Graziani + Corazza Architects Inc. Grace Construction Products Robert Lau, Roosevelt University Emaar Properties, PJSC Greyling Insurance Brokerage Eton Properties (Dalian) Co., Ltd. HAEAHN Architecture, Inc. [email protected] bounce back from tours for delegates in Beijing, Changsha, Hong Hiranandani Group Grupo Elipse HOK, Inc. Hyder Consulting (Shanghai) Guangzhou Scientifi c Computing Consultants Co., Ltd. the time change and Kong, Nanjing and Shenzhen. This gave Illinois Institute of Technology International Paint Ltd. GVK Elevator Consulting Services, Inc. Antony Wood, CTBUH/Illinois Institute of Technology Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, PC JCE Structural Engineering Group, Inc. Halvorson and Partners [email protected] 16 hours in the air. delegates fi rst-hand insight into growing KONE Industrial, Ltd. Jiang Architects & Engineers Haynes-Whaley Associates, Inc. Lotte Engineering & Construction Co. KHP Konig und Heunisch Planungsgesellschaft Heller Manus Architects But this time, when I returned from the cities in China. We at CTBUH take pride in Morin Khuur Tower LLC Lend Lease Hilson Moran Partnership, Ltd. NBBJ Liberty Group Properties Hong Kong Housing Authority Editorial Board th Permasteelisa Group M Moser Associates Ltd. Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ahmad Abdelrazaq, Samsung Corporation CTBUH 9 World Congress Shanghai, I was so playing such a central role in giving our Samsung C&T Corporation Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Housing and Development Board Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. Mori Building Co., Ltd. IECA Internacional S.A. Mir Ali, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign energized by the meeting that I wanted to members and colleagues access to the latest Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure, Ltd. MulvannyG2 Architecture Institute BelNIIS, RUE Richard W. Bukowski, Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Mutua Madrilena INTEMAC, SA stop everyone and tell them about it. ideas and knowledge about emerging design Taipei Financial Center Corp. (TAIPEI 101) Nabih Youssef & Associates Irwinconsult Pty., Ltd. Mahjoub Elnimeiri, Illinois Institute of Technology Turner Construction Company National Fire Protection Association Iv-Consult b.v. trends and technologies. But there is always Woods Bagot National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Jaros Baum & Bolles Gary C. Hart, Weidlinger Associates Nishkian Menninger Consulting and Structural Engineers JBA Consulting Engineers, Inc. Peter Irwin, RWDI My thanks to the more than 850 delegates (a more to do. The Council can play a larger role PATRONS Norman Disney & Young JMB Realty Corporation Ornamental Metal Institute of New York John Portman & Associates, Inc. Arabtec Construction LLC JV “Alexandrov-Passage” LLC Tim Johnson, NBBJ Blume Foundation Otis Elevator Company sold-out Congress!), sponsors and speakers for in many areas aff ecting the industry, such as Paris La Défense Kajima Overseas Asia Pte Ltd Zak Kostura, Arup BMT Fluid Mechanics, Ltd. Parsons Brinckerhoff Kalpataru Limited Durst Organization Gary Lawrence, AECOM three days of valuable presentations, sharing up-to-date information on building PDW Architects KEO International Consultants East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. Perkins + Will Kinetica Dynamics Inc. Simon Lay, AECOM stimulating panel discussions, and networking codes in cities around the world and the latest FC Beekman Associates, LLC Pomeroy Studio Pte Ltd King Saud University College of Architecture & Planning Gensler PositivEnergy Practice, LLC Korea University Sam Lee, Guangzhou Scientifi c Committee events. For anyone who did not get a chance data on industry innovations. To accomplish Hongkong Land, Ltd. RAW Design Inc. Korean Structural Engineers Association Tony McLaughlin, Buro Happold KLCC Property Holdings Berhad Rosenwasser/Grossman Consulting Engineers, PC KPMB Architects to attend, the three days are summarized on these goals, the Council needs to continue to Meinhardt Group International SAMOO Architects & Engineers LCL Builds Corporation Philip Oldfi eld, University of Nottingham Studio Daniel Libeskind Sanni, Ojo & Partners Leigh & Orange, Ltd. Lester Partridge, AECOM the CTBUH website. grow and it requires more active participation Thornton Tomasetti, Inc. Silvercup Studios Lerch Bates, Inc. Tishman Speyer Properties SilverEdge Systems Software, Inc. Lerch Bates, Ltd. Europe Jason Pomeroy, Pomeroy Studio Weidlinger Associates, Inc. SIP Project Managers Pty Ltd Living Architecture Inc. from members. Zuhair Fayez Partnership Steel Institute of New York Lobby Agency Swinal Samant, University of Nottingham Tekla Corp. Louie International Structural Engineers Steve Watts, AECOM Davis Langdon This was our fi rst CTBUH Congress in China, DONORS Terrell Group Mace Group Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, LLP ThyssenKrupp Elevator Magellan Development Group, LLC Peter Weismantle, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill which will soon set a record for the most tall In addition to providing global forums like the American Institute of Steel Construction TSNIIEP for Residential and Public Buildings Margolin Bros. Engineering & Consulting, Ltd. Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corp. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign McHugh Construction Co. Michael Willford, Arup and megatall buildings – buildings taller than Congress, CTBUH also recognizes individuals ARCADIS/The Rise Group LLC wh-p GmbH Beratende Ingenieure McNamara / Salvia, Inc. Arup Wilkinson Eyre Architects Metropro Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. 600 meters – in the world. The speed of and teams who have made remarkable Aurecon WSP Group Murphy / Jahn Architects LLC Design & Layout Besix SA Nikken Sekkei, Ltd. Tansri Muliani urbanization in China and globally is achievements in the design of tall buildings. Bollinger + Grohmann Ingenieure PARTICIPANTS NW Project Management Limited C.Y. Lee & Partners Architects/Planners ACSI (Ayling Consulting Services Inc) O’Connor Sutton Cronin [email protected] th CCDI (China Construction Design International) Group Aidea Philippines, Inc. Odell Associates, Inc. unprecedented in human history: never This year at the 11 Annual Awards Enclos Corp. AKF Group, LLC Option One International, WLL Fender Katsalidis Al Ghurair Construction – Aluminum LLC P&T Group Steven Henry before have so many people migrated to Symposium, Ceremony & Dinner in October Halfen USA Al Jazera Consultants Palafox Associates [email protected] Heerim Architects & Planners Co., Ltd. ALT Cladding, Inc. Paragon International Insurance Brokers Ltd. cities so quickly. China now has 15 cities with we saluted three individuals. For his simple Hyundai Steel Company ARC Studio Architecture + Urbanism Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects Jacobs ArcelorMittal Perkins Eastman Architects, PC Published by an estimated population of more than fi ve and elegant designs, Helmut Jahn received Laing O’Rourke Architects 61 Pte., Ltd. PLP Architecture Langan Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. Architectural Design & Research Institute of Tsinghua University Powe Architects The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat million. Building up is the most economic, the Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Larsen & Toubro, Ltd. Architectural Institute of Korea PPG Industries, Inc. Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP Architectus Profi ca Project Management © CTBUH 2012 sustainable and practical way to address this Award, and the Fazlur R. Kahn Lifetime Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc. Arquitectonica International Corp. Project and Design Research Institute “Novosibirsky Promstroyproject” ISSN: 1946-1186 Mooyoung Architects & Engineers ASL Sencorp Rafael Viñoly Architects, PC Pei Cobb Freed & Partners Atkins Read Jones Christoff ersen Ltd. rapidly changing demographic. Achievement Medal went to Charlie Thornton Pickard Chilton Architects, Inc. Bakkala Consulting Engineers Limited Rene Lagos Engineers PT. Gistama Intisemesta BAUM Architects, Engineers & Consultants, Inc. Riggio / Boron, Ltd. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat and Richard Tomasetti, structural engineers Rafi k El-Khoury & Partners BDSP Partnership RMIT University S.R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. Beca Group Ronald Lu & Partners My one line summary of the Congress is to who helped design many of the most Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Inc. BFLS Roosevelt University - Marshall Bennett Institute of Real Estate 3360 South State Street, Chicago, IL 60616 RTKL BG&E Pty., Ltd. Sauerbruch Hutton Verwaltungsges mbH quote the science fi ction writer William innovative and advanced tall buildings Saudi Binladin Group / ABC Division BIAD (Beijing Institute of Architectural Design) Schlaich Bergermann und partner t: +1 312 567 3487 Schindler Elevator Corporation Bigen Africa Services (Pty) Ltd. Sematic SPA Gibson: “The future is already here – it’s just around the world. The recognition of Charlie Severud Associates Consulting Engineers, PC Billings Design Associates, Ltd. Shimizu Corporation f: +1 312 567 3820 Shanghai Construction (Group) General Co. Ltd. bKL Architecture LLC Siemens Industry Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design & Research Co., Ltd. BluEnt SKS Associates e: [email protected] not evenly distributed.” When you walk around and Richard is the fi rst time the CTBUH panel Shanghai Jingang North Bund Realty Co., Ltd. Boston Properties, Inc. SmithGroup www.ctbuh.org SIAPLAN Architects and Planners Bouygues Construction Southern Land Development Co., Ltd. Shanghai – and other thriving cities across has awarded the prize to two people. My Solomon Cordwell Buenz Callison, LLC St. Francis Square Development Corp. SsangYong Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. Camara Consultores Arquitectura e Ingeniería Stanley D. Lindsey & Associates, Ltd. Asia – you have a sense that you are walking congratulations to Helmut, Charlie and Studio Gang Architects Capital Group Stauch Vorster Architects Copyright SWA Group Case Foundation Co. Stephan Reinke Architects, Ltd. © 2012 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. into the future of what a modern city can Richard and to the recipients of “Best Tall Syska Hennessy Group, Inc. CB Engineers Studio Altieri S.p.A. Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd. CCHRB (Chicago Committee on High-Rise Buildings) Taisei Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may become. Embodying the Congress theme of Building” design awards. They are an Viracon CDC Curtain Wall Design & Consulting, Inc. Takenaka Corporation be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc. China Academy of Building Research Tameer Holding Investment LLC “Asia Ascending: Age of Sustainable Skyscraper inspiration to everyone in our industry. Werner Voss + Partner Chinachem Group Tandem Architects (2001) Co., Ltd. means, electronic or mechanical, without permission in Yolles CICO Consulting Architects and Engineers Taylor Thomson Whitting Pty., Ltd. City Developments Limited TFP Farrells, Ltd. writing from the publisher. City,” many notable presentations indicated CONTRIBUTORS Code Consultants, Inc. Thermafi ber, Inc. Aedas, Ltd. Cook+Fox Architects Transsolar that present and upcoming designs ALHOSN University Cosentini Associates Trump Organization Image Copyright Alvine Engineering COWI A/S Tyréns incorporate the principles of sustainability at All the best, American Iron and Steel Institute Cox Architecture Pty. Ltd. United Elevator Consultants, Inc. CTBUH Journal has endeavored to determine the copy- Ayala Land, Inc. CPP, Inc. University of Maryland - Architecture Library right holders of all images. Those uncredited have been every level. In addition, many projects are Barker Mohandas, LLC CS Associates, Inc. University of Nottingham Bates Smart CTL Group UralNIIProject RAACS sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH paying more attention to the integration of Benoy Limited Cundall Vanguard Realty Pvt., Ltd. Bonacci Group Dam & Partners Architecten VDA (Van Deusen & Associates) new structures within the local context – the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory Dar Al-Handasah (Shair & Partners) Vipac Engineers & Scientists, Ltd. Print British Land Company PLC Degraeuwe Consulting VOA Associates, Inc. Broadway Malyan Asia Pte Ltd Delft University of Technology Walsh Construction Company This Journal is printed by Source4, Chicago. goal is not to be simply iconic but to also C S Structural Engineering, Inc. Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers (HK), Ltd. Weiss Architects, LLC Canary Wharf Group, PLC dhk Architects Pty., Ltd. Werner Sobek Stuttgart GmbH & Co., KG Front cover: Absolute World Towers © Tom Arban humanize the designs. I also noticed that Canderel Management, Inc. DSP Design Associates Pvt., Ltd. Windtech Consultants Pty., Ltd. CBRE Group, Inc. Dunbar & Boardman WOHA Architects Pte., Ltd. Back Cover: Absolute World Tower 56 © Tom Arban Building Information Modeling and CCL Qatar w.l.l. Edgett Williams Consulting Group, Inc. Wong & Ouyang (HK), Ltd. Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA) EEI Corporation Wordsearch parametric modeling are being widely Dennis Poon, Daelim Industrial Co., Ltd. Eight Partnership Ltd. World Academy of Science for Complex Safety Davis Langdon & Seah Singapore Pte. Ltd. Electra Construction LTD WSP Cantor Seinuk utilized, providing further evidence that CTBUH Trustee / Thornton Tomasetti DBI Design Pty Ltd ELU Konsult AB WSP Flack + Kurtz, Inc. DCA Architects Pte Ltd ENAR, Envolventes Arquitectonicas WTM Engineers International GmbH Deerns Consulting Engineers Ennead Architects LLP WZMH Architects DHV Bouw en Industrie Environmental Systems Design, Inc. Y. A. Yashar Architects Epstein Ziegler Cooper Architects

2 | This Issue CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Inside

News and Events Features Research: Climate and Environment Increasing Problems of Falling Ice and Snow 2004 2010 % Change cause, but likely a tipping point for this 24 Opaque Elements Insulation Min. R-Value Insulation Min. R-Value particular example. Other infl uencing factors Roof (Insulation entirely above deck) R-15 R-20 33% could include: the move to more effi cient on Modern Tall Buildings with under fl oor displacement ventilation Wall above grade (mass) R-5.7 R-9.5 67% systems, the heat loss characteristics of the Reported incidents of hazardous ice and snow falling from buildings are on Steel-framed walls R-13 R-13 +R-7.5 Cont. 58% whole façade as a system, and external factors the rise, specifically for recently completed tall buildings. High performance Fenestration Assembly Max. U Assembly Max. U such as elevation, building geometry and 02 This Issue 40 Tall Buildings in Numbers façades have improved internal thermal performance, but increased the Vertical glazing 0%–40% of wall U-0.57 U-0.50 14% orientation to prevailing weather. Overall, this conditions for forming ice on metal and glass skins. This paper sheds light on Table 1. Building Envelope Requirements – ASHRAE Standard 90.1 2004 – 2010 Comparison (Table 5.5-4, Building example reveals that as improvements in the issues, describing the factors that contribute to icing and hazardous ice Envelope Requirements for Climate Zone 4 - Non-Residential) © ASHRAE building performance are made, and exterior and snow formation, and provides methods to address these issues within the skin temperatures are reduced or at a minimum modifi ed, there is opportunity for Michael Carter Roman Stangl design process. Dennis Poon Canada Rising to newly completed high performance operators of recently completed buildings, hazardous ice and snow formations to occur Authors buildings. combined with reviews of incident and cold in diff erent manners and amounts. Michael Carter, Director/Consultant Background standards have shown a trend towards room test reports. The cases reveal interesting Roman Stangl, Director/Project Manager increasing the performance of roof, wall, and In the simplest of explanations, the currently data that initially seemed counter intuitive, Northern Microclimate Inc. (NMI) Troublesome ice and snow formations on glass assemblies, as evidenced by comparing achieved reductions in heat loss from many but can be explained when the individual Case Example 2 33 Water Street N. CTBUH Trustee P.O. Box 277 buildings are in no way a new phenomenon. ASHRAE Standard 90.1 between the 2004 and buildings’ interiors are promoting an increase design details are investigated. Building Type: Tall, High Performance Cambridge Building designers and owners have long 2010 versions (see Table 1). Further in potentially dangerous ice and snow Location: Midwest United States Ontario N1R 5T8 Canada struggled with the various aspects of winter exacerbating the issue of ice and snow formations. As insulation values, glass precipitation. This has led to the development formations on façades is the addition of technology, and building systems progress in Case Example 1 The second example (see Figure 2) also deals t: +1 226 444 0188 f: +1 226 444 0183 of standards and codes to address such topics various exterior elements intended to control the future to conserve energy, the Building Type: Tall, High Performance with the relationship between glass and e: [email protected]; as wind loads and snow loads during building solar gain, which ultimately serve as cold corresponding further reductions in heat loss Location: Northeastern United States frame. However in this case the focus is on ice 42 Talking Tall: Bjarke Ingels has [email protected] www.northernmicroclimate.com design. However, the aspect of falling, sliding collection surfaces. As a result, reports of through the façade will only increase the and snow formations that accumulate on or windblown ice and snow from a building is falling ice and snow incidents from high probability of hazardous ice and snow In this example (see Figure 1), observations of window sills or mullion caps at the base of

Michael Carter a topic that has not been widely performance buildings over the last ten years formation and release, creating signifi cant ice sheets were reported to form in the center vision panels. In this example, signifi cant ice Michael is a director and the lead technical consultant acknowledged, and consequently has have shown an increase in the frequency and challenges for building designers, owners and of vertical vision glass of a recently completed formations were consistently forming at the of Northern Microclimate Inc., an architectural edge of mullion caps and falling. Historically, 04 CTBUH Latest BIG Plans for Tall Buildings consulting fi rm that focuses on the prediction, generated little in the way of standards, severity of hazardous ice and snow formation. operators, with further impacts to public building, and would subsequently release and evaluation and mitigation of falling ice and snow. guidelines or prescriptive building code Although formal records of falling ice and safety. Consequently, investigation and fall to the busy street below. This report was sills or mullion caps of a relatively small He has contributed to publications with the National Institute of Building Sciences, Construction requirements to assist designers. In addressing snow incident reports do not yet exist, this research into the causes of these issues is taken with some skepticism as heat loss dimension were not prone to hazardous ice Specifi cations Canada and the International concerns, designers have largely relied on trend has been identifi ed through a record of needed and is ongoing. However, at this time characteristics of a traditional window and formations, as heat loss through the curtain Conference on Snow Engineering. Recognized as an expert in his fi eld, Michael works with architectural past experience or trial and error methods for media accounts and project experience. New empirical data and/or detailed case studies frame relationship call for the exterior skin wall system would create suffi cient melting to Antony Wood Bjark Ingels and engineering fi rms, focusing on his ability to reducing potential risks. The learning process reports in the last two years have detailed have not been developed due to the temperature of the center of the window to avoid signifi cant ice formations. However, visualize and interpret the characteristics of a building design within its local micro-climate. industry-wide has been slow or non-existent dozens of falling, sliding or windblown ice and reluctance of building owners and designers be the warmest location, since it is the due to the reluctant nature of various parties snow incidents in North America alone, to discuss their challenges openly. furthest from the infl uence of the frame that Roman Stangl to discuss errors or incidents, for fear of including such buildings as the Duke Energy would typically have the advantage of Roman is a director and the lead project manager litigation. Open discussion of the issues will Building in Charlotte and the New York Times The following case examples are based on insulation or a thermally broken profi le. of Northern Microclimate Inc. A CTBUH member CTBUH Executive Director with international experience, he has been actively accelerate the learning process around the Building in New York. interviews with building owners and However, in this particular case the large managing and consulting within the design and emerging problems created by advancing insulated glass panels off ered an improved High performance construction fi eld since 2005. Roman has contributed to publications with the National Institute of Building façade performance and tall building design. Many of the events investigated by the thermal performance over traditional glass Sciences, Construction Specifi cations Canada and the “façades have improved authors have not been found to be caused by and there was no spandrel panel, only a International Conference on Snow Engineering. 46 Design Research a single infl uencing factor, but rather by a list minimalistic metal frame. Thus, the glass internal thermal Modern Towers, New Issues of factors that tend to have a cumulative panels were the main resistive component of eff ect. True, there are situations where a single the assembly, promoting ice to form directly performance, but The façades of some recently completed high design feature, such as a window sill/mullion in the center (the coldest location) of vertical performance buildings are actively promoting confi guration or a solar shade device, has had vision glass panels. The key point to this increased the 05 Debating Tall: CTBUH International Student hazardous ice and snow formations under a signifi cant impact on the formation of example is the fact that the profi le of the typical winter conditions, rather than unusual, hazardous ice and snow. However, over the assembly is producing skin temperatures that conditions for forming severe or infrequent weather conditions. This course of numerous building investigations, align with exterior temperatures during more realization is unnerving, as modern high which includes multiple cold room laboratory typical winter precipitation events, thereby ice on metal and glass performance buildings often show only tests conducted in collaboration with the U.S. promoting an increase in frequency and skins… Tall Buildings: A Sustainable Design Competition 2012 modest or questionable reductions in energy Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering severity of icing over more traditional wall usage, at times falling short of their prediction Laboratory (CRREL), this is found to be the assemblies. To be clear, the relationship ” Figure 1. Example of snow and ice freezing on vision models. Furthermore, building codes and exception rather than the rule when it comes glass panel. © NMI between glass and frame is not the sole Future for Cities? 24 | Climate and Environment CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Climate and Environment | 25

06 Global News CTBUH

Highlights from the CTBUH Research: Energy th global news archive A Proposal to Create an Energy-Producing renewable materials. The principle of the compared with thermal power generation. with a high air temperature are most suitable 48 9 World Congress Shanghai 30 system was fi rst described by Isidoro The RMB 1.38 billion (US$208 million) project but radiation weakening components of the Cabanyes in 1903 and was revisited in the late calls for a full facility covering 277 hectares to atmosphere - such as clouds, aerosols and Megatall for Kunming, China 1970s by Michael Simon and Joerg Schlaich. produce a comparable output of 27.5 MW by water vapour need to be considered as well China’s fast-growing urban population and need for sustainable energy They successfully demonstrated the concept 2013. But only data from prolonged operation for the right location for a solar updraft tower. in 1982 in a small testing installation in will allow for a judgement on the perfor- Only by evaluating Meteotest/Meteonorm sources require alternative development ideas. The Krafthaus, which Report Manzanares, Spain. Combining the system mance of the power plant and its potential as satellite data, which includes the solar combines an energy-producing solar tower with an environmentally- with a tall building is, however, a new real estate property. So far only limited weakening components that reduce the W/ responsive, 215-story building, is one idea under consideration to address the approach. information on its existence and operation is m² heat gain on surface, an informed decision issues facing China’s cities. The building has installed power capacity about 30 available and still has to be verifi ed. for the most eff ective location be made. Very MW of electricity. With only a portion used by the building, the bulk of the In order to realize the potential of the important is also a high possible temperature Krafthaus linked with a tall building, it is diff erence between day and night to allow a Kevin Brass Thomas Kraubitz energy would be fed into the local grid. essential to fi rst study a commercial solar Finding the Ideal Location steady operation of the updraft tower that Author updraft tower in operation to gain technical can safe heat during the day in water packs Thomas Kraubitz, Senior Consultant The Concept lifts and infrastructure to be placed inside the and fi nancial input for the project. The solar A conventional solar updraft power station and releases it at night. Happold Ingenieurbüro GmbH (Buro Happold) concrete tube. On each fl oor there is a tower testing facility in Manzanares provided consumes several hundred hectares of land, if Pfalzburger Str. 43-44 Current energy provision systems in China are horizontal installment area for building valuable information; however it was limited it is designed to generate as much electricity In China, the Yunnan Province off ers many ele- 10717 Berlin Case Study Germany heavily based on exhaustible fuels such as services and technical equipment 150 meters by its height of only 195 meters and produced by modern power stations using ments necessary for the solar updraft tower 2 t: +49 30 860 906 3146 coal, hydrocarbons, and uranium. To fulfi ll long which allows an open space and a very maximum power output of 50 kW. The conventional technology, such as fossil fuels with up to 220–240 W/m of Annual Average f: +49 30 860 906 66 China’s commitment to reduce carbon fl exible fl oor plan.as well as easy access for research operation was too small to collect or nuclear energy. Until recently, most Global Radiation. The site of the chimney e: [email protected] www.burohappold.com dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to maintenance or replacement without taking data on commercial energy production. With discussions of Krafthaus have focused on hot plant in Jinshawan, Wuhai City, has a value of 52 CTBUH 2012 Awards Overview 50% by 2020, new systems to reduce the up valuable rentable space. a larger chimney height the pressure areas where large amounts of very low-value just 180–220 W/m2 and a much smaller Thomas Kraubitz infl uence on the environment must be diff erences increase the stack eff ect and a land is available, such as deserts. But the population (400,000 people), which means Thomas has been working in the fi eld of sustainable considered. Cities are turning to tall buildings The Krafthaus form of generating energy is higher power output is possible. limited number of consumers and high higher infrastructure costs due to the distance planning and design for over ten years and has developed a holistic view of buildings and the urban to address the need for space in urban simple, reliable, accessible, and based on infrastructure and transport costs in those to consumers. context. He has worked in diff erent climatic zones in settings, where little new land is available, but In 2010, a solar chimney plant started periods have made it economically 12 Absolute World Towers, Kevin Brass consulting, project management, urban planning, skyscrapers are typically big energy operation in Jinshawan, Wuhai City, Inner impractical. After overlaying solar radiation maps and the urban design and architecture for Stefan Behnisch, Ken Yeang, and Rem Koolhaas, amongst others. As consumers. They also tend to be ineffi cient, Mongolia, China. The 200-kilowatt power study of population maps (see Figure 2), the a Fulbright Scholar he was a Teaching and Research Assistant at Harvard University from 2007–2009. due to the space needed for vertical generating unit can supply 400,000 kWh of One of the most important aspects for City of Kunming, Yunnan Province, was Since 2012 he is also a studio critic at the Technical circulation. The higher the building, the more electricity per year, saving the equivalent of planning and running a solar power plant is identifi ed as an ideal site for this concept and University Berlin. lifts and vertical infrastructure needed, limiting 100 tons of coal and 900 tons of water, global radiation. At fi rst it may seem that areas preliminary discussions have taken place on Mississauga the amount of usable fl oor space. the concept with local planning authorities. Solar radiation already plays a large role in The Krafthaus can simultaneously address Kunming, with 60 to 70% of its warm water China’s need for more space and clean energy provided by solar-thermal energy. The Bas Lagendijk, Anthony 55 CTBUH on the Road (see Figure 1). The concept combines a population of Kunming prefecture stood at A conventional solar 750-meter-tall solar updraft tower –some- 6.4 million in 2010 and it is expected to grow times called a “solar chimney” or simply a “solar to become the largest metropolis of the “updraft power station tower” – and a climate responsive tall building. region. The strong economy of the Great consumes several At the heart of the Krafthaus is a solar thermal Kunming Area (GKA) largely depends on Pignetti & Sergio Vacilotto CTBUH events around the power plant utilizing a combination of a solar tourism and agriculture, with limited space air collector and the central updraft tube to Jinshawan, due to its hills and mountains. The city, often hundred hectares of generate a solar induced convective fl ow, Wuhai called “Spring City,” has also received attention land, if it is designed to which drives pressure staged turbines to for its proximity to the emerging business produce electricity. opportunities with Association of Southeast world generate as much Asian Nations (ASEAN) members, especially This solar facility is linked with a multi- Vietnam. The specifi c climatic conditions electricity produced by programmatic vertical tower reaching up 215 allow several harvests a year and its fl oors. The tower can off er gardens, shopping, picturesque setting makes it a national and Kunming modern power stations leisure, entertainment, and cultural facilities, in international tourist destination. At the same addition to offi ces and apartments – a time the most suitable areas for development using conventional complete vertical city. The 70-meter-wide are the prime farmlands on the lakeshore – technology… solar tube at the core of the Krafthaus allows off ering valuable views for new housing ” Figure 1. The Krafthaus, Kunming. © Thomas Kraubitz Figure 2. Kunming annual average global radiation overlay. © Schlaich Bergermann Solar Research 55 Diary 30 | Energy CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Energy | 31 Upcoming tall building events 18 A Different Approach to the Aerodynamic Performance 56 Reviews of Tall Buildings Review of new books in the 48 CTBUH Report: CTBUH 9th World Congress Shanghai World Congress Draws Global Industry David Menicovich; Jason CTBUH Library Leaders to Address Key Issues Skyscrapers We The CTBUH 9th World Congress closed to rave reviews, after three days of in-depth presentations, lively panel “purposely brought discussions and networking events. together a wide range Report by Kevin Brass, CTBUH Public Aff airs Manager of expertise and Vollen; Michael Amitay; Chris CTBUH 2012 Student Competition winner Alexis De Timothy Johnson issues research seed funding check Bosscher; Johannes de Jong, KONE; Chris Wilkinson, to winner Dr. Kristen Day, New York University with Li Wilkinson Eyre. © CTBUH Hongyu from sponsor AECOM. © CTBUH viewpoints, including the developers that are Attendees openly exchanged ideas and their Shanghai Tower’s aspirations go far beyond its Letchford; Edward DeMauro; 57 Comments experiences, providing a unique opportunity height. The developers want to make it the leading the tall to go behind the scenes at many of the “most sustainable building in the world,” with world’s biggest and most innovative projects. green areas and a design that makes it a building boom in “We hope by sharing our experience and comfortable and effi cient part of Shanghai’s insight into the building system we would changing landscape. Asia. Ajith Rao & Anna Dyson Feedback on past journal make a contribution to sustainable supertall ” buildings in the world,” said Qing Wei Kong, Sustainability and the need to create effi cient Shanghai Tower Chairman, striking a chord and well-organized projects that integrate consistent themes. Speakers focused on the that would resonate throughout the event. and enhance the urban environment were complexities of developing large projects, from energy costs and project management to the political infl uence on iconic projects. issues Traditional dragon dance troupe performance at the opening ceremony. © CTBUH Richard Tomasetti of Thornton Tomasetti, Vincent Tseof Parsons Brinckerhoff ; Rafael Vinõly and Tony Long of CB Richard Ellis engaged in the panel discussion. © CTBUH Working Groups Shanghai provided an opportunity for the “We need to work together to fi nd a balance When Shanghai Vice Mayor Shen Jun took the The ballroom of the Grand Hyatt Jin Mao was Asia was the centerpiece of the event, which CTBUH’s array of working groups to gather Design for High Rises Buildings released by between iconic design and sustainability,” said 24 Increasing Problems of stage to offi cially open the CTBUH 9th World packed to capacity for the opening ceremo- was titled, “Asia Ascending: the Age of the and plot strategy for new and on-going the CTBUH Outrigger Working Group, and Mehdi Jalayerian, executive vice president of Congress, he quickly set the tone for the nies. The Congress sold out weeks before the Sustainable Skyscraper City,” but discussions projects. The sessions which took place the Natural Ventilation in High-Rise Offi ce Environmental Systems Design, during a issues that would dominate the next three opening, with 850 registered delegates from inevitably focused on issues aff ecting cities day before the congress – included a Buildings, a product of the CTBUH rousing panel discussion on the opportunities days of discussion and debate. “Land 43 countries in attendance, including many of and builders around the world. From the roundtable meeting of CTBUH leaders, Sustainability Working Group (see and barriers to sustainability. “They clash at resources are not renewable,” Mr. Jun said. “We the top developers, architects, engineers and outset, CTBUH Chairman Timothy Johnson, a which attracted more than 30 active advertorial on page 51.) The other working some point.” Falling Ice and Snow on have no choice but to build high rises to save building owners from China and around the design partner at NBBJ, challenged the representatives from around the world. The groups – Building Information Modeling; 58 Meet the CTBUH land effi ciently.” Tall buildings, he emphasized, world. “We purposely brought together a audience. “Let’s fi nd new ways to make rousing discourse primarily focused on the Fire & Life Safety; Research, Academic & Delegates shared information and designs for must serve as solutions to China’s long- wide range of expertise and viewpoints, buildings more sustainable,” he said. “Let’s be fl edgling city representative program and Postgraduate; Seismic Design and Wind the latest projects, as well as the challenges standing urban issues of pollution and including the developers that are leading the innovative. Let’s fi nd ways to change the way the best ways to grow the Council’s Engineering – focused discussions on projects are facing around the world. Over over-crowding. “It is an urgent and critical task tall building boom in Asia,” said CTBUH we think of tall buildings.” initiatives on a grass roots level. developing research projects and the best and over again, speakers emphasized that tall Modern Tall Buildings Javier Quintana de Uña to meet these challenges.” Executive Director Antony Wood. ways to share the latest information in their buildings are still a young typology and the Two of the working groups touted the respective fi elds. industry is still wrestling with the issues of release of new technical guides – Outrigger creating effi cient projects that address the needs of fast-growing cities.

Michael Carter & Roman “This is a huge challenge for us. It is still not a mature business model in China,” said Zhaohui Jia, general manager of the Greenland Group, one of the largest developers of tall buildings in China. “We are still trying to explore this Stangl 59 CTBUH Organizational business model.” Tall buildings still play a unique role in cities, a point brought home by the plenary session featuring the owners/developers behind the (Left to right) Qing Wei Kong, Shanghai Tower; Timothy Johnson, CTBUH Chairman; Attendees of the sold out Congress listen to the Day 2 plenary session presentations. past, present and future world’s tallest Structure & Member Listings Shen Jun, Shanghai Vice Mayor; Antony Wood, CTBUH Executive Director; Guo Qing Li, © CTBUH Attendees of the Global Leaders workshop. © CTBUH Tongji University. © CTBUH building. 30 A Proposal to Create an 48 | CTBUH 9th World Congress Shanghai CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV CTBUH 9th World Congress Shanghai | 49 Energy-Producing Megatall for Kunming, China Thomas Kraubitz The challenges associated with the inherent 36 Assessing Potential “inconsistency of air flow may open a new way of Development in South Korea’s Supertall Building thinking about tall buildings as highly adaptive, Technology Payam Bahrami, David Scott, dynamic systems capable of responding to the Eun-Ho Oh & Young-Ho Lee opportunities and challenges associated with spatially and temporally fluctuating resources.

Menicovich et” al., page 18.

CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Inside | 3 Debating Tall Tall Buildings: A Sustainable Future for Cities? Creating efficient, livable urban environments was a hot topic at the recent CTBUH World Congress. But are skyscrapers part of the equation? This month’s debate, “Are tall buildings an essential part of a sustainable urban future?”

NO predicament another diminishing return of In addition, the opportunity for local food James Howard Kunstler, author of “Too having lived through an age of cheap energy production in tall building districts is Much Magic: Wishful Thinking, Technology and and easy miracles: innovative things by nature enhanced through the integration of local the Fate of the Nation” have no track record of long-term success, market gardens. The proximity of these and sometimes don’t work out, especially as gardens can reduce the demand for One big surprise awaiting us is the basic economic conditions change. transporting food. And where waste water recognition that the skyscraper is obsolete. Innovation cannot be an end in itself. can be collected from the precinct’s tall They have already exceeded their “sell-by” buildings, it can be recycled locally then date categorically, but we have not It’s even likely that in the decades ahead work re-distributed to where it is demanded in received the message. Even the will no longer be organized in the way that buildings and on local market gardens. architecture establishment does not made the skyscraper necessary – as it seemed, recognize the problem. It’s not primarily let’s say, back in the 1990s, when The Tall districts also allow occupants to be because of the issues of heating and Economist magazine cover story proclaimed within walking distance to services, work air-conditioning, or about running all the that the world was “drowning in oil,” and Wall and recreation, thereby reducing the need elevators, though electric service may be a Street ramped up its operations for the final for private transport usage. High speed lot less reliable in the U.S. a decade from chapter of massive capital accumulation. As transport links can connect a series of tall now. It’s because these buildings will never events ride the flux of evolution, we lose track districts allowing occupants to easily be renovated. They have one generation of of what reality may afford us, of what “normal” commute to work. However, the critical life in them and then they are done. is – until one morning we get up and benefit that a city of tall districts can Buildings take a beating day after day and everything has changed. provide is the opportunity to regenerate eventually all of them need to be the local ecology between each area. thoroughly renovated. Note that the Fingers of native fauna and flora can be duration of time from completion of a YES reintroduced into our urban environments, building to first renovation has gone down Lester Partridge, Global Director, AECOM putting a halt to the current rate of species significantly over the past hundred years depletion. And although we are yet to see due to added complexity and the use of The preservation of arable land and the this ideal model in practice, perhaps one of “innovative” materials whose properties regeneration of ecosystems must be first and the best examples we have to date is Hong over time are unknown and untried. foremost in any consideration for developing Kong, a city renowned for tall buildings. a sustainable community. Without the current Hong Kong can boast that 40% of its land Reduced energy supplies means finely balanced ecosystems our food area is gazetted as natural habitats. proportionately reduced capital available production will be under threat and society as for anything. We’ll be painfully short of we know it cannot be sustained. In summary, even though tall buildings on financial resources and also of fabricated, their own may not be an essential part of modular materials – everything from steel Tall buildings provide the opportunity for our the sustainable future, they are an essential to the silicon gaskets needed to seal glass expanding urban centers to increase part of the future sustainable urban form. curtain walls. The cities that are population density with no reduction in The challenge will be to convince city overburdened with skyscrapers will arable land area. Tall buildings compress planners to place a moratorium on the discover that they are liabilities, not assets. infrastructure requirements and provide development of all new green field sites The skyscrapers deemed most “innovative” opportunities for increased efficiencies. And and reacquire developed land within today – the ones most dependent on although the buildings themselves may existing urban centers to promote native high-tech materials and complex internal consume higher quantities of energy than habitat. Indeed, not a popular decision for systems – will be the most disappointing. low rise buildings, the opportunity for shared governments, as this will increase land This includes many so-called “green” infrastructure such as district energy, waste to values and the cost of home ownership, buildings. Cities cannot be made of energy, water recycling and integrated public but a decision that will support the viability buildings that have no potential for transport services provides significant of tall building construction for the benefit adaptive re-use. We can easily see in this efficiency benefits. of the planet.

CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Debating Tall: Tall Buildings: A Sustainable Future for Cities | 5 Visit the daily-updated online resource for all the latest news on tall buildings, urban development Global News and sustainable construction from around the world at: http://news.ctbuh.org

Asia (US$2 billion) project, which will include a Europe 65-story office tower, a 54-story apartment The Hotel of Doom is back in the news. tower, a 14-story medical center, a 24-story After years of delays and false starts, St. Photos of North Korea’s most famous corporate office block and a retail plaza. Petersburg officials approved plans for unfinished building, the Ryugyong Hotel in natural gas company Gazprom’s Lakhta Pyongyang, appeared on websites around In Osaka, Japan, the Abeno Harukas Tower, Center, a 463-meter building originally the world after a tour group was given access owned by the railway company Kintetsu designed by RMJM on the city’s undeveloped to the interior of the 105-story, pyramid- Corporation, topped out in August. The outskirts. UNESCO blocked original efforts by shaped building, which was first started in building, which will be Japan’s tallest upon threatening to strip the city of its World 1992. The photos show a stark, unfinished completion, reached the landmark height of Heritage status if it allowed the skyscraper to shell behind the imposing glass façade. In 300 meters when workers installed an be constructed too near the city center. USE November, the CEO of Kempinski Hotels said 11-meter steel beam at the top of the builder Arabtec proudly trumpeted an the hotel will “probably” open in 2013. structure. The building is scheduled for AED453 million (US$123 million) contract to completion in 2014. build the revised and relocated tower. In Singapore, Tange Associates opened the 209-meter One Raffles Place Tower 2, which Also in Japan, Shimizu Corporation claims UNESCO was also making news in London, was designed by Paul Maritaka Tange. Tower 2 that its new Tokyo headquarters, which where the group warned officials to more joins the 280-meter Tower 1, which was opened in August, is the world’s least Carbon closely regulate tall building development in designed by his father, Kenzo Tange, and Dioxide-emitting building. The company the historic areas of the city. A UNESCO report completed in 1986. “The opening of Tower 2 reportedly developed and adopted a variety called on the government to “regulate reflects the confidence property developers of technologies in an effort to improve build-up of the area around the Shard” and see in Singapore’s economy,” Deputy Prime efficiency, cut gas and oil use, and reduce 2CO asked to review major projects before an Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam said at emissions, including radiant heating and even “irreversible commitment is made.” the opening ceremony. solar installations. But there were skeptics; “There isn’t a clear certification standard for Controversy flared up in August in Venice, Developers are also showing confidence in zero-energy buildings, which makes it difficult where fashion mogul Pierre Cardin is planning Kuala Lumpur, where the Tradewinds to verify this building’s claims,” Eric Bloom, a to build a 244-meter Palace of Light in an Corporation is moving ahead with plans to senior research analyst at Pike Research, told underutilized area on the outskirts of the city. demolish a pair of tower to make room for a local media. “However, the building definitely Citizens reacted strongly against the Palais de new development to be called Tradewinds uses a number of highly energy-efficient and Lumiere’s avant-garde design. One Italian

Towers. Demolition work is expected to CO2-reducing features that aren’t commonly architect put it simply: “If you want to do commence in early 2013 on the RM6 billion seen in large buildings.” something for Venice, do something else.”

Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang. © Joseph Ferris III One Raffles Place Tower 2, Singapore. © Tange Associates Abeno Harukas Tower, Osaka. © Ogiyoshisan

6 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Case Study: Absolute World Towers, Mississauga Shapely Pair of Towers Challenges the Status Quo Dubbed the “Marilyn Monroe” towers, the CTBUH 2012 “Best Tall Building Americas” award-winning project is the result of a unique public-private partnership and an international design competition, which chose a new Chinese firm doing its first work in North America. The innovative design, however, created an array of issues for the builders.

Bas Lagendijk Anthony Pignetti Like other suburbs in North America, the structure and a glass façade. However, the Toronto satellite community of Mississauga is outcome is fundamentally different in the quickly developing into an interdependent, perception of the people. By the time of urbanized area. Canada’s sixth largest and completion the result was recognized by the fastest-growing major city, Mississauga has a public and news accounts as an inspiring diverse economy and multicultural character, place to live, something more than a place as well as a new-found status as an important that strives for simple efficiency. The buildings city center in the Greater Toronto area (GTA). hope to provide residents with an emotional

Sergio Vacilotto However, its rapid development into an connection to their hometown and neigh- urbanized center has been at the expense of a bors, and a local landmark to define the city. Authors unique cityscape character. Bas Lagendijk, Strategy Executive A Risky Development Plan MAD Architects The redevelopment of a major downtown 3rd Fl. West Tower intersection was seen as an opportunity to The developers of the site, Fernbrook Homes 7 Banqiao Nanxiang, Beixinqiao Beijing 100007, China redefine Mississauga’s urban landscape and Cityzen Development Group, were through an innovative public-private determined to tackle the lack of a unique t: +86 10 6402 6632, f: +86 10 6402 3940 e: [email protected], www.i-mad.com partnership and internationally recognized character when they set out to redevelop the architectural design. The project had to add intersection in Mississauga’s downtown core. Anthony Pignetti, Vice President of Construction something naturalistic and human to contrast It was determined that the best use for this Sergio Vacilotto, Director of Site Operations with the existing backdrop of listless boxy important property would be a residential Dominus Construction Group 7777 Keele Street, Suite 216 buildings. development. The entire project includes a Concord, Ontario L4K 1Y7, Canada master-planned community of five towers

t: +1 905 669 2200, f: +1 905 669 8867 The winning design obeys many of the rules with more than 158,000 square meters, 1,850 [email protected], www.dominus.ca of the typical North-American high-rise: a residential units, a three-story 3,252-square central core, a straightforward and economic meter recreation area, and retail facilities. Bas Lagendijk Bas Lagendijk deals with communication in Architecture at MAD. As a strategic thinker he informs on the potential of Architecture and communicates between clients, collaborators, governments, constructors and the general public. Educated in Interior Architecture, Information Tech- nology and Graphic Design, he previously worked at OMA, where he was involved in many contemporary issues ranging from buildings to large scale sustainability issues such as Zeekracht, Roadmap 2050, West Kowloon Cultural District and the Venice Biennale.

Anthony Pignetti & Sergio Vacilotto Dominus Construction Group is a full service construction firm in the Greater Toronto Area. Draw- ing on the extensive industry expertise of senior management team members, Anthony Pignetti and Sergio Vacilotto, Dominus has distinguished itself within the industry as a new brand of builder focused on innovation and unique forms of partnership. Dominus has earned a reputation for delivering projects unprecedented in engineering and technical complexity such as L-Tower, constructed atop of Toronto’s renowned Sony Centre for the Performing Arts, in addition to the Absolute World Towers – CTBUH 2012 Best Tall Building for the Americas.

12 | Absolute World Towers, Mississauga CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Ground Level, -10° Level 24, 42° Level 40, 159° Figure 3. Typical floor plans of the Absolute World 56. © MAD

Figure 3). By maximizing the viewing potentials both inside and outside the buildings, the design created a medium for social interaction throughout the balconies and connected the city dwellers with naturalistic design principles.

Building an Idea

Many observers questioned whether the MAD design could actually be built. The unique features of this type of rotating structure had never before been subjected to Ontario building code requirements and there was no precedent for the construction challenges.

From the outset, local architectural and engineering firms were engaged to refine the design and ensure it would meet all local Figure 4. The towers‘ rotation difference. © PERI Figure 5. Typical structural configuration. © MAD standards without compromising the initial design intent. While the lead time for most straightforward, with restrictions limited only projects was normally three to four months construction disciplines throughout the to the amount and size of units. This allowed before excavation was scheduled to process. the competing designers full expression and commence, in the case of Absolute World, the flexibility. preparatory period was extended to 12 In addition, there was some initial concern months. This type of extensive pre-planning that the unique layouts would limit the ability Eschewing the tradition of accentuated ensured the project was kept on schedule by to market and sell residential units in the verticality in high-rises, MAD’s design for the anticipating potential issues. tower. However, the interest generated by the Absolute World Towers chose not to competition and the public’s participation in emphasize vertical lines. Instead, the design While consultants always play a major role in the final selection helped the developers features smooth, unbroken balconies that the construction of any project, in this case easily sell out the apartments in a few days. wrap each floor of the building. In addition, at their role was even more significant. The The developer had taken a significant gamble each successive level, the floor plate rotates in rotating design meant that every floor was in committing to deliver a design developed a range of one to eight degrees affording unique. Meeting these challenges required out of a competition, but the results provided panoramas of the Mississauga skyline (see extensive collaboration among all the evidence that design does matter in the

14 | Absolute World Towers, Mississauga CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Research: Wind Engineering A Different Approach to the Aerodynamic Performance of Tall Buildings This paper examines the use of Fluid-based Aerodynamic Modification (FAM) Authors David Menicovich1 methods derived from flow control techniques first developed for the Jason Vollen,1Associate Director aerospace industry. Instead of relying on the adjustment of the solid material Prof. Michael Amitay1 Prof. Chris Letchford1 within the structure to improve the aerodynamics of a tall building, fluid- Edward DeMauro2 Ajith Rao,3 Research and Policy Analyst based active flow control is added to the building systems‘ matrix to Prof. Anna Dyson,1 Director manipulate the building boundary layer and achieve a desired performance 1Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology (CASE) for both the interior and exterior. Experimental results are presented to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) 14 Wall Street, 24th Floor, New York, NY 1005 demonstrate proof of concept for the FAM approach to tall building t: +1 212 618 3958, f: +1 212 667 0042 www.case.rpi.edu aerodynamic modification. 2Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 110 8th Street, Jonsson Engineering Center Rm. 2049 Troy, NY 12180 Introduction power of the wind, causing tall buildings to t: +1 518 276 6351, f: +1 518 276 6025 pay a significant material price to increase the www.rpi.edu While our environment consists mostly of natural frequency and/or provide damping. In 3The Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) 50 State Street, Suite 3, Montpelier, VT 05602 fluids, we have primarily restricted ourselves particular, crosswind response often governs t: + 1 802 498 0703, f: +1 802 223 8172 to approaching investigations of the both the strength and serviceability (human www.raponline.org interactions between buildings and their habitability) design criteria. surroundings by using solid modeling. As a David Menicovich is a Phd student at CASE, and is currently researching the development of building result, the design of tall buildings has relied on While both SAM and GAM strategies have integrated flow control systems in collaboration with both a Solid-based Aerodynamic Modification merit, they often come at the expense of the Center for Flow, Physics and Control (CeFPaC) and the Department of Civil and Environmental (SAM) approach to meet a desired valuable leasable area and high construction Engineering (CEE) at RPI. aerodynamic performance and techniques to costs, due to increased structural Jason Vollen is the Associate Director of CASE. modify the geometry of the building requirements for mass and stiffness, further He is a researcher focused on emerging material technologies, specifically, the integration of (Geometry-based Aerodynamic Modification contributing towards the high consumption energy per-formative structural ceramics, dy- or GAM) or its structural properties, such as of non-renewable resources by the building namic and environmental simulation, and digital stiffness through the use of materials and sector. Therefore, a traditional aerodynamic fabrication. auxiliary damping systems. Although these based solution comes at the cost of habitable, Prof. Michael Amitay is a Professor and the techniques do provide a narrow path for and therefore valuable, floor area that, in turn, James L. Decker ‘45 Endowed Chair in Aerospace Engineering at RPI, and the Director of the success, they do not adapt to fluctuating may require additional compensatory stories, CeFPaC. Over the past few years Amitay has environmental conditions and are which further increase the wind loads and been exploring the feasibility of flow control to accompanied by a loss of useful floor area and construction costs (Tse et al. 2009). improve the performance of wind turbines in buildings. an increase in total energy cost. Prof. Chris Letchford is the Head of Department of CEE at RPI. Dr. Letchford’s research work has largely A Novel Approach focused on physical modeling of extreme winds and their impact on the built environment. Currently Dr. SAM for Cross Wind Response Reduction Lechford is involved in NYSDOT funded research on While the SAM approach relies on the the aeroelastic response of slender structures and in the topographic effects of wind on wind turbine The development and increasing use of building, its geometry and material properties siting. light-weight and high-strength materials in for aerodynamic performance, the proposed Edward DeMauro is a doctoral student at RPI whose the construction of tall buildings, offering Fluid-based Aerodynamic Modification (FAM) research is focused on the study of active aerodynamic flow control through experimental methods. greater flexibility and reduced damping, has approach is fundamentally different. Instead Ajith Rao is a policy and research analyst at the RAP, increased tall building susceptibility to of adjusting the solid material to improve the where he works on providing technical and policy dynamic wind load effects (Li et al. 2011) that aerodynamic shape of the structure, support to policymakers and regulators on a broad range of energy and environmental issues. limit the gains afforded by incorporating fluid-based flow control is used to manipulate these new materials. The main associated risk the boundary layer characteristics (see Figure Prof. Anna Dyson is the founding Director of the CASE – a consortium which attempts to achieve a is resonant oscillations induced by von- 1), i.e., the interaction domain between the collaborative model without the schism that has Kármán-like vortex shedding at or near the building and the airflow, such that the airflow typically divorced building science pursuits from natural frequency of the structure caused by virtually “sees” a different shape. FAM is an the aesthetic, social and conceptual aspirations of architectural design inquiry. flow separation. The effects of dynamic wind Active Flow Control (AFC) strategy, i.e., a loading increase proportionally with the strategy that requires a power input and alters

18 | Wind Engineering CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV separated compensatory flow The science of BLC originated with Prandtl Additionally, with a sufficiently high actuation floor (1904), who introduced boundary layer frequency, it may be possible to achieve theory, explained the physics of flow virtual shaping of the object, where the flow separation and described several experiments effectively sees a different shape (see Figure separated flow controlled where a boundary layer was controlled 3). Although the unsteady forcing strategy is (Gad-El-Hak 2000). Since inception, two more complex than steady forcing, it has strategies for BLC have emerged; three main advantages: power requirement is an order of magnitude smaller, actuators can 1. Steady forcing: aerodynamic perfor- be decoupled from a main propulsive system, mance modification using steady flow. and they are autonomous, small and Boundary layer control, as a means of light-weight (Greenblatt & Wygnanski 2000). preventing separation, has traditionally been Synthetic jets (which neither add nor subtract associated with the steady addition (blowing) mass from the flow field, i.e., zero-net mass Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing a comparison of high momentum fluid, or the removal flux) are used as periodic excitation actuators of SAM that physically modifies the baseline building plan to reduce wind loads thus requiring additional (suction) of decelerated fluid near a surface in the present work. These actuators operate compensatory stories, with FAM that controls airflow from a boundary layer to deflect the by the periodic motion of a diaphragm that is while preserving the baseline plan for economic high-momentum free-stream fluid towards (typically) driven by a piezoelectric disc (Glezer optimization and maintenance of optimal Floor Area Ratio (FAR). © CASE the surface. & Amitay 2002).

2. Unsteady forcing: aerodynamic The addition of momentum by forcing is the flow only when desired. The main goal is performance modification using periodic generally quantified using the blowing ratio, to mitigate flow separation in order to reduce excitation. C : b Uj the impact of shed vortices, reduce wind The second, more recent and more energy Cb = (1) loading and decrease pressure fluctuations efficient approach, is periodic excitation, often U∞ U across the building envelope (see Figure 2). regarded as oscillatory addition of Where U is the jet velocityj and U is the j Cb = ∞ (1) The FAM approach relies on concepts momentum. As opposed to the steady flow free-stream velocityU ρ ∞andj U jthe 2bh momentum C = (2) developed for Boundary Layer Control (BLC) strategy, which seeks to simply add or remove coefficient,C µ: 2 ρ∞U∞ DH and its application to date has been mainly in momentum to the flow, periodic excitation 2 ρj Uj bh the aviation industry. While this has been takes advantage of knowledge of naturally Cµ = (2) ρ U 2DH powerfully demonstrated in airfoils – smooth occurring frequencies within the flow, and P∞ ∞P∞ CP = (3) shapes in uniform low turbulent flow and structures associated with them. Therefore, Where ρj and ρ∞ are1 ρthe densities2 of the jet 2 ∞U∞ mean loads, it is the application to bluff periodic excitation may be used to alter more and the free-stream Pvelocity, P∞ respectively. Uj bodies (buildings) in highly turbulent flow effectively the steady characteristics of the and U are CtheP =jet and free-stream velocities.(3) ∞ 1 ρ U 2 and the impact on fluctuating loads that flow by targeting the structures. (Nagib et al. D, H, b, h are the model2 ∞ width,∞ height, and jet remains to be clearly demonstrated. 2004, Greenblatt & Wygnanski 2000). orifice width and height, respectively.

Instead of adjusting the solid “material to improve the aerodynamic shape of the structure, fluid-based flow control is used to manipulate the boundary layer characteristics, i.e., the interaction Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the research hypothesis: by affecting the crosswind force spectra on the building through the manipulation of the boundary layer, the required damping will be achieved through fluidic means, reducing the mechanical domain between the building and damping requirements of the building’s structure to achieve the desired serviceability criteria. © CASE the airflow.”

CTBUH Journal | 2012 Issue IV Wind Engineering | 19 About the Council

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

S.R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487 Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820 Email: [email protected] http://www.ctbuh.org

ISSN: 1946 - 1186