Rhode Island History
Pubhvhed by The Rhude leland Hrst oncal Volume 4 1, Number 3 August 1982 'iO(;lcty, \1 Powe r Streel, Providence. Rhode J~I.1n d, 029CX>, and pruned bv a ~u n l trcm t he SU IC 01 Rhode bland .1nd Provide nce Plamauons r ItI'ter h Garrahv, ('.cwernnl Contents lcsued QU.1 l1crl)' ill Providence. Rhode 1..land , Pebruar v ,\b ~', AURU H and Novem ber Second da!>~ po"URe pard The Earliest Prints and Paintings 73 at Providence, Rhode lvland of New England Indians Eduorral ott1l;C~.11 Ald uch House, WI L LIAM S . S IM MONS 110 Benevolent Street. Providence. Rhode l~l.and Oly«.
Rechard F Suplc!> "re f H l O\ll' \ {H TH l "~I ETY Book Reviews 100 C.rl Bnden baugh Svdne v V lam es Anrome ue F D{lwnln~ Corrections !OJ PUIlLICA TIOS, COM MITTE E Dr s.cct>c n I Goldtlw,ky, chonman Gordon Allen Henry L P geckwuh lr Dr Francis H, Cbafee Prot. Howard r. Cbudacutt Wenddl D Garrcn Robert Allen G reene Ted Holmberg Pamela A. Kennedy Leonard 1 Levin Alan Simp"," wm McKenz ie Wood ward W. Chesley Wo rt h m io< lo n STAn Glenn Warrell LaFama..lc, edum Maufl:cn Taylm, " ieturt· ednor Deborah S. Doolittle, c(Jl'veJum lean LeGwln, dl'SiRnC/ The Rhode ls.land H I~r otl ca l Society assumes no reepon ...bllIlYlor th e opnuon.. oj conenbutors Rhode island H, z, t •• I fJ(, ' G , TT :z. 7 !lf.. 7' G 'i~":7 7(. £ ". ? ~ J 1 7 ? 10 10 I) I . .. (" , ., . \ 1 _ * - Cham p/am ,s cnan of FIgure I . tt' l vmoum). S nr LoUI s . I Port . (./1 V ages ( 16 J J . Les voyaget h 1 6 o ~ . from ' of me 10 n l'howgraph comLibra Us )ry Carter 8 rO\V1J The Earliest Prints and Paintings of New England Indians by William S. Simmons" Despite the Importance of Indians In carl" New Engl an d history .md '.\ tI "'lmm"n~ l~ ~ member " I the: Dep..n the co nsiderable ..mount 0 1 h istone and anthr opol oarcal research that mc m 0 1 Amhwr'<)lui/:\ Umvcrvuv "I Coi l uorma, Bcekclcv has been done n n this region. very few authe nuc pnnt -, and pam n nz .. 0 1 I Excellcn t d e ~ \ rl r tl< '" ' ~nol re r T<> ea rly New England Indian s arc kno.... n to exist. This r uor vis ua l recor d ducnon-, " I t he I..hn Wh nc JIJWmi/:' ca n he annbutcd to several ca uses. Perhap s m ost Im po rtant is the tact e m be tou nd In I'Jul H Hulton and nJ vrd B. Q Uinn . Th.· Am,'".',jn O r,j\\lnJ(\ ..r that Rhode Island. Massachusetts. an d Connecticut W l'TC colomced pn 'oh n Whll,', /\?'-/I YO \L" nJ on,m ol manly by Eng lish men and women who had been stron alv mtlucnccd Chapel HIl L N C I Y" JI, v"l~ I JnJ II Thc Chon, wa tcrcohes haw been rc by the values uf seventeenth-century Puntanism. For them, the pur· prod uce d In L" UI ,Chons, VIJ\ ' oJ ,~ ,' pn pose of earth ly life was to glorify God in a use ful calling, and pai nting lOu.\qu.. AurJlOlI 1 .tn ,\ !om Jc. ,j1'C"d.'\ landscapes , American Indians, or even each other did not rank hrghlv rorll,w, d.. "lUl·,j).',', d'Amenque H'an s. l"lll i. JnJ In v rccm .. SJntJ ,\ 1.111.1, in the ir estimation o f useful callmgs Sec ond. no prornment artist [such Th.. F/f'/ ~p \Sam ue l Ehm ~1om.on · s Samuel Dt fig. 21. He was not , however. the first European to visi t New England: Cbamplam. Father of ....·e'IA France (Bo slOn Giovanni dol verrazano had explored Na rragansett Ba.... in the spnng of nlJ Toronto , 1971 11S the most au thoma live conveni ent sou rce on Chamr la.1n's 1524, and tWO Engh sb voyagers, Banbolornew Gosnold and Mamn Ne ..' England VOyilj?;CS, Cbarnplarns manv Pring, had reached th e Massachusetts coast by I h 02 and IhO" respcc d u ns an d skerches are well reprod uced nvely. In th e summe r of 1(,0 5 and again In th e late summer and fall 0 1 In Ihn volume. Marshall H Saville. "Cbamplam and H IS LanJJnlts .II Cape 1606, Champ lam sailed trom New Bru ns...... rck to Cape Cod in sea rch 0 1 Ann. 1M" 1b06," Am encan An ll'luilflan a suitable har bor for French sen lerncnt. Du nne these exploratory tour Soc ll:ty. Proceedm8 ~ . XLIII , 119H1. 1'1 1, J4 ' - ,s/'l9. I;On U LnS much mformarron o n neys, he drew cha rts of a number of prospecnv e sues from Maine ttl rhe I ftO ~ and 1606 \'\s!ts Cape Cod. Several of th ese include sketches of Indian villa ges, hom es, " Mons on, Sam uel De Cnamptam. M and gard ens, Thc charts of Port Samt Louis (Plymouth Harbor] and Pen Mallebarre (Nauset Harbor], both of which appear In his Le.s Voyage., du SieUT de Champlain X aintongecns . ,. (Paris, 1(,1 , !. were dra wn in July I (,O ll, a season ..... hen th e wampanoag and Nauset Indian popu la tions of southeastern Mas sachusetts were concentrated ncar the shore line, where they grew corn, beans, squash. and tobacco, fished and gathered shellfish,' Figure I depicts a dispersed wampanoag village with hemispheri cal bark or mat-covered wigwams and nearby co rn fields . Figure 2 , th e Nauset community, sho ws th e two most co mmo n Figure 2 . Ch amplain 's cban of Mall ebarre (Nauset). 16° 5. from types of houses 10 use amo ng the southern New England Indians, th e Les Voyages (16I jJ. Photog raph hemispherical ..... igwam and the longer, rectang ular. extended-fam ily courtesy of the fohn Carter longhouse. In the upper right of figure 2 IS an eel trap placed in the Brown Ubr ary. mouth of a brook,"where one takes a lor of fish.r" Some twelve to four - , '" , :, .',' '" ".; f '" . • J , PRJ:"T'" A!\:IJ PAI~TI""l,'" or ~[W [!" l;LA!"O I~OIAi'O '" teen years later, the dense Indian populauon of the I'Ivmourh area wa.. , O"'ldll B tk,uh cd A loumoJ/vl destroyed bv dr..ca..c. anJ v..'hen the Pilanms landed there III rfllO, they lho' Ptlgnmc oJI rJI/lWUlh .\lOUll\ Rd<1 lIOn Il"c... YOl k l'l"ll ;;J S F Conk. iound the co untrvs rdc to be eerily de..erred. Champlain also depict ed Tho' tndum /'orU/<1/1tm of X,'I' E/lJ;:1oJnd In Indian communincs at Sacc Bay, G loucester. and Sta~e Harbor (Cape Iho' ~f'I'f'mt·,'mh Ct'lIIu rr. IBcrkdc\". 1.<1' A n l:d t: ~, Lon don. 11l'l'f1I. ly-olo, Codl. Although the Pilgrims wrote extensively about their experiences in America, they left no pictures (If lndmns that are known to have sur vivcd. For the next extant illu ..tr.mnn, WI..' must rump ahead to the I'u nran settlement of Massachusetts B;)~'. The Seal 01 the Governor and Com pany oi ,\ 1as..achuscns Bay wa.. prepared In duplicate by the Lon dun ... ilvcrsmuh. Richard Trott, III 11'02 \1. It hears the figure of an Indian boldmg a straight-bac k bow III his or her lett hand and an arrow In th e right. speaking th e motto, "Corne over and help us ." which appears In J pennant alongside the head. This motto rctlccts Puman missionary thinking and not Indian Wishes. A ..ccond seal known a.. the "Leverett seal" replaced the original sometime between 11'07\ and Ifl7fl and rc mamed in use unnl about 1M-if. The Leverett sea l shows the figure uf J male Ind ian \vI..·;ning a girdle of leaves with an Enghsh-stylc rever se curve how in his left hand an d .m arrnw in the right ami speaking the familiar mono. In 1(,72 an Impression oi the seal appeared which had been prepared lor u..e in pnnunz. Thi.. impression depicts the figure 01 a hcavily-burh tcmalc Indian holdmg a reverse-curve how JnJ an arrow and wcaring J. ",hon pleated skm. This printer's CUI, although used hv th e Cam bndgc printer Samuel C rec n. was probablv made In England. In 1676, th e United Puntan Colorncs prepared an engraved meJJI lor those friendly Indians who had supported the Enghsb III KlI1g Philip's War. This medal bears the figure 01 an Indian woman 111 a tcathcr skm holding a reverse-curve how In her left hand and '1Il ar ro w In her nght. One such medal has survived and ..mcc r\)(-,o has been III the collcc uons of the Museum uj the Amcncan Iridian. Hcvc Foundanon. The Ind ian engraving on nus early pence medal is probably dc nved trom the SCJI of the Governor and Company 01 Massachusetts Bay and most clo..ely resemble.. rhc r672 primer's cut which ..... a.. made 111 London. A second prim er's cut of the colony sea l appeared 111 11'07 , {fig, 11. Thrs woodcut was engraved on the tlat Side of a board by the Boston punter. lohn Foster, and portrays a male Indian dressed with a girdle of leaves. carr ying a straight-back bow. srandmg above three pine trees. and " , speaking the co nvcnuonal motto, "Corn e over and help us ." This IS rhc C OUN CI L carlicst New Em~/and depiction 01 In Indian in punt. The cnpy shown In figure ., IS hom paxc I" ot Inc rease Mather's A thief Historv 0 1 the ~Va(1 with the Indian.~ . ,. (Boston, Ifl71'>1. puhhsheJ hy loh n Foster. AI· Figure J. Male Indian from fohn though Foster was ce nainly familiM with the arpl..,.lTa llCe of Boswn· FOSler 's 1675 I'rinter·.~ CUI of the arl'3 Indians, h is cut rdll'ets Englis h stereotypes uf Ind ians as do all ear· MaHachusetrs·Bay colony ,~eaJ, her versions of thl..' seal. Ahhou,l;;:h tht' straight how and arrow ;1111.1 from Increa:-.;e Ala/her. A Brid pl'rhaps the hair rl'scmhle Ind ian prototypes, l'arly deScFlptlllns oi In· History ( 16 76). Photograph dian c1othin~ by \\'illiam Wood, Rogl'r Williams, D,lmel Gookin, Ed co ur te.~ y of rhe fohn Carter ward Winslow, and others do not ml'ntton Il'a£ or l'ven feathl'r girdles. BrO\vn LJbrar y. 7' rR INT SA Nll I'AJI\T INl;" or r'001:V.· lNl; lAI\ I) 1I\IlIA :-';" Figure 4. A tt ack on the Peq uot Stockade at .\ l yq ic. 16p. from John UnderhilJ . N C;Wl'5 from Amcnca (16)8J. Pho to~ raph cou rtesv of the John Carter Brown lsbrarv. to joh n D Cu~hml: . 'A Not<: C"m,:nn According, to a nineteenth-century Nantucket legend. the mod el for mit the ."1a"Olchu'''l: II~ ,M;l\' Colonv Seal.' th e Mas sachusetts Bay colony sea l was As Philip ..... as mi srepresen ted in history, so he was misrepresent ed in art, The ea rliest picture of Philip is an engraving made by Paul Revere for the sec ond edmon of Beruarnm Church's The Eruertainmg Huiotv of King Philip's War , , . [Newport. I 77l!, printed by Solomon South Pl . Wilhams's ChTl51r'1lmgs.\Iukt NOI wick [fig. 61. Bradford Swan has argued persuasively that Revere's Philip Ch'UUllns .... a ~ repnmed by Sidney S Ride, as Rhode Island H15101Ica/ Trael is in fact a composite based upon mezzotints of two Mohawk sachems No. t4 [Provid ence. IIi!h l. The author who visited London in 171 0 , an d thus is not a liken ess of Phili p or even .... rshes 10 {hank Ronald ]. O norato uJ the of a New Englan d Algonquian. Mos t subseque nt pictures of Philip, Department uJ Art at {he Umvcrsnv oj Rhode Island lur 5U/1Jo:eS l mjol th e sumlantv which appear in later edi tions of Church's History and elsewhere, can bet....een fig. s ami the goddess Diana be traced to the Revere original. No authent ic portrayal of Phi lip is 9. Romeo Elton, ed., Callendcr's lIulOr /Cal DIscour se. Rhode Island Hrstoncal known to exist." Furt he rmore, no co ntempora ry pic ture of any event SocICty, Collecflons. IVl 18Jlll. 116-111 in King Philip 's War is known to have been made. Figure 7 shows one 10. Bradford F. S....an. An Indian's an In · of the earliest woodcuts of the Great Swamp Fight of December 19, dian Of. me seve ral Sou rces 0' Paul ge vere's Engraved Po'traH of Kmg PhIlIp 1675, where Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut forces over [Prc vrde nce, 19591;" Pnnrs of the Amen. whelmed the palisaded Na rraganse tt retreat deep in the G reat Swa mp can Indian, 167 (,)- 11 7S ," in Wallc t MUir whllchlll, ed .. BoH on Prmts and Prml ' in South Kingstown, This wood cut, taken from page 235 of John Bar mokets 1670- 177$I&)5Ion, 1913 1, ber 's His tory and Antiquities of New Englan d , . . [Worces ter, 1841 ), 169 -171. r R I N T S, AN II I'A JN ll t" c s II ~ I\;l W I N t ; LA [\; 11 IN n r A[\;';' --- ~- - - Figu re 6, Fictitious engraving of King Philip by Paul Revere from Beniarmn Church, T he Entertaining Hist ory of King Philip's War (1772). Photograph courtesy of the fohn Carter F ~:.=_=='= Brown t.ibrorv. -- Figure 7. Nmeteemh-centurv woodcut of the Great Swamp Fight. 16 75 . from fohn Barber. History and Anuquincs of New England (184 I). Photogwph courtesy of the Rhode Island Historical Socie ty Library (RW X3 2035), 11 Later dcscnpnons of the Crear was made over J 50 years aft er the event had ta ken place. In some ways Swamp Figh t can he seen In Willia m C th e illustration is accurate, for example, in its portrayal of th e English Bryant and Sydney II, Cay. A l'opulor lls s rorv of !he Umced Sw!e.\ INew Yurk , advance int o the fort over a fall en tree, but th e CUI is base d upon writ I ~78 ), ll, ~[ • • and Allan Forb es Other In ten accounts and is not an eye witness drawing." dian Events of New Englund IBosto n, The oil painting ide nt ified as !'ortrait of Ninigtei 11 (fig. H) was In the 1',1.1. d, ll, 9.· posse ssion of the Winthrop family for over two centuries until 194 8, wh en Robert Winthrop gave it to the Museum of An of th e Rhode is land School of Design , T he dat e and authorship of the paint ing are un kn own, and the ide nti fication of Nimgrct II is purely conjectural. Ac co rding tu Winthrop fam ily tradition , Ninigrct I (sachem of the Niantic l'Il.IN T'" AND l'AJr...-Tlr...- C. <; or NIW E: Nl; lA N [) l N Il IA N'" 7 y who lived In what IS now westerly and Cha rles row nl saved the Ilk of 11 Mu/hrm "I rlre Rhode /,I.lIId School lohn winthrop. IL, anJ the painting is 01 the elder Nllll~ret who was an oID"'J!:n .\IlI'cum SOlei. LXIIlINo_ ,. Apnl l 'J77 I, 101 - 10.., loh n Rus sell Hom old man Juring King Philip's War (11'7'i - 16761and who JI l,J sometime [rtr, <;d ., Ldln, ,,1 RU!:l"l \Vl l/h l llJ ', /612 16,~1 . between 1(,7 (, and I n 7'). Constdenng the suluccr's youthful appear Puhlrcunons oj th e Narr Figllfc 8. Portrait of Nrrugrct lI, m} OIl CI1I11'I1" , I1nl,,/ and dill e unknown. Plwtogl£lph coun esv of the Rhode island Schoo} of Design. Mu scum of An. 8o I'IUN]" ANIJ l'AINTlt'.t:" (JI ~IW ll".,lA!"1l ll"lll ...... The Connecticut Mohegan. Reveren d Somvon Occom ( 172 ., - 17(1), was one of the best known Indian authors ;.1IH.I preachers 01 eighteenth ce nt ury America lfi~. ~, fig. 10, and n,l.i. I d . He converted to the New Light Christianity oi the Crear AW.1kl'nmg, III the car!v I7..0S and he ca rne a scboolteach.... r 3~ wel l a...1 rnim .... t cr and community leader among New England and New York Indian'" In Ph, . he travelled to England to rat ..c money tor rlu- Reverend Eleazar Wheelock's !\\om's Charily School in Lebanon. Connccucut. and III his later year... was m flucnual III planmna the cuuzr.mon 01 New England Indians to Broth crtown. Ne w York. where land wa-, mort.' plenntul. The excellent 01 1 pamnng by Nathnmcl Srmbcrt ( ti ~ ql, onamallv rdcnnficd as lndian Figure 9. The Reverend Samson Priest, was probablv painted III Bo"ton between 1", I anJ 17 iii Ii , when Occam. b~' Nathaniel Smiben, Occom was about twvntv-ctght to thrrtv-rhrce vcar .. 01 a.l:l' That Snu oil OIJ CIW\'{l\, ca. l"U-l"\6. ben's tndsan l'nc-t I~ ill Samson Occom hu ... been in terred through PhowXTl1ph ccurtesv 01 the comparison 01 tacral tcaturc... wuh the rnczzoum portrait 01 Occom hv Bowdoin Col/ext' M1Ht'1J1n 0" Arl. John Spilsburv. puhh ... hcd hy Hen rv Parker In London III 1"1i" lfig. 101. This mezzotint wa ... made lrom an Enxh ... h pamnng {which has smce Figure 10. T he Reverend Mr. Samson Occorn. mezcotmr p.\' 1 Spilsburv: 1768, £Iller a p(lmrm~ by M a m ll Chamberlam I1l England. 1766. I'horoxraph counesv of the t'nni Deoartmem. l~()~roll t'ubbc Lib rary. Figure 1 I. The Reverend Samson Occom. engraving. 1768, Photograph ccu rtesv of the Connecncur Histoncat Socrerv • ~I been lo~tl of Occom bv !\la~lln Chamberlain. The third known likeness of Occom is the elghlccnth-century prim, Tbe Reverend Samwm Oc com lti~. Ill, which show.. him sea red In his study. Thl' capnon oj this pnnt reads: "T hc HI..t Indian xtuu ... ter that ever wa ... In EUWpl· who went to Bruam to obr.un channe... lor the ... upport 01 the Reverend Dr. w heeloc k .... Indian Acedcrnv 01 :-.li...... iunanc... among rhc ..avaxe... ot North America in t 7(,1"- On .\1a\" 1(, 11'11\, rbc vi... ltlng SWI...... pamtcr Lukas vischcr 117 11 0 Hqol met a nadmonallv clad Indian In Sramtord. Counccncut. and pamtcd rbc dchcatc watercolor portrait ennrlcd Em lnduuicr ~1I ' dem 5ld~tl! Sc\\ rOll.: \ H ~ III Thr-, Indian, who in addmon to hi ... lon,g han JnJ It.';lthn~ W.I'" wcnnru; red and green IJelJI paint. mav ha\"l' been it Connecncur :\1~lln4ul,Jn who W.J ... vrsruna lrom the Nt:w England In dian commumtv which had cuugr.ncd to Brothenown, :'\lew YOlk . Figure 11.. An tndum In FI,gure I \ chow ... an ol! p.untmg [c a . il'i4.01by In anonvrnou... 3111-,1 01 Stamtord. Connecucut. Hcp-abcth Hcmcnwav 117 '" \ - 1"4.71. a woman 01 H.J...... anuuusco IN lp watercolor 1"1\' Lukas visches. muck] and Atro-Amcncan .mcevrrv who W;IS .ictrve In the \\'OTCl·...tcr r 81.:j l'!lOloXldph courresv 01 Ann-Slavcrv SewlIl~ Circle III I ~q I Ht:J fanulv wa .. trom the Ha ..... ana- Cimvuan F. Pccst. figure r t. ,\ 1r... Hcpsiberh (C T< N..1 Hemenway, 011 on canvas. ca. t s.so. alll.~t unknown. l'hoto} q I I;]I" IJ IIlod,,~tt . .\unl\(Jn Ocmm 11 1.1I"'V~1 N u . 1'-/1\1, W De L,,~s LUH , .>;<11/1"'/1 (kco/l1 <111,1 thr Ctmstnm tndi. ,III' or J\'o' w fnx/,md iB misco co m m u n ity nf Grafto n, Massachuscus. T h is portrait was do nated to the Worcest er Historical Museu m by F. F. Hopkins." Abraham Ouarv IH,l;: . I ~ and H ~ . I,I lived on Nant ucket u nti l h is de ath un November 1" I H ~ ~ , In h is cightv-tlurd yea r, and was nne 0 1 the last Na nt uc ketcrs who could claim substan nallndian an cestry. In the previous ce ntury, from Auguvt 171''\ to Februarv I 7 6 ~ , the Nan tucket Indian community su ucrcd fro m a dcvastaung epidemic that swept away 222 0 1 the Hl'l Indians who were hvi ng nn the Island. By 1801}, only three or tour Indians remained bes rdes a tew more III mixed Engli sh or Aim-American descent. Ouarv shown as a young man m fig ure q (a lithograph by Bufford. Ne ..... York, ca. Hq6-IIi ~o l . based upon an earlier portrait wh ich IS no w luvt ] lived alone In a small couage by the shore and was allowed to culuvate any land he Wished. Ouarv was FIgure 14 . Abraham Quar}; T he painted in his cottage shortly before hi'" death by M rs. Hr rmomc Das Last Indian (II the Nantucket sell tfig. I ,I. Accord ing to one nmeteemh-cent u rv source, "He lived T nbe, hthoKwph bv Bufford, the life of a recluse-s-sad and do wnhearted at being the last of lus race . from ortgmal portrait n nw /OH PhotoKraph ccurtesv 0' the Nantucket tnstoncol A.~sociation. 16 Pcr"Onal commurucanon. David I Comgan. cu taror. Wur(;e~r"'l Hr-nmcal Scciew 17 The author " m dehtcd III DI [1I:a· beth lillie: oi Lincoln and Nantucket lor mrormauon r"I:,1Idm/l: the Quary ponran-, and tor rnuch valuable hthl1l1l: rarhllJI help regardmg Nantucket lndr.ms Roht:n A. dt C urer» 01 Nantucket and Barba ra I' And r..ws 01 th.. Na ntucket Atheneum also have been helpful 10 locatln): and cory ml: Nantucket matcrmls A t hud rOT nan of Abraham O uarr Ihr ,'\1r', [l,t"dll also IS In the cnllccnons 0 1 the Fou l):el Mu ~eu rn uj the Nantucket Hrstorrcal Assocranon. Thu, pamnng shows hrs head and shoulde rs and ar~a" to have bee n don e around the same umc a, Ihe wOlk sho .....n In fiJI, I \ Anonymous, Anr Figure I 5. Abraham O uarv by Hermoine Dassell. oil on canvas. ca. 18.52. Photograph counesy of Robert ds Curcio from the original in the Nantucket A theneum. _____ 1 I'R Il" T" A:o.;O PA INTI N(;., OF l"EW ll" l ; lA l" \) IN DIA N" Hzure 16. Na ntuc ket Indian Princess, oil all canvas, ca. l R ~ o , by Hem un nc Dassell. Photograph ccurtesv of the Rhode Island Historical Sccterj lsbrar v (RHI x~ (9.11, M O.- 17l>I to 2 M o. -1 7 (,~. Nt.llHIKk el AlgonquJan .~lUdle _\. No I I A lc h Jdu!l: ~' Dc par erncrn. The NAntuc ket HIHOrJc Figure 17. Martha Simo n by Albert Bterstadt . 011 on canvas. ca. 1860. Photograph counesv of The Millicent Library, Ponboven. Mass. Figure 18. Esther, th e: last of th e Na rragan setts, from Bryant and Cay. Popular History of th e United States ( l S79}, l'hotograph courtesy of the Rhode lstand Historical Society Library (RHi :<3 44 28). 11 Bryant anu Gay, l'fJl' u! ClJun/l' /nuIlIXt'n,'er, and Identify the prodigious photographic resource!'> on New England In XIX 119711. ,,-...t, Am eh .aG. BmdJ.am . \\ amP 'In Oa ~ " dians, We have concentrated here on the earliest pnnts and pamnngs. Mashpee. Lmd I" lb.' IMa"hr IT, ,\ h ,,,., 1<,1701. Ethel Rlll"e\'am, because from these we have the best possibility of learning what the The !liauaS BlOad~IJe for lht' Amenccn Republican partv, 18~9_ Phow1i: raph In' WIlli am C. Gucta. Cou rresv 01 Rhude Island IIh lori caJ ."ioclen' LJllwr.\' fRill AMERICAN Xl 44 0 ~ J . REPUBLICIN MEETING -....6.T ...... LESTERS'HALL FRIDA EVE'G. APR. I 1859. ( '_ t 'f I T _ <111 ., Hon. CHRISTOPHER ROBINSON, .,(...... ,:.L.~~D..... I.... Hon. CHARLES C. VAN ZANDT. = Let there be a Grand RallY! The Threat of Radicalism: Seward's Candidacy and th e Rhode Island Gubernatorial Election of 1860 by James L. Huston * J dl'~ ol tC" In '''''''0, when tbc to th e nauonal Republican con vcnn on -.\1r Huvnm I ~ ~ \'I~l lI n~ ~~~ "1.I m pr o ..hocked pohncal ob c.: r\'t' r:-. bv choo..m~ Abraham Lin coln m ..read til l <· ~ ~..r 01 hl'W(\' " I Oklahoma \ 1.1[\' Um\·" r~ II\· William H , Sc w J.rJ a rhcrr Prcsidcnnal candidate. comcmpor.mc, rm- 1 Em" '~"n Dand FIIe. fh .. l'n'"J"n mediatelv labeled the acuon a concession to the dictum til ";1\';11)' 11 ,11 C,l mp " Nevi ns . l unergcnce 01 Lincoln. I, triumphed in the congression a l elections 01 l ,s,,s hy swe eping Pennsyl 400-4U4 . D,]Vld M. Porte r. Th., Im pend vania and obtaining the popular vot e in Indiana and Illinois. With these ini{ CTJ~]<; / '~411-1116 1. cd 11'm EFc hr en bac h cr j tv c w York. 1<)7(,1, lZ'-;l(,. fU T stunning con ques ts in the doubtful states . Republicans realized that srmphcrtv's 'Jkc thc t radmonalmnn their chances of victory in I !:lAo were excellent ' prer anon Or th e resuh, 01 th l' clcctu.n of The pivotal groups augmenting Republican strength were the old li'I,1'I IS rl'lalned, OUI 'ct· David E, Mccr sc. "T he Northern Democratic Party ;HId the li ne Wh Igs and nativists. While recent historians have claimed rhar the Con gressional Election s of 11\,1\," c lI'll coalition finally forged between free soil. reformist Republicans, and 1-,//1( Hilton. XIX, !1\l7 11. I t Y-1 H i Ronald l' Fnmuaano, The Hmh " , ,\ 1w 'I for mer American party m embers ultimately explained that the rise and Pull t/t' ..upporttnj; nanvisr C<1nJIl.t.HI:~. ..uch .1 .. EJwJ.rJ Hate.. 01 ,\ 1!s<,o un Yl:t 7 Peter Allen hel\ // 'r T ht' AmerlC3m. we re unda unted hy tht' "l'veflng 01 Ihe IU"lO n and promptly nommated Chnswphe r Rohm ... on lor thl' ..cal wh ich DaVIS - IJIK[ AT Of K Alll l i' ll".'" ' 1· 1"01".1"11<" l nhnnc kh I ~ . '''i ll, coveted, Robinson was routed ny th e partv ,IS the best rcprcscnrauvc of l'nwntcnce kwmal. ApI I. '''1'1 the distnct and one whtl favor ed pnuccnomsm ." The A rmncan-, ab o ,~ AJJn' ~ ~ ,,' Am"ll\JlllkpuhlKJn '>Ull' Cer uralCnmnuttcc III (""l'/d.'un" reminded voters thai the n.mvi..t pnnciplc.. which had swept the stntc /OU f/1lJ! ApI I 11""'1 fou r years before wer e -,ti ll st ronalv held 111 Rhode Island: " Now. 10 IK' 1 \ /"lII /,I.-I1,,'!"U"I T HII. LAT Of ItAIlILALI"' '' Conservatives left the mccung feelin g both an,l.:ry and hitter at what they believed were th e high -banded tactics of th e radicals T he Amen cans did not , ot course. share th e srraighrs' zeal for the slaver v IS"'UC, but the events of the past two mo nths had also hardened their rc...olve aaam ... t the radicals 111 the party. John Brown's raid and the threat ot drsumon shocked th e Rhode Island American s. and th ey feared th e povsibilitv of a southern bovcon of north ern goods whi ch Irate south cmcr-, were advocati ng.•Moreover. at the same time the Am erican Republicans gathered at Providence. th e congress lima I leaders m the Hou...c of Rcprcsentanvcs m Washington waged a bmcr contest ove r the sclecuon of a Speake r. Ommouslv for RhoJc b land partv members Republicans m w asbmgron favored th e elect ion of John Sherman of OhIO as Speaker. But Shcrru.tn's nomination was hodv cont ested hy southerne rs and northern Democrats because he had been one 01 the ma n)' Republican endorsers of Hinton R. Helper's The lmpendms: Cn SIS. a work which advocated the abolmon of slavery. Another cndo r...cr Seth Padeliord ( 1 8 0 7 - 1 8 7 8 1. ot the hook was farmhar to th o...c III Rhode Island : Seth Padclford. Courtesy of Rhode island In the two weeks following I'adcltord's normnanon. the rancor he Historical Socie tv Librar y (JUl l twevn the facuons 01 th e Republican party tilled th e newspapers. XI 4 40ll, Co nsc rvanvcs ca lled I'adc lford's nommanon a "purchased one," and complained that mon ey was "lavished like water." Besides the con scrvanves' ange r at being outmaneuvered at the convenuon. they also leveled th eir sharpes t cn ricism at I 'adcltord's record. A!< one paper ex 1<,1. l'ronJ.'IKl' ['Ie" . Ian <; , lI'l'oO; h'tJ,· ten Telegraph, Ian. 7, '1'1'10, plained, Rhode Islan d was "Sam," and not "Sambo.' Th e Warren Tele ro. ,'\leW!,lJ/l Ncwv. I,TIl, 16 , 11'1'10; W View of the auditonum of H oward H aJJ in Providence. construc te d in 18~9, Thud buildin g by that name on the site, it was razed in 19~6. Co urres v of Rhode Island H is tori cal SOC1CI \' Ls brar v (RH I X3 11381. 11 PwnJ..nc" knsmal. I.1n J I. 1""0 Padeltord lor his radrcahsm and indicated the Democrats ' wil hngm.. " ... t rovidence I\HI. ran 1>, lan 1, lan .., to support a conservative cand idate. William Simmo ns reported to his I ~ bo ; W C Simmons til IF Stmmuns. Ian l tl, l/lbo, Sunm.. n ~ r.lrcr ~ brother that a breakup 01the Republican part y in the state see med im II W C vrmmon-, to IF 'ummons. minent and that a Democrat-consc rvanvc coah uon cou ld auam VI C Ian 10, I lll'oo. Slmmun, Papo: r" ,\'el,port N ew\, Fell . ,. (!'Ina; I'rrwh/..",:,,/<>u1n<1I. tor y: "You know th e American tcchng IS strong throughout th e State 0 reb I. feb . 1. I!! I>O. fur ba ckRf uunJ on every thing is bro ught to bear agams t P. &. It looks At then ccnvenuon the conscrvauves ourhned the Issues upon 10. Prm'IJt'nu loamal. feb p . l~f>O . which they woul d challenge Padeltord. T he ir firs t rcsoluuon read: 21. f'ro..,Jt'nu Post. feb 14 f eb H . feb. 17.."h l 1 "-hI. " . ...tu. I~ ..\br 17. That so me o f the doc tri nes of Helper 's book, deliberately endor sed I !It,O jquotc 110m ."b r 10, 1"601 111 . QUOlC110m .\'''''Torl ,11,'",,,.,. •"'M \ , and recommended by the nominee for Governor, of the .nh o f lan i seo. See also Nev..,..."l Ne",. ,\ 1.1[ ~. uary State Convention, are as rad ical and revolutionary in their M ar. 1 \. M ar lli. ,"13.r. 17. I ~ {, O , \\' 'I l'wl'/drIK. · l'rrvv. Ar r ~. 11'/'>0. Simmons was mulling over Iu s comnuuncnt to th e gubernatorial can Prvwrdcncrl'ust. h ·b 1 ~, M ar I . I M,O; w didarc. his brother reminded him, "There arc il great many 01 yr. strong C "'l mm,,"~ IU r F 'lmm"n~ Feb H I. t xeo, Srmmon-, rApt:" friends in this [cc nservan ve] movement. o, you know, vou haw nu 'Jmm"n~ , \ ] \\' C , .mm,,", IU r F thing to hope from the radical poruon 01 the party. They have alv..·J. ys ." .1 1 'i I liflO N lIm IJn~r.: III 1 F vim. m.. n ~ , Feb I \, I sec ... .mmon-, rArer, been opposed to you t-.. always will be." Another of the Senators Pnwidence InUTnol/. .\ \;II ] 0 1"1tO friends, E. J. Nightingale, who was rcsponsrblc lor Simmons's appoint n ('W " d t" K': tournai Al'l ;, :\ 1'1 to, to 1;;1'.0. Tfli'oum' Alt1IiJlliJ' ror 11Ito I. '0 ment the Rhode Island dclegauon to Chicago, voiced his dismay at DINunzIO Jo nd t;;llk.." ,kl 1'"lm c;l1 Lev Padelford's norrunauon :"1ca n not "OIl' lor him [Padcltord] or an y other all" In Rhode I, land R I lI 1\f XX X\'l man who has favored radicalism e, a... I wa .. a delegat e to the Convcn 11',17 ,1 'U-'H It \.l ISl'tl nl:ficldll1lm"" '>Iul.' Rtt{I0 f'm,pu rxh /'0,/ The gubernaronal races in New England were the most exc umz co n ApI ' . l/i flO EiJ,wl] 11';1 '>.·nrJnl'l. Al'l 11 1 ' 1tO tests that region had see n for vea rs. On Apnl a. Con nectic u t \"OI L'rs nar '" (;':I/I'pu~ 11';1 I (flmpl/n, Ap r r /-. . rowly affirmed their Rcpubhcam... m . but onlv by tcwcr than 600 vot e ... . I " ItO Eol mn 11';1 .0\1,1(1/' Al'l /1 I ' too . BeJlm dll';I (;ol.::ef/t' Al'l 1 0 1 ' 0'>0 f ile On April ..., the heated Rhode J..,1J.n d clcc non cl imaxed . To the agony 01 1';1 , O i'o ,ell " 1. Arr ' I ' flO the Republicans, although It wa ... not an agon v untorcsccn. William \ to Cit' , eland I'lam Dealer. Arr , Sprague defeated Set h I'adcltord and became the new governor of I 'flO. \ct· ;II..., tf"'l on ('I",. :-" ,11 1 ~ I M>O. 1\\';I, h m l(w l1 1) C ' '>liJ'''' and Unum. Rhode Island. Spra gue polled 12 ,2~~ votes to l'adeltord'.. 10, x \\, and Ar r 'i. r ClIh.JIIlTuttl:IJ'lJIIT..r 'i. xeo Arr while Padelford's roral ncarlv eq ualled rhc votes cast for Fremont III ,",,' 1 8~6 , n Imllunuf' I >1 1 ' j. IJ", ',,'/r"(1 UlIl/.J PUIlP""{J is qeumor ouo ''i IlJUl III 'P Fl y ilu u d S ul .,ilU1l.{ D;lp UF;) ,{.J4 1-1U.1pס0o '000I ~ I { I IJ", 'pUlIU", 'l'Jl UO/H'} 'ot -1<; J Jd JOJ urJllqnd;ll:l F uoJn p;llIun . p Ul}jUt' W 10 1'i.1.l ;1 4 1 put', '<; 1FJJO 0'1>< I ' " IJ\, '/rumO/"llll" /It I PP~~ U l1JSl '0<,1 ,.- 1 -W ;lCl 'U.1lU umun 's:h l.{,\ \ ;lUll PjO ' <.; UC::l u .Jw y '<; u F::l 'lq n J..Jl:I .J4111IFQ1 \ IJ\-' ' /~Od ltUlU.. I'l "11".\ "' :1-"1 1 /'1 \ ,{p r J j::l .{J J. \" p;l .\oJd UOII;);}I;I PUCI'i1 :If'Ol.{1i .1\.11 le41 P:'l:1JFUOllpJ ,\ II CJ I " \\ ''' l't' :1JtlVll JO .1 \' l lt H.1 T HR E AT Of R A D I C A l l \ ,\t wtlisam Sprague (I II JO- 191 .~! wa,~ anlv thirtv vears old when he was elected Governor of Rhode lsland m I HoD. He enlisted m the Unum armv shortly thereaner and tougin m the first battle of Bull Run. Courtesv of Rhode "'land Histoncal SOClet\' lsbrorv fRHI x J .J.J01J. ~~ l'ruvldt'llU' 1''''1. Arr to" I,~"O. s.... nccncur." A New Hampshire paper described the Padcltord slate as th e also i'rovnience I'mr. Ian 21, ,\1M . a. ,\hr "Seward ticket," and in New lcrscv one edito r wrote: "We hope the re W , A rr 1 \, 1 ~ " O . .<\ Nfl\' n,lIIlp,IIII<' I' Gazette lectured , th e doubtful states were snll doubtful and now th e Republicans "are not sure even of Co nnec tic ut and Rhode Islan d, with out great pruden ce in their normnanons and great skill III rhcrr strat egy." A Harrisburg newspaper added that the Rhode Island result s de m ons trate d that not any Republi can would su ffice for the nom in ation, and particularly not in Pcnnsvlvaruu " Conservatives in other Northern states agreed with th eir Rhode Is la nd brethren that William H. Seward was a Padelford type of extre mi st. Conservatives connecte d the events at Harpers Ferry with th e "i r repressible conflict" as elaborated by Seward, an d attacked Sew ard for not repudiating th e doctrin es of Hinton Help er in his Senate speeches.') More importa nt, the politica l ope ratives who corresponded with Sena tor Simmon s were em pha tic that conservatives saw Seward as an "ultra." Simmons's bro ther warned that the Rho de Island debacle Abraham Lmcoln (1809- I 86 -'i ), should "teach the Chicago convent io n a lesson, not to nomina te an ul Presiden t ot the Uni ted States. tra party man for ther e will be no cha nce to elec t suc h," and anot her 1861- I 86) . Courtesy of Rhode adviser wrote th at if the Nove mber contest pitted Stephen A. Douglas Island Historical Suciety Library against Seward, "the re could he no doubt of the Sta te's going Demo (RHi xJ 44- ° 4). crane."?' E. J. Ni ght in gale was eve n more convinced 01 the necessity of nomin at in g a conscr vauvc, an d he offered Edwar d Bates as an app ropri at e candidate: "Bur with Sewar d or Chase of Oh io, or any man of that II [Phrladclphral ,"lprlh AmaIC"w -l."" UO:'! " 4 1 UI.\\ tou PIno) " 4 .,11r p lp Ul':> l' "'- .\1lI'ql''1I..lIUl.'101 \plr,.... JS I" nxud .)10lU ouu "'P .\\ .\10 1J I.\ s,:mjt~lJs -p.ueun uou ,'I.'."" '1'C)lp l'l t· p"w.1,1P .n m III " l':JlPPI r II .\ u r J ur:>llqnJ,,'tI " 4 1 til u .,JJI'4 PIIlU ) 11'4..... I" 1I01ll'JI ... 11111 " llJlil'u r l l' .', w '3 uOIn.;lj.1 PlIq.,;1 " flI' 41i ,' lJl lIlH ''';:l.\ I1I'.\ ·l:I",UO:J P:ll., i!' UI' Pl'4 " 4 ... .\1'.\\ vnoucx III "'.... neaoq UIIIP.'p PUrj"l :l(lll4't1 ')4 1 III WIIJ .' 1'1 11 0 11 UI "('.\\ .\ :'! r p lpUl';:J - .plr...... '<.; ';,..,l n o :'! 10 '1r:Jlp r l I':lq 01 tUtq P·'·\I·' ·'l.,J "'1""\Ill'U pur ...il'lq.\\ Pill ,' q l ·,H IH'.\ I:l .,; lIn :'! I' .{lIr':lI" r q "'1'\\ "1I 4il'1l041 .' 1I0 1;1 4 J <;llJ 10 ,)"m·:l·'4 ,,:lUUl-l0P S,l., J p H UlIllllH pur PIl'J - .11.\\1IIf1 UlJOl1II p,'I:l'unu;1 ;'Ilur:>"4 pre...... 1S 'ruu JO .\ p ll'l Un ,,;'111'1S 1"IHIllllp " 4 1 10 ' 10.\ IrJ01;).11 ,' " 4 1 ponnh,u 1111'" ,\,' 4 1 :l... m');1q .{p U,lp -IlI J IJI' 01 P1'4 III'Jlf4nJ.)}f .' 41 '...."P4PUIIN "' 14 1'11.\.' 111 "IlI'.)lI urnac t><;r ,['11, ~'I1'i'i,,'.IJlIJ D uu,l "', \\ " 11V 1 11 1 1'1'1 -I ll t vt a u r Book Reviews Samuel lIopkms and the New Divuntv Mo\'t'm ent. Calvinism. the Congregational .\ fm iqn', and Reicnn In .',,'cw England Between the Greal Awak enings. By JO "lI' tf A. C Ul"fO RTI. (G rand Rap ids, M ic h.: wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co lor the Chnsu an University Press, 1981. vm -+- 2.$1 PI" . Notes. appendix. bibhog raplucal n ot e, index . 5 16·9 5·} For all of his Im portance as the ntular heir of Jonathan Edwards. th e ological po lemicis t 01 the first rank , and urcle ...... worker In the cau...c of antislavery, It is surpnsmg huw little attention has bee n paid to the ca reer of Samuel Hopkins 1172 1- 180 \l to modern scholars hip. The last pu blished biog raphy appeared in 1 ~ ;; 2 . Sinc e then gene ral references have prai sed Hopkins's stand on anuslave rv bu t dism issed his vers ion of "smcr" tpredesu nananl Calv nu sm as a great anachronism: an ob tuse theologica l system that lac ke d Edw-ards's geru us and which ex ert ed little public mtluence In an age moving rapid ly m in drv iduahsnc and "Armiman" directions. By so cancatunng Hopkins's theology, hi s tonans comcrdcnrallv have m issed the broader pu blic appeal of th e " New Divirutv" m ovement he cham pione d. In Samuel Hopkins and the New Divinuv Movement . loscph Conto rn explodes these mi scon ceptions and reveal... how Important man and movement were to late co lonial and early natrona! New England cult ure . Conforti begins his study with a superb ov erview of th e stare of Cal vinism in New Engl and following the death of Jonat h an Edwards. Like the Con gregational " Ne w Ligh ts" of the G reat Awakening, the "h yper Ca lvinist" New DIVinity su ccessors rose III reaction to a "Liberal" clergy who em phas ized the "e xte rnal qualification s" of wealth and breeding instead of the "heart" and the co nve rsion experience. New Di vinity preachers typica lly emerged from "obscu re " social backgrounds and worked in back counuv post s that were spurned by their more cos mopolitan Liberal cou nterparts. Differences in soci al ba ckground ex tended [Q broader diff erences III theological em phas is and pulpit style. Wh ere Liberals tended to be " rati onalistic" III their theology and pre ferred a "form al" fu lly wnucn ou t se rmon text. the New Divinity rrun isters we re strict pr edestinarians who tended [Q spe ak extem po ra neously in the pulpit. In terms of relative numbers. the N ew Divinity ministers were m o re numerous than lusto nans previously assumed. Despite their lack of favor at the chid colonial colleges in Cambridge and New Haven, New Divinity minist ers accounted for roughly one third of the Congregational clergy in Con ne ctic ut, and a sim ilarly high proportion in Massa chusetts. A'J> preacher s these New Drvmirv minis- IIUOIi. REVIEW' 101 ters tended to leave then theology behmd m the study and adopted a po ..... erful hortatory style w luch pleased popular audiences and reflected an Ed.....ardran understanding of "the evangelical fun cuon of the spoken word:' Individuals like Joseph Bellamy, Na thanael Em mons , or Ste phe n West were among the most popular preachers ot their age and dommated the mtcnor of Ne w England. The "Second Great Awak erring" of the 17Hos was , In New England an ywa y, a New DIVinity phe no menon. Mo re th an anyone else, Samuel Hopkin s was the sta nd ard-bearer oi the New Drvrmty movement-so much so, that "Hopkinsiam sm" and the New DIVInity were " virt ually synonymous." This, despite the fact that in many wavs he did not fit the standard hvpcr -Calvrrust mold. Unlike brs peers. Hopkins was never particularly dynamic in the pulpit. nor "lt d he lead srgnificaru revivals. Although his social on gms In Waterbury,Connecncut. were modest by Boston standa rds , they were hardly obscure. His father was a leading selectman, justice of the peace, and de pu ty to the General Asse mbly. Only utter ma triculat ing at Yale Co llege in th e midst of th e G reat Awakening l l 740) was Hopkins's caree r set on a co nvent ional New Div inity track. Like many of his classmates Hop kins caught th e fever of revivali sm an d de te rmine d to extend his training In "Schoo ls 01 th e Prophets" established in the homes of evangelical nurustcrs. For Hopkins , rhis meant travel to Northampton wh ere he studied under the priva te tu telage of lonarhan Edwards and developed the theological skills that would later gam him fame in the New Divinity movement. From Northampton. Hopkins travelled to the front ier palish of G rea t Barri ngton, when: he would spend the next twent y-five yea rs of his mi nistry. HISexperience there was one oi almost une ndi ng frustration. Besides hrs own limi ta tio ns in the pulpit, he faced a host ile population dominated hy a vocal Dutch minority wh o resented his presen ce from th e start. Suc h un pleasantness, however, had its com pensations for it drove Hopkins to the study whe re, through th e 176os, he developed th e maier lines of his theology which would esta blish hi s reputat io n as th eological he ir to la nathan Edwards. His system, as Co nfo rti po mrs out, not only extended the thought of Edwards, but also revised It in significant respects. First land most controversially], he revised Ed wards's doctrine of original sin by arguing that God not only "perm it ted" sin to exist. but actually "willed" It to magmfy HIS love and mercy. Second ly he rerect ed Edwa rds 's conce pt of "true virt ue " which allowed some good to co me frorn natural or "secondary" virt ue , and ar gued Inst ead that the more sa nc tified acts by unregenerate men ap pear ed, the more heinou s th ey were in th e eyes of God. Thirdly, and most importantly, he rede fined Edwards's concept of "dis interested Be nevolence" to refer less to a self-cent ered aesthenc and philosophical apprec iatio n of "Being in gene ral" to a more soc ially oriented em phasis on self-denia l and soc ial reform. The full implications of dis interested benevolence became apparent HO OK REVIEW~ to Hopkins only after his arrival at the Second Congregational Church in Newport, Rhod e Island, in 1770-a cou rrovc rsml appointment that was achieved only through rhc hero ic lobbynu; ette n un Hopkins's be half hy the women's prayer group. There, in th e midst (It rising anita n on against Brit ish "enslavem ent," he encou nte red at first -hand the magnitude and horrors of the slave trade In America and resolved to sec it ended. He saw wi th stark clarity the inherent cont radict ion between republican rhetoric and African enslavement and, more than any other New Engla nd polemicist, linked the religious cause of antislavery to the meani ng of the Arnencan Revo lution. In widely circulated ad d resses to the Conu nc ntal Congress (177 '\) and th e Constitutional Convention, he reasoned from Scripture and republi can logic to de m onstrate the immorality uf slavery, and to warn the nation that unless they repen ted of the sin ot slavery, God would nev er bless th eir na tional cxpcnrnent. Along with lobbying to eradicate slav er y, Hopkins engaged in a parallel movement for African colonizanon which,COIl forti observes. "com promised his com mitment to social just ice tnr American blacks," and demonstrated the limits nt nineteenth-century reform. Whe n, in the twilight of his career, Hopkins codified his beliefs into a massive Sys tem of Doc trines (17lJ\l, he accomplished what Ionatban Edwards never lived to complete: the first "indigenous Amer ica n system of Calvinist theology." By bringing together Calvinist the ology with an activist social ethic, Hopkins's Svvrem succe eded in postponing the eclipse of Ca lvinism 111 New England for another generation . Conforti takes a ll an ambruous project and succeeds to an adrmrahlc degree. It is a \vurk that no student of the Congregational ministry and soc ial reform can afford to ignore. There is on ly one POInt at which this reader ca lled out for more inhumation. Despite th e acknowledged im portance of wom en to Hopkins's Newburv career Iparticularlv Susanna Anthony and Sarah Osborne), and despite what we now know about the import ance of women to the Second Great Awakening, Conforti fails to explore why women fou nd Hopkins and the New Divinity so att ractive. This is not to detract from Conforti's otherwise outstanding analysis, hut m erely to confirm his major point that, once revived, th ere is far more to th e story of Samuel Hopkins and th e New Divinity th an historians previously imagined. University of Connecticut Harry S. Stout u o o x RE\'IEw, WI Old Light on Separate ¥\-an. The Narraganse n Own' of fmeph Fhh 176,-1"'-'6 . Edited hy W l l llA.\ \ S . SI.\\.\l.O!'O'i and C tuavi. L. 51.\'.\10""", (Hanover, N .H., and London: Uruvc rsuv Pres-, ot Ncw England, I<,IX2 . xv + 18 -1- pp.Hlustrauons, notes. sources. 511'0.00 .1 The wnn ng 01 lndran mission Im.wry has lun KIIll:usl·d on m ural pc nod s of contac t when rr usstonancs played crucml roles III cul ture en counter. O nly rarely docs any study .1:0 beyo nd thusl' n rst years to grvv us a glimpse 01 native people. both Chnsnans and traduiona hs ts . strug ~ l lll,g to su rvive III a strange and hosulc .....-orld. T his I ' cspecrallv so III co loma I New England ",hert' must diScussions 01 Indian rmssrons end wnh the chaos wrought hy Km~ Philip's War. But as william Sun mom and others have recently found, Chnsuarnrv did become an mtegral part 01 the lin's 01 many Indians long alter the Ifo70S. Examm mg the lives 01 cighreeruh-cemurv Chnsn an Indians SUAAcs{', Impor tant lessons about both m ission history and the wrdcr field oj nauvc experience. The di ar y an d letters of losep h Fish provid e lust that sort at wmdow into native life III rhc eightee nth century. As william and Chery l Sim mons make plam III their illunuuanna introductiun, many Na rraga n scns had bee n deeply touched hy rhc message of the Great Awakeni ng. Narraga nsett converts, led by Chnsunn Indian pastor Samuel Ni les . created a nar rvc church . Thai church. whose tanh and lnurgv w'ere closely connected to that of th e Separate and Separate Baptist churches. was an important means for Narraganscn cultural and political sur vrval . w hen Puman drvmc loscpb Fish came to preach among the Na r raganse n bchcvers. he me t Indians w hn~l' pcrccpnons ot Chnsuarutv and th e tauhful htc di ttered dramaucallv trom his 0 .....·11. The Fish Ind ian ma tenals cover the period from 17(>, til 1776, a uruc of cons iderable political trouhlc tor th e Rhode Island Na rraganscus. Split into two factions ove r th e issue 01 land sales hv Sachem Thomas N migre t. Na rragn nsc ns led by Pastor Niles opposed further wh ite 01.: cupanon of reservation lan ds and look ed to nussnmarv Fish as an a lly in their struggle. Fish's wnnngs reve al seve ral important 3SPl'C tS 01co lonial mission s III gene ral and Narrcaansett lite III p.nucular. Rut even the most hasty reading of Joseph Fish quickly pomts up ho w little he understood native life and values. While Puruan rrussionanes III the John Eliot era we re no match tor the ..killed lesuu ethnographers ot New France, Purnans in an ear lier lime did record valuable det ail .. about southern New England native' soo cucs. But by Fish 's time, cu riosit y had given way to othe r and mor e' ha rsh Icclmgs. As the cdr tors correctly point out in th eir Afterword, loseph Fish cannot be count ed with Paul Lejeune or John Hcck cweldcr ;IS ,I ~r eat m ission ary ethnographe r. If Fish fail ed at field ethnog raphy III his dia ry en t ries and letters th e se ns itive reader can catch tclhng pictures of native people strugghng 10 retain th eir tribal lan ds and cu ltural rden nnes. Mo..t tmpcrtanr, ill the BOOK RE.VIEWs Fish materials one can sec the outcome of the creative process whereby native people took an ideology foreign to them and made it sun their own ends and needs. This lndianizanon oi Chriscianuy so familiar in places like Mexico or West Africa, has not gnnvn the attention it de serves from scholars looking YoungstmV1J Scate University lAMES P. RONDA Corrections The editors regret that several punter's error!'> In t ....-o recent Issues of Rhode Island H I s/ Of\" have caused some confusion for our readers. The fourth sentence ot Enc C. Schnerdcr'v "Mental Rctardauon. State Pol ic y, and the Ladd School. 1908 -1970," in the November 1981 issue, page 1'\ ,\, should read."Social science encouraged th is prejudice as a series of studies mcludmg The KalJilwk. Familv ( 1 (,)1 2 ), The /111/ Folks 119 12), The Pmevs ( I \) I \1 , The Itlkl! .~ 11l 191, ( 19 I <; I, and The Family of Sam Si x !v 1191t'!), purported to prove that Crime, desntuuon, il legitimacy, and fceblcrrnndcdness were intertwined and herednary phenomena ." In the last paragraph of the same aruclc. page 141, an other pnmer's error mangled the text when tWII lmes from uncorrected proot ..... ere Inadvertently repeated. There was also an error of omission In the November 1l)81 Issue : Walter Kopek was not credited With de signing the cove r. In the May 1982 Issue, another serious error occu rred on pa~e 67 when J hook revi ew er's nam e was spelled in cor rccrlv. The reviewer of Lyle Koehler's A Search for Power was Laurel Thatcher Ulrich . We apolog ize to Ms. Ulnch for this unfortunate error. This Publication is available in Microform. L'nhersity 1\Iicrofilms International I", ,;;;:,-;;;""=__ ....a~ -,~--" _ [ n ' ILl Ul l " n~ _ S IrC'C"L' _ ('11 > _ S l a l ~ /lp,----- soo Nurth Z,"~h Rllad Ikrl. PR. Ann Arbor . :-'11 . ~XI O() A Gift for the Fut ure The Board of Trust ees of the Rhode Island Historical Society would like you to consider making the SOCiety a beneficiary when you arc prepa ring your will. Such a bequest would help insure the Society's con tmumg efforts to collec t. pre serve, and Interpret Rhode Island's rich heritage. A bequest to the Society is truly a gift to future generations of Rhode: Islanders so that they may share in the Society's services and progra ms. Should you desire to include the Society as a beneficiary of an unrestric ted bequest when preparing your will, the following wording is suggested : I give and bequeath to The Rhode Island Historical Society in Providence In the State of Rhode Island and Providence I'Iantanons dollars IS ) for Its general uses and purposes. The Director of the Society will be happy to diSCUSS this matter With you. Gifts to the Society are deductible from federal estate and income taxes . 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