Vol 10 October 2011

2011 Liberian General Election CEO’s Corner: By Lindokuhle Khumalo Advancement of African and Justice Mkhabela Leadership Page 6 Dr Matlotleng Matlou—Chief Executive Office of the Africa South Africa’s Foreign Institute of South Africa Policy in the Zuma Gov- ernment: or the past five years the first tee. This is an African driven and funded By Tseliso Thipanyane week of October has been anx- initiative, using 23 data providers and F iously awaited by many Africans over 40 000 raw data items; giving it Page 7 and our global partners. For this is when greater acceptability across the conti- the Mo Ibrahim Index is released as well nent. The index presently covers 86 indi- as the announcement of the winner of cators (having started at 58 and fluctu- the Mo Ibrahim Prize (worth ated up to 88) across the four categories The Road to COP 17 US$5million) for the Advancement of of safety and rule of law, participation African Leadership (to a head of govern- and human rights, sustainable economic By Nomasonto Magano ment or state for outstanding achieve- opportunity, and human development, ments). For the years 2009 and 2010 these categories have 14 sub-categories. Page 9 there was no winner. In 2011 former Many observers argue that indexes can president Pedro Pires of Cape Verde was be wrong and do not tell the whole pic- declared the winner by the Prize Com- ture; indeed this is partially true. How- mittee made up of prominent Africans ever, they can be a useful tool and pe- Muammar Gaddafi and and others, chaired by Salim Salim for- rusing various regional or global indexes the Regime Change. mer prime minister of Tanzania, and sec- they almost always reflect rankings of retary general of the Organisation of countries and regions more or less accu-

African Unity. rately; for example, those of the African By Otsile Malebaco In 2007 and 2008 the Kennedy School Development Bank, Transparency Inter- Page 12 of Government, Harvard University in national, United Nations World Eco- the USA, led the process of developing nomic Forum, World Bank, etc. The aver- the index, then handed over the project age for the continent being 50, with So- to a consortia of African academic and malia the lowest at 8 (it has been at war GIS Analyses: The non-governmental organisations since 1991), the highest regional average Potential of Renewable (CODESRIA, CDO Ghana, IREEP Benin and was Southern Africa at 58 and the lowest Resources in Africa including board members of the Mo Ibra- Central Africa at 39 (the most unstable him Foundation, amongst others) form- and conflict ridden region).

ing the technical and advisory commit- By Mpho Mutavhatsindi Continues on page 3 Page 18 Editorial By Otsile Malebaco here are three ingredients in want to produce. Intelligence is what the good life: learning, earn- Africa has and the motivation is what ‘T ing and yearning’. The quote we are working on. by Christopher Morley sum-up Africa in In this issue, the build up to COP 17 October. written by Nomasonto Magano with We have seen, heard and read of three Books to be launched at the con- admirable governing lessons for nations ference on page 9. Looking back at the and the continent. Learning, earning seminars AISA hosted by Adv Tseliso and yearning can be used in achieving a Thipanyane page 7, Mmatshilo Motse In this issue goal successfully. Success refers to page and Dr Sylvester Maphosa. goals, missions or objectives achieved In addition, the views and analysis through hard work. Africans are yearn- of Africa, starting with the 2011 Libe- Celebrating Africa’s Hero- ing for peace and stability which we are rian General Election page 6, Muammar ines: Nobel Prize Laure- 4 working on through diplomacy and Gaddafi and the Regime Change page ates from Liberia individual contributions. Evidently two 12 and GIS Analyses: The Potential of African women that are contributing to Renewable Resources in Africa page 18. Book Launch – Coopera- this is the Liberian President Ellen John- tive Diplomacy, Regional son Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee, for Africans are on track to succeed! Stability and National 5 their activism for peace. Currently, Af- Interests: The Nile River rica is learning to practice good leader- and Riparian States. ship ethos. Looking at Libyan conflict, the Libyans are yearning for a country Forthcoming Publications with liberal democracy, it is unfortu- nate of the killings for the civilians. to be launched at COP17 10 Africa will definitely earn world ad- African She Elephant miration as a key role player as we are Leadership: Seminar 11 yearning and learning. ‘Life's Secret Formula for Achievement and Success’ From the Archives 14 is as follows: Yf+ Yt +Yd + Ya = YR. YR x t = Your Making peace in the Future+/. Your focus + Your decisions + midst of violence: local 17 Your time + Your actions =Your Results. Your Results x time = YOUR FUTURE +/-. peace-building in South It is important to know the result you Kivu Africa Elections Update – October 2011 20 Africa Institute of South Africa Vision:

‘An Indispensable African voice on African Affairs’

Page 2 Continues from page 1 mit this in November 2011, for consid- eration by Cabinet. Long term plans are Sudan is still treated as one country in useful to the extent that they outline spite of South Sudan attaining independ- strengths, weaknesses, opportunities ence on 9 July 2011. Hopefully next year and threats and therefore reveal visions it will be treated separately. The use of and intentions. However, plans cannot maps to illustrate the information in its implement themselves and this is where index makes the Mo Ibrahim Foundation South Africa’s greatest challenges lie. report easily readable and understand- Since 1994 there have been numerous able. The maps showing the various re- plans by developed government and sults are included in our newsletter. sometimes together with social partners In 2010 South Africa came fifth (after – business, civil society and labour – but Mauritius, Cape Verde, Botswana and the levels of implementation have been Seychelles) scoring 71,5 per cent. It re- variable and disappointing in relation to tained its position behind the same the nine challenges above and many countries as for the past four years, but more. went down to 0,5 per cent to 71 this Consequently, the warning infra of year (safety and rule of law drags it the NPC is chilling and hopefully should down), with Mauritius at 82. As men- rock many out of their complacency; tioned previously Mauritius, Cape Verde, many who believe and want this country Botswana and Seychelles lead the pack and they may be relatively small coun- to indeed fulfil its constitutional princi- tries in population size, but they also ples and immense potential must stand have exemplary governance and socio- up and be counted. It states that economic development terms. There are ‘Elements of these indicators are already many African countries with similar visible in South Africa, though their populations which continue to do poorly. strength and prevalence is uneven and Of course one can argue that the Mo differs from sector to sector. If they Ibrahim Index got it wrong in 2010, just like many other observers taken by sur- could become more prevalent the coun- prise by the Arab Spring, in relation to try’s progress could be stalled, its gains North Africa. It is interesting that this reversed and even foundational aspects region is significantly marked down in of democracy unravelled. If these threats 2011 on participation and human rights. are not tackled the probability of decline However, Tunisia and Egypt are numbers will increase.’ Many African countries 9 and 10 in spite of the upheavals they are growing at an average of 5-6 per have faced since December 2010. The Mo Ibrahim Index findings mirror cent annually, even if off low bases. those of the National Planning Commis- South Africa is hovering between 3 to 3,5 sion’s Diagnostic Review, issued in June per cent and there are predictions that 2011, which recognises nine major chal- Nigeria and Egypt will have overtaken it lenges as holding back South Africa’s by 2025. If little is done to drastically development and fuelling the vicious deal with the challenges outlined by the cycle of poverty and inequality. These are unemployment, poor educational NPC many other countries will speed outcomes, resource intense economy, past South Africa. Could the axing of non divided communities, crumbling infra- -performing and ‘corrupt’ ministers, sus- structure, inefficient public service, cor- pension of the police commissioner and ruption, spatial Apartheid and high dis- appointment of a judicial inquiry by ease burden. These findings are not new President Zuma this month, be a small and have been articulated in some cases light at the end of the tunnel or is this a before 1994 and consistently since then, by numerous local and international ex- band-aid? Time will tell! perts and institutions. The NPC’s man- date is to develop a plan for South Africa covering the period up to 2030 and sub-

Page 3 Celebrating Africa’s Heroines: Nobel Prize Laureates from Liberia

By Brenda Modisaotsile Ellen Johnston Sirleaf, Africa’s first suaded women to dress in all white in elected woman president started her demonstration of peace and ending n explaining the reasons behind position as a president in 2006, making war. One report mentions an incident in awarding two African women, women rights her priority. She sanc- particular where in the middle of inter- I namely Liberian president Ellen tioned an expansive rape law which was nationally sanctioned peace talks in Johnson Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee, a passed immediately after her win at the Ghana in 2003, Gbowee grew enraged peace activist from Liberia on the 7th of polls to protect sexual and gender- at the sight of warlords living in comfort October 2011, the Nobel Peace Prize, based violence. In 2006, Sirleaf estab- and luxury in a hotel while in Monrovia the committee stated, ‘We cannot lished a Truth and Reconciliation Com- ordinary men and women – and chil- achieve democracy and lasting peace in mission with a mandate to ‘promote dren – starved to death. This partly in- the world unless women obtain the national peace, security, unity and rec- cited General Leymah to hold hostage same opportunities as men to influence onciliation’ by investigating more than the powerful thugs and bureaucrats. developments at all levels of society.’ 20 years of civil war in the country. She Gbowee was also the founder and The two are the second and third Afri- marshaled women across religious and leader of the Liberian Mass Action for can women to receive the prestigious ethnic lines to help end Liberia's second Peace, a coalition of Christian and Mus- honor after the late Wangari Muta civil war and ensure women's participa- lim women who sat in public protest Maathai Kenyan social activist and envi- tion in elections (more on Liberian elec- ( who confronted both Charles Taylor ronmental crusader in 2004. President tions, page 6). and the rebel warlords he was fighting) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Leyman and intervened in the peace negotia- Gbowee deserved the award because of tions and even held a sex strike. championing non-violent struggles for The Noble peace prizes won by the safety of women and for women’s these African women bear testimony of rights to full participation in peace- their bravery, leadership, risk taking, building work. The two have changed courage and determination in a male the image of Liberia as a gun possessed dominated world. At a global scale this and drug-induced nation to a nation achievement can also be appreciated by with clear sense of civility and normal- underscoring the fact that of the 43 ity. women in total who have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2011, three are from Africa.

Leymah Gbowee. Picture sourced: www.emu.edu

Leymah Gbowee’s peaceful anti-war protest contributed to ending a 14 year long circle of war, in 2003. Gbowee tells her own life stories in a book she au- thored titled, Mighty be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Changed the World. She was a colum- Picture sourced: www.umc- nist on African issues in The Daily Beast northerneurope.org and appeared at the 2010 Women in the World summit. She always per-

Page 4 Book Launch – Cooperative Diplomacy, Re- gional Stability and National Interests: The Nile River and Riparian States.

Unit. Unfortunately Prof Adar was un- able to make it to the launch. The event was well attended by staff members and external guests. Representatives from ten different countries also formed part of the dele- gation. After the presentation by Mr Check and the Ambassadors from the Arab Republic of Egypt, North Sudan and South Sudan, the floor was opened for debate. Overall, the event was a great suc- cess and a substantial number of books were purchased. This is the first of many launches to be hosted by AISA.

Mr Check Achu, co-editor of Cooperative Diplo- macy, Regional Stability and National Interests: The Nile River and Riparian States. By Nonjabulo Mabuza

n the 6th of October, the Af- rica Institute of South Africa Dr Matlotleng Matlou, (AISA) hosted its first book Ambassador H E Dr M B E M O Zayed (Egypt) and Ambassador launch on their own premises. The Extraordinary Dr AY Ahmed book was conceptualised by the Peace ( Republic of Sudan) and Security Unit of the Institute which held a conference in November 2010 in Nairobi entitled ‘The Interface between National Interest and Regional Stability: The Nile River and Riparian States’. The book is a culmination of two main events. Firstly, it focuses on case studies of Egypt, Eritrea, Kenya, Sudan and Uganda as well as the 1929 Anglo- Egyptian Treaty. Secondly, it addresses African and European the interlocking national and regional ambassadors at the book launch centrifugal and centripetal issue areas which concern the Nile River Basin states discussed by experts from Bu- rundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Tanzania. The book was edited by Korwa Adar, thr previous Research Director at AISA and Nicasius Achu Check, a Research Specialist in the Peace and Security

Page 5 2011 Liberian General Election

ened to boycott the polls. The party al- leged that the NEC was fraudulent and ineffective in addressing its demands for the dismissal of the electoral commis- sion’s commissioners including its chair- person, James Fromayan, who the party has accused of favouring the UP. The standoff led to Fromayan voluntary re- signing “for the sake of Liberia and so that CDC would not have an excuse not to participate in the run-off”. However, despite the CDC’s success in pressuring the former NEC chairman to step down, Tubman still adamantly stated his reluc- tance to participate in the second round demanding a recount of the first round By Lindokuhle Khumalo and tain an absolute majority (more than ballot. Considering the riots which re- Justice Mkhabela 50% vote) of the valid votes cast, a presi- sulted from election disputes in 2005, dential run-off election has to take place the recent fraud accusations threaten n its first domestically organized whereby the two frontrunners in the the relative peaceful atmosphere in the election poll since the 1989-2003 elections participate in the contest. Ac- country. On the other hand, the Interna- I civil war, Liberia held what has been cordingly, Johnson-Sirleaf and Tubman tional Criminal Court has stated that it is widely deemed a peaceful electoral proc- are the two contenders who are ex- closely monitoring the process and has ess. According to that country’s National pected to take part in the run-off elec- also voiced a stern warning against any Elections Commission (NEC), 1 288 716 tions, as has been declared by the NEC. party that resorts to violence. Liberians voted in the presidential and The first round of the elections were Meanwhile, Johnson-Sirleaf is re- legislative elections which were held on monitored by about 800 local and 4000 ported to be a strong favourite for the 11 October 2011. 4 457 polling places international observers who generally presidential run-off. Her popularity is were set up across the country to enable stated that the voting was largely free, partly due to the endorsement she has all eligible voters to cast their votes in an fair and transparent with no major ir- secured from Prince Johnson who has electoral process significantly viewed as regularities or incidents of violence. The urged his supporters from Nimba county a test of the West African country’s pro- post-election period however saw about to support her in the second round. gress since the 14-year long civil war instances of violence and intimidation. Johnson won more than two-third of the which left about 250 000 dead and the According to news reports, two arson votes in that county. Support from the infrastructure in ruins. Voters had a attacks took place less than a week after majority of the citizens of Nimba will be choice between 925 presidential and the completion of the polls. One of these highly valuable for Johnson-Sirleaf in legislative candidates who participated in attacks was waged on an independent boosting her chances to win a second the elections. radio station which is believed to favour term in office as that county is Liberia’s The results of the first round of the Tubman’s party, the CDC. Another attack second-most populous. According to the presidential and legislative elections followed two days later on the headquar- UP, other former rebel leaders from the were announced on October 25 declaring ters of Johnson-Sirleaf’s UP. There have war are also backing Johnson-Sirleaf. the incumbent president Ellen Johnson- also been allegations of vote rigging The vote is viewed as an indicator of Sirleaf of the Unity Party (UP) as having which led to nine parties that partici- the country’s progress since the civil war won 43.9 per cent of the vote, followed pated in the first round of the elections - which ended eight years ago. It is be- by the Congress of Democratic Change’s including the CDC and the INPFL - sub- lieved that investors are closely studying (CDC) Winston Tubman who received mitting a statement indicating their with- the manner in which the elections are 32.7 per cent. The National Union for drawal from the electoral process. being conducted so as to inform their Democratic Progress nominee and for- The second round of the presidential decisions as to whether they should go mer rebel leader Prince Johnson came elections was scheduled for November 8, ahead in pouring billions of dollars to third in the poll winning about 11.6 per 2011. Although the CDC was initially pre- develop mineral, energy and agricultural cent. According to Liberian Constitution if pared to partake in the runoff, it took resources in that West African state. none of the presidential candidates ob many by surprise when it later threat-

Page 6 South Africa’s Foreign Policy in the Zuma Government:

A human rights based policy or a pragmatic policy based on political and economic considerations

By Tseliso Thipanyane display a commitment to human rights focus in uman rights constitute one of South Africa’s foreign pol- the values upon which the new icy and international rela- H South Africa is founded upon tions - as seen in Man- and are an important cornerstone of its dela’s stand over the exe- democracy. The advancement of human cution of Ken Saro-Wiwa rights – that are universal, indivisible and by the regime of the Nige- interrelated – should thus be at the heart rian dictator, Sani Abacha of South Africa’s foreign policy and – and was held in high should inform its international relations regard by the interna- and activities. tional community though Nelson Mandela in acknowledging not by many African lead- this position, indicated in 1993 that hu- ers adverse to human man rights will indeed be a pillar of South rights and democratic Africa’s foreign policy and went on to say governance. that ‘[h]uman rights will be the light that Mbeki’s government guides our foreign affairs’ and that South did continue with the pro- Africa will be ‘at the forefront of global human rights approach in efforts to promote and foster democratic South Africa international Adv Tseliso Thipanyane, presenting “South Africa’s For- systems of government.’ relations mapped out by eign Policy in the Zuma Government: Human rights policy or a Global developments on the role of Mandela and also made pragmatic policy based on political and economic considera- human rights in international relations important contributions in tions” since the establishment of the United the establishment of the African Union attracted criticism from many quarters in Nations in 1945 and the international and its Constitutive Act with its progres- the international human rights. The support South Africa (and Mandela) re- sive provisions in the advancement of Economist regarded these developments ceived in the human rights struggle human rights in the region, the establish- as amounting to the squandering of against apartheid certainly contributed ment of NEPAD and its African Peer Re- South Africa’s reputation as a ‘beacon of to Mandela’s position and boldness. view Mechanism amongst other meas- human rights’. Mandela’s position was supported by ures. President Zuma’s government also provisions of South Africa’s constitution However, the need for the Mbeki started with a lot of hope that the trend which provide that human rights consti- government to forge closer relations and of moving away from human rights con- tute one of the values upon which the cooperation with African leaders in pur- siderations that began to emerge under new South Africa is founded upon and an suit of greater influence and other geo- Thabo Mbeki’s government will be halted important cornerstone of its democracy. political and trade considerations led to a and reversed. The stand taken to arrest The Constitutional Court in S v Makwan- more pragmatic approach in South Af- President Bashir of the Sudan if he was yane, in respect of these provisions held rica’s foreign policy and international to come to South Africa – in line with that the respect, protection and promo- relations that resulted in less emphasis South Africa’s international treaty obliga- tion of human rights should ‘be demon- on human rights. This approach saw tions – was one such example of this ex- strated by the State in everything that it South Africa siding with China and Russia pectation. does.’ to block resolutions on human rights Notwithstanding several challenges violations committed by countries such and failures, Mandela’s government did as Zimbabwe, Iran and Myanmar and Continues on page 8 Page 7 Continues from page 7 ducts its international relations like a vision and policy – foreign policy and ship without a rudder that gets tossed up international relations have largely been However, two years later, worrying de- and down by waves of competing inter- the preserve of a few! velopments have emerged that raise ests – leading to perceptions and con- Transparency (and even prohibition serious concerns and questions about cerns that South Africa’s government is of foreign political funding to avoid South the role of human rights in South Africa’s moving even further away from the posi- Africa’s foreign policy and international foreign policy and international relations tion established by Mandela in relation relations being influenced by foreigners that cast doubt on the South Africa’s to international relations and human with deep financial pockets and with ability to regain or maintain its credibility possible agenda’s that might not be in as a beacon of human rights in interna- the interests of the people) should also tional relations. These developments ‘The current develop- be central to this vision and policy. include; South African’s role or stand in Past and current events have shown that the AU’s refusal to cooperate with the ments in South Africa’s a human rights-centered foreign policy International Criminal Court in its action and international relations do pay divi- against African leaders such as President foreign policy and inter- dends in terms of a country’s sustainable Bashir of Sudan and Uhuru Kenyatta national relations high- development, prosperity and stability. amongst others. South Africa’s unsatis- On the other hand, short-term gains of factory adherence to international hu- light a lack of a cohe- foreign relations not anchored in human man rights treaty reporting obligations rights do incur long terms loses as the US and failure to ratify important interna- sive and comprehen- support for Hussein Mubarak of Egypt tional human rights treaties such as the has shown. International Covenant on Economic, sive and documented While human rights are not the only Social and Cultural Rights; and South consideration in any country’s foreign Africa’s position in the UN Security Coun- foreign policy’. policy and international relations and cil in relation to the unsuccessful resolu- while it is also recognised that trade and tion on Syria amongst other develop- rights. This also suggests a very low pre- geopolitical issues will also be taken into ments. mium placed on human rights in South account; human rights – as Mandela The delay in granting the Dalai Lama Africa’s foreign policy and international stated in 1993 – should be at the heart of a visa to attend Archbishop Desmond relations under Zuma’s government. South Africa’s foreign policy and should Tutu’s 80th due to suspected pressure South Africa is thus in need of much inform its international relations and from China or fear of displeasing China – clearer vision in its foreign policy and activities. South Africa should pursue its its biggest trading partner (after China’s international relations – a vision that trade and geo-political interests in a disapproval and response to visits of the genuinely and meaningfully place human manner that does not undermine its obli- Dalai Lama in the USA and other coun- rights at the centre of South Africa’s for- gation to advance human rights democ- tries) highlights the challenge South Af- eign policy and international relations. racy in its international relations. rica faces in maintaining human rights as The current draft white paper on South the anchor or pillar of its foreign policy Africa’s foreign and international relations in view of policy and interna- competing economic and geopolitical tional relations, considerations under the Zuma govern- notwithstanding its ment. vagueness in hu- The resultant cancellation of the trip man rights posi- of the Dalai Lama to South Africa at- tions, is a good tracted much criticism and also drew a start. sharp response from Archbishop Tutu The involvement of who said the government was ‘worse the public in mat- than the apartheid government’ and ters of international warned that South Africans might find relations is impor- themselves having to pray for the down- tant and necessary fall of the ANC government some day. in order to hold The current developments in South government and Africa’s foreign policy and international bureaucrats who relations highlight a lack of a cohesive formulate and im- Prof Narnia Bohler-Muller, Adv Tseliso Thipanyane and Prof and comprehensive and documented plement foreign pol- Phindile Lukhele-Olorunju. foreign policy. The lack of this policy has icy more account- led to a situation where South Africa con- able and should be encouraged in such a

Page 8 The Road to COP 17

Image Sourced from http://www.iied.org/

By Nomasonto Magano arises from the United Nations Confer- mitigation actions being reviewed and he seventeenth Conference of ence on environment and development, analysed by the international community the Parties (COP) to be held in this conference is informally known as AISA will be hosting two day events at Durban from the 28th November the Earth Summit. The ultimate objective COP 17. On the 29th November, AISA, T th to the 9 December will serve as a rubi- of the UNFCCC treaty is to reduce the together with Erasmus Mundus African con between Kyoto Protocol and new effects of human activity on climate Chapter, as well as the Department of climate change agreement. Much is ex- change. Science and Technology is organising a pected out of the discussions from COP Deriving from the past engagement of symposium on Transdisciplinary Studies 17. As it has happened in the past nego- the negotiating member states, the out- on Climate Change and Green Economy tiations, various country positions are in standing issues to be resolved at COP 17 in Africa. The symposium is a platform existence. While the expectation of the include amongst other things: for young scholars to discuss issues per- developing countries is to see the life There is a need to reach a consensus taining to climate change in Africa. On th span of the Kyoto Protocol being ex- on a legally binding agreement from the 30 November AISA in partnership tended, the developed countries are ada- all countries that keep the Kyoto with UNISA, EXXARO and Institute for mant that a new platform should be ne- Protocol alive while also taking for- Global Dialogue (IGD) will launch three gotiated. In the existence of this schism, ward the Bali Action Plan. books pertinent to issues to be discussed it is obvious that there are quite a num- at COP 17, namely Green Economy and To establish a formal link that relates ber of contagious issues that will be dis- Climate Mitigation: Topics of Relevance UNFCCC to Kyoto Protocol. cussed during COP 17. to Africa, Overcoming Barriers to Climate COP meets annually to assess the pro- To reach an agreement on emission Change Adapta•tion Implementation in gress of climate change issues. This an- reduction targets for the industrial- Southern Africa, and Energy Transition in nual meeting has taken place since the ised countries while the developing Africa. mid-1990s when the United Nations countries require an action plan that Framework Convention on Climate will assist the developing to limit Change (UNFCCC) entered into force. The their emissions. UNFCCC was established as an To establish suitable guidelines for devel- ‘international environmental’ treaty that oping countries expected to have their

Page 9 Forthcoming Publications to be launched at COP17 in November 2011

The Africa Institute of South Africa Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) in Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) is (AISA) in collaboration with UNISA and collaboration with the Institute for proud to announce: Energy Transition EXXARO are proud to announce: Green Global Dialogue (IGD): Overcoming Bar- in Africa ries to Climate Change Adaption Im- Economy and Climate Mitigation Top- plementation in Southern Africa ics of Relevance to Africa

Editors: Lesley Masters and Lyndsey Editors: Thokozani Simelane and Mo- Editor: Godwell Nhamo Duff hamed Abdel-Rahman Available: November 2011 Available: November 2011 Available: November 2011

he book comes at a time when lobal climate change is possibly he world’s energy consumption key role players are battling to the greatest environmental and demand is increasing expo- T find solutions to a challenge of G challenge facing the world in T nentially. While this appears to our time - climate change. To address the twenty-first century. Although often hold hope for Africa, the reality is that some of the concerns, the authors iden- referred to as ‘global warming’, climate Africa is still trapped in darkness when it tified topics of relevance to Africa, change encompasses serious disrup- comes to energy production and distri- among them: discourses surrounding tions to the world’s entire weather and bution. Of critical concern is that the the green economy and sustainable climate patterns, including impacts on world’s supply of fossil fuels and its re- development; financing green econo- rainfall, extreme weather events and serves are decreasing and locating new mies; carbon bench marking; role of rising sea-levels, as well as moderate to reserves has become difficult. This shift multilateral development banks in car- extreme global temperature increases. in energy sources pose a challenge and bon financing; and carbon taxation. The Like most other developing countries in opportunity for Africa, as it will need book mainstreams climate change into the world, Southern African nations are substantial investment in infrastructure, ‘unfamiliar’ territories, such as account- finding it increasingly difficult to imple- technology and human capital for Africa ing, finance, management, education, ment adaptation activities as a result of to catch up with the international economics and banking. I would recom- a number of barriers. In an effort to trends of generating and supplying en- mend this book to readers destined to explore and identify the full spectrum of ergy from renewable sources. Of become influential in addressing cli- barriers to adaptation, the research and greater advantage is that Africa is en- mate change. analysis of this book is divided into five dowed with abundant sources of re- Professor Valiant A. Clapper sections – political, economic, financial, newable energy, which if exploited Deputy Executive Dean: College of Eco- technological and social barriers. maximally can place Africa in the fore- nomic and Management Sciences front of the world’s energy production UNISA, South Africa and supply.

Page 10 African She Elephant Leadership: Seminar

By Nomasonto Magano awards, including the United Nations Habitat Scroll of Honour award for her n the 7th of October, Africa In- important role in fight against violence. stitute of South Africa hosted a Dr Matlou, the CEO of AISA wel- O seminar by Mmatshilo Motsei. comed everybody as well as the The inspiring seminar was to teach speaker. Professor Narnia Bohler-Muller women to lead with the power of the then introduced Mmatshilo Motsei and feminine. Mmatshilo is a community she mentioned books by Mmatshilo organiser, author, poet, spiritual health that had a huge impact on her life, Pro- coach and a mother. After obtaining her fessor Narnia went to on to say that nursing qualifications, she worked as a South Africa requires more courageous nurse and a mid-wife; she later became woman such as Mmatshilo that speak out for women. Guests and AISA staff started ululating when Mmatshilo intro- Mmatshilo Motsei presenting her ‘Africa She duced herself by reciting a Tswana Elephant Leadership” Seminar. praise poem to describe who she is. While there is progress being done ety. to have more and more women in The older elephants pass on their power, there still exist a challenge of knowledge to younger generation. integrating masculine and feminine It could be knowledge of plants in modes of leadership. There are lessons the environment in which they live. to be learned from the African she ele- Elephants could be miles away but phant since the herd of the elephant is they will still communicate with matriarchal and ‘without the she ele- each other. They use rumblings to phant the herd is seriously disadvan- communicate with other elephants taged.’ The lessons we can learn from far away. the African she elephant are as follows: As we lead we should invoke a leader- Even though the she elephant is a ship that is caring and that comes from large animal, it is very quiet. The the heart. The she elephant uses its lesson to learn is that even if you power to communicate, to protect the have power, there is no need to herd and to unlock the genius in all. Prof Narnia Bohler-Muller and Dr Matlou show off and make others infe- rior. a lecturer at Lebone College of Nursing The she elephant and then a social science researcher at is very smart and Wits University. In 1990 Mmatshilo has amazing completed her Bachelor of Arts Honours memory. in Psychology at University of South The family of ele- Africa (UNISA). She went on to work as phants works as a a counselor, trainer, gender and peace team. Elephants activist as well as a rural development have no orphans practitioner. Mmatshilo has done a lot and we need to of work to curb violence against women find a way to re- and children; she is the founder and solve the issue of director of the Agisanang Domestic orphans and child Abuse Prevention and Training (ADAPT) headed house- NGO that is based in Alexandra, Johan- holds in our soci- nesburg. She has received many Mmatshilo Motsei with Prof Narnia Bohler-Muller Page 11 Muammar Gaddafi and the Regime Change

By Otsile Malebaco

uammar Gaddafi was the de- facto ruler of Libya since he M led a military coup d'état overthrowing King Idris I in 1969. As Hu- man Rights Watch has pointed out: ‘the end of Muammar Gaddafi’s 42-year rule over Libya which presented the country an opportunity in ending an era of hu- man rights abuses’. The conflict that eventually led to Gaddafi’s demise has been viewed as ‘popular uprising’ that resulted in removing the long term leader to allow for fair democratic prac- The current Libyan flag, which was adapted after gaining independence in 1951 from tise as it happened in Tunisia, Egypt, and Italy. This flag was used by Libyan protesters and the NTC adapted the flag. is happening currently in Syria and Yemen. reportedly paying Ghanaian mercenaries dent of the Republic of Sudan. The Libyan conflict began with a for their services. Reports from Libya also On 17 March, the United Nations peaceful protest on the 15th February confirmed involvement with Belarus, and Security Council passed a resolution im- 2011 by Libyans who protested in Ben- the presence of Ukrainian and Serbian posing a no-fly zone in Libya. Later, NATO ghazi over the incarceration of Fethi Tar- mercenaries. The Swedish peace re- announced that it would be taking over bel, a lawyer representing families of search institute SIPRI reported flights the command of the no-fly-zone opera- prisoners killed in 1996. The protests between Tripoli and a dedicated military tions. then escalated into an uprising which base in Belarus which only handles stock- Subsequently airstrikes continued spread across Libya met with military piled weaponry and military equipment’. with reports from the Libyan Health min- force by Gaddafi’s regime. During the On the 27th of June 2011, the ICC is- istry that ‘114 people had been killed and conflict, the rebels with called for a re- sued warrants of arrest for Muammar 445 wounded’ since the airstrikes began. turn to the 1952 constitution and the Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam and brother ‘NATO claimed that it was enforcing the transition to multi-party democratic -in-law Abdullah al-Senuss (Intelligence no-fly zone on rebels as well as on gov- state. Chief) under Article 7 of the Rome Stat- ernment forces. However, an unidenti- It has been reported that ‘Gaddafi's ute. According to Matt Steinglass of The fied rebel pilot and an air traffic control- violent response to his nation saw sev- Financial Times ‘the charges call for Gad- ler claimed that NATO agreed to let them eral ambassadors and diplomats resigned dafi, and his two co-conspirators, to attack government targets after approv- from their posts in protest. Other gov- stand trial for the murder and persecu- ing a request by the rebel military coun- ernment officials refused to follow or- tion of demonstrators by Libyan security cil’. ders from Gaddafi, and were jailed for forces since the uprising based in the Since 20 August, ‘diplomats of the insubordination’. country’s east that began in February’. United States, the United Kingdom and During the conflict between Gaddafi and The Libyan officials supporting Gad- France began working on a UN resolution the Libyan rebels, ‘Gaddafi accused the dafi rejected the ICC's warrants, stating to release some of the frozen Libyan as- rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al that the ICC has ‘no legitimacy whatso- sets to the NTC. Resistance was met from -Qaeda. His military forces killed rebel- ever’ and that ‘all of its activities are di- China and Russia, who felt that the move ling civilians, and relied heavily on the rected at African leaders’. Libyan justice would formally recognise the NTC as the Khamis Brigade, led by one of his sons minister Mohammed al-Qamoodi re- de facto government of Libya. On 25 Au- Khamis Gaddafi, and on tribal leaders sponded that, ‘The leader of the revolu- gust, the UN sanctions committee re- loyal to him’. The acts of killing civilians tion and his son do not hold any official leased $500 million of frozen Libyan as- can be characterised as crimes against position in the Libyan government and sets following a direct request by the US. humanity, as defined in Article 7 of the therefore they have no connection to the South Africa only agreed on the condi- Rome Statute of the International Crimi- claims of the ICC against them’. This tion the money would be used for hu- nal Court (ICC). made Gaddafi the second serving state- manitarian It was alleged that ‘he imported foreign leader to have a warrant issued against mercenaries to defend his government, him, the first being Omar al-Bashir, presi- Continues on page 13

Page 12 Continues from page 12 neath the road west of the city. Around the constitution offers a golden oppor- noon NTC fighters found the group and tunity for positive change in Libya’. purposes, but blocked the release of a took Gaddafi prisoner, shortly after- NATO supported NTC in removing Gad- further $1 billion for the NTC itself’. ward, Libya's Prime Minister and sev- dafi as Libya’s leader acting according The National Transitional Council (NTC) eral NTC figures confirmed Gaddafi's to the no-fly zone resolution by the UN was recognised by the United Nations death, claiming he died of wounds suf- and some European states providing as the legal representative of Libya on fered during his capture’. military support to the rebels and NTC. the 16th September 2011. Controversy surrounds the death of All of this begs the question: was this In October 2011, the city of Sirte Gaddafi, as cell phone footage depicts an incident of illegitimate western in- had been occupied by NTC forces, al- him being beaten and shot. He has terference and regime change in Africa though fighting continued around the been buried in an unmarked grave in and if so, what does the future hold for city until Gaddafi was captured. It was Libya, after his body being displayed in Libya and the rest of the continent post stated that ‘He had been in a convoy of a shopping mall. -Gaddafi? vehicles that was targeted by a French On the 28th October 2011 it was re- air strike on a road about 3 kilometres ported that The ICC was in contact with west of Sirte, killing dozens of loyalist Muammar Gaddafi's son Seif al-Islam fighters. Gaddafi survived but was over his surrender. Libya faces chal- wounded and took refuge with several lenges brought by the revolution, of his bodyguards in a drain under- Whitson has said that: ‘The drafting of

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Page 13 From the Archives:

BY Elize van As

In the month of October 2011 six African countries cele- brated their independence: Nigeria 1 October, Guinea 2 October, Lesotho 4 October, Uganda 9 October, Equatorial Guinea 12 October and Zambia 24 October.

Nigeria

he first Europeans to trade in Nigeria were Spanish and Portuguese explorers. T However, on 1 January 1901, Nigeria was declared a British protectorate. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century many wars against subjugation had been fought against the British Empire. Due to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for inde- pendence, the British government granted Nige- ria self-government during the 1950s. A great wave for independence swept across Africa dur- ing the middle of the twenty-ninth century, re- sulting in the independence of Nigeria on 1 Oc- tober 1960 from the United Kingdom. In 1963 Nigeria declared itself a Federal Republic and Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe (popularly known as ‘Zik’) became the first president.

Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe (right), the first president of an independent Nigeria

Guinea

Guinea was colonized by France in the 1890s and made part of French West Africa. On 2 October 1958 Guinea declared its independence from France and Ahmed Sékou Touré became its first president, an autocrat ruler, who ruled by violent oppression until 26 March 1984 when he un- expectedly died. Touré’s term contributed to Guinea being one of the poorest countries in the world.

Ahmed Sékou Touré, the first presi- dent of an independent Guinea.

Continues on page 15 Page 14 Continues from page 14 Lesotho

In 1822, Basutoland (present Lesotho) emerged as a single polity under king Moshoeshoe I. In 1869 Basutoland became a British protectorate after Moshoeshoe’s appeal to Queen Victoria which ended a series of wars fought with the Boers in the Free-State Basotho War. On 4 October 1966 Basutoland gained its independence Lebua Jonathan, Prime from Britain and became the Kingdom of Minister of the inde- Lesotho, with Lebua Jonathan of the Baso- pendent Kingdom of Lesotho tho National Party, elected as the Prime Minister. In 1986, Dr. Lebua Jonathan, who led what was called a ‘de facto’ govern- ment, was forced out of office during a mili- tary coup and executive power was granted to King Moshoeshoe II by the Military Coun- King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho cil. Equatorial Guinea

The island of Bioko was discovered by Portu- guese explorer Fernão do Pó in 1472 who sought a path to India. He called it Formosa (‘Beautiful’). In 1474 the islands of Fernando Pó (present island of Bioko) and Annobón were colonized by Portugal. In 1778, the islands of Bioko and Annobón, adjacent islets and the mainland part between the Niger and Ogoue Rivers were ceded to Spain. They were united as the colony of Spanish Guinea between 1926 and 1959. On 12 October 1968 Equatorial Guinea became independent with Francisco Macías Nguema elected first president and a single-party state was created.

Francisco Macías Nguema, first president of an independ- ent Equatorial Guinea

Continues on page 16 Page 15 Uganda

British explorers searching for the source of the Nile moved inland from the Indian Ocean Coast of East Africa in the 1860s. In 1888 the area was placed under the charter of the British East Africa Company and in 1894 it became a British protectorate. Uganda was the last territory to be integrated and became a Brit- ish protectorate in 1914.On 9 October 1962 Uganda gained inde- pendence from Britain. The first post independence government was headed by Milton Obote as executive Prime Minister, King Edward Muteesa II, the ceremonial president and William Wilber- force Nidiope, the paramount chief of the Busoga as Vice Presi- dent. Following a power struggle between Obote and King Muteesa in 1966, the constitution was changed which led to the removal of the ceremonial president and vice president. In 1967, Uganda was proclaimed as a republic with Obote declared as ex- ecutive president and the traditional kingdoms abolished. Milton Obote, first president of an independent Uganda

Zambia

At the end of the nineteenth century, Zambia was colonized by Britain and became the British colony of Northern Rhodesia. On 24 October 1964, the country declared independence from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Zambia was formed with Prime Minister Kenneth Kaunda the first head of state. Between 1972 and 1991 Zambia was a one-party state.

Kenneth Kaunda, first president of an independent Zamiba

AISA’s Corporate Values: PRIDE

Participation Responsibility Integrity Development Excellence

Page 16 Making peace in the midst of violence: local peace- building in South Kivu,

By Brenda Modisaotsile

n the 27th October 2011, AISA hosted another informa- tive seminar: ‘Making peace in the midst of violence: O local peacebuilding in South Kivu’, delivered by Dr Syl- vester Maphosa, Chief Research Specialist in the Peace and Secu- rity Unit. South Kivu is a highly populated province of about 3,2 million people in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The general topography of the area is varied and replete with tropical forests, mountains, highlands and lowlands which are also very rich in mineral resources. Dr Maphosa avowed that a combination of these factors as well as other triggering socio- political dynamics provides motivation and opportunities for in- surgent groups to mobilize and/or hide. As a result of discussion held in Kibila, Bukavu, Kabare, Businga, Kamanyola-Luvinga, Fizi and Baraka, Dr Maphosa asserted that both armed militias includ- ing state-armed forces have been responsible for severe violence and human rights abuses in South Kivu as they fight for control and access to the region’s rich resource endowment. Dr Maphosa argued that in the process, the social fabric of the region has be- come eroded in terms of its conventional tapestry and ubuntu- A seminar presented by Dr S Maphosa on Octo- like values that have held families and communities together and th with integrity. He argued that this was epitomized by extreme ber 27 2011. war-related trauma and pain and shattered family and community social well- being. In the face of this adversity, how do individu- als, families, and commu- nity members engage in processes of peaceful re- generation in the midst of violent conflict? Thus, this presentation based on focus group discussions and key informant inter- views, attempted to iden- tify research questions and related ideas for policy and psychosocial intervention in fragile situations.

Page 17 GIS Analysis: The Potential of Renewable Resources in Africa

By Mpho Mutavhatsindi

enewable energy is energy which comes from natural re- R sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replen- ished). This article is highly focused on the potential analysis of two types of renewable energy, which is Wind power energy and Hydro power energy.

Wind power Wind power is the energy converted from moving air (wind) through the use of technology such as wind turbines. Wind power has the following advan- tages as compared to other power source: The use of wind turbines does not generate pollution or radioactive waste like most other forms of elec- tricity generation do. Their con- The map represents the number of wind power farms by countries. In this map struction and installation has less the northern countries starting from east in Egypt to west in Mauritania have environmental impact if site analy- wind power farms with Morocco as having the highest number of wind power sis has well investigated; farm of approximately 15 . Most of central Africa countries have no wind farms.

It does not use any non-renewable resources, like coal, natural gas, or oil. Thus, it won't contribute to their Hydro power It does not create air pollution; eventual depletion; Hydro power is generated by using elec- Since the hydroelectric power wind can generate large amount of tricity generators to extract energy from plants do not burn any fuel no pol- electricity that can serve large moving water, previously river and lutants are emitted: Water from the population depending on the avail- streams were used for irrigation and dams can also be used for the irriga- able wind at a particular location; drinking purposes, due to technology tion of farm lands and also chan- Wind energy is also less expensive innovation now rivers and streams are neled from reservoirs to develop as compared to other source of now used for generating electricity, public recreational facilities like power. some dams are constructed along the water parks for water sports and Wind is the primary site requirement for rivers for electricity purpose. When cri- gardens. establishing wind power farms, there- tiquing hydro power energy the follow- fore wind speed needs to be investi- ing found to be the advantages: gated for suitability analysis. An annual Hydroelectric power plants do not average speed of 4.0 m/s can generate require any fuel for producing power. Terrain is another major consid- power as it utilizes of water energy eration when selecting a site, most parts to generating electricity; of northern Africa have high wind speed It is continuously cost effective, of up to 4.5 m/s. Most Sub-Sahara coun- since it does not rely on price of ties have wind speed ranging from 0.5 energy resources like, coal, oil and m/s to 2.5 m/s, except some parts of natural gases; southern Africa and Madagascar whose wind speed is up to 4.0 m/s. Continues on page 19 Page 18 Continues from page 18 Renewable energy resources has a vital role on pro- The map below represents the number of hydro power dams in moting the three pillars of sustainable development Africa, with few countries that do not have hydro power dam. Mo- (economic, social and environmental) to ensure that rocco has the most hydro power dams of about 19 dams. the need of current generation are met without compromising the need as of the future generation. Due to high annual average wind speed over the northern parts of Africa, these region have the ad- vantage of practicing wind power a, whereas the Sub Sahara region have sufficient rivers to construct hydro power dams.

The map shows the distribution of hydro power dam in Africa, many dams have clus- tered in north western Africa (morocco). Some dams are linear distributed over the eastern and western parts of Africa. The Sahara region and some parts of Central Africa have no hydro power dams. Since water is the primary source of hydro power dams, this map also show the distribution of river over the continent (Africa) to ana- lyze the potential of African countries to have hydro power dams. The Sahara region appear to have few river because is the desert area, as that results the countries along that region have no hydro power dam except Egypt with only one Hydro power dam. Some rivers are densely dis- tributed over Sub Sahara region but some countries are not utilizes these river for power generation. The North West coun- tries have more rivers and utilize some these for energy generation.

Page 19 AFRICA ELECTIONS UPDATE – OCTOBER 2011

BY Elize van As

Liberia General Election, 11 October 2011

In the general elections that were held on 11 October 2011, the presidency, all the seats in the House of Representatives and half of the seats in the Sen- ate were up for election. Incumbent President Ellen John- son-Sirleaf won 43,9 per cent of the votes and Winston Tubman 32,7 per cent, run-off election were held on 8 November 2011.

Cameroon Presidential Election, 9 October 2011

Long serving incumbent presi- dent Paul Biya won with a re- sounding 77,99 per cent of the vote. In 2008 the constitution was amended, eliminating the number of terms, allowing presi- dent Biya to rule for another term on top of his already 29 years in power.

Tunisia Democratic Election 20 October 2011

Tunisia’s first ever democratic election took place on 20, 21 and 22 October 2011 in which massive numbers of voters elected a new 217-member assembly that will decide in the country’s government system and appoint e new caretaker president and government for the duration of the drafting process to rewrite the constitution. The moderate Islamist party Ennahda , that was banned for decades , won Tunisia’s first free elections.

Seychelles Parliamentary election , 29 September 2011 – 1 October 2011

Seychelles held early Parliamentary elections between 29 September 2011 and 1 October 2011, after the National Assembly was dissolved following a boycott by the opposition of the July 2011 election. Presidential candidate, Wavel Ramkalawan of the opposition accused eventual winner of the election, James Michel of ‘political bribery’. The Constitutional Court then or- dered the ensuing election in which the ruling party won every single parliamentary seat.

Page 20

EDITORIAL CREDITS

Editor-in-Chief

Yvette Francis

Editor

Otsile Malebaco

Contributing Editor

Associate Editor

Nicol Olivier

Editorial Committee

Brenda Modisaotsile Godfrey Malatji Justice Mkhabela Katlego Moledi Lindokuhle Khumalo Nomasonto Magano Nthabeleng Nkopane Laurette Mkhwebane Mpho Mutavhatsindi

Contributors

Tseliso Thipanyane Elize van As Nonjabulo Mabuza

Contact AISA Focus

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Page 21