Understanding Violent-Crime Recidivism
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Improving Recidivism As a Performance Measure Ryan King Brian Elderbroom Washington State Offender Accountability Act of 1999
Improving Recidivism as a Performance Measure Ryan King Brian Elderbroom Washington State Offender Accountability Act of 1999 Goal: “reduce the risk of reoffending by offenders in the community” Legislation calls for Department of Corrections to: • Classify supervised individuals based on risk of reoffending and severity of prior criminal offending • Shift resources toward higher-risk persons Washington Recidivism Rates Source: Washington State Institute for Public Policy Establishing Metrics for Success and Assessing Results Why measure correctional performance? • Understand the outcomes of funding and policy decisions • Assess the effectiveness of justice agencies at reducing reoffending • Provide the best return on taxpayer investments Most Common Correctional Performance Measure: Recidivism The Good: • Correctional interventions (prison, community supervision) are supposed to reduce reoffending, so recidivism is a natural metric for success The Bad: • Frequently a single-indicator, which doesn’t allow for policy-relevant comparisons across groups • Irregularly collected • Presented absent context Four Steps to Make Recidivism a Meaningful Performance Measure Define Collect Analyze Disseminate Definition Use Multiple Measures of Success Desistance Severity Time to failure Behavior Change Time to Failure (Delaware) Percent Rearrested 2008 2009 2010 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 12 18 24 36 Months from prison release Collection Develop Protocols to Ensure Data Are Consistent, Accurate, and Timely Assign unique identifiers Develop long-term records Collect contextual information Update change in status Photo: Flickr/Kevin Dl Breaking Recidivism Down by Policy- Relevant Factors (Colorado) 3-year return to prison rates for 2010 release cohort Analysis Account for Underlying Composition of the Prison Population Photo: Flickr/Thomas Hawk Photo: Flickr/Thomas Hawk Remember that Washington Story from Earlier . -
Casenotes: Criminal Law—Homicide—Felony-Murder—Felon Is
University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 9 Article 9 Issue 3 Spring 1980 1980 Casenotes: Criminal Law — Homicide — Felony- Murder — Felon Is Culpable for Murder in the First Degree under Maryland's Felony-Murder Statute When Police Officer Kills Kidnapped Hostage Used by Felon as Human Shield. Jackson v. State, 286 Md. 430, 408 A.2d 711 (1979) John A. Roberts University of Baltimore School of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, John A. (1980) "Casenotes: Criminal Law — Homicide — Felony-Murder — Felon Is Culpable for Murder in the First Degree under Maryland's Felony-Murder Statute When Police Officer Kills Kidnapped Hostage Used by Felon as Human Shield. Jackson v. State, 286 Md. 430, 408 A.2d 711 (1979)," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 9: Iss. 3, Article 9. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol9/iss3/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CRIMINAL LAW - HOMICIDE - FELONY-MURDER - FELON IS CULPABLE FOR MURDER IN THE FIRST DEGREE UNDER MARYLAND'S FELONY-MURDER STATUTE WHEN POLICE OFFICER KILLS KIDNAPPED HOSTAGE USED BY FELON AS HUMAN SHIELD. JACKSON v. STATE, 286 Md. 430, 408 A.2d 711 (1979). At common law, when one commits homicide while perpetrating a felony, the felony-murder rule raises that homicide to murder.' In Maryland, when a person commits murder in the perpetration of one or more statutorily-enumerated felonies, that murder is in the first degree under the state's felony-murder statute.2 Maryland courts have readily applied this statute when the felon has struck the fatal blow.' Recently, in Jackson v. -
Life Imprisonment and Conditions of Serving the Sentence in the South Caucasus Countries
Life Imprisonment and Conditions of Serving the Sentence in the South Caucasus Countries Project “Global Action to Abolish the Death Penalty” DDH/2006/119763 2009 2 The list of content The list of content ..........................................................................................................3 Foreword ........................................................................................................................5 The summary of the project ..........................................................................................7 A R M E N I A .............................................................................................................. 13 General Information ................................................................................................... 14 Methodology............................................................................................................... 14 The conditions of imprisonment for life sentenced prisoners .................................... 16 Local legislation and international standards ............................................................. 26 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 33 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 36 A Z E R B A I J A N ........................................................................................................ 39 General Information .................................................................................................. -
Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2015 Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2625217 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156-1239 (2015) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod EVIEW R ABSTRACT This Article introduces to legal scholarship the first sustained discussion of prison LA LAW LA LAW C abolition and what I will call a “prison abolitionist ethic.” Prisons and punitive policing U produce tremendous brutality, violence, racial stratification, ideological rigidity, despair, and waste. Meanwhile, incarceration and prison-backed policing neither redress nor repair the very sorts of harms they are supposed to address—interpersonal violence, addiction, mental illness, and sexual abuse, among others. Yet despite persistent and increasing recognition of the deep problems that attend U.S. incarceration and prison- backed policing, criminal law scholarship has largely failed to consider how the goals of criminal law—principally deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retributive justice—might be pursued by means entirely apart from criminal law enforcement. Abandoning prison-backed punishment and punitive policing remains generally unfathomable. This Article argues that the general reluctance to engage seriously an abolitionist framework represents a failure of moral, legal, and political imagination. -
Recidivism Among Federal Violent Offenders
Recidivism Among Federal Violent Offenders UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION United States Sentencing Commission One Columbus Circle, N.E. Washington, DC 20002 www.ussc.gov William H. Pryor Jr. Acting Chair Rachel E. Barkow Commissioner Charles R. Breyer Commissioner Danny C. Reeves Commissioner Patricia K. Cushwa Ex Officio David Rybicki Ex Officio Kenneth P. Cohen Staff Director Glenn R. Schmitt Director Office of Research and Data January 2019 Kim Steven Hunt, Ph.D., Senior Research Associate Matthew J. Iaconetti, J.D., M.A., Assistant General Counsel Kevin T. Maass, M.A., Research Associate TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four VIOLENT AND VIOLENT VIOLENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NON-VIOLENT OFFENDERS INSTANT OFFENDERS PRIOR OFFENDERS Introduction.........................................2 Offender and Offense Offender and Offense Offender and Offense Characteristics....................................8 Characteristics..................................18 Characteristics..................................30 Key Findings........................................3 Recidivism Findings...........................11 Recidivism Findings...........................21 Recidivism Findings...........................33 Measures of Recidivism and Methodology......................................4 Robbery Offenders............................27 i Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five APPENDICES VIOLENT AND VIOLENT VIOLENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NON-VIOLENT OFFENDERS INSTANT OFFENDERS PRIOR OFFENDERS CONCLUSION -
Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders
Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover photo: © Rafael Olivares, Dirección General de Centros Penales de El Salvador. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 © United Nations, December 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Preface The first version of the Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, published in 2012, was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, and Yvon Dandurand, crimi- nologist at the University of the Fraser Valley, Canada. The initial draft of the first version of the Handbook was reviewed and discussed during an expert group meeting held in Vienna on 16 and 17 November 2011.Valuable suggestions and contributions were made by the following experts at that meeting: Charles Robert Allen, Ibrahim Hasan Almarooqi, Sultan Mohamed Alniyadi, Tomris Atabay, Karin Bruckmüller, Elias Carranza, Elinor Wanyama Chemonges, Kimmett Edgar, Aida Escobar, Angela Evans, José Filho, Isabel Hight, Andrea King-Wessels, Rita Susana Maxera, Marina Menezes, Hugo Morales, Omar Nashabe, Michael Platzer, Roberto Santana, Guy Schmit, Victoria Sergeyeva, Zhang Xiaohua and Zhao Linna. -
Indeterminate Sentence Release on Parole and Pardon Edward Lindsey
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 8 | Issue 4 Article 3 1918 Indeterminate Sentence Release on Parole and Pardon Edward Lindsey Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Edward Lindsey, Indeterminate Sentence Release on Parole and Pardon, 8 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 491 (May 1917 to March 1918) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. INDETERIMlNATE SENTENCE, RELEASE ON PAROLE AN) PARDON (REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE.') EDWARD LINDSEY, 2 Chairman. The only new state to adopt the indeterminate sentence the past year is North Carolina. In that state, by act of March 7, 1917, entitled, "An act to regulate the treatment, handling and work of prisoners," it is provided that all persons convicted of crime in any of the courts of the state whose sentence shall be for five years or more shall be -sent to the State Prison and the Board of Directors of the State Prison "is herewith authorized and directed to establish such rules and regulations as may be necessary for developing a system for paroling prisoners." The provisions for indeterminate .sentences are as follows: "The various judges of the Superior Court -
Case Law Update, March 2019
Sex Offender Registration and Notification in the United States Current Case Law and Issues March 2019 Sex Offender Registration and Notification in the United States: Current Case Law and Issues March 2019 Contents I. Overview of U.S. Sex Offender Registration ......................................................................... 1 Registration is a Local Activity ................................................................................................. 1 Federal Minimum Standards ................................................................................................... 1 National Sex Offender Public Website ..................................................................................... 1 Federal Law Enforcement Databases ...................................................................................... 2 Federal Corrections ................................................................................................................. 3 Federal Law Enforcement and Investigations......................................................................... 3 II. Who Is Required to Register? .......................................................................................... 3 ‘Conviction’ .............................................................................................................................. 3 ‘Sex Offenders’ ......................................................................................................................... 4 ‘Catch-All’ Provisions ............................................................................................................. -
Brf-01-2007-Life-Imprisonment-En 0
Penal Reform International Penal Reform Briefing No 1 • 2007(1) ISSN: 1993-0526 ‘Many countries have replaced the death penalty with the sentence of life imprisonment. In many countries that does not mean life in prison. It means time in prison, usually in regular prisons with other prisoners and moving to lower security prisons as the years go by. Release comes after a complex and I must say expensive process of risk assessment – psychiatric reports, probation reports, sometimes the views of the victim’s family are taken into account – and when release comes the person is let out of prison but is still not free. The person comes out with an identity as a life-sentence prisoner. That lasts for the length of his or her life. It can mean reporting to the authorities, the possibility of being returned to prison, telling employers and the local police, always being known as someone who committed the worst crime.’ Baroness Vivien Stern, speech to the Second World Congress against the Death Penalty, Montreal, 6 October 2004. Alternatives to the death penalty: the problems with life imprisonment This briefing examines the use of life imprisonment worldwide, including the increasing trend of life imprisonment without the possibility of release, or life without parole (LWOP). Emerging trends indicate an increase in the number of offences carrying the sanction of life imprisonment, a greater prevalence of indeterminate sentencing, a reduction in the use of parole, and the lengthening of prison terms as a whole. The abolition of the death penalty has played a significant role in the increased use of life imprisonment sentences, and LWOP in particular. -
Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Executive Summary September 1995, NCJ-156831 Spouse Murder Defendants in Large Urban Counties By Patrick A. Langan, Ph.D. 87. The average age was 39. The average age of hus- BJS Statistician band defendants was 41; of wife defendants, 37 years. and John M. Dawson former BJS Statistician Arrest charge Following are highlights from Spouse Murder Defendants First-degree murder was the most frequent charge at in Large Urban Counties. The full report may be ordered arrest, accounting for 70% of defendants. In descending using the form on page 4. order of seriousness, charges were distributed this way across the 540 spouse murder defendants: Number of spouse murder defendants and their 70% first-degree murder demographic characteristics 24% second-degree murder 6% nonnegligent manslaughter In 1988 the justice system in the Nation's 75 largest coun- ties disposed of an estimated 540 spouse murder cases. How the justice system disposed of spouse murder Husbands charged with killing their wife outnumbered cases wives charged with killing their husband. Of the 540, 318 or 59% were husband defendants and 222 or Cases were disposed of in one of three ways: 41% were wife defendants. (1) the prosecutor declined to prosecute; or Blacks comprised 55% of the 540 In spouse murder cases, wife defendants were less likely to be convicted defendants, and and to receive severe sentences than husband defendants whites comprised 43%. Among hus- 11 % Not prosecuted Probation 5 % band defendants 46 % Pleaded guilty 51% were black and 318 husbands Sentenced to Jail 1 % 41 % Convicted at trial 45% were white. -
Still Life: America's Increasing Use of Life and Long-Term Sentences
STILL LIFE America’s Increasing Use of Life and Long-Term Sentences For more information, contact: This report was written by Ashley Nellis, Ph.D., Senior Research Analyst at The Sentencing Project. Morgan McLeod, Communications Manager, The Sentencing Project designed the publication layout and Casey Anderson, Program 1705 DeSales Street NW Associate, assisted with graphic design. 8th Floor Washington, D.C. 20036 The Sentencing Project is a national non-profit organization engaged in research and advocacy on criminal justice issues. Our work is (202) 628-0871 supported by many individual donors and contributions from the following: sentencingproject.org twitter.com/sentencingproj Atlantic Philanthropies facebook.com/thesentencingproject Morton K. and Jane Blaustein Foundation craigslist Charitable Fund Ford Foundation Bernard F. and Alva B. Gimbel Foundation Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund General Board of Global Ministries of the United Methodist Church JK Irwin Foundation Open Society Foundations Overbrook Foundation Public Welfare Foundation David Rockefeller Fund Elizabeth B. and Arthur E. Roswell Foundation Tikva Grassroots Empowerment Fund of Tides Foundation Wallace Global Fund Copyright © 2017 by The Sentencing Project. Reproduction of this document in full or in part, and in print or electronic format, only by permission of The Sentencing Project. 2 The Sentencing Project TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 5 I. Overview 6 II. Life by the Numbers 7 III. Crime of Conviction 12 IV. Gender 14 V. Race and Ethnicity 14 VI. Juvenile Status 16 VII. Discussion 18 A. Divergent Trends in Life Sentences 18 B. Drivers of Life Sentences 20 C. The Death Penalty as a Reference Point for “Less Punitive” Sentences 22 V. -
Sex Offender Registration and Notification in the United States
Sex Offender Registration and Notification in the United States Current Case Law and Issues March 2018 Sex Offender Registration and Notification in the United States: Current Case Law and Issues March 2018 Contents I. Overview of U.S. Sex Offender Registration ......................................................................... 1 Registration is a Local Activity ................................................................................................. 1 Federal Minimum Standards ................................................................................................... 1 National Sex Offender Public Website ..................................................................................... 1 Federal Law Enforcement Databases ...................................................................................... 2 Federal Corrections ................................................................................................................. 3 Federal Law Enforcement and Investigations......................................................................... 3 II. Who Is Required to Register? .......................................................................................... 3 ‘Sex Offenders’ ......................................................................................................................... 4 Kidnapping .............................................................................................................................. 4 ‘Catch-All’ Provisions .............................................................................................................