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Panduan Praktik Klinis Neurologi Acuan PANDUAN PRAKTIK KLINIS NEUROLOGI PERHIMPUNAN DOKTER SPESIALIS SARAF INDONESIA 2016 Sambutan Ketua Umum Pengurus Pusat PERHIMPUNAN DOKTER SPESIALIS SARAF INDONESIA (PERDOSSI) Assalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh Salam sejahtera Penyakit neurologi seperti stroke, nyeri kepala, epilepsi, nyeri punggung bawah dan kasus lainnya adalah termasuk penyakit yang paling sering dijumpai di Indonesia. Bahkan stroke saat ini masih menjadi penyakit dengan tingkat disabilitas dan mortalitas tertinggi di Negara kita. Untuk dapat mengatasi masalah penyakit neurologi di seluruh Indonesia, tentunya diperlukan suatu panduan bagi dokter diseluruh rumah sakit dan fasilitas kesehatan. Sesuai dengan Permenkes 1438/2010 TENTANG STANDAR PELAYANAN KEDOKTERAN, maka di fasilitas kesehatan diperlukan suatu Panduan Praktik Klinis (PPK) yang disusun oleh rumah sakit yang bersangkutan sesuai dengan ketersediaan sumber daya dan fasilitas masing-masing. Dalam upaya untuk membantu standarisasi PPK Neurologi di seluruh Indonesia, sekaligus membantu pihak lain yang memerlukan informasi mengenai pelayan neurologi di Rumah Sakit seperti Dinas Kesehatan, BPJS, dokter umum maupun dokter spesialis lainnya, maka saya menyambut baik inisiatif penyusunan buku Acuan Panduan Praktik Klinis (PPK) Neurologi di Indonesia dari seluruh Kelompok Studi di lingkungan Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia (PERDOSSI) Besar harapan saya bahwa buku acuan ini dapat membantu untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan neurologi di seluruh fasilitas kesehatan di Indonesia, sehingga dapat meningkatkan taraf kesehatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat luas. Wassalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh Hormat saya, Ketua Umum PP PERDOSSI Prof. Dr. dr. Moh. Hasan Machfoed, SpS (K), MS 1 Kata Pengantar Assalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh Salam sejahtera Puji syukur kami ucapkan kepada Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang atas karunia, rahmat dan bimbingan-Nya, kami dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan buku Acuan Panduan Praktik Klinis (PPK) Penyakit Neurologi di Indonesia. Terima kasih banyak kami ucapkan kepada tim penyusun dan para kontributor, khususnya Kelompok Studi di lingkungan Perhimpunan Dokter SPesialis Saraf Indonesia (PERDOSSI) yang aktif memberikan masukan sehingga buku ini dapat tersusun dan diterbitkan. Kami menyadari bahwa sesuai dengan Permenkes 1438/2010 mengenai Standar Pelayanan Kedokteran, Panduan Praktik Klinis (PPK) disusun oleh rumah sakit yang bersangkutan sesuai dengan ketersediaan sumber daya dan fasilitas masing-masing. Namun demikian, mengingat banyaknya pertanyaan dan tingginya kebutuhan dari neurolog di Indonesia akan PPK Kasus Neurologi untuk kebutuhan praktik klinis di rumah sakit tempatnya bekerja, maka PP PERDOSSI menerbitkan Acuan PPK yang dapat menjadi model untuk penyusunan PPK di fasilitas kesehatan terkait, tentunya dengan penyesuaian kondisi fasilitas dan sumber daya yang ada. Kami berharap buku ini juga dapat menjadi referensi untuk komunikasi timbal balik tidak hanya antar neurolog, namun juga dengan spesialis lainnya, dokter umum, perawat, tenaga kesehatan lain, dinas kesehatan dan juga teman-teman di BPJS untuk memahami kasus-kasus neurologi dan penanganannya yang terbaik dan sesuai dengan current evidences demi menjamin kualitas layanan kesehatan di bidang neurologi di Indonesia. Tak ada gading yang tak retak. Kami menyadari bahwa tak ada yang sempurna di dunia ini, sehingga buku ini memerlukan perbaikan yang berkelanjutan seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu di bidang kedokteran. Namun demikian, besar harapan kami bahwa buku acuan ini dapat bermanfaat untuk kita semua dan juga bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Wassalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh Tim Penyusun 2 Tim Penyusun Editor : M. Kurniawan Isti Suharjanti Rizaldy T Pinzon Kontributor Aktif : Kelompok Studi Nyeri Kelompok Studi Nyeri Kepala Kelompok Studi Neuroinfeksi Kelompok Studi Neuropediatri Kelompok Studi Stroke dan Pembuluh Darah Kelompok Studi Neuroonkologi Kelompok Studi Neurobehavior Kelompok Studi Epilepsi Kelompok Studi Sleep Disorders Kelompok Studi Neurogeriatri Kelompok Studi lain di lingkungan PP PERDOSSI 3 Daftar Isi Migrain ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Nyeri Kepala Tipe Tegang …………………………………………………………………………… 11 Nyeri Kepala Kluster …………………………………………………………………………………… 15 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome …………………………………………………………………………….. 20 Trigger Finger …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26 Sindrom De Quervain ………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 Epikondilitis Lateral .…………………………………………………………………………………… 33 Kapsulitis Adhesiva Bahu …………………………………………………………………………….. 35 Sindrom Rotator Cuff …………………………………………………………………………………... 38 Knee Pain ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43 Fibromialgia ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53 Sprain dan Strain Otot …………………………………………………………………………………. 57 Neuropati Diabetika ……………………………………………………………………………………. 63 Neuralgia Pasca Herpes ………………………………………………………………………………. 68 Neuralgia Trigeminal …………………………………………………………………………………... 73 Cervical Syndrome ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 76 Cervical Disc Disorder ………………………………………………………………………………..… 82 Nyeri Punggung Bawah ……………………………………………………………………………….. 89 Radikulopati Lumbal …………………………………………………………………………………… 94 Kelainan Diskus Intervertebral Lumbal ……………………………………………………….. 98 Spinal Stenosis Lumbalis …………………………………………………………………………… 103 Nyeri Neuropatik pada HIV ……………………………………………………………………….. 109 Nyeri Kanker …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114 Bell’s Palsy ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 116 Epilepsi …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 122 Status Epileptikus ……………………………………………………………………………………... 127 Vertigo ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 133 Demensia ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 138 Transient ischemic attack …………………………………………………………………………... 147 Stroke Iskemik ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150 Stroke Hemoragik ……………………………………………………………………………………... 154 Perdarahan Subarachnoid …………………………………………………………………………. 157 Sinkop ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 160 Koma dan Penurunan Kesadaran ……………………………………………………………….. 163 Cedera Kepala …………………………………………………………………………………………… 165 Cedera Medula Spinalis …………………………………………………………………………...… 168 Tumor Otak ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 172 Abses Otak ………………………………………………………………………………………………... 175 Ensefalitis Toxoplasma ……………………………………………………………………………… 178 Meningitis Kriptokokus ……………………………………………………………………………... 181 Ensefalitis Viral ………………………………………………………………………………………… 184 Meningitis Bakterial ………………………………………………………………………………….. 187 Meningitis Tuberkulosa …………………………………………………………………………….. 192 Spondilitis Tuberkulosis ……………………………………………………………………………. 195 Rabies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..198 Tetanus …………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 202 4 Multipel Sklerosis ……………………………………………………………………………………… 206 Myasthenia Gravis dan Krisis Myasthenia …………………………………………………... 211 Sindrom Guillain Barre ……………………………………………………………………………… 213 Mielitis Transversa …………………………………………………………………………………… 216 Penyakit Parkinson …………………………………………………………………………………… 218 Restless Leg Syndrome ……………………………………………………………………………..… 237 Hemifacial Spasme …………………………………………………………………………………….. 243 Paralisis Periodik ……………………………………………………………………………………… 245 Palsi Serebral ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 247 Tics dan Tourette …………………………………………………………………………………….... 251 Autisme ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 254 Subacute Sclerosing Pan Encephalitis ………………………………………………………….. 258 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ……………………………………………………………………. 262 Developmental Delay …………………………………………………………………………….…… 265 Retardasi Mental ………………………………………………………………………………………. 269 Gangguan Pemusatan dan Perhatian (ADHD) ……………………………………………... 271 Sydenham’s Chorea ……………………………………………….…………………………………… 275 Epilepsi pada Anak………………………………………………..…………………………………… 279 Cedera Kepala pada Anak…………………………………………………………………………… 295 Tumor Otak Pada Anak………………………………………….…………………………………… 301 Obstructive Sleep Apnea …………………………………………………………………………..…. 304 5 MIGRAIN (Kode ICD X : G43.9) 1. Pengertian Migren adalah suatu istilah yang digunakan untuk nyeri kepala primer. Nyeri kepala berulang dengan manifestasi serangan selama 4-72 jam. Karakteristik nyeri kepala unilateral, berdenyut, intensitas sedang atau berat, bertambah berat dengan aktivitas fisik yang rutin dan diikuti dengan nausea dan atau fotofobia dan fonofobia. Migren bila tidak diterapi akan berlangsung antara 4-72 jam dan yang klasik terdiri atas 4 fase yaitu fase prodromal (kurang lebih 25 % kasus), fase aura (kurang lebih 15% kasus), fase nyeri kepala dan fase postdromal. 2. Anamnesis Suatu serangan migren dapat menyebabkan sebagian atau seluruh tanda dan gejala, sebagai berikut: a. Nyeri sedang sampai berat, kebanyakan penderita migren merasakan nyeri hanya pada satu sisi kepala, hanya sedikit yang merasakan nyeri pada kedua sisi kepala. b. Sakit kepala berdenyut atau serasa ditusuk-tusuk. c. Rasa nyerinya semakin parah dengan aktivitas fisik. d. Saat serangan nyeri kepala penderita tidak dapat melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari. e. Disertai mual dengan atau tanpa muntah. f. Fotofobia dan atau fonofobia. g. Apabila terdapat aura, paling sedikit terdapat dua dari karakteristik di bawah ini: • Sekurangnya satu gejala aura menyebar secara bertahap ≥5 menit, dan/atau dua atau lebih gejala terjadi secara berurutan. • Masing-masing gejala aura berlangsung antara 5-60 menit • Setidaknya satu gejala aura unilateral • Aura disertai dengan, atau diikuti oleh gejala nyeri kepala dalam waktu 60 menit. Faktor Pencetus a. Menstruasi biasa pada hari pertama menstruasi atau sebelumnya/
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