Class I Cultural Study

Petroleum Development Corporation Centralized Soil Treatment Facility

OA Project No. 011-2627

June 2012

826 21 ½ Road | Grand Junction, CO 81505 | TEL 970.263.7800 | FAX 970.263.7456

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY: DISCLOSURE OF SITE LOCATIONS IS PROHIBITED (43 CFR 7.18)

REPORT ON THE CLASS I ARCHAEOLOGICAL, CULTURAL, PALEONTOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY FOR A LIMITED IMPACT REVIEW FOR A PROPOSED CENTRALIZED SOIL TREATMENT FACILITY PARCEL ON PRIVATE LAND IN GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO FOR THE PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

Declaration of Negative Findings

GRI Project No. 2012-16 10 February 2012

Prepared by

Carl E. Conner, Principal Investigator and Barbara J. Davenport Grand River Institute P.O. Box 3543 Grand Junction, Colorado 81502 BLM Antiquities Permit No. C-52775

Submitted to

Board of County Commissioners Garfield County, Colorado Abstract

At the request of the Petroleum Development Corporation (PDC), Grand River Institute (GRI) conducted a Class I archaeological, cultural, paleontological and historic resources inventory for the proposed PDC Centralized Soil Treatment Facility Parcel. The project area is approximately 23 acres that are located on private land in Garfield County, Colorado. This work was performed under BLM Antiquities Permit No. C-52775. The Class I files search and report preparation were performed on the 9th of February 2012.

The Class I inventory was undertaken to ensure the project's compliance with state and federal legislation governing the identification and protection of resources on lands that will be affected by a government action. The purpose of the resources investigation was to identify previously recorded resources within or near the proposed facility that may be adversely affected by the proposed action and to evaluate the potential of additional such resources in the project areas.

As a result of the files search, no resources have been previously recorded within the proposed project area. Additionally, the files search also indicated that approximately seven acres of the 23 reviewed for this study have been subjected to a previous, Class III pedestrian survey with negative results.

A total of twenty-five resources have been previously recorded within a mile of the project area. These consist of one prehistoric site, eight historic sites, ten paleontological localities and six isolates. The most significant nearby resource or site is the historic Havemeyer- Wilcox Canal (5GF654) of which remnant features and segments are located northeast and southwest of the present study area along the base of the ridge. This site played an important role in the history of the region and has been officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places. However, since no known archaeological, cultural, paleontological or historic resources will be affected within the study area, no further consideration of such is recommended for the proposed project.

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction...... 1

Location of the Project Area...... 2

Environment...... 2

Paleoclimate...... 3

Files Search Results...... 4

Discussion/Archaeological Assessment of Cultural Resources...... 10

Summary and Recommendations...... 11

References...... 12

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1. Project location map ...... 3

Table 1. List of previously recorded resources near the proposed project area...... 4

Table 2. List of projects previously conducted within or nearby the study area...... 5

iii

Introduction

The Class I inventory was undertaken to ensure the project's compliance with state and federal legislation governing the identification and protection of cultural resources on privately owned lands that will be affected by a government action. It was done to meet requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act (as amended in 1992), the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321), the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701), and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (16 U.S.C. 470aa et seq., as amended), and Article 80.1, Colorado Revised Statutes. These laws are concerned with the identification, evaluation, and protection of fragile, non-renewable evidence of human activity, occupation, and endeavor reflected in districts, sites, structures, artifacts, objects, ruins, works of art, architecture, and natural features that were of importance in human events. Such resources tend to be localized and highly sensitive to disturbance. All work was performed according to guidelines set forth by the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP) of the Colorado Historical Society.

Additionally, this work was undertaken to ensure the project's compliance with county, state, and federal laws and regulations governing the identification and protection of paleontological resources; federal and state legislation concerning fossils on public lands include: (1) The National Environmental Act of 1969 (NEPA)(P.L. 91-190; 31 Stat 852, 42 U.S.C. 4321-4327); (2) The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-579; 90 Stat. 2743, U.S.C. 1701-1782); (3) BLM Paleontology Resources Management Manual and Handbook H-8270-1 (revised 1998); (4) Colorado CRS 1973, 24-80-401 through 409, established similar paleontological resource protection guidelines for the State of Colorado.

The Paleontological Resources Preservation Act (PRPA) was signed into law on March 30, 2009, as part of the Omnibus Public Lands Management Act (OPLA) of 2009, Public Law 111-011. “P.L. 111-011, Title VI, Subtitle D on Paleontological Resources Preservation (OPLA-PRP) requires the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture to manage and protect paleontological resources on Federal land using scientific principles and expertise...The OPLA-PRP reaffirms the authority for many of the policies the Federal land managing agencies already have in place for the management of paleontological resources...”

1 Location of the Project Area

The study area is located about 10.0 miles west of the town of Rifle in Garfield County, CO. The 23-acre block area lies in T. 6 S., R. 95 W., Section 25; 6th P.M. (Figure 1).

Environment

The proposed project is within the Piceance Creek Basin, one of the major geologic subdivisions of Colorado. The Piceance Creek Basin is an elongate structural downwarp of the Colorado Plateau province that apparently began its subsidence approximately 70 million years ago during the Laramide Orogeny. Sediments from surrounding highlands were deposited in the basin, accumulating to a thickness of as much as 9000 feet by the lower Eocene epoch, when subsidence ceased. Regional uplift occurred in the Late Tertiary, and erosion of the area has continued since (Young and Young 1977:43-46). The project area lies north of the Colorado River on a terrace between Cottonwood and Balzac Gulches.

The region has a cool desert climate. Precipitation ranges between 10 and 14 inches, although the surrounding mountain areas may receive up to 20 inches. Temperatures range from about 95 degrees F in the summer to -5 degrees F during January. A frost-free period of about 150 days is the maximum (USDA SCS 1978b:403). Paleo-environmental data for the area are scant, but it is agreed that gross climatic conditions have remained fairly constant over the last 12,000 years. Still, changes in effective moisture and cooling/ warming trends probably affected the prehistoric occupation of the area.

Elevation of the project area averages 5200 feet, which falls within the Upper Sonoran zone. Natural vegetation within and surrounding the study location consists primarily of open sage/greasewood flats, and cheatgrass, with agricultural lands on the terraces south of the Colorado River and pinyon/ juniper forest on the nearby ridges. Ground visibility in the project area averages 30%.

Present land uses in the vicinity are open range, agricultural fields and energy development. Wildlife inhabitants including mule deer, elk, coyote, and black bear are common in the surrounding area, as are cottontail rabbits and various rodents. Mountain lion, bobcat, fox, skunk, badger, and weasel are also likely inhabitants. Bird species observed in the area include the jay, raven, red-shafted flicker, long-eared owl, golden and bald eagles and various other raptors.

Paleoclimate

Relatively small changes in past climatic conditions altered the exploitative potential of an area and put stress upon aboriginal cultures by requiring adjustments in their subsistence

Composite Quadrangle Map Anvil Points (195211982) and Rulison (1960/1987) Garfield County - Colorado U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series (topographic) Scale 1:24000 Contour luterva140 Feet ~ T. 6 S, R. 95 W., 6th P.M. Zone 12 NAD 1983

Figure l. Project location map for 1he Class I resources inventory report for a proposed PDC Cenl:nllized Land Trealment Facility Parcel (23 acres) on private land in Garfield County, Colollldo for the Petroleum Development Corporation. The study area is indicated. [GRI Project#2012-16, 211012012) 3 patterns. Therefore, reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions is essential to the understanding of population movement and cultural change in prehistoric times (Euler et al. 1979). To interpret whatever changes are seen in the archaeological record, an account of fluctuations in past climatic conditions must be available or inferences must be made from studies done in surrounding area. Generally, only gross climatic trends have been established for western North America prior to 2000 BP (Antevs 1955; Berry and Berry 1986; Madsen 1982; Mehringer 1967; Peterson 1981; Wendlund and Bryson 1974). Scientific data derived from investigations of prehistoric cultures and geoclimatic and bioclimatic conditions on the southern Colorado Plateau over the past two millennia have achieved a much greater degree of resolution (Dean et al. 1985).

Files Search Results

Cultural resources investigations in the region have yielded surface diagnostic artifacts and excavated cultural materials consistent with the regional cultural history. Evidence provided by chronometric diagnostic artifacts and radiocarbon analyses indicate regional occupation during the Paleoindian, Archaic, Formative, and Protohistoric Eras. Historic records indicate occupation or use of the region by EuroAmerican trappers, settlers, miners, and ranchers as well.

Files searches for known cultural, paleontological and historic resources within the project area were made through the Colorado Historical Society’s Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. This review identified twenty-five previously recorded resources (Table 1) within a mile of the project area. These consist of one prehistoric site, eight historic sites, ten paleontological localities and six isolates. Seventeen cultural resource projects have been conducted in the general vicinity (Table 2). One of these projects was a Class III, 200 foot-wide linear survey which was conducted in 2007 in conjunction with a proposed pipeline project (GF.LM.R392, BLM #1107-221). This survey bisects the present study area from northeast to the southwest and included 7 acres of the 23 reviewed for the present study.

Table 1. List of previously recorded resources near the proposed project area.

Site ID Site Type Assessment 5GF.263 Open Camp Needs Data - Field 5GF.419 Rulison Bridge No Assessment 5GF.421 Habitation Structure No Assessment 5GF.654.3 Havemeyer-Wilcox Canal Listed - National Register 5GF.1644 Paleontological Needs Data - Officially

4 Site ID Site Type Assessment 5GF.2200 Isolated Find Not Eligible - Field 5GF.2202 Isolated Find Not Eligible - Field 5GF.2203 Isolated Find Not Eligible - Field 5GF.2204 Historic Trash Dump Not Eligible - Officially 5GF.2205 Historic Trash Dump Not Eligible - Officially 5GF.2206 Historic Habitation Not Eligible - Officially 5GF.2207 Historic Habitation Not Eligible - Officially 5GF.2208 Historic Logging Eligible - Officially 5GF.2538 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2539 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2540 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2541 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2542 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2543 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2544 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2545 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2558 Paleontological No Assessment 5GF.2828 Open Camp Needs Data - Officially 5GF.3978 Historic Isolate (cairn) Not Eligible - Field 5GF.3979 Historic Isolate (can) Not Eligible - Field

Table 2. List of projects previously conducted within or nearby the study area.

Survey ID Project/Date/Author MC.R.R24 Title: Cultural Resources Inventory of the West Divide in Garfield and Mesa Counties, Colorado Author: LaPoint, Halcyon Date: 05/01/1979 Contractor: Colorado State University - LOPA

5 Survey ID Project/Date/Author MC.R.R24 Title: Cultural Resources Inventory of the West Divide in Garfield and Mesa Counties, Colorado Author: Lapoint, Halcyon Date: 05/01/1979 Contractor: Colorado State University-LOPA MC.LM.R335 Title: Management Appendices Grand Junction District Class I History Author: Mehls Steven F Date: 10/01/1980 Contractor: BLM Grand Junction District GF.LM.NR310 Title: A Negative Cultural Resource Inventory for Naval Oil Shale Reserve (NOSR) Natural Gas Well 1-W-32 in Garfield County, Colorado Author: Sokal, Dan Date: 08/09/1989 Contractor: Natural Resource Specialist for the BLM-GSFO GF.LM.NR306 Title: A Negative Cultural Resource Inventory for Naval Oil Shale Reserve Natural Gas Well 1-W-26 in Garfield County, Colorado (S#1057) Author: Sokal, Dan Date: 08/09/1989 Contractor: Natural Resource Specialist for the BLM - GSFO GF.E.R2 Title: Cultural Resource Inventory Report on the Proposed Doe 2-w-26 Well Location and Related Access in Garfield County, Colorado-for FD Services (GRI 9307a) Author: Conner, Carl E. and Rebecca L. Hutchins Date: 05/03/1993 Contractor: Grand River Institute GF.E.R8 Title: Report of the 1995 Cultural Resource Inventory of Naval Oil Shale BLM #8395 Reserve Lands Garfield County, Colorado Author: Reed, Alan D. and Jonathon C. Horn Date: 10/01/1995 Contractor: Alpine Archaeological Consultants GF.E.R10 Title: Final Report of the Cultural Resource Inventory of Naval Oil Shale BLM #8396-1 a&b Reserve Lands, Garfield County, Colorado Author: Tickner, Paul A., Alan D. Reed, and Jonathon C. Horn Date: 12/01/1996 Contractor: Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc. MC.CH.R96 Title: Interstates 25, 70, 225, and 270, U.S. Highways 13 and 470 for the BLM #6600 Proposed Adesta Communications Fiber Optic System (C SW00-102) Author: Sherman, Stephen A. Tania R. Metcalf, Mary W. Painter, D. Chadwick Jones, Christian J. Zier Date: 03/01/2000 Contractor: Centennial Archaeology

6 Survey ID Project/Date/Author GF.LM.R163 Title: A Class III Cultural Resource Inventory of the Western Geophysical Rulison 3-D Seismic Grid in Garfield County,/ Colorado (North Platte Project 2001-2) (Original and Addendum) Author: Frizell, Jon P., Jeffrey Derks and Elizabeth Frizell Date: 05/21/2000 Contractor: North Platte Archaeological Services GF.LM.R159 Title: Paleontological Report for the Western Geophysical Corporation BLM #11501 Rulison Extension 3-D Seismic Survey Author: Murphey, Paul C., Sue Ann Bilbey and Rosanne Humphrey Date: 04/28/2001 Contractor: Unita Paleontological Associates, Inc. MC.LM.R315 Title: Class I Cultural Resource Overview of the Roan Plateau Management Area, Garfield County, Colorado (RMC No. 02-112-99) Author: Hoefer III, Ted, Marilyn A. Martorano and Wade Broadhead Date: 12/01/2002 Contractor: RMC Consultants, Inc. GF.LM.NR765 Title: Special Recreation Permit for Low Impact Camping along the BLM 1004-35 Colorado River (GSFO 1004-35) Author: Kinser, Michael K. Date: 08/31/2004 Contractor: Rangeland Management Specialist for the Bureau of Land Management Glenwood Springs Field Office GF.LM.NR811 Title: Class III Cultural Resource Inventory for the Proposed Wells at the BLM #1106-15 Proposed PA #41-25 Well Site in Garfield County, Colorado for Williams Production RMT [GRI #2683, 08/10/06] Author: Conner, Carl E. Date: 08/10/2006 Contractor: Grand River Institute GF.LM.NR801 Title: Class III Cultural Resource Inventory of the Proposed Short (1540 Feet) Access Road to the Pa 331-2 Well Location in Garfield County, Colorado for Williams Production RMT [GRI #26131, 11/09/06] Author: Conner, Carl E. Date: 11/09/2006 Contractor: Grand River Institute GF.LM.R392 Title: Class III Cultural Resource Inventory for the East Webster Mesa to BLM #1107-221 Cottonwood Compressor Station Gathering Pipeline and Field Compressor System in Garfield County, Colorado for Bargath, Inc. (GRI No. 2731)(BLM GSFO #1107-21) Author: Conner, Carl E., Barbara J. Davenport, Kevin O'Hanlon and Nicole Darnell Date:05/01/2007 Contractor: Grand River Institute

7 Survey ID Project/Date/Author GF.LM.R429 Title: El Paso Corporation Proposed Great Divide Purchase: Class III Cultural Resources Inventory, Garfield County, Colorado Author: O'Briant, Kevin, Molly Cannon and Thomas Barrett Date: 10/01/2008 Contractor: Metcalf Archaeological Consultants

In general, the local and regional archaeological studies suggest nearly continuous human occupation of west-central Colorado for the past 12,000 years. The standard cultural chronology includes manifestations indicative of the Paleoindian, the Archaic, the Formative, and the Protohistoric Eras. A brief description of each period follows, more detailed overviews are available in: Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Northern Colorado River Basin (Reed and Metcalf, 1999); the Class I Cultural Resource Overview of the Roan Plateau Management Area, Garfield County, Colorado (Hoefer, et.al., 2002); and the Class I Cultural Resource Overview of the Bureau of Land Management Glenwood Springs Field Office, Central Colorado (Reed, et.al. 2008)

The Paleoindian Era (ca.11,500 - 6400 BC), referred to as big game hunting peoples, represents the first inhabitants of North American and Colorado. Dominant attributes of early Paleoindian (Clovis, Goshen and Folsom) assemblages are the making and use of lanceolate projectile point and the hunting of megafauna, including mammoth and extinct forms of bison by highly mobile residential groups. Foothill-Mountain tradition best describes the latter part of the Paleoindian era. These Paleoindian people roamed the mountains and foothills employing a different subsistence strategy than their Plains counterparts. Foothill-Mountain people had a more restricted residential base and utilized more of the local toolstone to produce a variety of projectile point styles. While they continued to hunt bison like their Plains counterparts, many other animals were hunted as well. They also exploited a wider range of plants compared to the Plains groups (RMP 2004).

The Archaic Era (ca. 6400 - 400 BC) follows exemplified by a wide variety of stemmed and notched projectile points for use with the atlatl. Hunting shifted from large megafauna to a wide variety of animals, as did the number of plants exploited, resulting in more groundstone artifacts. Other attributes include the use of pit and basin habitation structures, greater use of lower caloric return foods, and greater material cultural variability (RMP 2004).

The Formative Era (ca. 400 BC - AD 1300) is generally referenced by the advent of horticultural subsistence; however the mountains are not suitable for horticulture. The term Aspen tradition has been applied to these non-horticultural foraging occupants. Characteristics of this tradition include replacement of the atlatl by the bow and arrow and subsequent smaller projectile points, ceramics, intensive seed procurement with associated

8 ground stone, major use of pit structures, and a general increase in the number of sites (RMP 2004).

The Protohistoric Era (ca. 1300 - 1881 AD) refers to the entrance of Numic groups like the Ute into western Colorado (RMP 2004). It is subdivided into two periods: the Canalla or pre-contact phase and the Antero or post-contact phase. Canalla attributes include: Uncompahgre brown ware ceramics, Desert side-notched and Cottonwood projectile points, wickiups and other brush structures, and a pedestrian hunting gathering subsistence. Antero attributes are characterized by the use of the horse and EuroAmerican artifacts superimposed upon the Canalla attributes. This era ends with the removal of the Utes to reservations by 1881 (RMP 2004). However, it has been demonstrated by the Ute Wickiup Project that Utes continued to use and occupy areas of western Colorado into the 1920s (Martin 2011)

This area was one of the last areas settled by EuroAmericans due to the difficulty in access as well as the presence of the Utes, a good 30-40 years after the Front Range was settled. Overviews of the protohistoric and historic periods may be found in: Colorado History: A Context for Historical Archaeology (Church et. al., 2007); as well as in the Colorado Plateau Country Historic Context (Husband, 1984); and the more localized The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado (Mehls 1982).

The first EuroAmericans consisted of Spanish explorers, followed by fur trappers and government sponsored expeditions. Initial settlement was by miners who gave up mining to take up farming or ranching in western Colorado. They had claimed most of the good land along the rivers and streams before the railroad reached Rifle in 1889. The railroad allowed for an increase in the influx of settlers and the development of towns and new industries (RMP 2004).

Rifle was initially settled by Abraham Maxfield in 1882 and served as a trade center for local farms and ranches. It was incorporated in 1905. Both Mike Callahan and J.B. Hurlburt settled in the area that would become Parachute in 1882. The town's name was changed to Grand Valley in 1904 and it was incorporated in 1908. Its name was changed back to Parachute in 1980 (RMP 2004).

Sheep and cattle ranching were the main early economic pursuits with large herds of both kinds of livestock grazing the Roan. This led to disputes between the cattle and sheep ranchers culminating in the stampeding of hundreds of sheep over the cliffs. The JQS trail was built in 1885 to facilitate movement of livestock to the top of the Plateau from the low lands (RMP 2004).

In the late 1800s a number of small irrigation systems were built in an attempt to increase farming in the valley. The most ambitious was the Havermeyer-Wilcox Canal which was intended to irrigate 8,000 acres of sugar beets in the Webster Mesa and Sharrard Park areas. However, it never materialized due to a flood in 1912 which virtually destroyed the canal system. Even though attempts were made to repair it, the irrigation system never watered any fields (RMP 2004).

9 Extraction of fossil fuels began soon after the area was settled. In the 1890s the Parachute Mining District was formed by T. C. Bailey for the sole purpose of building a shale retort and to sell stock. In 1916 the Naval Oil Shale Reserve # 1 (NOSR) was created followed by an oil shale facility in 1918 on Dry Fork a tributary of Roan Creek near DeBeque. The was the first of many attempts to get oil out of the shale on the Roan. While over 10,000 claims had been filed by 1920, only 500 barrels of oil had been produced. The Bureau of Mines in conjunction with the University of Colorado and the Colorado School of Mines received a $90,000 appropriation to study oil shale for the Navy leading to the construction of a facility near Rulison in 1925. In 1929, the study was terminated when it was determined that recovery of oil from oil shale was not commercially viable.

Interest was revived with the onset of World War II. This time the Union Oil Company in conjunction with the Bureau of Mines built an experimental plant in 1944 at Anvil Points. This facility was used periodically into the 1970s. By the early 1980s, Exxon began an extensive oil shale development at the Anvil Points facility and built a new community on Battlement Mesa. However, this was also short lived, with Exxon pulling out in 1982 due to the poor economics of oil shale processing sending the local economy into a nose dive (RMP 2004). Recent renewed interest in oil shale has led to experimental development particularly along the north side of the Roan. Currently, new drilling and extraction technologies for natural gas development have encouraged energy companies to increase drilling activity along the base of the Roan as well as on top of the Plateau.

Discussion/Archaeological Assessment of Resources

The data derived from this inventory supports conclusions reached by a predictive model study conducted for the BLM's Grand Junction Resource Area. In that study, eight variables were found to be the most useful in the prediction of open air sites. These include site slope, aspect, horizontal distance to water (permanent and nearest), vertical distance to water (permanent and nearest), view angle (horizontal), distance to vantage overlook, nearby relief (100 m. and 150 m. radius), and shelter from wind (O'Neil 1993:207-208). Interesting to note the single prehistoric site identified in this report is located south of the Colorado River along a tributary drainage and well away from the present project area. Most likely prehistoric sites in the general vicinity were utilized during periods of migration between the mountainous regions of the Grand and Battlement Mesas and the White River Plateau, or in the lower elevations along the Colorado River during the winter months. There is a concentration of historic sites northwest of the study area and these appear to have been related to a logging operation within the pinyon/juniper forest.

The most significant nearby resource is the historic Havemeyer-Wilcox Canal (5GF654) of which remnant features and segments are located northeast and southwest of the present study area along the base of the ridge. This site played an important role in the history of the region and has been officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A brief description from a 1993 site recording by Cheryl Harrison (on file at the State Historic Preservation Office) is as follows:

10 “Site is a large irrigation project developed by the Wilcox Canal Co. of Parachute Co. The sugar beet boom of 1910 resulted in the attraction of Arthur Havemeyer, president of the American Sugar Company to invest in the canal company which would result in the development of sugar beet fields west of Rifle. William R. Lacy was hired by Havemeyer to engineer the project, which was completed by May 1912. The Canal included 27 miles of watercourses, a tunnel, pumphouse, forebay, syphons, headgates, protectors and considerable concrete lining. The heavy winter runoff led to flooding on June 12, 1912, which washed away the headgate, flooding the entire system, and permanently damaging the pumps. An attempt was made by the Grand Valley Irrigation District to reconstruct the facilities but, failed (Mehls 1982).”

In regard to paleontological resources, the project area lies within Pleistocene and recent (Quaternary/Holocene) deposits and is comprised of silts, sands, and gravel sediments. Often, these are terrace- and river-bottom forming, but also occur as talus, lake and floodplain deposits. Beds of these deposits range locally from inches to one hundred feet in thickness and frequently occur on mesa tops and along canyon sides and bottoms (Armstrong and Kihm 19080). The nearby paleontological localities that appeared with the files search are on the ridges and slopes at the higher elevations within the Wasatch Formation above the valley floor, which is out of the present study area.

Summary and Recommendations

A total of twenty-five resources have been previously recorded within a mile of the project area. These consist of one prehistoric site, eight historic sites, ten paleontological localities and six isolates. The most significant nearby resource or site is the Havemeyer- Wilcox Canal (5GF654) of which remnant features and segments are located northeast and southwest of the present study area along the base of the ridge. This site played an important role in the history of the region and has been officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places. However, since no known archaeological, cultural, paleontological or historic resources will be affected within the study area, no further consideration of such is recommended for the proposed project.

11 References

Antevs, E. 1955 Geologic-climate dating in the west. American Antiquity 20:317-355.

Armstrong, Harley J. and Allen J. Kihm 1980 Fossil vertebrates of the Grand Junction Area. Ms on file at the Bureau of Land Management Grand Junction Field Office.

Berry, Michael S. and Claudia F. Berry 1986 Chronological and Conceptual Models of the Southwestern Archaic. In: Anthropology of the Desert West, ed. by Carol J. Condie and Don D. Fowler, pp. 253-327. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 110. Salt Lake City.

Church, Minette C. and Steven G. Baker, Bonnie J. Clark, Richard F. Carrillo, Jonathon C. Horn, Carl D. Spath, David R. Guilfoyle, and E. Steve Cassells 2007 Colorado History: A Context for Historical Archaeology. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists.

Dean, Jeffery S.; R. C. Euler; G. J. Gumerman; F. Plog; R. H. Hevly; and T. N.V. Karlstrom 1985 Human behavior, demography and paleoenvironment on the Colorado Plateau. American Antiquity 50(3):537-554. Donnell, J.R. 2009 Intertonguing of the lower part of the Uinta Formation with the upper part of the Green River Formation in the Piceance Creek Basin during the late stages of Lake Uinta: U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5237, 25 p.

Euler, Robert C.; G. J. Gumerman; Thor N.V. Karlstrom; J, S. Dean; and Richard H. Hevly 1979 The Colorado Plateaus: Cultural dynamics and paleoenvironment. Science 205(4411):1089-1101.

Hoefer, T., M. Martorano, and W. H. Broadhead 2002 Class I Cultural Resource Overview of the Roan Plateau Management Area, in Garfield County, Colorado. Report prepared for USDI Bureau of Land Management, CO, Glenwood Springs Field Office, by RMC Consultants, Inc. Lakewood, CO.

Husband, Michael B. 1984 Colorado Plateau Country Historic Context. Colorado Historical Society, Denver.

Madsen, David B. 1982 Great Basin paleoenvironments: summary and integration. In:Mand and Environment in the Great Basin, D.B. Madsen and J.F. O'Connell, editors. Society of American Archaeology Papers No. 2, pp.102-104. Wash., D.C.

Martin, Curtis 2011 The Colorado Wickiup Project Volumes I-VI. Unpublished manuscripts on file at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Denver, and The Bureau of Land Management Colorado State Office, Lakewood, Colorado

12 Mehls, Steven F. 1982 The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado. Bureau of Land Management, Cultural Resources Series, No. 12. Bureau of Land Management, Denver.

Mehringer, Peter J. 1967 Pollen analysis and the alluvial chronology. The Kiva 32:96-101.

O'Neil, Brian 1993 The archaeology of the Grand Junction Resource Area: Crossroads to the Colorado Plateau (Class I overview for the Grand Junction Area Office). Ms on file, Bureau of Land Management, Grand Junction.

Peterson, Kenneth P. 1981 10,000 years of change reconstructed from fossil pollen, La Plata Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Seattle.

Reed, Alan D. and Michael D. Metcalf 1999 Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Northern Colorado River Basin. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists.

Reed, Alan D., S. Rheagan Alexander, Jonathon C. Horn, and Summer Moore 2008 Class I Cultural Resource Overview of Bureau of Land Management, Glenwood Springs Field Office, Central Colorado. Report prepared for USDI Bureau of Land Management, CO, Glenwood Springs Field Office, by Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Montrose, CO.

Resource Management Plan (RMP) 2004 DRAFT. Roan Plateau Planning Area Resource Management Plan, including former Naval Oil Shale Reserves Numbers 1 and 3, Amendment and Environmental Impact Statement. Report prepared for USDI Bureau of Land Management, CO, Glenwood Springs Field Office.

Union Oil Company, Energy Mining Division 1982 Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board Permit Application. Phase II: Parachute Creek Shale Oil Program. Volumes VI and VII. Union Oil Company of California, Parachute.

USDA, Soil Conservation Service 1975 Soil Survey.

Wendlund, Wayne M. and Reid A. Bryson 1974 Dating climatic episodes of the Holocene. Quaternary Research 4:9-24.

Young, Robert G. and Joann W. Young 1977 Colorado West, Land of Geology and Wildflowers. Wheelwright Press, Ltd., U.S.A.