DOCSLIB.ORG

Diversity of Sand Flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Southwest Iran with Emphasis on Synanthropy of Phlebotomus Papatasi and P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diversity of Sand Flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Southwest Iran with Emphasis on Synanthropy of Phlebotomus Papatasi and P See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/265093296 Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. alexandri ARTICLE in ACTA TROPICA · AUGUST 2014 Impact Factor: 2.27 · DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.017 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 3 132 9 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Elham Jahanifard Yavar Rassi Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences 9 PUBLICATIONS 17 CITATIONS 90 PUBLICATIONS 912 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat mohammad reza Shirzadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences Ministry of Health, Iran 178 PUBLICATIONS 428 CITATIONS 56 PUBLICATIONS 362 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Yavar Rassi Retrieved on: 18 October 2015 G Model ACTROP 3445 1–8 ARTICLE IN PRESS Acta Tropica xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Tropica jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actatropica 1 Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with 2 emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus 3 alexandri ∗ ∗ 4 Q2Q1 Elham Jahanifard, Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi , Amir Ahmad Akhavan , 5 Kamran Akbarzadeh, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Yavar Rassi, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat, 1 6 Mohammad Reza Shirzadi , Ameneh Karimi 7 Department of Medical Entomology &Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghlab Ave. Poorsina St. Tehran, PO 8 Box 6446, Tehran, Iran 9 2510 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 11 12 Article history: Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) is still a serious health problem in Iran. The objective of the 13 Received 22 February 2014 study was to determine the differences in sand fly biodiversity in Shush (plain) and Khorramshahr (lit- 14 Received in revised form 12 August 2014 toral) Counties, Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Sand flies were collected using sticky paper traps 15 Accepted 18 August 2014 from urban, semi urban, agricultural and natural ecotypes. Alpha and beta diversity were calculated using 16 Available online xxx Shannon–Weiner index and Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s coefficients, respectively. Synanthropic index was 17 determined for the first time for Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri in different land use 18 Keywords: categories in Iran. Totally 11213 specimens, 68.47% in Shush and 31.53% in Khorramshahr, were col- 19 Diversity lected. Eleven species of sand flies including, 2 of genus Phlebotomus and 9 of genus Sergentomyia were 20 Synanthropic index 21 Richness identified. Sergentomyia christophersi was found as a new record. Dominant species were P. papatasi and 22 Shannon–Weiner index Sergentomyia sintoni. Shannon–Weiner index, richness and evenness in semi urban area of Shush County ␣ 23 Ecology of sand flies were more than other habitats. The analysis of biodiversity showed that agricultural ecosystem of Khor- 24 Iran ramshahr County had the highest diversity due to maximal richness and diversity and also relatively high evenness. Comparison of similarity of the sand flies population composition between Shush and Khor- ramshahr indicated the maximum similarity between the urban area of Shush and the semi urban area of Khorramshahr (Sj = 75% and Ss = 86%). Synanthropic index of P. papatasi and P. alexandri were calculated − to be 83.34 and −91.18, respectively in Shush County. Estimated synanthropic indices for P. papatasi and P. alexandri in three habitats (natural, semi urban and urban) habitats of Khorramshahr County were − 69.84 and −85.89, in the same order. The factors for having high diversity of sand flies in the plain area studied may be due to higher annual precipitation, the related land use and land cover. The changes on the composition of sand flies are perhaps due to human intervention in their natural habitats. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. 26 1. Introduction (Yaghoobi-Ershadi, 2012). Khuzestan Province in Southwest Iran is 30 considered to be an important endemic focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous 31 27 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), due to Leishmania major is a Leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to environmental impact of the warfare 32 28 neglected disease that occurs throughout the old world. In Iran, (Nadim et al., 2008). In the past, the incidence of ZCL was relatively 33 29 disease is endemic in many rural areas of 17 out of 31 provinces low; however, as a result of high CL incidence among soldiers dur- 34 ing Iran–Iraq war, leishmanization program was carried out from 35 1982 to 1989 on more than 200,000 Iranian soldiers. During the war 36 (1980–1988), there were over 10,000 reported cases among sol- 37 ∗ Corresponding authors. at: Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, diers and immigrants every year. In 1983, more than 3000 patients 38 School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, P. O. were treated at health centers and clinics in Khuzestan (Nadim 39 Box 6446, Tehran 14155, Iran. Tel.: +0098 21 42933114; fax: +0098 21 88951393. et al., 2008). 40 E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] The first entomological studies on CL in Khuzestan were con- 41 (M.R. Yaghoobi-Ershadi), [email protected] (A.A. Akhavan). 1 ducted during 1962 in Shush, Dezful, Abadan, Izeh and Ahvaz 42 Zoonoses Department, Center of Diseases Control (CDC), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Counties and 20 sand fly species were collected: Phlebotomus 43 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.017 0001-706X/© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. Please cite this article in press as: Jahanifard, E., et al., Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.017 G Model ACTROP 3445 1–8 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 E. Jahanifard et al. / Acta Tropica xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 44 alexandri Sinton, Phlebotomus halepensis Theodor, Phlebotomus (1999) found that soil types and underlying geology can model the 110 45 jacusieli Theodor, Phlebotomus keshishiani Shchurenkova, Phle- distribution of sand flies in central and southern Sinai. 111 46 botomus neglectus Tonnoir, Phlebotomus mongolensis Sinton, Alpha (or within habitats) diversity is the most common form 112 47 Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli), Phlebotomus tobbi Adler, Theodor of inventory diversity, which records the number of taxa per area 113 48 & Lourie, Phlebotomus salehi Mesghali, Phlebotomus sergenti Par- of homogenous habitat therefore reflecting species packing within 114 49 rot, Sergentomyia antennata Newstead, Sergentomyia baghdadis a community. Beta (or between habitat) diversity is the category of 115 50 (Adler & Theodor), Sergentomyia dentata arpaklensis (Perfiliev), differentiation diversity that measures the variation in taxonomic 116 51 Sergentomyia iranica Lewis & Mesghali, Sergentomyia mervynae composition between areas of alpha diversity (Magurran, 1988). 117 52 Pringle, Sergentomyia palestinensis Adler & Theodor, Sergentomyia To obtain useful information about vector control and their bio- 118 53 sintoni Pringle, Sergentomyia squamipleuris (Newstead), Sergento- logical indicators of environmental changes caused by man, the 119 54 myia theodori Parrot and Sergentomyia tiberiadis Adler, Theodor & present study aimed to identify the current situation of species 120 55 Lourie (Nadim et al., 1974). Another study conducted in Ahvaz and composition, diversity, richness and community similarity of sand 121 56 Dezful also added two other species of Sergentomyia clydei Sinton flies and analyzing the level of synanthropy of species captured in 122 57 and Sergentomyia pawlowski Perfiliew to the sand flies fauna of this different ecotypes in two important foci of ZCL located in Khuzestan 123 58 province (Javadian and Nadim, 1975). Jahanifard et al. (2009) also Province, plain (Shush) and littoral (Khorramshahr) areas, which 124 59 reported P. papatasi, P. alexandri and P. mongolensis in Hoveizeh and experienced extensive environmental changes over the last three 125 60 Shadegan marshlands of Khuzestan. Natural promastigote infection decades. 126 61 was observed in several occasions in P. papatasi, P. alexandri and S. 62 sintoni from rodent burrows in Ahvaz, Shush and Shushtar Counties 63 (Javadian and Mesghali, 1974) of the province. Kavarizadeh et al. 2. Materials & methods 127 64 (2013) collected 10 species of sand flies (P. papatasi, P. alexandri, P. 65 mongolensis, S. sintoni, S. antennata, S. mervynae, S. theodori, S. clydei, 2.1. Study area 128 66 S. tiberiadis and S. palestinensis) in Musian District, situated in north- 67 west Khuzestan Province. Also, they reported species composition The study was conducted from March 2012 to January 2013 129 68 in Musian to be the same as those in other parts of Iran. in two counties of Khuzestan Province, Shush and Khorramshahr, 130 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 69 Akhoundi et al. (2012) collected 16 species of sand flies (P. southwest Iran. Shush County (32 11 21 N, 48 15 28 E) is sit- 131 70 papatasi, P. sergenti, P. mongolensis, Phlebotomus caucasicus, Phle- uated in northwest of Khuzestan at an altitude of 71 m above 132 71 botomus jacusieli, Phlebotomus major s.l., P. tobbi, Phlebotomus the sea level (Fig. 1), with a hot and arid climate. In 2012, 133 72 perfiliewi, Phlebotomus kandelakii, P. halepensis, Phlebotomus bre- the average maximum and minimum monthly temperatures 134 ◦ 73 vis, Phlebotomus longiductus, Phlebotomus balcanicus, S. sintoni, S. were reported to be 15.9–30.23 C. The total annual rainfall 135 74 dentata and S. theodori in northwestern Iran in 2010. P. papatasi was 236.8 mm (https://edata.sci.org.ir/AllUser/Directory TreeCom- 136 75 had been the predominant species in many areas, followed by P. plete.aspx). Wheat, rice, corn and summer crops are the major 137 76 perfiliewi and P. kandelakii. They found that two districts (Meshkin- produces. The county has 3 districts, 5 towns and 195 villages. 138 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 77 Shahr and Sarab) had the highest similarity with a high diversity Khorramshahr County (48 10 45 N, 30 26 21 E) at an altitude 139 78 and richness.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Future Strategies for Promoting Tourism and Petroleum Heritage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
    Future strategies for promoting tourism and petroleum heritage in Khuzestan Province, Iran Sahar Amirkhani, Neda Torabi Farsani and Homa Moazzen Jamshidi Abstract Sahar Amirkhani and Purpose – Industrial tourism not only strives to preserve industrial heritage, but can also be a strategy for being Neda Torabi Farsani are both familiar with the history of industry and attracting tourists to new destinations. This paper examines the issue of based at the Department of promoting petroleum industrial tourism in the case of Khuzestan, Iran. The research aims at determining Museum and Tourism, Art appropriate strategies for promoting petroleum industrial tourism. University of Isfahan, – Design/methodology/approach The data were analysed through a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, Isfahan, Iran. and threats (SWOT) model. Homa Moazzen Jamshidi is Findings – The results revealed the competitive strategy as the best. Lastly, strategies such as: concentric based at the Department of diversification, joint venture strategy, conglomerate diversification and horizontal diversification were proposed Economics and Arts as key solutions. The results support the view that establishing an exploratory ecomuseum in the territory of Entrepreneurship, Art Khuzestan Province can be a suitable concentric diversification strategy towards petroleum industrial sustainable tourism in the future. University of Isfahan, Originality/value – The main originality of this paper includes linking tourism with the petroleum (oil and natural Isfahan, Iran. gas) industry
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, February 1960
    40$.(&I872 100 86 PROOF PROOF its always a pleasure In the lighter, milder 86 Proof or in IOO Proof Bottled in Bond Every drop of the milder 86 Proof is original and genuine I. W. Harper bourbon — distilled and bottled at the same dist KENTUCKY KENTUCKY ST 1 as the famous IOO Proof Bottled in Bond. &AIGHT BOURBC* SI&AIGHT BOUSBOH WHISKEY WHISKEY H*»PtR DISTUUNG' F0UNDER”MEM8ER BOTH KENTUCKY STRAIGHT BOURBON WHISKEY HARPER DISTILLING COMPANY, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY STRICTLY frivolous but so vital that you order NOW! MEN’S Summer Jackets $22.90 Hand woven Indian Madras—no favorite of ours, guaranteed to “bleed” which means color runs, stains etc. Domestic Dacron-Cotton Madras which are utterly perfect. WASH’N’WEAR. TRAVIS, Linen-Dacron eggshell color “goes”-with-any color SLAX, wash’n’wear (woven for us exclusively and the world’s most demanded jacket-iron-wear. Immediate ordering VITAL). MEN’S TROPICAL-wash’n’wear One man . one product . one company stands pre-eminent in every field. Since the inception of this unique field there’s no doubt of whom it IS. Price $22.90 & $32.90 Eggshell, Vycron-E. Cotton Strictly frivolous; womens’ VICUNA, anybody? $149. Made solely for Manila, All colors, hand-made—excellent etc. Weightless. $32.90 device for inducing feminine euphoria. (Wash’n’wear in Ifi minutes—woven for you solely) MONGOLIAN CASHMERE $72.90 Chuang-Tzu quality, rare and precious Wash’N’Wear Men’s Slacks and never varying in quality. Another Please specify color wanted as swatching is nearly excellent feminine euphoria booster.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Geographical Accessibility to Rural Health Houses Using the Geospatial Information System, a Case Study: Khuzestan Province, South-West Iran
    Acta Medica Mediterranea, 2015, 31: 1447 ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ACCESSIBILITY TO RURAL HEALTH HOUSES USING THE GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM, A CASE STUDY: KHUZESTAN PROVINCE, SOUTH-WEST IRAN FARAHNAZ SADOUGHI1, 2, JAVAD ZAREI1, ALI MOHAMMADI3, HOJAT HATAMINEJAD 4, SARA SAKIPOUR5 1Department of Health Information Management, School of Health Management and Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran - 2Health Management and Economics Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran - 3Assistant professor of Health Information Management, Department of Health Information Technology, Paramedical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah I.R. Iran - 4PhD candidate, Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran - 5Office of Medical Record and Statistics, Vice-Chancellor for Treatment, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran ABSTRACT Background: The use of rural health houses is one of the important approaches for delivering health services but, inappro- priate infrastructures and limited resources make it difficult to design and implement plans to enhance and improve health services in rural areas. The aim of this study was to analyze the accessibility to rural health care services in the province of Khuzestan Materials and methods: This applied research was conducted in Khuzestan Province, south-west Iran with a cross-sectional approach in 2014. The population of the study was the villages and rural health houses. All the villages and rural health houses were included in the study without sampling. Descriptive data collected with a checklist from the Statistical Centre of Iran, IT Department of the Management Deputy of the Governor’s Office and Ahvaz Jundishapur and Dezful University of Medical Sciences and spatial data obtained from the national Cartographic Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacteriological Survey of American Cockroaches in Hospitals
    Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 12 (7): 985-989, 2012 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.7.7153 Bacteriological Survey of American Cockroaches in Hospitals 12Mohammad-Hossein Feizhaddad, Hamid Kassiri, 23Mohammad-Reza Sepand and Fereshteh Ghasemi 1Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 3Department of IT, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran Abstract: This study aimed to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria which P. americana (L.) carries on the body surface. These insects were collected from three of the city hospitals of Iran. Fifteen cockroaches were caught from mentioned hospitals using direct collection. The washing fluid from the external surface of each cockroach was cultured. The isolated bacteria were identified using bacteriological analysis. Results showed that all the cockroaches were positive for at least three bacteria. Nine different species of medically important bacteria were isolated and identified. The most common bacteria found were Escherichia coli, 86.7% and Proteus vulgaris, 73.3%. In addition to these bacteria, Bacillus cereus, 66.7%, Streptococcus faecalis, 60%, Staphylococcus aureus, 60%, Enterobacter cloacae, 53.3%, Shigella, 33.3%, Serratia, 13.3% and Staphylococcus epidermidis, 6.7%, were the least recorded of all the samples analyzed. It
    [Show full text]
  • See the Document
    IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways
    [Show full text]
  • University of Copenhagen
    Abadan Elling, Rasmus Christian; Ehsani, Kaveh Published in: Middle East Report Publication date: 2018 Document version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Elling, R. C., & Ehsani, K. (2018). Abadan. Middle East Report, (287). Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 NOTE: This is authors' pre-print version. Reference should be made to the published version: Rasmus Christian Elling, Kaveh Ehsani: "Abadan," Middle East Report, No. 287 (Summer 2018). Abadan The Rise and Demise of an Oil Metropolis Kaveh Ehsani and Rasmus Christian Elling In fall 1978, Abadan’s oil refinery workers played a decisive role in the Iranian Revolution by joining the national mass strikes. Just two years later, Abadan and the adjoining port city of Khorramshahr were shelled by the invading Iraqi army and effectively destroyed during the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88), which scattered their population of over 600,000 as refugees across Iran and abroad. The bloody liberation of Khorramshahr (May 1982) turned the tide of Iraqi advances. Abadan’s refinery workers remarkably kept up production under constant shelling through eight years of war and international sanctions, earning the two cities a prominent place in post-revolutionary Iran’s official mythology of the “Sacred Defense.” Despite state propaganda lionizing the workers, postwar reconstruction has not been kind to either city.[1] Prior to the war, Khorramshahr had been Iran’s largest port, while the much larger Abadan was home to one of the world’s largest refineries. Both cities were major commercial centers in the late 1970s. A major tourist destination with posh resorts and nightclubs, cinemas and shopping centers [2], Abadan also boasted Iran’s second major international airport and a large bazaar.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Bite Incidence in the County of Shush, Iran Hamid Kassiri1*, Ali Kassiri2, Masoud Lotfi1, Babak Shahkarami3, Seyed-Sahar Hosseini1
    Journal of Acute Disease (2014)26-30 26 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Acute Disease journal homepage: www.jadweb.org Document heading doi: 10.1016/S2221-6189(14)60006-8 Animal bite incidence in the County of Shush, Iran Hamid Kassiri1*, Ali Kassiri2, Masoud Lotfi1, Babak Shahkarami3, Seyed-Sahar Hosseini1 1School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 3Shush Health Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Shush, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Objective: To determine the epidemiology of animal bites during a five-year period (2004- Received 16 September 2013 Methods: 2008) in Shush County, Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. In a descriptive cross Received in revised form 15 October 2013 S C Accepted 11 November 2013 sectional study, all cases of animal bites referred to the health centers in hush ounty were 2004 2008 T Available online 20 March 2014 investigated during - . he necessary data were recorded on the special questionnaire that contains questResults:ions abo ut bite animal, age, sex, occupation, treatment, the bite site on the Keywords: body and so forth. Out of a total of 2 283 cases that underwent the animal bites during Animal bite the mentioned five years, 1 771 people (77.6%) were male and 511 (22.4%) were female .Most Incidence rate cases were related to age groups 10-20 (33.4%) and 20-30 (22%) years. The average incidence rate Rabies of animal bite during these years was determined as 2.82 cases per 1 000 people.
    [Show full text]
  • 1590-1601 Issn 2322-5149 ©2014 Jnas
    Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org ©2014 JNAS Journal-2014-3-S2/1590-1601 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2014 JNAS Trend analysis of the changes in urban hierarchy of Khuzestan: a sustainable development perspective Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi1* and Jawad Bawi2 1- Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2- PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, International Branch of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Corresponding author: Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the changes in the urban hierarchy of Khuzestan during a period of 50 years (1956-2006) determining the extent of changes in urbanization and the potential spatial differences between the cities in this province from the perspective of sustainable development. Adopting a descriptive-analytic approach and employing various models such as tensile modulus, primate city indicators, urban concentration index (three-city and four-city), the rank-size rule, the present paper analyzes the factors influencing the urban networks in Khuzestan. It follows from the results of the study that the urban networks of the province, have been heavily affected by developments so that Abadan which used to have the first rank in Khuzestan has lost its rank to Ahwaz due to the administrative, political, and commercial centrality of Ahwaz. The imposed war (of Iraq against Iran) has also caused abrupt changes in the population and urban hierarchy. Therefore, urban networks of Khuzestan influenced by factors such as immigration do not have a spatial balance (and hence stability) currently. Interestingly, the results suggest that the spatial distance between the first city Ahwaz with other cities is growing exponentially.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト
    Mayors for Peace Member Cities 2021/10/01 平和首長会議 加盟都市リスト ● Asia 4 Bangladesh 7 China アジア バングラデシュ 中国 1 Afghanistan 9 Khulna 6 Hangzhou アフガニスタン クルナ 杭州（ハンチォウ） 1 Herat 10 Kotwalipara 7 Wuhan ヘラート コタリパラ 武漢（ウハン） 2 Kabul 11 Meherpur 8 Cyprus カブール メヘルプール キプロス 3 Nili 12 Moulvibazar 1 Aglantzia ニリ モウロビバザール アグランツィア 2 Armenia 13 Narayanganj 2 Ammochostos (Famagusta) アルメニア ナラヤンガンジ アモコストス（ファマグスタ） 1 Yerevan 14 Narsingdi 3 Kyrenia エレバン ナールシンジ キレニア 3 Azerbaijan 15 Noapara 4 Kythrea アゼルバイジャン ノアパラ キシレア 1 Agdam 16 Patuakhali 5 Morphou アグダム（県） パトゥアカリ モルフー 2 Fuzuli 17 Rajshahi 9 Georgia フュズリ（県） ラージシャヒ ジョージア 3 Gubadli 18 Rangpur 1 Kutaisi クバドリ（県） ラングプール クタイシ 4 Jabrail Region 19 Swarupkati 2 Tbilisi ジャブライル（県） サルプカティ トビリシ 5 Kalbajar 20 Sylhet 10 India カルバジャル（県） シルヘット インド 6 Khocali 21 Tangail 1 Ahmedabad ホジャリ（県） タンガイル アーメダバード 7 Khojavend 22 Tongi 2 Bhopal ホジャヴェンド（県） トンギ ボパール 8 Lachin 5 Bhutan 3 Chandernagore ラチン（県） ブータン チャンダルナゴール 9 Shusha Region 1 Thimphu 4 Chandigarh シュシャ（県） ティンプー チャンディーガル 10 Zangilan Region 6 Cambodia 5 Chennai ザンギラン（県） カンボジア チェンナイ 4 Bangladesh 1 Ba Phnom 6 Cochin バングラデシュ バプノム コーチ（コーチン） 1 Bera 2 Phnom Penh 7 Delhi ベラ プノンペン デリー 2 Chapai Nawabganj 3 Siem Reap Province 8 Imphal チャパイ・ナワブガンジ シェムリアップ州 インパール 3 Chittagong 7 China 9 Kolkata チッタゴン 中国 コルカタ 4 Comilla 1 Beijing 10 Lucknow コミラ 北京（ペイチン） ラクノウ 5 Cox's Bazar 2 Chengdu 11 Mallappuzhassery コックスバザール 成都（チォントゥ） マラパザーサリー 6 Dhaka 3 Chongqing 12 Meerut ダッカ 重慶（チョンチン） メーラト 7 Gazipur 4 Dalian 13 Mumbai (Bombay) ガジプール 大連（タァリィェン） ムンバイ（旧ボンベイ） 8 Gopalpur 5 Fuzhou 14 Nagpur ゴパルプール 福州（フゥチォウ） ナーグプル 1/108 Pages
    [Show full text]
  • The Developmental Status of Abadan, Khorramshahr and Shadegan Terms of Health Indices Using Numerical Taxonomy Model
    Article Type: Original Article The Developmental Status of Abadan, Khorramshahr and Shadegan Terms of Health Indices Using Numerical Taxonomy Model 1 1 2 1 3 4 5 Mohammad Mahboubi , Babak Rastegarimehr , Atefeh Zahedi * , Mohammad SajediNejad , Najiballah Baeradeh , Leila Rezaei , Ali Ebrazeh 1.Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran 2. Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran 3.Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran. 4. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Kermanshah, Iran 5 Faculty of health Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Correspondence: Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran. Tel: +98-9358235732, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract ARTICLE HISTORY Background: One of the main pillars of sustainable development is health and wellness which is an integral part of improving the quality of life. Lack of hygiene facilities and human resources and their inadequate distribution in urban and rural areas are Received Feb 02, 2020 major problems in providing health services in third world countries. The main and important reasons for inequalities in the Accepted Mar 11, 2020 distribution of health sector resources include inappropriate and poor budget allocation to the health sector, inadequate and long- DOI: 10.29252/jgbfnm.17.2.1 term planning. This study was conducted to determine the degree of development of Abadan, Khorramshahr and Shadegan cities in terms of health indicators using numerical taxonomy model. Keywords: Development Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 3 cities of Abadan, Khorramshahr and Shadegan in Khuzestan province in Healthcare 2016. The data collection tool was a checklist containing information needed to calculate 15 health indices that were collected Abadan from Abadan Medical School Deputy of Health.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran March 2009
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT IRAN 17 MARCH 2009 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE IRAN 17 MARCH 2009 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAN, FROM 2 FEBRUARY 2009 TO 16 MARCH 2009 REPORTS ON IRAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 2 FEBRUARY 2009 TO 16 MARCH 2009 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.03 Iran............................................................................................. 1.03 Tehran ....................................................................................... 1.04 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................ 2.01 Sanctions ...................................................................................... 2.13 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 Calendar ........................................................................................ 3.02 Pre 1979......................................................................................... 3.03 1979 to 1999 .................................................................................. 3.05 2000 to date................................................................................... 3.16 Student unrest .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Document (In English)
    Iran Human Rights Documentation Center The Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC) believes that the development of an accountability movement and a culture of human rights in Iran are crucial to the long-term peace and security of the country and the Middle East region. As numerous examples have illustrated, the removal of an authoritarian regime does not necessarily lead to an improved human rights situation if institutions and civil society are weak, or if a culture of human rights and democratic governance has not been cultivated. By providing Iranians with comprehensive human rights reports, data about past and present human rights violations, and information about international human rights standards, particularly the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the IHRDC programs will strengthen Iranians’ ability to demand accountability, reform public institutions, and promote transparency and respect for human rights. Encouraging a culture of human rights within Iranian society as a whole will allow political and legal reforms to have real and lasting weight. The IHRDC seeks to: Establish a comprehensive and objective historical record of the human rights situation in Iran, and on the basis of this record, establish responsibility for patterns of human rights abuses; Make the record available in an archive that is accessible to the public for research and educational purposes; Promote accountability, respect for human rights and the rule of law in Iran; and Encourage an informed dialogue on the human rights situation in Iran among scholars and the general public in Iran and abroad. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center 129 Church Street New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA Tel: +1-(203)-772-2218 Fax: +1-(203)-772-1782 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.iranhrdc.org Front cover: Ahwazi Arabs marching in Kuye Alavi neighborhood in Ahvaz during the April 2005 protests.
    [Show full text]