See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/265093296 Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. alexandri ARTICLE in ACTA TROPICA · AUGUST 2014 Impact Factor: 2.27 · DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.017 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 3 132 9 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Elham Jahanifard Yavar Rassi Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences 9 PUBLICATIONS 17 CITATIONS 90 PUBLICATIONS 912 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat mohammad reza Shirzadi Tehran University of Medical Sciences Ministry of Health, Iran 178 PUBLICATIONS 428 CITATIONS 56 PUBLICATIONS 362 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Yavar Rassi Retrieved on: 18 October 2015 G Model ACTROP 3445 1–8 ARTICLE IN PRESS Acta Tropica xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Tropica jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actatropica 1 Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with 2 emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus 3 alexandri ∗ ∗ 4 Q2Q1 Elham Jahanifard, Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi , Amir Ahmad Akhavan , 5 Kamran Akbarzadeh, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Yavar Rassi, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat, 1 6 Mohammad Reza Shirzadi , Ameneh Karimi 7 Department of Medical Entomology &Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghlab Ave. Poorsina St. Tehran, PO 8 Box 6446, Tehran, Iran 9 2510 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 11 12 Article history: Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) is still a serious health problem in Iran. The objective of the 13 Received 22 February 2014 study was to determine the differences in sand fly biodiversity in Shush (plain) and Khorramshahr (lit- 14 Received in revised form 12 August 2014 toral) Counties, Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. Sand flies were collected using sticky paper traps 15 Accepted 18 August 2014 from urban, semi urban, agricultural and natural ecotypes. Alpha and beta diversity were calculated using 16 Available online xxx Shannon–Weiner index and Jaccard’s and Sorensen’s coefficients, respectively. Synanthropic index was 17 determined for the first time for Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri in different land use 18 Keywords: categories in Iran. Totally 11213 specimens, 68.47% in Shush and 31.53% in Khorramshahr, were col- 19 Diversity lected. Eleven species of sand flies including, 2 of genus Phlebotomus and 9 of genus Sergentomyia were 20 Synanthropic index 21 Richness identified. Sergentomyia christophersi was found as a new record. Dominant species were P. papatasi and 22 Shannon–Weiner index Sergentomyia sintoni. Shannon–Weiner index, richness and evenness in semi urban area of Shush County ␣ 23 Ecology of sand flies were more than other habitats. The analysis of biodiversity showed that agricultural ecosystem of Khor- 24 Iran ramshahr County had the highest diversity due to maximal richness and diversity and also relatively high evenness. Comparison of similarity of the sand flies population composition between Shush and Khor- ramshahr indicated the maximum similarity between the urban area of Shush and the semi urban area of Khorramshahr (Sj = 75% and Ss = 86%). Synanthropic index of P. papatasi and P. alexandri were calculated − to be 83.34 and −91.18, respectively in Shush County. Estimated synanthropic indices for P. papatasi and P. alexandri in three habitats (natural, semi urban and urban) habitats of Khorramshahr County were − 69.84 and −85.89, in the same order. The factors for having high diversity of sand flies in the plain area studied may be due to higher annual precipitation, the related land use and land cover. The changes on the composition of sand flies are perhaps due to human intervention in their natural habitats. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. 26 1. Introduction (Yaghoobi-Ershadi, 2012). Khuzestan Province in Southwest Iran is 30 considered to be an important endemic focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous 31 27 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), due to Leishmania major is a Leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to environmental impact of the warfare 32 28 neglected disease that occurs throughout the old world. In Iran, (Nadim et al., 2008). In the past, the incidence of ZCL was relatively 33 29 disease is endemic in many rural areas of 17 out of 31 provinces low; however, as a result of high CL incidence among soldiers dur- 34 ing Iran–Iraq war, leishmanization program was carried out from 35 1982 to 1989 on more than 200,000 Iranian soldiers. During the war 36 (1980–1988), there were over 10,000 reported cases among sol- 37 ∗ Corresponding authors. at: Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, diers and immigrants every year. In 1983, more than 3000 patients 38 School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, P. O. were treated at health centers and clinics in Khuzestan (Nadim 39 Box 6446, Tehran 14155, Iran. Tel.: +0098 21 42933114; fax: +0098 21 88951393. et al., 2008). 40 E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] The first entomological studies on CL in Khuzestan were con- 41 (M.R. Yaghoobi-Ershadi), [email protected] (A.A. Akhavan). 1 ducted during 1962 in Shush, Dezful, Abadan, Izeh and Ahvaz 42 Zoonoses Department, Center of Diseases Control (CDC), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Counties and 20 sand fly species were collected: Phlebotomus 43 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.017 0001-706X/© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. Please cite this article in press as: Jahanifard, E., et al., Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in southwest Iran with emphasis on synanthropy of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.017 G Model ACTROP 3445 1–8 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 E. Jahanifard et al. / Acta Tropica xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 44 alexandri Sinton, Phlebotomus halepensis Theodor, Phlebotomus (1999) found that soil types and underlying geology can model the 110 45 jacusieli Theodor, Phlebotomus keshishiani Shchurenkova, Phle- distribution of sand flies in central and southern Sinai. 111 46 botomus neglectus Tonnoir, Phlebotomus mongolensis Sinton, Alpha (or within habitats) diversity is the most common form 112 47 Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli), Phlebotomus tobbi Adler, Theodor of inventory diversity, which records the number of taxa per area 113 48 & Lourie, Phlebotomus salehi Mesghali, Phlebotomus sergenti Par- of homogenous habitat therefore reflecting species packing within 114 49 rot, Sergentomyia antennata Newstead, Sergentomyia baghdadis a community. Beta (or between habitat) diversity is the category of 115 50 (Adler & Theodor), Sergentomyia dentata arpaklensis (Perfiliev), differentiation diversity that measures the variation in taxonomic 116 51 Sergentomyia iranica Lewis & Mesghali, Sergentomyia mervynae composition between areas of alpha diversity (Magurran, 1988). 117 52 Pringle, Sergentomyia palestinensis Adler & Theodor, Sergentomyia To obtain useful information about vector control and their bio- 118 53 sintoni Pringle, Sergentomyia squamipleuris (Newstead), Sergento- logical indicators of environmental changes caused by man, the 119 54 myia theodori Parrot and Sergentomyia tiberiadis Adler, Theodor & present study aimed to identify the current situation of species 120 55 Lourie (Nadim et al., 1974). Another study conducted in Ahvaz and composition, diversity, richness and community similarity of sand 121 56 Dezful also added two other species of Sergentomyia clydei Sinton flies and analyzing the level of synanthropy of species captured in 122 57 and Sergentomyia pawlowski Perfiliew to the sand flies fauna of this different ecotypes in two important foci of ZCL located in Khuzestan 123 58 province (Javadian and Nadim, 1975). Jahanifard et al. (2009) also Province, plain (Shush) and littoral (Khorramshahr) areas, which 124 59 reported P. papatasi, P. alexandri and P. mongolensis in Hoveizeh and experienced extensive environmental changes over the last three 125 60 Shadegan marshlands of Khuzestan. Natural promastigote infection decades. 126 61 was observed in several occasions in P. papatasi, P. alexandri and S. 62 sintoni from rodent burrows in Ahvaz, Shush and Shushtar Counties 63 (Javadian and Mesghali, 1974) of the province. Kavarizadeh et al. 2. Materials & methods 127 64 (2013) collected 10 species of sand flies (P. papatasi, P. alexandri, P. 65 mongolensis, S. sintoni, S. antennata, S. mervynae, S. theodori, S. clydei, 2.1. Study area 128 66 S. tiberiadis and S. palestinensis) in Musian District, situated in north- 67 west Khuzestan Province. Also, they reported species composition The study was conducted from March 2012 to January 2013 129 68 in Musian to be the same as those in other parts of Iran. in two counties of Khuzestan Province, Shush and Khorramshahr, 130 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 69 Akhoundi et al. (2012) collected 16 species of sand flies (P. southwest Iran. Shush County (32 11 21 N, 48 15 28 E) is sit- 131 70 papatasi, P. sergenti, P. mongolensis, Phlebotomus caucasicus, Phle- uated in northwest of Khuzestan at an altitude of 71 m above 132 71 botomus jacusieli, Phlebotomus major s.l., P. tobbi, Phlebotomus the sea level (Fig. 1), with a hot and arid climate. In 2012, 133 72 perfiliewi, Phlebotomus kandelakii, P. halepensis, Phlebotomus bre- the average maximum and minimum monthly temperatures 134 ◦ 73 vis, Phlebotomus longiductus, Phlebotomus balcanicus, S. sintoni, S. were reported to be 15.9–30.23 C. The total annual rainfall 135 74 dentata and S. theodori in northwestern Iran in 2010. P. papatasi was 236.8 mm (https://edata.sci.org.ir/AllUser/Directory TreeCom- 136 75 had been the predominant species in many areas, followed by P. plete.aspx). Wheat, rice, corn and summer crops are the major 137 76 perfiliewi and P. kandelakii. They found that two districts (Meshkin- produces. The county has 3 districts, 5 towns and 195 villages. 138 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 77 Shahr and Sarab) had the highest similarity with a high diversity Khorramshahr County (48 10 45 N, 30 26 21 E) at an altitude 139 78 and richness.