CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY NOTE ...... 1

PART ONE Work Product of the 108th International Seminar “CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE COMBAT OF ORGANIZED TRANSNATIONAL CRIME” Visiting Experts’ Papers •Recent Trends of Organized Crime in Europe: Actors, Activities and Policies against Them by Ernesto Ugo Savona (Italy)...... 5

•The Threats Posed by Transnational Crimes and Organized Crime Groups by Frank J. Marine (United States) ...... 25

•Transnational Smuggling of Aliens and Stolen Vehicles by Lau, Yuk-kuen (Hong Kong) ...... 54

•The Evolution of Drug Trafficking in the Pacific Rim by Lau, Yuk-kuen (Hong Kong) ...... 61

•Current Problems in the Combat of Transnational Organized Crime by Dimitris Vlassis (United Nations Office at Vienna) ...... 68

•The Organized Crime in India: Problems and Perspectives by Madan Lal Sharma (India) ...... 82

Participants’ Papers •General Picture of Organized Crime in Japan: The Activities of Organized Criminal Groups Based In or Outside Japan by Yutaka Nagashima (Japan)...... 130

•Current Problems in the Combat of Transnational Organized Crime: Pakistan Perspective by Tahir Anwar Pasha (Pakistan)...... 147

•Current Situation of Transnational Organized Crime in the Philippines by Alberto Rama Olario (Philippines)...... 171

iii •An Overall Assessment of Transnational Organized Crime by Muammer Yasar Özgül (Turkey) ...... 181

Reports of the Seminar •Topic 1: Current Situation of Illicit Drug Trafficking ...... 195

•Topic 2: Current Situation of Organized Crimes (Except Drug Trafficking) ...... 230

•Topic 3: Legal Framework against Transnationl Organized Crime by Criminal Justice Systems in Different Countries ...... 243

•Topic 4: Current Situation of Detection and Investigation ...... 250

PART TWO Work Product of the 109th International Training Course “EFFECTIVE TREATMENT MEASURES FOR PRISONERS TO FACILITATE THEIR RE-INTEGRATION INTO SOCIETY” Visiting Experts’ Papers •The Importance of the Appropriate Management of Risk and Reintegration Potential by Don A. Andrews (Canada) ...... 261

•Some Old and Some New Experiences: Criminal Justice and Corrections in Finland by Matti Laine (Finland) ...... 271

•Community-Based Treatment for Offenders in the Philippines : Old Concepts, New Approaches, Best Practices by Celia Capadocia Yangco (Philippines) ...... 283

•Effective Treatment Measures for Prisoners and Drug Addicts to Facilitate their Reintegration into Society by Lohman Yew (Singapore) ...... 301

•Current Trends in Correctional Programming in the U. S. A by Kenneth G. Adams (United States) ...... 315

Participants’ Papers •Effective Treatment Measures for Prisoners to Facilitate their Re- integration into Society : The Ghanaian Experience by Asiedu William Kwadwo (Ghana) ...... 327

iv •Treatment Programmes for Offenders Run by the Hong Kong Correctional Services by Chung, Wai Man (Hong Kong) ...... 341

•Effective Treatment Measures for Prisoners to Facilitate their Re- integration into Society by Yossawan Boriboonthana (Thailand)...... 348

Reports of the Course •Rehabilitation Programmes in the Prison to Prevent Prisoners' Recidivism : The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasures by Group1 ...... 360

•Early Release of Prisoners to Facilitate their Re-integration into Society: The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasures by Group2 ...... 391

•Rehabilitation and Correctional Programmes in the Community to Prevent Recidivism by Discharged Prisoners : The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasures by Group3 ...... 414

APPENDIX ...... 437

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