SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT (RAPID PDNRA) SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT (RAPID PDNRA) March 2021 Disclaimer This report was developed based on the inputs received during numerous consultative sessions, state visits, individual interviews, and literature reviews by the Sudan RPDNRA team. Any discrepancies are unintended. The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Published by Government of Sudan Council of Ministers Nile Avenue - Khartoum E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sudan.gov.sd TABLE OF CONTENTS OPENING REMARKS vi FOREWORD viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ACRONYMS DIRECTORY xii 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii 2. INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1 NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTER RISK IN SUDAN 2 3. SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT 4 OVERVIEW OF THE FLOOD EVENT 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT 4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 6 4. HOUSING 10 SUMMARY 10 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 11 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 13 MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN IMPACT 14 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 14 5. HEALTH 18 SUMMARY 18 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 19 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 23 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 29 6. EDUCATION 31 SUMMARY 31 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 32 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 34 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 37 7. SPORTS 39 SUMMARY 39 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 39 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 40 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 43 8. MANUFACTURING 46 SUMMARY 46 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 46 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 48 MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN IMPACT 49 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 50 SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT (RAPID PDNRA) iii 9. AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK 52 SUMMARY 52 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 53 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 56 MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN IMPACT 60 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 61 10. TRANSPORT 66 SUMMARY 66 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 67 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 71 MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN IMPACT 75 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 76 11. ENERGY & ELECTRICITY 80 SUMMARY 80 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 80 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 84 MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN IMPACT 87 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 87 12. WATER, SANITATION & WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 90 SUMMARY 90 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 90 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 92 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 96 13. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 100 SUMMARY 100 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 101 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 105 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 106 14. EMPLOYMENT, LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL PROTECTION 109 SUMMARY 109 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 109 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 111 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 115 15. CULTURE 121 SUMMARY 121 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 121 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 124 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 127 16. GENDER 130 SUMMARY 130 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 131 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 139 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 142 17. GOVERNANCE 146 SUMMARY 146 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 147 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 150 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 151 SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT iv (RAPID PDNRA) 18. ENVIRONMENT 152 SUMMARY 152 PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 152 POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 153 RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 155 19. HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT 158 OBJECTIVE AND KEY FINDINGS 158 CONTEXT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN SUDAN 161 COPING STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PEOPLE, ASSISTANCE RECEIVED AND EXPRESSED NEEDS 176 IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 179 RECOMMENDATIONS 182 20. SUDAN NATIONAL RESILIENCE AND RECOVERY FRAMEWORK 185 21. ANNEXES 192 ANNEX – HOUSING 192 ANNEX – HEALTH 193 ANNEX – EDUCATION 193 ANNEX – SPORTS 197 ANNEX – MANUFACTURING 198 ANNEX – AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK 199 ANNEX – TRANSPORT 202 ANNEX – ENERGY & ELECTRICITY 203 ANNEX – WATER, SANITATION & WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 203 ANNEX – DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 207 ANNEX – EMPLOYMENT, LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL PROTECTION 209 ANNEX – CULTURE 210 ANNEX – GENDER 216 ANNEX – ENVIRONMENT 216 ANNEX – HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT 216 SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT (RAPID PDNRA) v OPENING REMARKS During the past weeks and months Sudan assessment of the resultant damage and experienced some of the worst flooding impacts by the floods. in decades. Over 875,000 people were affected, 120 people were left dead, and It was a huge learning experience for our flood-related damages amounted to over people as this was the first ever exercise USD 3.34 billion. The magnitude and of this nature to take place in Sudan. impacts of this year’s seasonal flooding The process of assessing the damages, are unprecedented. The floods affected all quantifying the losses, and identifying the eighteen States of the country. The Nile recovery needs was a valuable component States and the capital Khartoum, located of building the capacity of key sectors at the confluence of the White and the to assist in developing a more effective Blue Nile, were particularly affected by the disaster management mechanism for the overflow of rivers in the Nile basin. Heavy country. rains and flash flooding also affected non-Nile States, especially North Darfur, This report summarizes the main findings where the floods compounded the already of the assessment and outlines the key dire humanitarian situation. The floods actions needed for the immediate and impacted virtually every sector of Sudan. longer-term recovery from the flood The destruction of thousands of buildings disaster. Covering in total sixteen sector left people homeless and disrupted assessments, the report documents manufacturing and commercial activities the immense scale and damage of the across the country. With a large share floods. It also highlights the importance of the Sudanese living in rural areas and of preparedness to reduce the impacts relying on agriculture, animal husbandry and damages of future floods. As such, and pastoralism, the destruction of crops the assessment provides an important and livestock severely impacted the resource for all government agencies livelihoods of the people living in flood- involved in the flood response. In the affected areas. process of conducting the assessment, government agencies came together in On September 4th Sudan’s Security a great effort to generate a common and Defence Council declared a three- understanding of the flood impacts and month, nation-wide state of emergency recovery needs. In close coordination and designated the country a natural with the development partners in Sudan, disaster zone. The Sovereignty Council the assessment provided a valuable established a Higher Committee for experience for the Government of Sudan. Flood Mitigation to address the impact It made evident the strengths and areas of the floods of 2020. The committee is for improvement of the overall governance headed by the Ministry of Labour and structure for disaster management as Social Development and includes all the country transitions towards building relevant federal ministries, the states’ local better institutions. governments, and coordinating authorities as well as local, regional, and international The main task now for us as decision response organizations. On October 1st, makers is to ensure that the after flood waters had subsided and the recommended recovery processes enable full extent of the flood damage became us to implant resilience measures that will visible, the Ministry of Labour and Social mitigate the impact of future disasters. Development issued a request to the We constructed a disaster recovery World Bank Country Director, seeking framework for building back better and to assistance from the World Bank and keep Sudan on track to fulfil its national the United Nations to carry out an growth and development goals. We are SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT vi (RAPID PDNRA) pushing very hard to institutionalise our political and economic circumstances, approach to managing disaster and solid especially the World Bank and the United steps towards establishing a national Nations Development Programme in authority for disaster management is Sudan. We look forward to working closely already taken. with all partners and stakeholders to carry out the recovery tasks that are aiming On behalf of the Government of Sudan, to strengthen the country’s resilience to I would like to express my sincere disasters. appreciation to all partners who have assisted in the process and helped in Lena Elsheikh, Head of the Higher preparing this report under challenging Committee for Flood Mitigation SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT (RAPID PDNRA) vii FOREWORD During late summer and autumn of 2020, process and strengthen the country’s Sudan has been affected by devastating disaster resilience. floods in the Nile river basin, accompanied by heavy rain and flash flooding in non-Nile As such, the devastating floods are also States. The scale and extent of lasts year’s an opportunity to conduct and build seasonal flooding – reportedly the worst capacity on damage assessment using in over three decades – is immense: with the internationally recognized PDNA over 875,000 people affected across all 18 methodology for the first time in Sudan. States of the country, the floods impacted This being a government-led exercise, almost every sector of the economy while the assessment moreover provides an disrupting the lives and livelihoods of the opportunity for the transitional government Sudanese people in both rural and urban of Sudan under the leadership of the Higher areas. Committee on Floods to come together across the different sectors and levels of The floods affected Sudan at a time of administration in a whole-of-government economic crisis and political transition. approach and to engage with international They made evident that Sudan is highly partners and civil society to support the vulnerable to hydro-climatic extremes and wider development agenda of the country.